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This study examined the associations between maternal scaffolding and toddlers' active joint engagement during play and whether toddlers' temperamental activity moderates those associations. Korean mother-toddler dyads (N = 106) participated in semistructured free play. Maternal scaffolding, toddlers' joint engagement, and physical activity level were videotaped for 15 min, and the toddlers' temperamental activity was reported by their mothers. In a hierarchical multiple regression analysis, we found positive effects of maternal scaffolding on toddlers' joint engagement during play. Maternal scaffolding was more positively associated with joint engagement among temperamentally low active toddlers than among temperamentally high active toddlers. We did not find main effects of maternal scaffolding on toddlers' physical activity level during play but found significant moderating effects of toddlers' temperamental activity on the associations. Maternal scaffolding was negatively associated with the physical activity level of temperamentally high active toddlers. The implications of this study for future research and practice are discussed.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the differences between pre-service and in-service teachers in terms of their levels of teaching efficacy and teaching professionalism. In addition, the patterns in predictors of teachers' teaching efficacy were compared between the two subgroups of this study. Five hundred and seventy-three teachers completed self-administered questionnaires. The in-service teachers were found to have higher efficacy than their counterparts in only one of the six subscales of teaching efficacy, the subscale "Teaching Strategies". Additionally, the college major specialisation and some domains of professionalism were found to be predictive to both groups. Along with the main results of this study, implications for research and practice are discussed.

The purpose of this study was to propose a theoretical model that relates mothers' selection of child care type to each of the contexts of the proposed model, and then to test the model in a group of forty-seven mothers of young children (center care users, family day care users, or users in combination of the two) who were recruited in the Mid-West. Statistical analysis was primarily performed for two groups of mothers (center care users versus family day care users) to investigate differences in each of the paths of the child care selection model. Additional analysis of the group of mothers alternating between the two found that there is a great need for child care among working mothers, and a diversity in their preference of child care type exists even with such a small sample size. Findings from the pilot study substantiated the paths in the model. Directions for future research in this area using the proposed model were provided. (Contains 2 figures and 2 tables.)