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The Choose Health Action Teens (CHAT) program of Cornell Cooperative Extension engages teens to teach a nutrition curriculum to younger youth, with the goal of enhancing the leadership skills and health behaviors of the teen teachers. Due to COVID-19, an in-person CHAT program in New York City was converted to virtual and implemented online during Summer 2020. Twelve teens, mentored by eight college interns, taught youth virtually in their homes. Quantitative and qualitative assessments demonstrated improvement in teen leadership and facilitation skills and health behaviors, and suggest that converting this type of programming to a virtual environment can be successful.

In the current study, we examined adaptive skills and trajectories over time in 257 individuals with Angelman syndrome (AS) using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, 2nd Edition. Multilevel linear models were used to examine differences between molecular subtypes over time, from one year to 13 years of age, in the adaptive domains of communication, daily living skills, socialization and motor skills. Individuals with non-deletion subtypes typically demonstrated a higher level of adaptive skills compared to those with deletion subtypes. Statistically significant growth was observed in all adaptive domains through at least early adolescence. Individuals with AS should continue to receive developmental services and educational supports through adolescence and into adulthood given the slow rates of growth being observed across adaptive domains.

Topic models are mathematical and statistical models used to analyze textual data. The objective of topic models is to gain information about the latent semantic space of a set of related textual data. The semantic space of a set of textual data contains the relationship between documents and words and how they are used. Topic models are becoming more common in educational measurement research as a method for analyzing students' responses to constructed-response items. Two popular topic models are latent semantic analysis (LSA) and latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA). LSA uses linear algebra techniques, whereas LDA uses an assumed statistical model and generative process. In educational measurement, LSA is often used in algorithmic scoring of essays due to its high reliability and agreement with human raters. LDA is often used as a supplemental analysis to gain additional information about students, such as their thinking and reasoning. This article reviews and compares the LSA and LDA topic models. This article also introduces a methodology for comparing the semantic spaces obtained by the two models and uses a simulation study to investigate their similarities.

Recognition that schools should be responsive to children who are impacted by adversity and trauma is burgeoning internationally. However, consensus regarding the necessary components of a trauma-informed school is lacking. This research developed expert-informed and internationally relevant best-practice trauma-informed principles for schools. A four-phase methodology included (i) identification of school-relevant trauma-informed practice programs, (ii) inductive thematic analysis of the main concepts underlying programs, (iii) phrasing of draft Principles and (iv) Principle revision and finalisation via a two-round Delphi survey with international experts. Excellent agreement by experts on the importance of all Principles was achieved (round 1 [greater than or equal to] 86.4%, 2 [greater than or equal to] 92.3%). The final 'International Trauma-Informed Practice Principles for Schools' (ITIPPS) include four Overarching (A-D) and 10 Practice Principles (1-10). Summarised, these include that the school: (A) is student focussed; (B) models compassion and generosity; (C) is understanding and responsive; (D) incorporates recognition of their First Nations peoples in the school's ethos: (1) prioritises safety and wellbeing; (2) models positive relationships; (3) provides a positive culture and connects; (4) consults and collaborates; (5) supports vulnerable students; (6) teaches social and emotional learning; (7) provides trauma-informed practice training; (8) is predictable yet flexible; (9) identifies and nurtures strengths and (10) reflects, changes and grows. The ITIPPS provide clear guidance for education sectors, schools and other settings about appropriate learning environments for children and young people impacted by trauma. Research is now underway in Western Australian schools to pilot test the feasibility and impact of using the ITIPPS within a framework (thoughtfulschools.org.au) to establish trauma-informed schools.

Parent-teacher relationships are germane to child outcomes and are especially important when children experience social-behavioral difficulties. We used dyadic methods to assess levels and congruence in parent-teacher relationship joining (affective quality) and communication-to-other (communication behaviors). The study also examined whether teacher beliefs about parent involvement and years of experience and parents' educational attainment and ethnic-racial identity related to relationship qualities. Data come from three randomized controlled trials of a family-school partnership intervention for children with social-behavioral difficulties. Results indicated dyad levels of joining were higher than communication-to-other and identified a degree of mismatch in parent-teacher relationships. Parents reported more positive joining and communication-to-other than teachers. Parent-teacher dyads reported higher-quality relationships when parents identified as White and teachers held positive beliefs about parent involvement. Congruence was greater when teachers held positive beliefs about parent involvement and when parents had higher educational attainment. Implications for school-based family engagement efforts are discussed.

Parent-teacher relationships are germane to child outcomes and are especially important when children experience social-behavioral difficulties. We used dyadic methods to assess levels and congruence in parent-teacher relationship joining (affective quality) and communication-to-other (communication behaviors). The study also examined whether teacher beliefs about parent involvement and years of experience and parents' educational attainment and ethnic-racial identity related to relationship qualities. Data come from three randomized controlled trials of a family-school partnership intervention for children with social-behavioral difficulties. Results indicated dyad levels of joining were higher than communication-to-other and identified a degree of mismatch in parent-teacher relationships. Parents reported more positive joining and communication-to-other than teachers. Parent-teacher dyads reported higher-quality relationships when parents identified as White and teachers held positive beliefs about parent involvement. Congruence was greater when teachers held positive beliefs about parent involvement and when parents had higher educational attainment. Implications for school-based family engagement efforts are discussed.

This article describes a hands-on geometric tiling art activity used in two third-grade classes and four fifth-grade classes in a rural public elementary school with class sizes of around 20 students each. The lesson investigates concepts in geometry, number sense, and probability. Examples of student work and takeaways for other teachers interested in implementing the tasks in their own classrooms are also shared.

Many college students, especially first-generation and underrepresented racial/ethnic minority students, desire courses and careers that emphasize helping people and society. Can instructors of introductory science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) courses promote motivation, performance, and equity in STEM fields by emphasizing the prosocial relevance of course material? We developed, implemented, and evaluated a prosocial utility-value intervention (UVI): A course assignment in which students were asked to reflect on the prosocial value of biology or chemistry course content; our focus was on reducing performance gaps between first-generation and continuing generation college students. In Studies 1a and 1b, we piloted two versions of a prosocial UVI in introductory biology (N= 282) and chemistry classes (N= 1,705) to test whether we could encourage students to write about the prosocial value of course content. In Study 2, we tested a version of the UVI that combines personal and prosocial values, relative to a standard UVI, which emphasizes personal values, using a randomized controlled trial in an introductory chemistry course (N= 2,505), and examined effects on performance and motivation in the course. In Study 3, we tested the prosocial UVI against a standard UVI in an introductory biology course (N= 712). Results suggest that the prosocial UVI may be particularly effective in promoting motivation and performance for first-generation college students, especially those who are more con dent that they can perform well in the class, reflecting a classic expectancy-value interaction. Mediation analyses suggest that this intervention worked by promoting interest in chemistry.

This descriptive study explored the relationship between sustained attendance in high-quality 21st Century Community Learning Centers (CCLC)-- funded programs and key child outcomes. The key hypothesis was that high-quality programming is associated with the development of social and emotional skills, which in turn may be related to academic skills such as literacy. The study found that growth in five social and emotional skills measured by the Survey of Academic and Youth Outcomes the teacher version (SAYO-T)--self-regulation, perseverance, critical thinking, engagement in learning, and leadership--was greater for children who were enrolled in higher-quality programs, attended more regularly, or both. In turn, growth in these skills was significantly related to improvement in the number of words children could read on the Oral Reading Fluency (ORF) test.

Very little has been published reporting on long-term outcomes experienced by young adults (aged 19 to 34 years old) who participated in 4-H youth development programs. We adopted Gambone et al.'s (2002) framework advancing three long-term outcomes for early adulthood: economic stability, health and well-being, and community involvement. With cross-sectional survey methods, we compared long-term impacts between 693 California 4-H young adult alumni and 373 young adults in a U.S. general population sample who had not participated in 4-H. The results demonstrated that 4-H alumni report more positive long-term outcomes than the U.S. general population sample. The study contributes to the dearth of research around long-term outcomes, may be useful for marketing and funding, and will help better understanding the public value of Extension.

The Mathematics Teacher Educators' Migration to Online Teaching in Response to COVID-19 survey was designed and then administered to mathematics teacher educators (MTEs) regarding experiences with migrating in-person instruction to emergency remote teaching (ERT). MTEs reported change in fostering opportunities for students to teach and to learn from their own teaching and the teaching of others, engaging students, assessing students, and using both general and mathematical technology tools for students' learning, just to name a few. Five themes emerged: Instruction, Tools, Affective Experience, Outside Influences, and Learner Development. Implications about Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) are discussed.

Since the Second World War, racial integration has been the dominant way of framing racial justice. Those who advocate integration believe that racial justice would be achievable if Blacks were given an equal opportunity to compete on par with Whites. However, racial integration was critiqued most radically and vocally during the 1970s and early 1980s Black Power era. While the Black Power movement never coalesced into a unified critique of integration, it radically shifted debates within the Black public sphere. The attack on Black radicalism and the rise of neoliberalism combined to create a condition in which critiques of capitalism and demands for radical social transformation were increasingly seen as outdated, irrelevant, or a promotion of totalitarianism. This paper focuses on how the ideology of integration manifests in Derrick Darby and John Rury's (2018) book, "The Color of Mind." The ideology of integration is the hegemonic system of explicitly or tacitly held beliefs that misrepresents significant aspects of social reality by assuming that racial justice is solely, or even primarily, about integrating Blacks and other racialized groups into liberal capitalism. Darby and Rury reproduce the ideology of integration by framing racial justice as a fight for integration. To move beyond the ideology of integration, we must seriously engage the Black radical tradition, which requires philosophically reconstructing reasonable, but radical arguments within the Black radical tradition.

Background and aims: Evidence suggests that autistic children and young people (CAYP) can benefit from age-appropriate psychoeducation. Co-design is a methodology that iteratively involves end users and stakeholders in producing an intervention which may increase engagement and impact. Few age-appropriate co-designed psychoeducation resources for autistic CAYP exist. Therefore, a paper-based resource was co-designed for autistic CAYP who attend mainstream primary education. The resource aims to educate CAYP about their autism and provide strategies to support them to live well with their autism. Methods: This paper describes the evaluation of the prototype resource through online workshops with 12 families and input from four specialist clinicians. The suitability and acceptability of the resource was explored, and sketch notes were taken for respondent validity and engagement purposes. Results: A reflexive thematic analysis identified six themes and two subthemes: (1) content appropriateness (subtheme: strategies and unpredictability); (2) relating to content, (3) feelings and emotions, (4) terminology (subtheme: literal thinking); (5) positivity, and (6) communication aid. Suggested improvements were also identified. Results suggest the resource is suitable and acceptable. Conclusions: Future intervention development research may consider individual differences of autistic CAYP and the co-design of resources for other age groups of neurodiverse populations.

Daily living skills are imperative for independent adult living, which is why these skills are often prioritized by parents of autistic individuals. Video-based interventions (VBIs) are when someone creates video models of a specific skill to teach another individual that skill. VBIs are becoming more prominent to teach individuals daily living skills (Hughes & Yakubova, 2016). The purpose of teaching daily living skills by using video-based interventions is to increase independence and reduce dependence on others daily (Howlin & Moss, 2012), as well as identify the functional relation in the use of VP to increase daily living skills for two young adults with developmental disabilities. This study utilized a multiple-baseline-across behaviors design, focusing on tasks that the participants self-selected. Results for both participants demonstrated a functional relation between video prompting and increased independence across three daily living skill tasks. Limitations and implications for future research will be discussed. Disclaimer: Regarding language use, Bury and colleagues' (2020) qualitative study indicated a preference from their respondents for the terms "person on the autism spectrum", "autistic", and "autistic person"; the researchers of this study inquired with the selected participants regarding their preferred terminology, with neither participant identifying a preference. Therefore, throughout this manuscript, identity-first language will be utilized based on findings from the extent literature.

The aim of this qualitative study was to description and interpretation of experiences and perceptions of teachers working with students who have challenging behaviours in various types of school settings in Poland. Teachers' experiences and perceptions provided insights and understandings into action strategies, in the case of the teachers who were interviewed, their assessing student difficulties and the effectiveness of various behavioural interventions. The data obtained from teacher interviews revealed their classroom management practices as well as their perceptions on the efficacy of their respective schoolwide practices for supporting students with behaviour support needs.

Objective: To compare rates of anxiety and depression among LGBTQ college students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and examine pandemic-related stressors and protective factors. Participants: Two cohorts of LGBTQ college students, aged 18-25, sampled before (N = 3,484) and during (N = 1,647) the pandemic. Methods: The Healthy Minds Study (HMS) is an annual mental health survey administered to college students in the United States, which included additional items related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Mean anxiety symptoms were significantly lower mid-pandemic compared to pre-pandemic, but no differences in mean depressive symptoms were detected. Results varied by sexual and gender minority status. Financial stress, pandemic-related concerns, and witnessing discrimination were risk factors while academic persistence, positive mental health, and formal support were protective factors. Conclusions: Mental health and instrumental support from institutions will be critical for college students during the pandemic. Affirming and empowering spaces for LGBTQ college students may leverage protective factors.

Advances in technology have significantly enhanced the quality of mixed-reality simulations, incorporating both real and virtual aspects. Mixed-reality simulations have been used to develop individual knowledge, skills and abilities in higher education; however, the use of such simulations to introduce authentic learning activities into higher education courses remains under-researched. In the current paper, we detail the design, implementation, continuous improvements and student perceptions of a mixed-reality simulation used in a final-year undergraduate business unit. An iterative approach proved important to improving the simulation across deliveries. Clear instructions, student preparation, familiarisation with the technology used and support for the development of communication skills also influenced student perceptions of the activity. Our findings from over 200 students indicate that the use of mixed-reality simulations is an authentic and effective teaching approach for the development and demonstration of employability skills. This study is useful to educators seeking to understand the value of mixed-reality simulations in higher education and their ability to provide authentic learning experiences which increase overall student satisfaction.

Professional organization ethical codes are adopted to protect the public by educating their members to standards of conduct and by facilitating resolution of ethical complaints. Given that the last survey on ethics in school psychology was conducted over a decade ago, the aim of this study was to investigate the ethical dilemmas practitioners face today, along with their preparedness for resolving these dilemmas. We also examined workplace resources and whether preparedness and resolution were related to background variables (i.e., degree, setting, ethics training). Results indicated most school psychologists experienced at least one ethical dilemma over the past year, mostly in the areas of assessment and administrative pressure. Although most participants felt prepared to face ethical dilemmas, relatively few used a systematic decision-making model to resolve them. Last, most school psychologists reported feeling relatively unprepared for ethically delivering psychological services via telehealth. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Integrated writing assessments are tasks that require students to construct an essay using evidence from source texts. Topic models are statistical models used to analyze text. This study analyzes two integrated writing tasks from students in grades 6 (N=1,250) and 8 (N=1,250) using topic models. Independent evaluations of the essays were also conducted to help generalize the results across the two grades and better understand students' underlying writing techniques. Four main categories were identified: (1) use of words that appeared in the prompt, (2) words that appeared in the source texts, (3) words that reflected inference, and (4) words that reflected integration. Higher-scoring students used words that reflect inference and integration of source text more often than lower-performing students.

This collaboration between the Nez Perce Tribe and the University of Idaho aimed to address the unique needs and perspectives required for Tribal Natural Resources Management (TNRM). TNRM involves the governance and caretaking of the land and waters, emphasizing the recognition of cultural significance, sovereignty, self-determination, and traditional knowledge systems. A workforce development program was created, focusing on Fisheries, Forestry, and Fire Management, while being grounded in Indigenous knowledge, Indigenous STEM identities, and culturally sustaining pedagogy. The philosophical foundations of the program emphasized the importance of integrating Indigenous knowledge and learning approaches alongside technical skills. By broadening the conceptions of "what counts" in science, students were encouraged to recognize the value of Indigenous knowledge and develop a sense of responsibility toward caring for the Land and waters. Data collected from the program revealed its success in helping students connect Indigenous ways of knowing to their understanding of STEM. Students found meaning in Indigenous knowledge as a means to perpetuate Nimiipuu lifeways, while also recognizing the utility of Western STEM. The involvement of Elders and Native professionals as teachers in the STEM curriculum highlighted the importance of intergenerational knowledge transmission. By combining Indigenous ways of knowing with technical skills, the program successfully laid the groundwork for students to become future leaders in Tribal Natural Resources Management, equipped with the necessary cultural, environmental, and scientific expertise to caretake Lands and waters effectively.

COVID-19 has changed the daily lives of families, impacted on work, social interactions, and mental health. Since spring 2020, parents have been working from home and children have been home from daycare and school. Parents are experiencing stress in an attempt to satisfy the demands of work, family, and COVID-19 concerns. Due to the fact that children have been home from daycare and school, parents have the sole responsibility of caring for and teaching their children until schools are able to fully and effectively meet the needs of educating students in an adapted format. Research provides a wealth of information documenting the advantages of parents reading to their children. Children benefit from read-alouds with parental interaction, and these benefits include an increase in oral language skills, reading comprehension, vocabulary, and an increase in motivation to read. The purpose of this study is to answer two questions: (1) Since parents were home more often with their children, were parents spending more quality time reading to their two-to four-year-old children? This can be defined as reading developmentally appropriate books to their children with their undivided attention; and (2) Since parents were home more often with their two-to four-year-old children, were parents reading more to their young children? Parents of pre-kindergarten students were surveyed to determine the answers to these questions.

Conjoint Behavioral Consultation (CBC) is an evidence-based, indirect service delivery model that addresses children's behavioral concerns across home and school. However, to date, researchers have not yet examined specific aspects of the intervention that maximize the effects of CBC. The current study examined whether a foundational aspect of consultation--the framing of target behaviors (i.e., positive behaviors to increase versus negative behaviors to decrease)--moderated the effects of CBC on children's problem and adaptive behaviors. Participants were 267 children in Kindergarten through third grade (n[subscript CBC] = 159, n[subscript Control] = 108) and their parents and teachers. Results revealed positively framed target behaviors were associated with fewer behavior concerns at school for children who received CBC relative to other child participants. Children who received CBC and whose target behaviors were framed negatively showed more noncompliant behavior relative to all other participants. Implications of these findings for practice, study limitations, and areas for future research are discussed.

Background: The positive youth development (PYD) framework orients developmental scholarship to focusing on youth's strengths rather than deficits, however, validity evidence on PYD measures among ethnic-minority youth is limited. Objectives: The objectives of the current study were to (a) examine the factor structure of a PYD measure within a Latin American adolescent sample and (b) test associations between PYD constructs and adjustment indicators. Methods: The sample included 288 Latin American students from the Southwest (M[subscript age] = 13.69 years, SD = 0.56; 47.7 female; 86.3% U.S.-born). Participants reported their PYD (i.e., Competence, Confidence, Character, Connection, and Caring) and academic performance. Mothers reported on youth's internalizing and externalizing behaviors. The internal structure of the PYD measure was assessed through confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) and model comparisons. Criterion evidence was evaluated via regressions between the Five C's, academic performance, internalizing, and externalizing behaviors. Results: The five-correlated factor structure best fit the data with certain modifications. Character was negatively associated with externalizing behavior. All C's were positively related to academic performance. Conclusions: The results provide empirical support for the five-correlated factor model within a sample of Latin American adolescents, but modifications were necessary to maximize model fit. Dropping items within the "values diversity" subscale highlight the need for cultural assets within PYD measurement models for ethnic-minority youth, to best reflect their appraisals of diversity as minoritized individuals. Additionally, our findings suggest that the C's are salient to specific indices of Latin American adolescents' adjustment.

Academic developers play a key role in advancing instructor engagement in the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) at their higher education institutions, but face structural and epistemological isolation. To leverage the knowledge and experience of developers leading SoTL efforts at their respective institutions, a group of academic developers co-created a regional community of practice (CoP) centered on developing evidence-based strategic plans and programming models to advance SoTL at their. We describe the development and outcomes of this regional CoP. Future directions for the use of such a regional CoP model to collaboratively develop cross-institutional offerings are also discussed.

Newcomer immigrant adolescents (NIA) represent a particularly vulnerable group in the United States, facing numerous stressors placing them at risk for social-emotional and academic concerns. Schools play a critical role in supporting NIA in the United States. Despite this, insufficient research addressing the needs of this group within schools has been conducted. Considering the complexity of engaging in community-based research with marginalized populations, such as NIA, in this article, we elaborate on the challenges we faced during our research with NIA and propose solutions to these challenges. We do so with the goal of promoting continued engagement of such efforts within our field as to better address the needs of NIA within the United States.

In this chapter, the authors describe the theory of change behind a regional cross-institutional community of practice (CoP) for educational developers seeking to strengthen their institution's SoTL culture and increase faculty SoTL production by providing institution-level support initiatives and programming.

This chapter describes the development, implementation, and assessment of an intensive Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) Scholars program grounded in self-determination theory. These findings provide one of the first integrations of theory into studying the impact of SoTL and can support educational developers with SoTL initiatives at their own institutions.

As centers for teaching and learning increasingly offer support and leadership for the scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) at their institutions, educational developers need better tools to plan their SoTL programming. This article shares the work of a regional network of educational developers across six institutions in Virginia, who aimed to enhance SoTL offerings within and across their institutions. While SoTL tools and models for individual instructors proliferate, this community of practice noted a gap in support for developers doing more institution-level planning. Through their collaboration, they developed two tools for planning and launching institution-level SoTL programs: the SoTL Strategic Planning Worksheet and the SoTL Program Taxonomy. This article describes the development of these tools and assesses their implications for educational development practice.

This qualitative case study examined a cross-curricular collaboration between two-methods instructors using digital storytelling to engage pre-service teachers in developing writing pedagogies through the curriculum integration and authentic application of the practice of writing and technology. Pre-service teachers learned about writing techniques in a writing methods course and relevant components of digital storytelling in their technology class. These experiences were combined and resulted in the pre-service teachers developing a digital story related to their experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. An analysis of participants' work products including their digital stories, reflective essays, and exit slips was conducted to discern emergent patterns around two research questions: (1) What patterns and themes emerged in examining the content and craft of candidates' digital stories?; and (2) How does the personal use (and sharing) of digital stories influence candidates' perceptions of their own writing and its connection to supporting the development of writers in elementary classrooms? Results revealed that the learning experience facilitated participants' connections to their future practice and the benefits of digital storytelling for their future students, including differentiating instruction, writing for an authentic audience, developing digital literacies, and increasing social-emotional learning.

Strong communication skills are important in an individual's personal and professional life; however, research regarding what influences youth's public speaking self-efficacy is limited. To address this gap, we surveyed youth who participated in a statewide presentation event about their self-efficacy and sources of that self-efficacy. Results show mastery experiences have the greatest relationship to youth's public speaking confidence. Extension can strengthen youth's public speaking self-efficacy by increasing the number of presentation opportunities and by removing barriers from participating in existing presentation opportunities.

In this qualitative study, the researchers investigated the types of K-6th grade lessons 16 preservice elementary teachers created based on mathematics-themed children's books. Lessons were analyzed using Stein et al.'s (2017) Task Analysis Guide (TAG), as well as grouped based on grade level and covered Common Core State Standards Mathematical Practices (CCSSO, 2010a) and Content Standards (CCSSOa, 2010). Through our analysis, we found that the most common CCSSM Standards used were Numbers and Operations as well as Expressions and Equations, while the most common CCSSMP were "Reason Abstractly and Quantitatively" and "Model with Mathematics." Coding work showed the most common TAG classification was "Procedures with Connections." Sample lessons and teacher implications were discussed.

Out-of-school time (OST) programs can play an important role in fostering the development of literacy skills among children and youth. To investigate the variety of literacy skill-building strategies OST programs use, researchers from the National Institute on Out-of-School Time (NIOST) examined the practices of 31 programs in Massachusetts. This exploration was part of a larger four-year project (2016-2020) with the American Institutes for Research, in collaboration with the Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education (MA DESE) and the Minnesota Department of Education, funded by the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation. This study, Quality to Youth Outcomes, followed two cohorts of elementary-aged children during two years of sustained participation in 21st Century Community Learning Center (21st CCLC) programming at 54 centers in Massachusetts and Minnesota to investigate the relationship between high-quality OST programs and the development of social-emotional and literacy skills. Findings from this larger study are under review and will be reported later in 2022. This article describes a sub-study focused specifically on literacy activities. The authors went beyond the comprehension and vocabulary skills typically measured by elementary-age reading assessments to incorporate writing and speaking skills in their investigation. The resulting compendium of literacy-building strategies can help OST programs consider how to grow intentionally as literacy-rich learning environments.

This quantitative, exploratory study examined whether a Project-Based Guided Inquiry (PBGI) chemistry laboratory course supported more incremental ability beliefs among students, examined achievement outcomes for students grouped based on changes in student-reported chemistry ability beliefs from pre- to post-course, and provided explanations for differences in achievement and chemistry ability beliefs. Data sources included pre/post surveys of 367 undergraduate students' and 18 teaching assistants' (TAs) content knowledge, ability beliefs, sociodemographics (e.g., gender, race), and prior chemistry experience. The hierarchical linear regression (HLR) model accounted for 27.4% of the variance in post-content scores, with male students and students with more prior chemistry experience scoring significantly higher than their counterparts. Student ability beliefs was not a significant predictor of content knowledge at the end of the course. Women had a significant decrease in their ability beliefs while male students did not. Furthermore, there were significant differences in achievement depending upon whether and how students' chemistry ability beliefs changed during the course. HLR indicated that student race and TA research experience significantly predicted students' ability beliefs and accounted for 32.7% of variance in this model. Finally, students had more positive perceptions of their TA when their TA held more incremental ability beliefs. These results also indicate that redesigning undergraduate chemistry labs to a PBGI approach does not necessarily level the academic playing field for students who identified as Black, Hispanic, or Multi-racial, women, or students with less chemistry experience. Providing additional scaffolding for students and developing professional learning experiences to explicitly support TAs incremental ability beliefs may be beneficial in reform-based laboratory contexts. Further research is needed to understand "who" benefits from reform-based instruction and for what reasons.

This article examined the associations between family processes and children's development among mothers and their children participating in early intervention (EI) services. Data from mothers and their infants and toddlers (n = 100) participating in EI were analyzed using regression methods to test the predictive power of maternal depressive symptoms, self-efficacy, and quality of mother-child interactions on children's behavior problems and social and emotional competence. Mother-child interactions were the most robust predictor of child behavior problems and competence. The presence of clinically elevated maternal depressive symptoms was high (30%) and associated with more child behavior problems. Stronger endorsement of self-efficacy also was related to higher levels of child social and emotional competence. We discuss our findings related to opportunities and challenges to support mothers experiencing depressive symptoms. EI services that strive toward an integrated approach could identify mothers with depressive symptoms and play an increased role in directly addressing their needs.

Many college students prefer to type their lecture notes rather than write them by hand. As a result, the number of experimental and quasi-experimental studies comparing these two note-taking mediums has flourished over the past decade. The present meta-analytic research sought to uncover trends in the existing studies comparing achievement and note-taking outcomes among college students. Results from 24 separate studies across 21 articles revealed that taking and reviewing handwritten notes leads to higher achievement (Hedges' g = 0.248; p < 0.001), even though typing notes benefits note-taking volume (Hedges' g = 0.919; p < 0.001), among college students. Furthermore, our binomial effect size display shows that taking handwritten lecture notes is expected to produce higher course grades than typing notes among college students. We conclude that handwritten notes are more useful for studying and committing to memory than typed notes, ultimately contributing to higher achievement for college students.

Rates of parental incarceration in the USA have increased dramatically over the past four decades. The Adverse Childhood Experiences study identified parental incarceration as one of several risk factors related to multiple health outcomes during childhood and adulthood. Parents and other caregivers are widely regarded as sources of resilience for children experiencing adversity, yet few studies have examined caregivers' parenting practices as sources of resilience for children with incarcerated parents. This study used secondary data from a longitudinal randomized controlled trial of the prison-based parent management training program "Parenting Inside Out" (PIO). Specifically, it included 149 caregivers (i.e., the non-incarcerated parent, extended family member, or other adult who provides the day-to-day caretaking of a child during parental incarceration) of children aged 2-14 years whose incarcerated parents were randomly assigned to receive PIO or the control condition. Path analysis was used to examine associations between caregivers' parenting, social support, self-efficacy, and change in child internalizing and externalizing symptoms across a 6-month period. Direct effects of caregivers' parenting were found on improvements in child behavioral health from baseline (conducted when the parent was incarcerated) to the 6-month follow-up (conducted after most parents had been released). Indirect effects were found for caregiver social support and self-efficacy. The findings highlight the importance of caregivers' adaptive parenting as a protective resource for children who experience parental incarceration and have implications for the design of preventive interventions for this underserved population.

This study examined the association between elementary students' (N = 1627; 51.3% girls, ages 4-12) engineering-related ability beliefs (competence), task-value beliefs (interest, importance), and career aspirations. Findings suggest that mean levels of children's engineering-related beliefs did not vary by gender. High levels of competence, interest, and importance beliefs were related to higher engineering-related career aspirations. Findings also revealed that the association of competence and interest with career aspirations was stronger for girls than boys; whereas, the association of importance with career aspirations was stronger for boys than girls. Last, results provide evidence of importance as a moderator of the link between competence and career aspirations, suggesting that there was a stronger positive association between competence and career aspirations under high levels of importance. Against the backdrop of the increasing urgency to teach engineering in elementary schools, this study highlighted the salience of examining children's engineering-related motivational beliefs. The study has practical implications for teachers and school psychologists on promoting inclusive instruction in elementary schools. Specifically, the implications of the results for instructional strategies as well as assessments and interventions in elementary schools are discussed.

Expectancy-value theory of motivation (EVT) suggests that student values influence their likelihood of putting in the effort required to learn, and these values can be shaped by student characteristics, such as their experiences, sociodemographics, and disciplinary norms. To understand the extent to which these characteristics relate to students' values, we surveyed 1162 graduating science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) students across four universities using the previously developed and validated Survey of Teaching Beliefs and Practices for Undergraduates (STEP-U). The STEP-U survey included Likert questions to capture students' values of 27 cross-disciplinary skills and the frequency with which they experienced 27 instructional methods thought to develop particular skills. Exploratory factor analyses (EFA) showed an understandable factor structure for both students' perceived value of cross-disciplinary skills and frequency of classroom experiences. Using multiple regression, we identified differences in values that were associated with classroom experiences, STEM discipline, participation in undergraduate research, and student sociodemographics. Findings were generalizable across institutions and disciplines. The theoretical framework (EVT), the broad data collection (four institutions with multiple disciplines), and the type of data analyses (e.g., EFA) used provide theoretical, methodological, and practical contributions and suggest additional directions for future research.

Virtual gardening classes that started in response to the COVID-19 pandemic continue to attract participants. Little is known about characteristics that improve their effectiveness and enable participants to continue gardening. The purpose of this project was to pilot test a nutrition-focused, virtual container gardening program, obtain feedback on its content and delivery, and identify features that may impact the long-term effectiveness of virtual gardening interventions. Gardening curricula were adapted for a virtual program offering adults five, 1-h sessions. At baseline, participants (n = 12) were very interested in consuming produce (mean score 4.6 ± 1.0 out of 5) and consumed fruit and vegetables at a mean of 2.6 ± 1.4 times/day. There were no significant differences in consumption based on prior gardening experience (p = 0.6). Participants requested recipes that were inexpensive, quick, and easy to adapt. They suggested resources on storing and preparing produce, garden care, and getting seeds as support. Although the ability to rewatch recorded workshops and participate remotely were convenient, follow-up with asynchronous participants, inadequate lighting, over-watering, indoor pests, and failure of seeds to germinate indoors were challenges. Future work should identify ways to enhance social support and interaction among virtual workshop participants and determine how virtual gardening programs affect produce consumption among those with limited intake.

More and more jobs involve STEM, yet women are still underrepresented in many STEM fields, particularly engineering and computer science (National Science Foundation, 2019). Rural students in particular have historically faced numerous obstacles to entering STEM fields, including low educational aspirations, lack of STEM role models, and lack of access to advanced STEM curriculum (Versypt & Ford Versypt, 2013). GEMS (Girls Excelling in Math and Science), founded in 1994, strives to ensure that each participant sees herself "as a change agent or a problem-solver, a possible technology entrepreneur, engineer or a scientist, and a person who makes a difference" (GEMS, 2019). GEMS aims to reach girls who might otherwise not have broad exposure to formal STEM opportunities and role models, such as girls from rural areas and other underserved communities. Through its website, GEMS offers online support, including activity ideas, teaching tips, and other resources, to anyone interested in starting a GEMS club or in doing STEM activities at home. GEMS currently operates in more than 150 locations around the world. As a research partner to GEMS, the National Institute on Out-of-School Time (NIOST) conducted an investigation of girls' experiences at GEMS clubs in rural Pennsylvania between September 2019 and February 2020, with funding from the McElhattan Foundation. The authors observation data suggests that GEMS activities successfully fostered cognitive, behavioral, and emotional engagement with STEM in participating girls.