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Mental disorders and physical health problems are common among adults with intellectual disabilities, as they accompanied with mental disorders are always present higher levels of functional disability than those with intellectual disabilities only. This review aims to describe the characteristics and the impacts of older people with intellectual disabilities accompanied with mental disorders in their daily livings. Results reveal that the prevalence of MD is high in adults of all ages with ID; there was no significant difference in older people with ID and younger people with ID. Individuals with ID attending psychiatric services were more likely to be older and polypharmacy was commonplace for older adults with ID. Higher family impact was also found between caregivers to adults with intellectual disabilities and mental disorders. This review highlights that adults with intellectual disabilities have higher mental disorder service needs which require recognition and the allocation of specific resources to protect the same right to healthy ageing as their counterparts living without ID. Further research is needed to improve our understanding of the adverse effects of ageing on the mental disorders and care needs of older people with intellectual disabilities.

Life expectancy of adults with intellectual disabilities is lengthening toward that of adults without intellectual disabilities, but daily practice indicates that this aging is relatively often not a healthy aging compared with the general population. There is a lack of a concerted response to ensure that the best possible health and social care is provided for persons with intellectual disabilities in later life. Based on current literature reviews, this paper aims to present information regarding challenging issues in aging people with intellectual disabilities such as demographic characteristics in their aging, physical and mental health problems, and their aging health and social service needs. Finally, this paper reviews integrative service interventions for aging people with intellectual disabilities, which include the people-centered and personal choices approach and caregiver and care professional training, and suggests an integrative health promotion approach as future planning to eliminate the health disparities for aging adults with intellectual disabilities.

This paper aims to examine health care utilization and expenditure in the provision of medical care to understand the medical care burden of children with autism spectrum disorders based on recent literature reviews. This article reviews the recent literature in Medline, PubMed, and Google by using key terms that are relevant to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and health care (medical care) utilization, medical care costs, and expenditures. I also hand-searched the reference lists of all of the included articles and recent narrative and systematic reviews related to medical care utilization and the costs of ASD to identify potentially relevant articles. The literature on medical care utilization and expenditures related to ASD highlights the fact that the disorder imposes high medical care burdens on families and on society. It is necessary to initiate appropriate, comprehensive, and accessible medical care services for individuals with ASD, particularly for those with comorbid conditions. Future studies should examine the impact of such improvements in the management of children with ASD on medical care utilization and costs.