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Forty seventh-grade students, grouped by ability and instructed by intermediate or maximal guidance with or without concrete aids, were given post and retention tests. Low-ability students using aids achieved higher than those taught without aids. Intermediate-guidance groups had higher mean transfer scores when using aids, with no differences between maximal-guidance groups. (JP)

The relative effectiveness of learning aids as measured by tests for achievement, transfer of acquired skills to novel situations, and ability to retain principles for students of varying abilities and age levels were examined in a series of studies at George Peabody College for Teachers. (Author)