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Active learning pedagogical practices are more effective than instructor-centered teaching in building students' knowledge, skills, and understanding of engineering content and concepts. As such, a large-scale professional development (PD) program was created to move faculty toward the use of active learning. The project aimed to engage faculty in active learning best practices through workshops and communities of practice to shift their attitudes, beliefs, and practices toward active learning strategies. This paper examines how and to what extent participation in a large-scale PD program shifts faculty awareness of, attitudes towards, and use of active learning. As such, this paper offers a model and evaluation framework for a large-scale PD program, which can be adapted to PD programs in engineering and across other STEM disciplines. In total, 82 faculty members from seven engineering disciplines participated in the PD program, comprising workshops and communities of practice sessions. Multiple assessments were utilized or created to measure the extent of faculty change using Roger's diffusion of innovation model for individual change and Coburn's cultural change model for organizational change. Faculty awareness, beliefs, and classroom practice shifted from instructor-centered teaching toward student-centered active learning. Instructors progressed moderately well through Rogers' five stages of individual innovation change and fulfilled the three tenets of Coburn's organizational change model. There were only minor shifts in student achievement, particularly for smaller classes, possibly due to insufficient time for instructors to fully implement active learning practices. The PD program influenced the initiation of a sustainable community of new and continuing active learning practitioners in the College of Engineering.

Empathy enables successful communication and connection between teachers and their students, yet few studies have investigated its specific use in teaching singing. Addressing this gap, we interviewed voice teachers to discover how they articulate their pedagogy in terms of empathic practices and observed one-to-one lessons for evidence of the same. A sample of 27 classical and music theater voice teachers in Australia (70% females, 30% males), aged 35 to 75 years old (M = 55) were interviewed. Of this cohort, seven teachers were observed in their one-to-one teaching practices. Interviews and observations were analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Results indicated that voice teachers tailor their practices to the needs of students and demonstrate characteristics of teacher empathy identified in previous literature: effective communication, positive relationships, care, welcoming learning environment, trust, morality, and listening. Empathic teaching facilitates an individualized approach in which singing students are supported and motivated in their own autonomous learning environment. These findings have implications for voice pedagogy that features the use of empathy to benefit future students.

This study contributes to the growing body of research that highlights the usefulness of professional noticing of children's mathematical thinking for understanding the complexity and variability in teaching expertise. We explored the noticing expertise of 72 upper elementary school teachers engaged in multi-year professional development focused on children's fraction thinking. Our assessment addressed the three component skills of professional noticing of children's mathematical thinking: (a) attending to children's strategy details, (b) interpreting children's understandings, and (c) deciding how to respond on the basis of children's understandings. We used a latent class analysis to empirically identify three distinct "profiles" of noticing expertise--subgroups of teachers who responded similarly to each other and differently from teachers in other profiles. The profiles differed in their overall noticing expertise as well as their patterns of strengths and areas for growth across the component skills. Thus, the profiles provide a concise, multi-dimensional characterization of noticing expertise that integrates expertise in each of the component skills. The profiles also provide tools for differentiating learning opportunities for teachers in professional development. In addition, our design allowed us to compare teachers' expertise in two common forms of deciding how to respond: deciding on follow-up questions and deciding on next problems. In all three profiles, teachers demonstrated more expertise when deciding on follow-up questions than when deciding on next problems, suggesting not only a starting point for teacher learning but also the need for a line of research focused on different forms of this component skill.

This study explores the contrasting racialized geographies of St. Louis County and factors of local college accessibility by re-framing the concepts of college deserts and oases post the Ferguson uprising. Through a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) analysis of educational divides, capital accumulation, and policing, we found dual spatial landscapes: a geography of Whiteness and higher education capital accumulation in southern St. Louis and a predominantly Black working-class geography of Ferguson in northern St. Louis. These dual landscapes capture the social, economic, and racial contexts of St. Louis as it informs the discourse of college-going.

School absenteeism among children and adolescents has been associated with a myriad of adverse outcomes. Despite a substantial amount of research on school attendance, our understanding of absenteeism in elementary-aged children with mental health difficulties is limited. The current study used a mixed-method sequential explanatory design to gain a better understanding of the links between children's mental health symptoms, age, gender and school absenteeism. The study included two phases: Phase I presented a quantitative investigation of the links between absenteeism and mental health symptoms in a large sample (N = 750) of primarily White (74%) clinic-referred children aged 5-12 years. Phase II used a participant selection model and chart review design to garner a deeper understanding of how school absenteeism presents in children with mental health problems in the elementary years. Results suggested that internalizing symptoms were significantly related to school attendance problems, and this association worsens as children age and as internalizing symptoms increase in severity. Externalizing symptoms were associated with absenteeism as well, but these findings showed that school attendance problems were worse for younger children with low to moderate levels of externalizing symptoms. The qualitative chart review illustrates the complex interplay of school absenteeism and child mental health, particularly for children experiencing co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems. Children often struggled academically and socially, with some exhibiting increasing levels of school refusal and truancy and others displaying aggressive behaviors resulting in suspensions. Future studies that examine additional contextual factors, such as school and family variables, with longitudinal cross-lagged models and diverse families are needed to develop a comprehensive understanding of causal associations and their impact on children's school attendance across children's development.

Studies exploring associations between children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and depression in parents are limited. This study compares healthcare utilization, depression treatment costs, and risk factors, in parents of children with and without ASD. Using a matched case-control, individuals aged 27 to 64 with continuous enrollment from 2017-2019 and a child diagnosed with ASD were selected from nationally representative administrative claims data. Individuals were randomly matched 1:3 to a non-ASD group based on the child's age, gender, and family characteristics. Statistical models were used to evaluate the association between ASD in children, depression in their respective parents, and resulting healthcare utilization and costs incurred by parents. The study consisted of 23,316 families, out of which 5,779 had children with ASD, and 17,337 had children without ASD. Having a child with ASD was a predictor of depression in parents (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.73-2.10). Mothers of children with ASD had a higher risk of having depression (OR 4.0, 95% CI 2.62-6.12). Parents having multiple ASD children were also at higher risk of depression (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.18-2.13). The sex and age of the child were not associated with parental depression. While family-level income and education attainment were not associated, urbanicity (rural) had an association with depression. Parents with ASD children are at a higher risk of depression. Findings suggest that parents of children with ASD may benefit from depression screening at the onset of ASD diagnosis in their children.

This study contributes to efforts to characterize teaching that is responsive to children's mathematical ideas and linguistic repertoire. Building on translanguaging, defined in this article as a pedagogical practice that facilitates students' expression of their understanding using their own language practices, and on the literature surrounding children's mathematical thinking, we present an example of a one-onone interview and of the circulating portion of a mathematics class from a secondgrade classroom. We use these examples to foreground instructional practices, for researchers and practitioners, that highlight a shift from a simplified view of conveying mathematics as instruction in symbology and formal manipulation to a more academically ample discussion of perspectives that investigate critically both mathematical concepts and their modes of transmission, which involve language practices, that are crucial for educating bilingual children.

Within a whole-of-school approach to student wellness, comprehensive school physical activity programs (CSPAPs) offer opportunities for physical activity before, during, and after the school day. However, to successfully influence behavior and fully reap the physical, cognitive, and psychological benefits of an active lifestyle, schools must strive to embed a culture of physical activity into the fabric of the school community. The national Active Schools movement, established to provide schools with the necessary tools to ensure that all children in the United States have the opportunity to participate in 60 minutes of physical activity each day, has developed a framework for an active school culture that includes nine essential elements. This article introduces the framework and describes the open-source tools and resources offered through Active Schools to promote school-based physical activity, including foundational guidance documents, assessment tools, professional development opportunities, and a school recognition system.

Practice is essential to the acquisition and development of musical skills, requiring musicians' time, investment, application, motivation, metacognitive strategies, and ability to self-regulate. Research in children's music practice indicates the type, quality, and duration of practice, along with adult support, contributes to fluency in musical development; and when progress occurs, children invest in further practice. However, nuances in children's lived experiences of musical practice that influence these critical factors are largely unknown. To understand the complex issues in children's practice, this study employed a unique pairing of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis and Participatory Action Research to investigate 14 seven-year-old beginner cellists' practice during early learning and explored how their thoughts and experiences evolved over the first 18 months of lessons. Providing rare insight into children's perceptions of musical development and the vital role of parents and teachers in nurturing engagement, three superordinate themes emerged: (a) four approaches to practice, characterized by practice structure, learner behavior, and family support, (b) a three-phase practice process, and (c) perfection ideation. Positive experiences, including creative activities, within these thematic contexts fostered children's enjoyment in early musical development, supported productive learning interactions, and sustained engagement. Together, the findings have meaningful pedagogical implications for instrumental music teaching practice.

The practices of sorting things out and bringing things together, which I summarise under the term relanguaging, sit between fluid, situated languaging practices and the administrative standard grid in education that relies on bounded, named languages. Relanguaging, I argue, was invisible to socio- and applied linguists' analytical vision because of a tendency to set named languages as the norm. This led to questions about switching between or transcending languages but not about producing and dissolving them. Together with two English teachers in Khayelitsha, South Africa, I instead set fluid languaging practices as the analytical norm to then investigate the relationship between such fluidity and (administratively) fixed languages. The language classrooms I focus on then emerge as one of the production sites of named languages - here of English. English teachers (sometimes in collaboration with their students) sort out extremely complex spatial repertoires with various heterogeneous linguistic resources to produce English as a recognisable, teachable and learnable entity. The reflections I present suggest a different idea of how language classrooms work (also in settings beyond Khayelitsha) but they also open up (language) philosophical questions about the ontology of linguistic features and how they come to be English (or not).

Though zoos and aquariums have become increasingly focused on conservation education, their menageries of unique and diverse learning opportunities have been underused. This practical "NGSS"-aligned guide to field trips at zoos and aquariums is written specifically for science teachers to support broader utilization of zoos and aquariums as educational resources. Common challenges for education at zoos and aquariums are discussed through the context of "ZooU," a new postsecondary-level animal behavior laboratory experience at an aquarium. Recent research using ZooU demonstrated that active learning pedagogy aligned with the "Next Generation Science Standards" ("NGSS") could facilitate expansion of education at zoos and aquariums beyond their conservation education niche. Generally, students indicated that ZooU provided new opportunities for them to explore their own interests, demonstrate their learning, and augment their previous laboratory and aquarium experiences. Following both student self-assessments and researcher assessments of the students' work, integrated analyses revealed that students who engaged in more active learning activities at the aquarium demonstrated a greater increase in skills aligned with the "NGSS." This guide introduces zoos and aquariums as educational resources before focusing on meaningful connections to curricula, creation of active learning activities, differentiation and scaffolding strategies, and assessment for both students and field trips.

In this paper we identify, name, and operationalize six borders typically found in school settings that include dual language classrooms: bordered languages, knowledge, content areas, bodies, selves, and teachers. We identify these borders as a point of departure to show an example of how a two-way dual language classroom operated through a form of border-crossing pedagogy that respects children and reveals authentic multilingual learning. We use this example to propose that, if dual language classrooms are to truly respect racially and linguistically marginalized students, educators must engage in a practice of protest and refusal toward curricular and social violence.

Although research literacy is necessary for the competent delivery of psychological services, many psychology students hold negative attitudes toward research subjects. The current study explored undergraduate students' perceptions of research subjects relative to nonresearch subjects. A sample of 249 Australian (45.4%) and Singaporean (54.6%) first-year university students (M[subscript age] = 21.27, SD[subscript age] = 5.14, females = 75.9%) indicated their interest in, and perceived value of, 32 psychology subjects (based on title and a short description). They also nominated their most/least interested and valued subject and provided a free-text explanation for their selections. Participants perceived research subjects as significantly less interesting and valuable relative to nonresearch subjects (d values were indicative of a large difference for interest and a small-to-medium different for value). Cluster analysis indicated that research subjects are seen as distinct, forming their own cluster. This finding was supported by thematic analysis of participants' open-ended responses. Students considered research subjects to be especially difficult, requiring skills they did not possess or enjoy using (e.g., mathematics), and lacking relevance to their future studies and intended careers. The findings suggest that research methods instructors should aim to emphasize the relevance of research to practice in high interest areas (e.g., psychopathology).

The challenge of becoming integrated in the workforce is relevant for all graduates of the system of higher education, but it is particularly meaningful for those with ASD. Integration in the labor market has a wide impact, beyond the financial aspect, and the impact may be social, psychological, physiological, or other. The research literature found that the employer's attitudes and perceptions of people with disabilities and their manner of employment are significant factors for successful integration of people with disabilities in the workforce. The current study explored the attitudes of students who may in the future be employers of high-functioning individuals with ASD or who may work with them. The premise was that current-day young people have more tolerance for diversity and containment of different populations in society and hence more social responsibility. The research findings indicate that students' level of education has an impact on their positive attitudes to the employment of high-functioning individuals with ASD. In addition, two major fundamental causes underlying the success of students with ASD were found: the social importance of integrating people with autism and how they are treated by their employer. In addition, the students noted that lacking strong desire by people with ASD to becoming integrated in the labor market and willingness to suffer many difficulties when starting work and less at later stages, the desire of society and of the workplaces will not suffice. The research findings illuminate the potential employment options of college graduates on the autistic spectrum and their integration in the labor market as a function of the attitudes of employers who graduated from these institutions. The current research findings indicate a low association between the level of familiarity with people with ASD and attitudes toward the integration of people on the spectrum in the workforce, in contrast to previous findings. The question is: How can leaders of academic institutions act to arouse awareness of importance of integration in work market for the weaker in society among their graduates in a world where containment and equal opportunities are high values in society in general and in academic institutions in particular? Another direction that arose is that together with the meaningful development of technology use in workplaces, academic institutions must direct students with ASD to various studies of technology on different levels so that they will be able to occupy suitable jobs.

Connections among faculty who might be potential resources for diffusion of learner-centered practices across STEM departments were examined at a major research university. Specifically, the research assessed the impact of these connections on learner-centered beliefs among faculty and the implementation of learner-centered practices across the network. Participants were recruited from Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics departments, and from departments in the College of Engineering. A snowball sampling procedure began with 21 randomly selected faculty from each department engaged in the STEM instruction of engineering students. These faculties then identified the colleagues they utilize as resources for improving their instruction. Characteristics of faculty connectedness in the network consisted of number of connections and depth of connections for both individual faculty and within and across departments. Outcome measures consisted of a survey of learner-centered attitudes and classroom observations of faculty instructional practices. The results show that faculty exhibiting more learner-centered behaviors had deeper and more extensive social networks than their peers who were more instructor-centered. The results are discussed in terms of the need for intra- and inter-departmental faculty professional development experiences that build and support collaborative organizations of faculty working together to transform early engineering experiences.

Our study documents how a Spanish-English bilingual elementary teacher learned computational thinking while working to incorporate it into mathematics and language arts lessons in a bilingual classroom. We classified the elements of the teacher's process into two practices: intentional and unintentional use of computational thinking. Intentional use of computational thinking included the teacher's explicit incorporation of any of the four computational thinking elements (abstraction, algorithms, decomposition, and patterns) into her teaching practice. The unintentional use of computational thinking included those instances where the teacher used computational thinking as a means for teaching content not specifically oriented toward computational thinking. In addition, our work identifies how this bilingual teacher's instructional dynamics integrated computational thinking and Spanish in a nearly inseparable manner. With this work we intend to contribute to the emergent scholarship committed to understanding the promotion of learning computing in K-5 settings.

A growing body of literature has documented the contribution of teacher-student relationship quality to both persistence and reduction in peer aggression incidents in the school context. The research literature indicates that students who are involved in peer aggression also tend to experience lower levels of closeness in their relationships with their teachers. However, these study results have not yet been aggregated, and the size and direction of effects remains unclear. In the present study we quantitatively synthesized 66 individual studies (Nstudents = 352,376) in two meta-analyses by aggregating cross-sectional associations between peer aggression involvement and teacher-student relationship closeness that have been reported in the literature over the last 20 years. A small, negative, and significant association was found between perpetration and victimization and teacher-student relationship closeness, indicating that students who experience greater involvement in peer aggression also have relationships with their teachers that are lacking in closeness. Three moderator analyses were also conducted. No moderating effect was found for school level or measure type; however, a significant moderating effect was found for informant type. The results from the meta-analyses lead to direct recommendations for practice regarding how we can best support students' psychosocial development in the school context.

The sudden shift to online learning thrust upon universities worldwide by the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) crisis created unique challenges related to effective online education. Challenges were most acute for highly interactive classes that were forced to move to asynchronous online learning environments. In response to these challenges, we developed an instructional model, rooted in group communication theories and concepts, designed to promote meaningful online learner-to-learner interaction. We provide an analytical assessment of our communication-based "Learning Pod" model, which was implemented in five English classes taught in the Department of English and American Studies at a German university during the COVID-19 shutdown. In Part 1 we describe the model, its development, and its implementation. In Part 2 we analyze learners' perceptions of the model's effectiveness using a mixed-methods approach. Results demonstrate the viability of the model, indicating that it is possible to provide meaningful interaction in asynchronous online classes, even in the midst of a pandemic, if communication goals are clearly articulated and strategically implemented.

Income gaps in college enrollment, persistence, and graduation raise concerns for those interested in equal opportunity in higher education. We present findings from a randomly assigned scholarship for low-income students at a medium-sized public 4-year university. The program focused solely on the first four semesters of enrollment and tied aid disbursements to modest academic benchmarks and enhanced academic advising. Meaningful decreases in time to degree appear to be driven by students with the lowest academic preparation and family income. Treated students took out approximately 20% less in student loans during the duration of the program. Participants also indicated high satisfaction with the program's model of enhanced academic advising.

Purpose: This study evaluated the impact of 1-day workshops on teachers' knowledge, practices, and dispositions using known characteristics of quality professional development and Guskey's five levels of professional development evaluation. Method: Eight workshops were evaluated over a 2-year period using pre/post surveys, end-of-workshop surveys, observations, interviews, and artifacts. Results: Participants reported high levels of satisfaction and trainer effectiveness scores at the end of workshops. Statistical analyses revealed improvements in four of six outcome variables 4 weeks after workshop completion: self-reported knowledge, utilization of implementation strategies, presence of a community of continued learning, and teacher efficacy. Qualitative data corroborated these results but offered mixed evidence of teacher implementation and improved student outcomes. Discussion/Conclusion: Findings confirm that 1-day workshops aligned with characteristics of quality professional development are highly valued by participants and can improve teachers' knowledge and efficacy, but teacher practice and student learning may be more difficult to influence and document.

Setting tasks plays a key role in geography lessons, as they enable students to engage with the subject content, guide lessons towards predefined learning outcomes, and are therefore important for assessment. At the same time, the use of tasks is complex as numerous aspects regarding the content and the students have to be taken into account. Based on theoretical and empirical literature, we identify seven quality criteria for tasks in geography education: motivating and engaging students; addressing the heterogeneity of students; structuring learning processes; comprehensible formulation; considering individual and social learning processes; making meaningful use of materials; and fostering the development of subject specific competences. These criteria were applied in observation of lessons, which were given during an exchange between student geography teachers from a Dutch and German university. Overall, it was found that student teachers recognize the defined quality criteria, but half of them focus on only one or two aspects. The difficulties student teachers face in task setting during their traineeship can partly be explained by their phase of apprenticeship and the context. The developed observation form was considered to be valuable for preparation and observation of and reflection on tasks in geography lessons, and the exchange enabled student teachers to gain an insight into their own teaching practice.

Learning content in mathematics, such as vector geometry, is still predominantly taught in an abstract manner, as the visualization and interaction of three-dimensional problems are limited with classical forms of teaching such as blackboard lessons or exercise sheets. This research article proposes the use of augmented reality (AR) in mathematics education. The proposed approach aims at easing the learning process related to vector geometry currently taught in senior mathematics classes by using intuitive visualization. The article introduces the concept of AR and presents the didactic foundations and the influence on the learning process based on an extensive literature review. Although studies see great potential in the use of AR for teaching mathematics, the method has so far hardly been used in schools. This can be mainly explained by the technological entry barrier of AR and the lack of simple, robust AR applications, in particular for vector geometry. To fill this gap, the authors developed "cleARmaths", a developed android application for augmented reality-based teaching in vector geometry that allows widespread use. As a didactical concept, some example exercises sessions with the app are proposed, demonstrating how the app could be used in a mathematics classroom. Finally, the app was evaluated in a mathematics class and the results analyzed in a detailed study. It was found by the teacher and students to be beneficial and amusing, demonstrating the potential for AR in mathematics classes.

Tasks are crucial for gaining access to powerful knowledge in geography and for fostering higher-order thinking in lessons; therefore, they are key to subject-specific pedagogy. After analysing tasks in geography textbooks for upper secondary education, it was revealed that higher-order thinking barely occurs in textbooks in the Netherlands and is more frequent in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Subsequently, both curriculum contexts were systematically compared to determine factors that influence the use of tasks. The results show that evaluative rules play a crucial role. The assessment in North Rhine-Westphalia focuses on higher-order thinking and how this becomes visible in students' work. Dutch assessment concentrates on students handling an outlined body of knowledge in defined settings. This raises questions of epistemic access, as students are less prepared for the skills expected at university level. Finally, we observed the importance of alignment between official institutions, the discipline of subject-specific pedagogy and support for teachers when it comes to fostering higher-order thinking in geography education.

Being overconfident in one's abilities is connected to poor self-judgment and it is essential to find ways how to reduce this phenomenon. The aim of the study was to research whether the act of taking a reading literacy test can be an effective means of reducing the overconfidence effect in the sample of Slovak teachers. Using purposive sampling method, a sample of 225 teachers from across school levels was obtained. The levels of overestimation (OE) and overplacement (OPE) effects were compared before and after having undergone the reading literacy test. The results showed that even just taking the test can reduce OE and to a lesser degree also OPE in all participants regardless of the feedback, which was in contrast to the original belief that just the experience itself does not affect overconfidence. Greater reduction in OE was observed in less competent participants, whereas none was observed among the more competent. These results showed that experience is also a form of debiasing.

This research examined which personality variables potentially moderated the effect of feedback on the Overconfidence effect. Research sample consisted of Slovak teachers (n = 223) from across school levels, who were randomly allocated into one of the three groups, out of which two were experimental and one was control. Each group of participants filled in three personality questionnaires, the Reading Literacy Test, and questions on the Overconfidence effect. The first experimental group was given a real feedback on their achieved performance, the second experimental group was given an inaccurate feedback and the control group did not receive any feedback. It was pointed out that despite high mutual correlation between chosen personality variables, no relation was demonstrated between the Overconfidence effect and optimism, neuroticism, or participant's self-evaluation. The results show that the impact of real feedback on the Overestimation effect depends on the level of neuroticism. Results suggested that the type of feedback on the Overconfidence effect is not moderated by the level of optimism. At the same time, the impact of real feedback on the Overconfidence effect is partially moderated by the level of self-evaluation and the impact of inaccurate feedback on the Overconfidence effect is not moderated by the level of self-evaluation.

With the increase of childhood obesity and sedentary behavior, it is essential to discover innovative ways to motivate youth to be more active. Many Hispanic children in the United States in obesogenic environments particularly lack opportunities for physical activity (PA). Exergames (i.e., motion-based video games) may enhance PA among at-risk populations. This study investigated the impact of exergaming on at-risk, Hispanic high school students with respect to physical activity self-efficacy (PA-SE), PA enjoyment, and intention to be physically active through a 10-week Exergaming Activity Program. Instrumentation included the PA-SE Questionnaire and the PA Enjoyment Scale. Paired-samples t-tests, confirmed by Wilcoxon signed rank tests for paired data, revealed that PA-SE, PA enjoyment, and PA intention increased from the beginning to the end of the program, but PA intention was the only measure that was statistically significant. Results provide insight for physical educators and PA leaders into a possible way to increase PA among at-risk youth living in environments where outside PA opportunities are scarce or unsafe.

In recent years, mathematical models of decision making, such as the diffusion model, have been endorsed in individual differences research. These models can disentangle different components of the decision process, like processing speed, speed-accuracy trade-offs, and duration of non-decisional processes. The diffusion model estimates individual parameters of cognitive process components, thus allowing the study of individual differences. These parameters are often assumed to show trait-like properties, that is, within-person stability across tasks and time. However, the assumption of temporal stability has so far been insufficiently investigated. With this work, we explore stability and change in diffusion model parameters by following over 270 participants across a time period of two years. We analysed four different aspects of stability and change: rank-order stability, mean-level change, individual differences in change, and profile stability. Diffusion model parameters showed strong rank-order stability and mean-level changes in processing speed and speed-accuracy trade-offs that could be attributed to practice effects. At the same time, people differed little in these patterns across time. In addition, profiles of individual diffusion model parameters proved to be stable over time. We discuss implications of these findings for the use of the diffusion model in individual differences research.

Purpose: Team-based learning (TBL) is an instructional design that has been increasingly used in anatomy and physiology education. The appropriateness of TBL methods for students with diverse preferred sensory learning modalities has not been adequately examined. This study aimed to show the influence of students' preferred sensory modality for learning on TBL outcomes. Method: Communication sciences and disorders majors enrolled in anatomy and physiology courses completed VARK (Visual, Aural, Read/write, and Kinesthetic), a questionnaire quantifying their preferred learning modality. Students' traditional and TBL measures of academic success were compared by preferred learning modality. Results: A multivariate analysis of variance failed to find any difference in TBL or other outcomes by preferred learning modality (p = 0.252). Conclusions: The results of this study show no evidence of differences in academic outcomes in TBL projects between learners with different preferred learning modalities as measured by VARK. The role of TBL and of instructional sensory modality on learning outcomes should continue to be examined.

Schools are required to have written policies regarding the handling of sexual misconduct cases, but little research has examined the content of these policies. This study explored the content of Title IX sexual misconduct policies for 200 universities in the U.S. specifically assessing if the content is in line with the Title IX regulations set forth by the Trump administration. The results revealed that there were certain areas of high transparency, where the policies inform the students in-depth about their Title IX sexual misconduct procedure (e.g. confidentiality, how and where to report, standard of proof). However, there were notable gaps where the policies require further details in order to fully inform their stakeholders (e.g. cross-examination, rape shield provisions). Given the importance of having a comprehensive Title IX policy, future research and recommendations for improving schools' Title IX policies are discussed.

Exergaming technologies have emerged in physical education in recent years as an attempt at revitalizing physical activity levels among youth. Research on the effects of exergaming is increasing; however, there is no research on practicing physical education teachers' implementation in the United States. Studies indicate that physical educators have low levels of confidence with regard to technology integration, particularly exergames. Due to exergaming technology's potential impact, it is essential to understand the extent to which physical education teachers implement these technologies. Self-efficacy beliefs, influenced by prior experiences, are powerful motives of behavior. Thus, grounded in self-efficacy theory, this study investigated pedagogical exergaming experiences, attitudes, and self-efficacy beliefs of a nationwide sample of U.S. kindergarten through 12th-grade physical education teachers. Study participants included 402 in-service physical education teachers from 35 states who completed the online Physical Educators' Exergaming Technology Integration, Attitudes, and Self-Efficacy Inventory. Participants reported moderate to high levels of attitude and self-efficacy beliefs, and Pearson correlation coefficients suggested strong, positive relationships between attitude and self-efficacy beliefs (r = 0.56, n = 402, p < 0.001) toward integrating exergaming technology in PE. Teachers' prior exergaming integration into PE experiences was positive overall, yet limited because of barriers such as budget, equipment, training, and administrative support. Overall, results suggest that physical education teachers feel confident and have positive attitudes toward implementing exergaming in physical education, with self-efficacy regarding implementing exergaming in PE correlating strongest with prior successful mastery experience.

Virtual reality (VR) is an increasingly available resource with numerous applications to medical education, and as a teaching tool has been widely validated in the literature. Photogrammetry, the process of overlapping two-dimensional (2D) photographic images of three-dimensional (3D) objects to create a 3D image or "model," can be used in conjunction with VR to create pedagogically sound learning modules for anatomy education. However, to date, there has not been a detailed description of the process of developing and implementing an in-house VR tool to supplement anatomy instruction. In this article, we examine the methods, benefits, and challenges of using photogrammetry to implement a VR classroom that capitalizes on the strengths of a traditional body donor-based course and the unique strengths of VR. Using off-the-shelf equipment, developing VR content and a VR curriculum is both feasible and approachable for medical educators.

Research on language in mathematics education is largely dominated by a 'normalcy' of spoken languages. This modal hegemony does not only affect a whole group of learners in failing to provide access that is epistemologically equitable--those using sign language as their preferred mode for mathematical discourse--it also obscures our view on the roles language can play in mathematical thinking and learning. As a field, we can only win from seeking to understand Deaf learners of mathematics beyond a disability, as learners of mathematics with a specific linguistic background that influences mathematical thinking and learning in peculiar ways. In this contribution, I suggest a shift in mindset towards a more inclusive view on language in mathematics education research and practice. I propose basic principles to inform a perspective for reconsidering the role of language in mathematics thinking and learning, inspired by work of philosopher Francois Jullien. This perspective counters a perspective that merely integrates sign language into existing research and instead searches for dialogue between linguistic modalities in learning mathematics, looking beyond language as spoken or written. This approach will be illustrated by the case of the modal affordance of iconicity foregrounded in signed mathematical discourse, its role in Deaf students' mathematics thinking and learning, and how this can inform existing research and practice dealing with language in mathematics education.

This work studies mathematics word problems' use in a classroom of recent immigrants, or newcomers, to a United States public elementary school. I study how word problems foster the recontextualization of mathematical concepts in a lived reality experienced by newcomer students in their new cultural and educational setting. In this study's setting language plays a significant role in the process of meaning-making. I describe how language use in word problems remains intertwined with mathematics instruction. This opens a space for questioning word problems' purpose and role in multilingual classrooms, and I highlight how the creative process of co-constructing problems' meaning in this context can expand notions of genre applied to word problems. Throughout I adopt a theorization of translanguaging as a language practice and apply it in problem discussion. This helps probe how language use impacts students' ways of understanding and utilizing mathematical concepts.

Social media are a popular source of information for young people, serving the purposes of not only communication but also the creation and distribution of content as well as advertising. However, that content may contain science-related information that in many cases is not based on scientifically proven sources. Content creators and/or advertisers use a specific set of strategies to make their claims more credible, and to address the strategies connected to science aspects, we created a fake product called 'HIQO--the water with conductivity extract' and claimed that it improved the conductivity of the brain to make the drinker smarter. We established a fully fledged web presence and ordered specially labelled bottles that in fact contained only ordinary mineral water. When creating the Internet resources, we made sure to consider the major manipulation strategies known from the literature. The product was embedded in a three-hour teaching sequence and has been tested with a total of 106 students from three secondary schools in northern Germany. The module was evaluated using tasks to assess civic online reasoning; the evaluation took place using a rubric with three levels (beginning/emerging/mastery), with learners who participated in the teaching sequence before attempting the tasks reaching the higher levels significantly more often than did those in the control group, who were given only the tasks.

Field-based education is interactive, hands-on, and based on real world experience and methodology, and during the COVID-19 pandemic, it has faced special challenges. As many institutions may struggle to maintain this vital component of geographic education, this resource paper aims to illustrate the impacts of the pandemic and provide some strategies to overcome the challenges from the experience of teaching a field methods course at a university in Texas. While many studies have focused on evaluating field instruction amidst the pandemic, our commentary focuses on both a ground-based perception from instructors and students and a comparison before and after the outbreak of the pandemic. We found that virtual attendance is disadvantageous to teaching and learning, and transferable skills like teamwork and communication are compromised due to a reduction in social interaction. However, intrapersonal skills such as observation, note-taking, and organization were better received in students' learning. Students expressed minimal safety concerns about the on-campus fieldwork given the conformity to the safety and health protocols. Based on the existing literature and our experience, we conclude with four generalized recommendations to share with colleagues in a similar situation, hoping to help retain the critical role of field-based education even under disruption.

Cross country has grown in popularity and provides youth with the ability to put into practice both physical capability and mental strength and preparedness. However, such preparedness can also lead to physical injuries such as shin splints, or mental fatigue, which can lead to dropout and/or burnout. Yoga is an activity that has become increasingly popular and has been shown to present both physical and mental benefits to its participants. This article aims to provide foundational information for coaches and young cross country and distance athletes to put yoga into action for physical and mental practice. Specific postures are provided with special benefits, stretches, and strengthening information to ensure the basic understanding of the why behind each pose and how that pose tackles a particular challenge for runners.

BACKGROUND: Research shows associations between bullying victimization and substance use for teens. However, more research about this relationship for younger adolescents and across race/ethnicity is needed. METHODS: Prevalence and pooled logistic regression analyses of 2019 Middle School Youth Risk Behavior Survey data from 13 states (N = 74,059 students) examined associations between self-reported bulling victimization (at school, electronically, and both) and having ever tried cigarette smoking, alcohol, or marijuana; used an electronic vapor product; or misused prescription pain medicine. Regression analyses were adjusted by age and sex/race/ethnicity. RESULTS: All 3 measures of bullying victimization were significantly associated (p < 0.05) with the 5 substance use behaviors examined (adjusted prevalence ratios ranged from 1.29 to 2.32). These associations held across sexes. Significant associations were found within all 7 race/ethnicity categories, with the most associations reported for the non-Hispanic (NH) white, NH black or African American, Hispanic/Latino, and NH Asian groups. CONCLUSION: The association between bullying and substance use by middle school is a highly relevant issue to consider as students return to classrooms.

Linguistic heterogeneity and fluidity--prominently captured in the notion of 'translanguaging'-- are starting to be seen as normative and natural. In turn, homogeneity and fixity, instantiated for example in standard languages, are becoming the 'odd-ones-out.' I challenge the dichotomy between linguistic fluidity (languaging) and fixity (named languages), in a situated conceptual account of translingual writing practices in English classrooms in a Khayelitshan primary school. These spaces fold the linguistic fluidity typical of South African townships, and the fixity of two standard languages, into one complex spatial repertoire. Operationalizing this spatial perspective, I suggest that students are constantly engaged in "relanguaging," recursively "sorting out" the classroom repertoire according to the various linguistic norms enfolded in the space, and of "bringing together" linguistic resources in various combinations. Relanguaging systematically unsettles the dichotomy between fluid languaging and fix institutional language norms retained in dominant conceptualizations of translanguaging. This way it opens up new conceptual and analytical perspectives with possible pedagogical implication for writing instruction and testing. Standard English could, for example, be assessed beyond its own confines, using writing tasks that can make visible increasingly sophisticated linguistic sorting skills as students.

This article presents a possible framework for the cooperation of mathematics and physics education research domains. Moreover, the potential topics for such a scientific collaboration are explained by means of a structuring qualitative content analysis of current handbooks and conference proceedings in Germany and Vietnam. These topics can form a basis for further projects on the connection of subject-related didactics. One of these projects is an interdisciplinary course in teacher training at the Hanoi National University of Education (HNUE) as part of the Inter TeTra project between the HNUE and the University of Siegen.

In comparison to young adults, middle-aged and old people show lower scores in intelligence tests and slower response times in elementary cognitive tasks. Whether these well-documented findings can both be attributed to a general cognitive slow-down across the life-span has become subject to debate in the last years. The drift diffusion model can disentangle three main process components of binary decisions, namely the speed of information processing, the conservatism of the decision criterion and the non-decision time (i.e., time needed for processes such as encoding and motor response execution). All three components provide possible explanations for the association between response times and age. We present data from a broad study using 18 different response time tasks from three different content domains (figural, numeric, verbal). Our sample included people between 18 to 62 years of age, thus allowing us to study age differences across young-adulthood and mid-adulthood. Older adults generally showed longer non-decision times and more conservative decision criteria. For speed of information processing, we found a more complex pattern that differed between tasks. We estimated mediation models to investigate whether age differences in diffusion model parameters account for the negative relation between age and intelligence, across different intelligence process domains (processing capacity, memory, psychometric speed) and different intelligence content domains (figural, numeric, verbal). In most cases, age differences in intelligence were accounted for by age differences in non-decision time. Content domain-general, but not content domain-specific aspects of non-decision time were related to age. We discuss the implications of these findings on how cognitive decline and age differences in mental speed might be related.

In this article, the authors introduce and illustrate a new activity that involves "follow-up equations," which are equations that follow up on ideas children have already expressed when solving fraction story problems. Specifically, teachers pose story problems and purposely attend to fraction ideas that arise in children's strategies and explanations during problem solving. Teachers then generate one or more equations that capture some of these ideas and invite children to solve and discuss them. Herein, the authors first share an extended, video-based example involving Maddy, a third grader. Beginning with Maddy's initial problem solving, they highlight what the teacher noticed in Maddy's strategy and explanation. Next, they describe the follow-up equations posed, how each was inspired by something the teacher noticed, and the learning opportunities Maddy was afforded. They conclude with suggestions for getting started, including guiding principles and practice videos.

Gestures play a role in perception, production, and comprehension of language and have been shown to differ cross-linguistically and cross-culturally in aspects of performance and form-meaning relationships. Furthermore, gestures can serve as analytical tools to access tacit embodied-imagistic mathematical meanings that add to verbal-linguistic dimensions of meaning. At the same time, language plays important roles in interaction and cognition, influencing bilinguals' learning of mathematics. Still, there is only very little research attending to the use of gestures of multilinguals as means to better understand the relationships between their language use and their mathematical thinking. This paper builds on research on multilingualism and on gestures--related and unrelated to mathematics education--to motivate and develop a framework for understanding better mathematics thinking and learning of multilinguals through integrating gesture analysis as related to languages, culture, and the use of registers. The application of this framework will be illustrated through two case studies in which we analyse interview data of a bilingual student and a bilingual mathematics teacher--focusing on gestures and language use while talking about the mathematical concept of 'power'--or exponents--in Farsi (Persian) and in English. From analyzing the gestures' form-meaning relations and their functions as related to hybrid language practices, we hypothesize on the vernacular and mathematical context as activated in both speech and gesture and on how it relates to mathematical meaning. From this, we draw practical implications for multilingual mathematical learning contexts and discuss implications for research on multilinguals' mathematical thinking and learning.

Learning to teach mathematics is a complex endeavor, requiring sustained focus and time. Yet time is especially scarce in elementary teacher education programs, where preservice teachers (PSTs) learn all content areas. Through a collaborative self-study, five teacher educators identified three time-related tensions in elementary mathematics methods courses: (a) teaching mathematics content and pedagogy; (b) connecting theory and practice; and (c) promoting social contexts in teaching mathematics. To address these tensions, we offer three design principles and illustrative examples: (a) addressing multiple goals for each course component; (b) developing PSTs' dispositions over time; and (c) building on PSTs' strengths to develop understanding of mathematics. We present a reflection tool to assist mathematics teacher educators in designing their courses to maximize their instructional time.

The relationship between teachers and students plays a critical role in the psychosocial development of children and youth. The literature documents numerous studies over several decades that have examined links between teacher-student relationships (TSRs) and bullying perpetration and victimization among students. The present meta-analytic study provides a definitive summary of the size and the direction of the association between these variables. We synthesized the results of 18 quantitative studies (n = 20 029) that examined the association between TSR conflict and involvement in peer aggression and bullying (both perpetration and victimization) in school. Results revealed a significant positive effect of moderate size between TSR conflict and both bullying perpetration and victimization. Three moderators (grade level, informant, and scale quality) were assessed for their effects on the association between TSR conflict and peer aggression involvement. Results revealed a stronger association between bullying involvement (both bullying others and victimization) and TSR conflict (a) among elementary school students (versus secondary students), (b) when based on observer reports (versus self-reports), and (c) when researchers used well-established measures (versus new measures) of the variables. These results highlight the interconnectedness of students' relationship experiences with their teachers and their interactions in peer networks at school, and they underscore the need to consider both aspects in comprehensive climate and bullying prevention initiatives in schools.

This article presents a part of the Inter-Tetra project. This study firstly reviews the literature on conceptions of experiments in didactics of math and didactics of physics to design questionnaires to survey the conceptions of experiments in teaching physics and teaching math in Vietnam. Thereafter, the survey has been conducted among the math and physics pedagogical students in the Hanoi National University of Education (HNUE). The results of the survey have revealed the similarities and differences of the concepts of an experiment in teaching math and physics. In addition, this study also discusses the causes and consequence of the similar and dissimilar concepts of experiments.

Parents with young children receiving relationship-based home visiting and infant and early childhood mental health (IECMH) services want flexibility and hybrid approaches that combine in-person and remote services. This is the top finding from a national study of parents served by seven geographically and demographically diverse program sites across the US. Centering the needs of parents and caregivers who must now engage in services with their children in different ways is critical for equitable service delivery. To do so calls on early childhood leaders to find the openness to change, backed up with practice adaptations that families value.

Alumni mentoring in social work allows students to connect with experienced practitioners in a nonevaluative context and for alumni to strengthen university connections. This study describes and evaluates one established student-alumni mentoring program. Pretest (n=277) and posttest (n=153) data were collected from participants across 3 years. Results indicated that the mentoring relationship between alumni and students was most often fulfilled through informal meetings and the teaching of life skills, followed by professional and career development. More than one-third of students identified the program as helpful to their academic success, while the majority of alumni felt the program had potential for strengthening school-community relationships. Lessons learned and implications of alumni mentoring programs in social work education are discussed.

In the shift from on campus to online education, liberal arts colleges have lost much of the interaction among students that fosters student engagement, learning, and satisfaction. We present an online, student peer-to-peer mentoring program that creates learning partnerships between students and recreates this vital cocurricular learning online. Assigning mentors and mentees a year apart in the same major and asking them to engage in self-reflection, to learn about interpersonal relationships, to build actual relationships, and to consult with peers, creates an opportunity to reinforce liberal arts values of shared inquiry and application of learning. To assess program effectiveness, we report both student outcomes and attitudinal data from the fall semester 2020 when our university operated entirely online.