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Background: People with intellectual disabilities are at much higher risk of preventable deaths compared to the general community. However, studies identifying the cause of death in people with intellectual disability are generally based on one primary cause which is frequently attributed to the person's disability. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the most common associated causes that may have contributed to the deaths of Australians with intellectual or learning disabilities, particularly those that may be avoidable. Methods: Linked data that had previously been used to identify underlying causes of deaths were re-analysed to determine other contributing causes of death in Australians with intellectual disabilities aged under 65 years who accessed disability services between July 2013 and June 2018. Findings: Two thousand three hundred and thirty-three deaths occurred among 180,790 people with intellectual disability. Contributing causes of death with the greatest disparities compared to the general community were lung diseases due to external agents (adjusted rate ratio (RR) 70.6 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 63.7-78.2), influenza and pneumonia (RR 18.3; 95% CI 16.4-20.4), and coronary heart disease (RR 3.3; 95% CI 2.8--3.8). Conclusions: Analysing all contributing causes of death in people with intellectual disabilities can ensure that the higher rates of preventable deaths in people with intellectual disability are identified and addressed earlier in the disability and health sectors.

Little is known about counselor educators' experiences of gatekeeping doctoral students. Using an interpretative phenomenological approach, we examined counselor educators' experiences of gatekeeping doctoral students during the dissertation. Themes included (a) interventions, (b) prior student gatekeeping interactions, and (c) recommendations for gatekeeping during the dissertation. Implications and suggestions for research are provided.

We explore the potential of merging numeracy and literacy, through using number stories to stimulate mathematical engagement with young, marginalized learners in their communities. Our data emerges from the Family Maths Storytime Programme (FMSP) run in partnership with teachers in two South African schools. The FMSP conducted sessions with caregivers of pre-Grade 1 learners that focused on supporting mathematical talk in the home centred around four number storybooks with linked activities and games. Drawing on Bourdieu's notion of habitus and other socio-cultural theories emphasising opportunities for talk and reasoning for learning we explore: Did the FMSP enable the integration of home and school numeracy and literacy practices? If so, what evidence is there of such integrated practices? What is the nature of the described practices? Our analysis focuses on 20 caregiver interviews following their participation in the FMSP that was initially run after school in two English medium pre-Grade 1 classrooms. NVivo coding highlighted key themes across interviews. The findings show how modelling engagement with merged literacy and numeracy practices in the programme enabled changing practices, dispositions, and forms of capital in relation to engaging with these in the home. We highlight how supporting home-based and story inspired engagement with marginalised learners supports equity goals in contexts where learners from indigenous backgrounds often begin and remain mathematically behind grade expectations in school.

Using consumer socialization theory, this study examined the associations between perceived influence of parents, peers, employment, and media and spending behaviors of emerging adult college students from three different regions of the US: Northeast, South Atlantic, and Mountain regions. Data from the Emerging Adult Financial Capability Study (N = 2,322) were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Greater parental and employment influences perceived by the students were linked with more responsible spending behaviors, while greater peer and media influences were associated with less responsible spending behaviors. This study highlights the importance of the home and the workplace as the nexus for financial learning. This knowledge can help focus efforts to help future emerging adult college students learn responsible spending behaviors.

This feature addresses issues related to family resource management (FRM) by building on two panel presentations given at the 2022 and 2023 Family Economics and Resource Management Association (FERMA) virtual conferences. During the panel discussions, each contributor used their unique perspective to describe changes to the field of FRM and responsibilities of professionals. Hands-on, practical ideas for application of current FRM concepts to various audiences were shared. Trends for the field were predicted. Given the significant economic, environmental, and social changes of the past few years, this is an ideal time to reconsider FRM and prepare professionals for the future.

Child temperament has long been viewed as a potential susceptibility factor in the link between parenting and child disruptive behavior (CDB). Specifically, the idea is that children with higher negative emotionality, surgency, and lower effortful control are more affected by their received parenting, but experimental evidence is scarce. Also, others have argued that child temperament might not be a susceptibility factor but a factor that can change through parents' participation in a parenting intervention. To test both hypotheses, we analyzed pretest, posttest, and 4-month follow-up data from 386 mostly Dutch parents, mainly mothers (92%; M[subscript age] = 38.1, SD = 4.8) with children (M[subscript age] = 6.31, SD= 1.33; 54.2% boys). The children had above-average disruptive behavior (i.e., [greater than or equal to]75th percentile Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory questionnaire; Eyberg & Pincus, 1999). The families participated in a randomized controlled trial of the Incredible Years (IY) parenting program. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that child temperament did not moderate IY intervention effects on CDB. Furthermore, parallel process analyses showed that the IY intervention led to direct, simultaneous decreases in both negative emotionality and CDB. These findings counter the widely held belief that temperament traits are static, unchangeable modulators of the links between parenting and CDB. Instead, child temperament (negative emotionality) can at least partly be influenced by parents' participation in a parenting program.

Supportive relationships with counselor educators as dissertation chairs are valuable to doctoral students overcoming barriers to successful completion of their dissertations. Yet, few have examined the complex and mutually influenced dissertation-chairing relationships from the perspective of dissertation chairs. Using hermeneutic phenomenology, we interviewed counselor educators (N = 15) to identify how they experienced dissertation-chairing relationship dynamics with doctoral students. Counselor educators experienced relationships characterized by expansive connections, growth in student autonomy, authenticity, safety and trust, and adaptation to student needs. They viewed chairing relationships as fluid and noncompartmentalized, which cultivated mutual learning and existential fulfillment. Our findings provide counselor educators with examples of how empathy and encouragement may help doctoral students overcome insecurities and how authentic and honest conversations may help doctoral students overcome roadblocks. Counselor education programs can apply these findings by building structures to help facilitate safe and trusting relationships between doctoral students and counselor educators.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) experts and individuals with ADHD have made many recommendations concerning mobile apps that could potentially help college students succeed. But do students know about these recommended apps? Do they find them useful? How do students use mobile apps for completing schoolwork? To answer these questions we carried out two empirical studies. In study 1, 35 Canadian postsecondary students who self-reported ADHD and 74 students without disabilities completed an online LimeSurvey questionnaire and indicated which of 20 expert recommended schoolwork-related apps they had tried and which they liked. In Study 2, nine students with ADHD specified how they used their technologies to complete schoolwork. Results indicate that students with and without ADHD were familiar with only 13 of the 20 apps recommended by experts, and that they liked only 11. For completing academic work, the most popular apps were built-in smartphone camera and recording apps. Students also found Microsoft, Google, Pomodoro and Kahoot apps helpful. Discord was the most popular app for collaboration with classmates. Results show that students with and without ADHD found the same apps and technologies helpful. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study to actually query students with ADHD about their app use and preferences. We conclude that disability service providers, academic administrators and access technologists need to stay up-to-date about general use mobile apps to enable them to make appropriate recommendations to help students with ADHD succeed in college.

We present eight studies dealing with artificial intelligence and mobile apps that assist post-secondary students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other disabilities with their academic work. Study 1, based on an advisory board and on a Google search, provided glowing testimonials about AI tools. However, Study 2, a scoping review of the scientific literature, showed that research is scant. In Study 3 we explored how students with and without disabilities used AI-based intelligent virtual assistants to do schoolwork. Our findings show that students are not realizing the potential of these tools. In Study 4, we explored AI-based technologies used by 163 students with and 74 students without disabilities and in Study 5 we investigated AI-based technologies professors required students to use. These studies helped identify sustainable practices. In studies 6, 7 and 8 we explored apps for students with ADHD. Overall, the results show that students with and without disabilities use similar technologies. There will always be a place for traditional assistive technologies such as Jaws and ZoomText. However, general use technologies play an important role because the most common disabilities reported by students on post-secondary campuses include nonvisible disabilities, such as ADHD, mental and chronic health challenges, and specific learning disorders.

Most North American colleges and universities switched to online courses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, it is important to explore the impact of the newly remote courses on the academic lives of postsecondary students with and without disabilities and on technology use by students. It is also important to ascertain which newly used technologies are likely to be useful in the future. To do this, we surveyed 121 students with disabilities and 51 without disabilities and asked them about their academic performance and about the smartphone and tablet technologies they used to do schoolwork during the pandemic. Results indicate that most students were having a difficult time with learning and studying and that students with disabilities were experiencing more challenges, including the need to drop courses. The most common problems dealt with concentration, motivation, and discipline. The only positive impact reported relates to flexibility and time management. Approximately 70% of students used some form of mobile technology to do schoolwork, primarily Apple devices. The most common technologies reported by students were: Zoom, Google Docs, and Microsoft Word. Overall, most of these worked well, although over one third of both groups indicated that Zoom worked poorly. Where there were differences between the two groups, results show that the technologies were more problematic for students with disabilities. The variety of smartphone and tablet apps used by postsecondary students during the pandemic suggests that now that they have learned to use these, students will continue to use many of these once the pandemic is over.

COVID-19 resulted in a pivot to remote teaching and learning in most North American colleges and universities. All of a sudden faculty expected students to use a variety of digital technologies. Here we report on the technologies post-secondary students had to use and on the problems experienced by students with and without disabilities (e.g., mobility and visual impairments, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, mental health related disabilities). In a sample of 24 post-secondary students, we found a series of problems related to: software and platform issues; connectivity; how professors managed their courses; classmates' computer behaviors; and equipment issues. We also learned about several beneficial practices and ways to avoid problems that can be retained for future hybrid and blended courses. By giving a voice to post-secondary students our research can inform policies and practices to create a more resilient and inclusive society.

To date, studies that investigate lexical overlap in signed languages have mainly considered the relationships between deaf community signed languages. The alternate sign languages of Indigenous Australia provide an opportunity to take another perspective -- they are perhaps amongst the oldest known sign languages in the world, their main users are hearing, and senior people are the acknowledged experts, at least in some domains of sign knowledge and use. We developed a comparative list of signs as one tool in an investigation of dimensions of similarity and difference in nine language communities from Central and Northern Australia. We coded the data for the articulatory parameters of handshape, place of articulation, and movement, and developed a comparison matrix that captured similarity by using alphanumerical labels for unique sign forms. In doing so, we accommodated the existence of both inter- and intra-signer variation within single communities, a factor that has been overlooked in some previous studies. Our results support earlier observations that correlate sign diversity with geographical distance. We identify two distinct clusters of communities within which are higher percentages of lexical overlap. The first of these includes the Warlpiri, Anmatyerr, Alyawarr, and Arrernte language groups, while the second cluster includes Gurindji, Mudburra, and Kukatja. We note a general stability in lexical overlap (i.e., shared lexicon) in comparison to earlier records, but also an increase in similarity, suggesting some convergence might be taking place. Finally, we point to the need to unpack the complex sociocultural and linguistic factors that interact to drive similarity and difference in these signing practices. The list of commonly known signs, and the methods we have developed, is a useful resource that can inform future comparative studies.

Background: Adults with intellectual disability are at higher risk of being administered psychotropic medications. The UK-developed SPECTROM (Short-term PsychoEducation for Carers To Reduce Over Medication of people with intellectual disabilities) training programme educates disability support workers on psychotropic medications and alternatives to these medications. Method: Interviews were conducted with 10 participants who took part in the pilot SPECTROM training programme to elicit their views on the programme and its appropriateness in an Australian context. Results: The key theme was 'Need for a psychotropic medication practice framework'. Four sub-themes were Broad satisfaction with the SPECTROM training programme; Disability support workers acknowledging the limitations of their scope of practice; Empowering training through prescriptive and reflective methods and; Need for future mentoring from Multi-Disciplinary Team members in the application of new knowledge. Conclusions: Participants felt that whilst they could improve their knowledge and attitudes surrounding psychotropic medication administration for behaviours of concern through SPECTROM training, a national practice framework is needed to execute its goals at scale.

Project Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) Nevada applied the ECHO virtual hub-and-spoke telementoring model over nine 6-week cohorts (between November 2019 and November 2021) supporting community health workers (CHWs) who advise clients with diabetes or pre-diabetes. This study describes the program implementation, including evaluation data collection efforts. Didactic topics included 'Intro to Healthy Eating and Easy Wins' to 'Grocery Shopping, Cooking Tips, Reading Labels, Meal Plans' and 'Reducing Bias and Being a Good Role Model'. Spoke participants signed up to review cases. Seventy-three of the enrolled participants (n = 100) attended three or more of the six sessions. Spoke participants completed 42 case presentations. The average self-efficacy increased from 2.7 [standard deviation (SD): 1.1] before completing the program to 4.1 (SD: 0.8) after completing the program. Average knowledge scores increased from 71 (SD: 16) before completing the program to 83 (SD: 14) after completing the program. Five group interviews drew actionable feedback that was incorporated into the program. Key elements of the ECHO model were successfully incorporated to support educational goals of a cohort of CHWs in nutritional coaching. Our program evaluation data tracking system shows non-significant but encouraging results regarding self-efficacy improvement and knowledge retention.

The current study used meta-analysis to ask whether age differences, sex differences, and family size are linked to differences in parental treatment, as well as whether effect-sizes were moderated by the way parental differential treatment (PDT) was measured, who reported on the PDT, and the domain of PDT. Between August 2015 and November 2020, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, and PubMed Central were searched for articles relating to parental differential treatment; additionally, 13 sibling relationship scholars were contacted to collect unpublished analyses or unused data. Multilevel data came from 13,628 unique participants across 1,388 effect sizes nested within 66 sources (articles/raw data sets), nested within 23 unique samples (74% from North America; 26% from Western Europe). Multilevel meta-analysis conducted in R with the metafor package showed greater differences in parental treatment when siblings were further apart in age or a different sex. The main effects for age spacing, however, were moderated by several factors, particularly the domain of parenting. Specifically, age spacing was linked only to PDT based on control or autonomy granting, meaning when siblings were further apart in age, parents granted more autonomy to one sibling over another. Results were limited, however, by limited sample sizes at the sample level. Overall, findings suggest that parents may, in part, treat siblings differently because they are different to begin with.

As more and more classroom and digital technologies are developed, the author has had to wrestle with how, and if, certain technologies should be employed in teaching a quantitative reasoning course for university students. Ten self-reflection questions capture the author's key decision-making factors in adjusting to a collaboration classroom environment from a traditional classroom. These self-reflection questions, organized by the Areas of Activity from the UK Professional Standards Framework for teaching in higher education, represent important decisions and potential adjustments that all teachers may want to consider as they reflect on their own teaching practice in the digital age. This article is based on a presentation given at the 26th annual conference of Adults Learning Mathematics held in Lund, Sweden in 2019.

Researchers have frequently described rural women as invisible, yet at 28 million, they represent over half of the rural population in the United States. We conducted a transcendental phenomenological study using semi-structured interviews and artifacts to explore 12 Midwestern rural-based mental health counselors' experiences counseling rural women through a feminist lens. Overall, we found eight themes organized under two main categories: (a) "perceptions of work with rural women" (e.g., counselors' sense of purpose, a rural heritage, a lack of training for work with rural women, and the need for additional research); and (b) "perceptions of rural women and mental health" (e.g., challenges, resiliency, protective factors, and barriers to mental health services for rural women). We offer specific implications for counselors to address the unique mental health needs of rural women, including hearing their stories through their personal lenses and offering them opportunities for empowerment at their own pace.

While disability is recognised by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) as an evolving concept, the language of positive behaviour support has not kept pace with the current human rights-based approach. The widely-used terms 'challenging behaviour' and 'behaviours that challenge' imply that the behaviour is inherent in a person with disability. Words have power in shaping practice: when the behaviour of the person with disability is framed as the problem, this leads to a pathologisation or labelling that can provide a rationale to medicate and restrain as a way of 'managing the challenging behaviour'. Many behaviours seen as being challenging could be better understood as 'adaptive behaviours to maladaptive environments', or legitimate responses to difficult environments and situations. In this paper, we argue that the language and implementation of positive behaviour support should better take into account the CRPD and contemporary evidence on behaviour change interventions, which support a shift away from focusing on individuals' behaviours towards putting environments front and centre. We outline how the social-ecological model could be used as a framework to more explicitly address 'environments of concern' in developing tailored and system-wide responses to behaviour support needs. We argue there is an urgency for this paradigm shift to better reflect the views of people with disability and improve outcomes.

Self-conscious emotions arise from evaluating the self through the eyes of others. Given that children with autistic traits may experience difficulties with understanding others' minds, they might show less attuned self-conscious emotions. Two-to-five-year-old children's (N = 98, M[subscript age] = 48.54 months, 50% girls, 92% White) self-conscious emotions (guilt, embarrassment, and shame-like avoidance) were observed after children "broke" the experimenter's favorite toy. Data were collected from March 2018 till June 2019. Children with more autistic traits showed less theory of mind (ToM), and more shame-like avoidance, but associations were not mediated by ToM. This provides initial evidence that children with more autistic traits may show disturbances in some but not all self-conscious emotions, which could hinder their social functioning.

We illustrate how to analyze complete generalizability theory (GT) designs using structural equation modeling software ("lavaan" in R), compare results to those obtained from numerous ANOVA-based packages, and apply those results in practical ways using data obtained from a large sample of respondents, who completed the Self-Perception Profile for College Students (Neemann & Harter, 2012) on two occasions. Results revealed that estimates of variance components, generalizability coefficients, dependability coefficients, and proportions of measurement error derived from "lavaan" were essentially equivalent to those produced by the GT packages GENOVA and "gtheory" in R and variance component programs in SPSS, SAS, and R. Within the article and extended online Supplemental Material, we illustrate how indices obtained from these resources can be used for either norm- and criterion-referencing purposes and for estimating effects of changes made to measurement procedures. We further describe ways to use structural equation models for applications of GT beyond what conventional ANOVA-based packages would typically permit.

We compiled a comprehensive list of apps related to coping with academic work by post-secondary students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by examining 23 recent sources. Most of these were based on the opinion of single individuals, including persons with ADHD and experts. To discover relatively common apps, we summed the number of sources that mentioned each app and then checked with the Apple App Store and the Google Play Store to ensure availability in the summer of 2020. In the process it became apparent that while most apps directly supported "schoolwork" (e.g., calendars, timers, reminders) there were a variety of apps that, while not directly related to schoolwork, were apps that can support academic achievement by dealing with daily life demands (not ADHD therapy or assessment). We categorized apps related to both schoolwork as well as to aspects of "daily life demands" that can make academic work easier. Here we present the 20 most frequently mentioned schoolwork related apps and the eight most frequently mentioned daily life demands apps. Our findings suggest that if access coordinators, campus disability service providers, ADHD coaches and students with ADHD focus solely on schoolwork related apps, they will be missing an important part of the equation. They need to broaden their scope to ensure that students also have the help they need to structure and manage their daily life responsibilities, rather than simply focusing on doing schoolwork.

Recommendations for preparing teachers of mathematics have been published by multiple professional organizations in the United States; however, there is limited research on whether student course perceptions affirm the instructor-identified alignment of mathematics content courses for prospective secondary mathematics teachers (PSMTs) to these recommendations. We investigate the alignment of research-based tasks and explorations used in a content course for PSMTs to the Association of Mathematics Teacher Educators Standards for the Preparation of Teachers of Mathematics and recommendations in the Mathematical Education of Teachers II. Analyzing end-of-course interviews with 11 students enrolled in this course, we employ thematic analysis to identify themes in student perceptions that reflect central ideas in these documents. Four aspects of the course arose that likely support these themes and related standards and recommendations. This study generates other questions about the extent to which mathematics content courses focusing on research-based knowledge and practices for PSMTs should naturally elicit solid links to these standards.

The purpose of this article was to determine whether overt financial education from parents during childhood (retrospective measure collected in the same survey wave) is associated with a greater frequency of healthy financial management behaviors in emerging adulthood, and whether this relationship is dependent on gender. Using a sample of emerging adults from the Flourishing Families dataset (N = 437), we ran two multivariate linear regressions--one with and one without the interaction variable. Results suggest that financial education from parents during childhood is linked with a greater frequency of healthy financial behaviors in emerging adulthood but was not dependent on gender. Financial educators should involve parents when teaching children about money, and they should educate parents on how to teach their children about money.

With the purpose of bridging research and practice, faculty members teaching laboratory courses in pharmaceutical sciences at a research university in Denmark were interviewed about their perspectives on learning outcomes of laboratory work. Findings from a recent systematic review of learning outcomes associated with laboratory work at the university level were used as a frame of reference and the outset for the discussions. University professors experienced in laboratory instruction were divided into focus groups to substantiate and relate the educational constructs extracted from the review to their own teaching experience. Thematic analysis was used to explore the professors' experience on whether and how their students developed experimental competences, disciplinary learning, higher-order thinking skills, epistemic learning, and generic competences, together with constructs from the affective domain. The analysis demonstrated that most constructs were relatable and observable in practice. Basic experimental competences and disciplinary learning were observed in the early stage of their education, progressing toward higher-order thinking skills in the bachelor's and master's projects. Some directions for future research and teachers' professional development are proposed.

The present study set out to explore effective teaching techniques using PowerPoint for post-secondary students with disabilities by comparing their views to those of students without disabilities. 284 Canadian post-secondary social science students, 75 of whom self-reported a disability, were surveyed about what aspects of PowerPoint use helps them learn. The good news is that the results indicate many similarities between the views of students with and without disabilities. Although all students felt that having PowerPoint available online was highly desirable, for students with disabilities this was perceived as an important disability accommodation. All students preferred that PowerPoint slides be made available before class in both PowerPoint and PDF formats; however, this was particularly important to students with disabilities. All students preferred that professors walk around some of the time rather than simply stand beside the lectern, that they select slides with good contrast rather than an interesting but busy background template, that they write concepts in full sentences as opposed to key words only, and that PowerPoint images be accompanied by text rather than presenting images only. Overall, our findings show that well-designed PowerPoint slides which incorporate accessibility features (easily included by using the Accessibility Checker feature of PowerPoint) can benefit everyone. Notably, fewer than half (41%) of the students with disabilities had registered with the college to receive disability-related accommodations; therefore, it is important that PowerPoint, as used by professors, be accessible to this large segment of the population of students with disabilities. Informative slides with a clear template and good contrast, along with an engaging presentation style, are likely to benefit everyone. Our findings also show that, contrary to the fears of many educators, students are unlikely to miss class if slides are posted online. Moreover, this is equally true for academically stronger as well as weaker students.

Large-scale spatial representations are rarely a perfect replication of the corresponding environment. Factors such as age, experience and environmental association play a significant role in each person's cognitive map. Yet, traditional spatial tasks remove these contextual elements in determining a person's spatial orientation skill, which has contributed to the apparent widening gap in spatial skills for children in non-urban areas. In this study we examined children's sketch maps of their route between home and school from four geographically diverse sites (urban, regional, rural, and remote Indigenous communities). Our findings suggest children from rural and remote communities possess highly detailed and sophisticated mental representations of their local environment, outside of traditional developmental frameworks. This work provides insights into these representations through student work samples. We suggest future work consider the contextual nature of spatial skills when comparing students.

Popular belief holds that sexual behavior is evaluated more liberally for males than females. However, the assessment of this "sexual double standard" is controversial. Therefore, we investigated measurement equivalence of commonly used items to assess sexual double standards in previous research. Based on established measurement equivalence, we investigated whether adolescents endorsed a sexual double standard. Using data from 455 adolescents (M[subscript age] = 14.51, SD = 0.64), confirmatory factor analyzes showed that the sexual double standard concept was measurement equivalent across sex, and partly across evaluations of the same and opposite sex. Factor analyzes demonstrated that there was not one, but two sexual double standards. Male adolescents evaluated male sexual behavior more liberally than female sexual behavior, but female adolescents evaluated female sexual behavior more liberally than male sexual behavior. This contradicts the traditional notion of the existence of one sexual double standard that favors male and suppresses female sexuality.

Purpose: The analysis of Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) data can be difficult to conceptualize due to the complexity of how the data are collected. The goal of this tutorial is to provide an overview of statistical considerations for analyzing observational data arising from EMA studies. Method: EMA data are collected in a variety of ways, complicating the statistical analysis. We focus on fundamental statistical characteristics of the data and general purpose statistical approaches to analyzing EMA data. We implement those statistical approaches using a recent study involving EMA. Results: The linear or generalized linear mixed-model statistical approach can adequately capture the challenges resulting from EMA collected data if properly set up. Additionally, while sample size depends on both the number of participants and the number of survey responses per participant, having more participants is more important than the number of responses per participant. Conclusion: Using modern statistical methods when analyzing EMA data and adequately considering all of the statistical assumptions being used can lead to interesting and important findings when using EMA.

We explored students' perspectives about their professors' use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and compared these to the views of professors deemed by their students to be excellent in their use of ICTs. 311 students completed an online questionnaire and nominated up to three of their professors who used technology in a way that worked well for them. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 114 of the nominated professors, who also completed a checklist of technologies used in their teaching. There are some technologies that students said worked well for them that not many professors used in their teaching, such as online tests/quizzes, podcasts, and clickers. However, there were some technologies that both students and professors agreed did not facilitate learning, such as digital text books, blogs and chat rooms. Finally, there was also agreement among professors and students about technologies that did help with learning, such as e-mails, videos and online submission of assignments. Both student and professor perspectives need to be considered when evaluating what technologies work in teaching. Future research should examine why students prefer certain technologies. In addition, reasons for the discrepancies between professors and student views needs further investigation.

Teachers' mathematics content knowledge has been shown to be correlated with children's learning. Because teachers often enter teacher preparation programs with weak content knowledge, the college level mathematics courses they take can have a significant impact on the development of that knowledge. The present study examines the mathematics content courses for prospective teachers offered by Texas four-year baccalaureate-granting institutions over one academic year. Data on the number of mathematics courses for prospective teachers, the content of these courses, and information about the background of instructors of those courses were collected from publicly available resources. Findings revealed that the majority of institutions are not meeting current recommendations about the number and content focus of mathematics courses for prospective teachers. Further, findings indicate that instructors who teach mathematics courses for teachers have different characteristics than mathematics professors in general.

The 68-item Research Identity Scale (RIS) was informed through qualitative exploration of research identity development in master's-level counseling students and practitioners. Classical psychometric analyses revealed the items had strong validity and reliability and a single factor. A one-parameter Rasch analysis and item review was used to reduce the RIS to 21 items. The RIS offers counselor education programs the opportunity to promote and quantitatively assess research-related learning in counseling students.

This study's goal was to compare aspects related to academic persistence of two groups of college students with non-visible disabilities: 110 Canadian two and four-year college students--55 with mental health related disabilities and 55 with Specific Learning Disorder (LD). Results show that students with mental health related disabilities were less likely to intend to graduate than students with LD. Students with mental health disabilities were also older, more likely to be female, to have worse personal circumstances and to feel more socially isolated on campus. They were also less likely to be enrolled in their first choice program or to be registered for campus disability related services than students with LD. Different variables predicted intention to graduate for the two groups. This is a key finding in helping students in these two groups successfully graduate, as they may have different academic, social, personal and accommodation needs. Recommendations are made about how to intervene to improve the academic persistence of students with mental health related disabilities. These include minimizing the fear of stigmatization and adopting a model where accommodations are based on students' unique needs rather than their diagnoses.

"How is a person to live a balanced, productive, and joyous life as a scholar of music education?" I address four values that are at the heart of scholarship in music education: scholarly publication, scholarly teaching, scholarly service, and scholarly change. Although these values represent what Donald Kennedy (1997) thinks of more broadly as academic duties, I consider them specifically as pertaining to scholarship and within the frame of one's life as a researcher in music education. Here, I sketch aspects of this quartet of scholarly values that emerge out of my reflection on decades devoted to scholarship.

The goal of the current descriptive and comparative study is to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the employment realities of recent junior/community college and university graduates and premature leavers (i.e., those who drop out before completing their program of study) with disabilities. We investigate the following research questions related to employment: (a) What are the characteristic of individuals who are employed and of individuals who are not employed? (b) Why are unemployed individuals unable to find work? and (c) Why do some individuals stay out of the labour force (i.e., not employed or looking for work: Statistics Canada, 2008a)? We also examine (d) the role of the following in finding employment: grades, highest qualification attained, and type of disability/impairment as well as (e) job satisfaction and its relation to program of study. Between 11% and 14% of current junior/community college and university students have a disability both in Canada (Ministry of Training Colleges and Universities, 2012) and the United States (Snyder & Dillow, 2012). Therefore, understanding the transition of well-educated youth with disabilities from postsecondary studies to employment is of great importance. Understanding this transition is vital given that postsecondary students with disabilities graduate at the same rate as students without disabilities, with the main difference being that they take additional time to do so (Jorgensen, Fichten, Havel, Lamb, James, & Barile, 2005; Wessel, Jones, Markle, & Westfall, 2009).

Objective: To examine similarities and differences among college/university students with ADHD, LD, and comorbid ADHD and LD on variables related to academic performance. Method: Students who self-reported ADHD (n = 42), LD (n = 72), or comorbid ADHD and LD (n = 42), completed an online questionnaire which evaluated grades, parental education, course and social self-efficacy, and personal and school related obstacles and facilitators. Results: Students with ADHD (with or without comorbidity) reported the worst grades, personal situations (e.g., study habits, personal motivation), and course-related self-efficacy (e.g., time management, keeping up-to-date with school work). The single exception was that students with ADHD had more confidence in understanding textbooks than students with LD. Comorbid ADHD and LD sometimes led to worse outcomes than LD or ADHD alone. Conclusion: The common practice of combining all three groups, "LD and/or ADHD", should be avoided. Suggestions are made about what could be done to help students with ADHD.

We tested the ability of Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model to predict intention to graduate among Canadian and Israeli students with and without a learning disability/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (LD/ADHD). Results based on 1486 postsecondary students show that the model's predictors (i.e., attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control related to graduation) predicted between 32% and 59% of the variability in intention to graduate. Gender made a minor contribution to the prediction equation and age was unrelated. This suggests that our TPB measure, included in Table 1, is valid for diverse samples and countries. It can be used as a quick, inexpensive way to predict intention to graduate and, as shown by previous investigations, actual graduation rates. Thus, strengthening the three predictors may result in higher graduation rates.

Remote indigenous students in the Australian context are often the most vulnerable learners in the nation. Many factors impact on the potential for success. For those living in remote areas and whose language and culture are very different from that represented in and through school, the chances for success in mathematics remain limited. Often the achievement gap increases the longer students remain at school making for wide gaps in the achievement, and hence life prospects for students as they transition into the world of work. This case study reports on the successes of a boarding school that draws its students from many remote communities and how they have structured programs to build the strengths of the students. Vocational Education and Training is the touchstone to the initiatives offered by the school. The paper uses the voices of the teachers and leaders to offer an explanation as to how the practices of the school contribute to the success of learners and learning.

For the duration of the author's fifteen-year career, she has used authentic writing opportunities to engage students. She begins as their teammate, and invites each student to work with her on a poem. In working collaboratively, students realize the author is there not to downgrade their piece, to chastise mistakes or to belittle errors; she is there to guide, to polish, and to perfect. They are a team, working together to create the best piece of art they can. In this article, the author describes how her students at Arrowhead Union High School in Hartland, Wisconsin participated in a competition in honor of conservationist Rachel Carson and applied a collaborative approach to writing poetry about nature.

In fall 2014 we surveyed 311 students who had been enrolled at least one semester in two Canadian junior/community colleges. We inquired about their views, experiences, and recommendations about ICTs used in their college by their instructors in face-to-face classes in various programs of study. Results show that students consistently preferred that their instructors use ICTs in their teaching, including lectures as well as individual and group work in class. Students in all programs liked most forms of commonly used ICTs used by faculty in their teaching (e.g., PowerPoint, videos, CMS features). However, they disliked digital textbooks, online courses, collaborative work online, discussion forums, blogs, chat rooms, instant messaging, and all forms of communication using social networking when used by faculty (e.g., Facebook). Students' views about what ICT-related experiences worked especially well and poorly for them are presented, along with their recommendations about what colleges and instructors need to change.