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The escalation in online learning post-COVID has created a pressing need to consider faculty-student interactions in a virtual environment. A sequential explanatory, mixed-method design was used to investigate university students' perceptions of faculty caring online following the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were 46 undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in one of four programs offered either fully online or with a significant number of required courses offered in an asynchronous online format at the same university in a single semester. Results from the Student Perspectives of Caring Online Survey indicated participants' feeling strongly about effective communication, specifically a detailed class calendar with a schedule and due dates as well as clear instructions regarding expectations for online communications, as a faculty behavior that conveyed caring. Qualitative data supported this finding and indicated that empathy and support from faculty were also highly valued. Implications of findings for online teaching practices are presented.

Background: Women with learning disabilities are less likely to access cervical and breast cancer screening when compared to the general population. The Social Ecological Model (SEM) was used to examine the inequalities faced by women with learning disabilities in accessing cervical and breast cancer screening in England, UK. Methods: The findings from a qualitative systematic review and a Q methodology study were triangulated. Framework analysis, in line with the SEM, was used to develop an integrated set of findings. Findings: Women with learning disabilities may lack knowledge of cancer symptoms, and cancer screening, as well as being scared about the process and getting the results. The attitudes of family and paid carers towards screening may influence women with learning disabilities' decisions as to whether screening is seen as favourable; support and training may ensure unbiased perspectives. Barriers were also associated with how cancer screening programmes are designed, such as postal invitations which assumes an ability to read. In addition, screening staff need to be aware of the general needs of people with learning disabilities, such as the benefits of easy-to-read documents. Lastly, multidisciplinary working is required so reasonable adjustments can be embedded into cancer screening pathways. Conclusion: This article highlights multiple methods to reduce the inequalities faced by women with learning disabilities, which can be achieved through reasonable adjustments. Embedding reasonable adjustments can support women with learning disabilities in making an informed decision and accessing screening if they choose to. This may result in women with learning disabilities getting a timely cancer diagnosis.

The purpose of this qualitative case study was to examine how teacher collaboration influenced the participation of Leo, an ESL student, in a collaboratively taught classroom at a middle school in the Southeastern United States. To this aim, this study consisted of two collaborative cycles and used the constant comparative method to analyze the influences of teacher collaboration on Leo's participation. The findings showed that teacher collaboration generated more opportunities for Leo's increased participation. During the first cycle, Leo could focus on his own learning outcomes without assisting his friend and fellow student. Moving into the second cycle, Leo was able to confidently participate in the collaborative discussion because of the interactive lesson design and the ESL teacher's (Amanda's) impact on the collaborative process. The findings highlight the social nature of student participation that is defined by the teachers in collaboration. The findings also call for teachers' culturally responsive practices and additional studies to examine how teachers can work together to yield more equitable and inclusive spaces for student participation in the collaboratively taught classroom.

In academic libraries there has been growing interest in developing better ways to diversify collections, but STEM collections are sometimes overlooked. To better understand current practices and challenges, a survey was distributed to librarians with STEM collection responsibilities in the summer of 2021. Results from the survey indicated that STEM librarians care about improving the diversity of their collections but struggle with a lack of time, knowledge, and other resources needed to do so effectively.

Scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) is recognized in Boyer's model, along with discovery, integration, and application, as one of four essential scholarships and is the systematic study of teaching and learning. As such, in 2007, the American Occupational Therapy Foundation (AOTF), and later the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA), supported the development of a SoTL mentorship program in an effort to foster SoTL within the discipline of occupational therapy. This mixed-methods study describes AOTA SoTL Program outcomes across ten years, 2007-2017, gathered via survey of past program mentee (n = 50) and mentor (n = 12) participants. Results suggest that mentored inquiry communities are a useful approach to fostering SoTL collaborations. In the future, the AOTA SoTL Program and similar disciplinary-specific SoTL programs should consider additional strategies for supporting mentee participants to completion with their projects.

Research calls for practice-based inquiry where language teachers conduct exploratory action research to transform their pedagogical practices to impact student achievement. This study builds on the research in practitioner inquiry, teacher collaboration, and teacher identity to investigate how a seventh-grade English Language Arts (ELA) teacher (Heather) constructed her identity as she collaborated with an ESL teacher (Amanda) to plan for and teach ESL students in a collaboratively taught ELA classroom. Our qualitative inquiry included data gathered from two collaborative cycles with three semi-structured interviews, two collaborative planning sessions, fieldnotes of the collaborative teaching sessions, and two reflective journals authored by the ELA teacher. The findings illustrate that Heather constructed her teacher identity as a novice teacher with surface-level understandings of ESL students and a limited knowledge about how to plan for the ESL students in her classroom. Collaboration did not disrupt her deficit student perspectives nor did this partnership pave the way for Heather's renewed understandings about how to teach ESL students in the ELA classroom. Collaboration, instead, provided Heather access to Amanda, whom Heather positioned as an experienced content teacher who could make the content accessible to ESL students.

The perception of self-efficacy introduced by Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory is defined as a person's view of their capacity to organize and carry out the activities necessary for success in a specific situation. The most effective mathematics teachers believe that they are a capable and important influence on their students' understanding of mathematics, which is known as having a high self-efficacy for teaching mathematics. As efficacy for teaching is more difficult to change after the teacher enters the classroom, attending to preservice teachers' mathematics self-efficacy is worthy of examination within the teacher preparation program. The purpose of this study was to determine elementary and early childhood preservice teachers' self-efficacy beliefs related to teaching mathematics. Elementary and early childhood preservice teachers' (n = 203) mathematics teaching efficacy beliefs, including personal mathematics teaching efficacy and mathematics teaching outcome expectations, were measured at the beginning of the semester prior to internship. Responses indicated that participants had strong personal mathematics teaching efficacy but only modest expectations of their ability to positively influence students' mathematical learning. Implications for practice and future research are shared.

Pedagogization can be understood as an umbrella term for increased educational action. In settler-colonial contexts, the pedagogization of traditional Indigenous games has gained traction in recent years. As noted by a number of academic studies, traditional games have been used in efforts to promote cultural connectedness, inclusion, and engagement and address social justice in physical education programs. This commentary aims to survey the pedagogization of traditional Indigenous games in Canada, Australia, and Aotearoa New Zealand. We argue, with cautious optimism, that traditional Indigenous games may act as a conduit for more culturally relevant physical education curricula and reconciliatory pedagogical training for physical education teachers.

Background: People with an intellectual disability have a higher risk of developing mental disorders compared to the general population. Available evidence suggests those with an intellectual disability receiving inpatient treatment in general psychiatric wards may have certain unique characteristics. Method: Data gathered from a retrospective review of records of adults with intellectual disability admitted to general psychiatry wards in a tertiary psychiatric hospital in Singapore were analysed. Results: Of 290 adults with intellectual disability, 62.8% were males. The median age was 38 years. The median length of stay was 12 days and over 80% had at least one previous admission. Nearly 80% had a mild intellectual disability and 64.5% had at least one psychiatric comorbidity, the majority having schizophrenia or psychotic disorder. Physical aggression was the most common primary reason for admission. Conclusions: The specific profile of patients identified in the study would be helpful in determining priority areas for the development of specialist psychiatric services for people with intellectual disability.

Background: The National School Lunch and School Breakfast programs reduce food insecurity and improve dietary intake. During the COVID-19 pandemic, school meals were provided to all children at no cost, regardless of income. This policy is known as Healthy School Meals For All (HSMFA). The purpose of the study was to examine the feasibility of a HSMFA policy in Utah. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was used, including qualitative interviews for policymakers, surveys for school foodservice directors, and financial modeling of Utah Child Nutrition Programs data. Analysis included a phenomenological analytic approach for qualitative data, descriptive statistics for surveys, and development of a cost model with 6 scenarios. Results: Qualitative data revealed themes of (1) awareness; (2) responsibility; (3) perspectives on school meals; and (4) new opportunities. Most (81%) foodservice directors believed HSMFA should continue post-pandemic. HSMFA would cost $51,341,436 to $82,358,375 per year. Implications for School Health Policy, Practice, and Equity: HSMFA would result in the equitable treatment of all children regarding access to healthy school meals. Conclusions: Given the support of foodservice directors but the lack of political consensus, considering stepwise implementation and providing cost estimates may increase feasibility of a HSMFA policy in Utah.

Background: Increasing numbers of older adults with intellectual disabilities are living with ageing parents. These families need support to plan for the future to avoid crisis interventions following parental death. Method: Interviews and focus groups were conducted with people with intellectual disabilities (aged 40+) (N = 9), parents (N = 11) and siblings (N = 16) to understand their perspectives about living with parents and future planning. Data were analysed using framework analysis. Results: Four themes were identified: 'What matters to me', 'When should we plan', 'What are the options' and 'Who will help'. Participants knew they needed to make plans but did not feel supported to do so. While they viewed moving as an opportunity for independence, they feared there were no viable alternatives. Conclusion: Person-centred resources and support are needed for families to plan for transitions in care, including proactive approaches from social services and help to prepare for conversations with social care professionals.

In this qualitative case study, using Freire's theory of critical consciousness development, we examined the influence of a 1-credit immigration policy service-learning course on college students' motivations to act against immigration injustices. We found that after witnessing immigration issues at the Lower Rio Grande Valley area in Texas, participants felt compelled to advocate for immigrant communities. Also, by engaging in a critical analysis of systemic discrimination and ongoing reflections of their social locations, participants saw possibilities for both micro- and macro-level actions they could take to support immigrants and refugees. However, while participants felt an urge to act at the macro-level, they felt limited and powerless without additional credentials, such as law degrees. Participants perceived that to foster changes at a macro-level, they needed to further their education; thus, they focused their immediate efforts on micro-level actions, such as talking to family and friends about immigration policy issues.

Schools are often seen as a key setting for the provision of mental health support for children. This study aimed to explore the professional perspectives of primary school educators in Victoria, Australia, regarding how schools can support the mental health of their students. Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were conducted with 17 primary school educators, from four schools. Thematic analysis was used to generate themes from the data. This study indicates that educators report significant concerns about the complexities of their role and their capacity to support children's mental health due to a lack of resources, overwhelming demands, and inadequate training. Educators highlighted the importance of partnership and communication with families and of a school culture that prioritises mental health. This study provides insights into external factors that can undermine effective support of children's mental health within primary schools and indicates a need for a more integrated approach to supporting children's mental health across education and healthcare.

Background: The advantages of including people with learning disabilities in research teams have been well described, but it is rare for researchers with learning disabilities to be employed at a university. This paper explores the extent to which university recruitment procedures are accessible to job applicants with learning disabilities. Methods: We present reflections on the process of recruiting a Research Assistant with a learning disability onto a university research team. The recruitment process is described from the perspectives of the employee, line manager and Human Resources representative. Findings: The recruiting manager and Human Resources representative had to make adjustments to a wide range of standard processes, including centralised online recruitment systems that were difficult to navigate, inaccessible job descriptions and difficult application forms. Finding workarounds to ensure reasonable adjustments were made was time-consuming. The employee needed significant support from within his own networks to cope with the application process and had concerns about the potential impact of fixed-term job contracts on future benefits. Despite our efforts, procedures remained difficult for the applicants to navigate. Conclusions: Employing researchers with learning disabilities is important. Fundamental changes to job application systems are required, including easy-to-understand information, alternative formats of application forms, and support available where needed. Flexibility from the Human Resources departments is key. They will need support from teams with experience working with people with learning disabilities.

Recognition of social and emotional learning (SEL), as an essential educational component, has increased in recent years, and early childhood educators' perceptions of SEL are likely to impact the delivery, evaluation, and outcomes of SEL opportunities for young children. The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate SEL perceptions of prekindergarten teachers in an American urban, public preschool serving predominantly Black students. Participant (n=22) responses to the Teacher Social and Emotional Learning Beliefs Scale (Brackett et al., 2012) were used to calculate mean scores for the domains of comfort, commitment, and culture, which were analyzed in relationship to the independent variables of teacher position (lead or auxiliary), level of education (associate degree, bachelor's degree, or graduate degree), and years of prekindergarten teaching experience (0-20 years and more than 20 years). While results were statistically non-significant, findings of the current pilot study have important and practical implications for implementing SEL in prekindergarten. Auxiliary teachers scored slightly lower in commitment and comfort domain than lead teachers, and teachers with a bachelor's degree scored highest on the comfort domain. Interestingly, experienced teachers (more than 20 years) did not show a notable difference from those who have been teaching prekindergarten for much less time. Findings suggest that regardless of position and educational level, both veteran and novice early childhood teachers could benefit from explicit SEL training and adequate time and opportunity to become confident in providing effective social and emotional learning in their early childhood classrooms. Further research is needed to examine the effects of SEL training and coaching for prekindergarten teachers on the SEL of young children.

Students, especially those from recent generations, typically encounter difficulties providing and receiving feedback. Hence approaches to teach students feedback skills are valuable. This article explores perspectives related to learning feedback by (a) examining the process of feedback, (b) showing how Action Learning as a pedagogical component is supportive of developing feedback skills, (c) explaining a student-led game, "The Good Game," as a tool for learning feedback, and (d) discussing issues and factors related to developing feedback skills among recent generations.

The educational disruption caused by COVID-19 increased awareness of the value of organizational resiliency/sustainability and the critical need for administrators to provide timely communication among all stakeholders. If preparation programs are to provide administrators with the skills and knowledge to effectively use social media as a communication tool, we must explore the practices and perceptions of school administrators' use of social media to communicate with stakeholders and to identify their recommended social media communication practices. The "Social Media as a Tool to Effectively Communicate with Stakeholders Survey" and interviews were used for data collection. Findings are focused on comfort levels, perceived effectiveness, benefits, concerns, and recommended practices reported by the school administrators who participated in the study. While, social media was found to be an effective communication tool that can promote and support positive public relations, there were noted gaps in self-efficacy and best practices of the reporting administrators. Research literature, preparation programs, and practicing administrators will equally benefit from the outcomes of this study.

Higher education outreach and engagement often occurs through student volunteering. Student organizations are one understudied and undertapped mechanism that facilitates such connections. We examined the experience of student leaders of student organizations that promoted volunteerism among their members. The mixed-methods study included a survey (n = 26) and follow-up interviews (n = 5). We found that participants' organizations were highly involved in the community and that participants gained valuable leadership skills in this role. We also found that participants had relatively little insight concerning the community partners' experience of the collaboration. We identified sampling as a unique challenge for this theoretical population and, in the discussion, provide considerations and recommendations for future scholars.

Increasing cultural diversity in American schools has made preparing graduates to work with diverse learners an essential goal of teacher education programs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of elementary (K-6) undergraduate preservice teachers (n=36) in a dual certification program regarding their personal and professional readiness for culturally responsive teaching. Data collected using the Cultural Responsive Teaching Readiness Scale (Karatas & Oral, 2017) revealed relatively high mean overall with little variation (M = 4.25, SD = 0.18) with a statistically significant difference (t (33) = 18.65, p < 0.001) between Personal Readiness (M = 4.46) and Professional Readiness (M = 3.98). Participants seemed to perceive classroom practice as influential in terms of their cultural awareness, thus, indicating the importance of partnerships with area schools and districts to ensure effective field experiences for preparing teachers for sustained employment in culturally and linguistically diverse settings.

Teacher collaboration has received international research attention and has emerged as an effective way for teachers to engage in professional growth opportunities (Dove & Honigsfeld, 2018; Rao & Chen, 2020). An examination of teacher collaboration can shed light on the process by which teachers work together and illuminate further possibilities for professional learning and growth across all English teaching contexts (Dove & Honigsfeld, 2018; Giles & Yazan, 2019). Building on a sociocultural theory of learning, this study examined ESL and science teachers' participation in a collaborative partnership to enhance ESL students' education. It investigated how both teachers learned to co-plan and co-teach ESL students in a seventh-grade science classroom in the Southeastern U.S. This study relied on qualitative data methods and employed grounded theory techniques (Charmaz, 2006). The findings showed that limited collaborative planning time and the ESL and science teachers' disparate notions of collaborative teaching contributed to the teachers' unequal collaborative planning and teaching roles. Consequently, different learning outcomes were realized for both teachers.

Through a quantitative analysis using a cross-sectional survey design, we compared two faculty mentoring programmes (individual and group) that have run for more than 10 years at the Centre for Academic Leadership at the University of Ottawa. We did so to share the lessons with other higher education institutions that are looking at initiating or improving support for faculty members. The impact of mentoring, gathered through programme evaluation questionnaires was found to be largely positive: 93% of the 170 respondents were satisfied with their mentoring experience, and 97% agreed that they would recommend mentoring to their colleagues. Our analysis showed that group mentoring was more effective than one-on-one mentoring, and that women faculty members were not as satisfied with mentoring as their male colleagues.

In response to the demand for more STEM-certified teachers, identity has emerged as a theoretical lens for examining how candidates can be recruited into and retained in the teaching profession. This study explores the intersection between teaching identity and disciplinary identity as they relate to the development of a disciplinary teaching identity. Survey responses were collected from students in a teaching recruitment class for STEM majors, and regression models were developed to predict disciplinary teaching identity and program persistence. Findings from both models indicated that teaching identity is a strong predictor of both disciplinary teaching identity and program persistence, but disciplinary identity plays less of a role. These findings align with previous qualitative research on teacher identity development. Additionally, these findings highlight a need to engage STEM faculty in efforts to recruit students who strongly identify with STEM into the teaching profession.

A framework to support critical reflection in educational psychology (EP) practice is described. The process of critical reflection and the underlying theoretical ideas are discussed, including the links between critical reflection and action for social justice change in EP work. The article reports on a participatory research project with trainee educational psychologists on their experiences of using the framework in practice. Four focus groups were held involving 16 co-researchers; the videos of the focus groups were analysed using a thematic analysis approach by the co-researchers themselves. Themes identified relating to their experience of using the framework are: 'positive experience', 'flexible application', 'facilitating deeper thinking', 'influence of self (reflexivity)'. Themes relating to co-researcher views on how the framework can be developed are related to accessibility and usability. The article concludes with implications of the research for use and development of the framework and for critically reflective EP training and practice.

The purpose of the present study was to explore the beliefs and practices of teachers who implement independent reading in their classrooms. Results showed that teachers who implemented independent reading believed in the importance of both the quantity and quality of student reading. The teachers' practices of independent reading showed students selecting books that were "just-right" for them to read, social experiences around reading, guided practice through reading conferences with the teacher, and setting a purpose for reading through response activities. A nonexperimental comparative design was used to examine the effects of independent reading on reading volume and reading achievement. Results indicated that there were no statistically significant effects between the independent reading group and the no independent reading group for reading achievement or reading volume. Additionally, there was no statistically significant difference in growth of reading achievement between higher and lower readers in the independent reading group.

The actions of a single librarian can bring about district support aimed at increasing students' equitable access to a strong school library. This article shares a success story from a sole school librarian who showed evidence of the school library's value and was able to double her contracted presence as the school's librarian.

This mixed methods study explored the impact of a collaborative experience on perceptions of school librarian candidates (SLCs) and preservice teacher candidates (PTCs) as they worked to integrate technology into lesson plans effectively. The group under investigation consisted of 83 PTCs in the teacher preparation program who were enrolled in selected sections of a required technology course and graduate students in a School of Library and Information Science preparation program at the same institution. Forty of the PTCs were part of the control group and 43 were in the treatment group, which received collaborative support from the SLCs. One important finding is that PTCs perceived SLCs as valuable resources for integrating technologies, particularly for designing lesson plans that integrated technology. Additionally, both PTCs and SLCs realized the importance of teacher-librarian collaboration (TLC) in their future campus roles. A key recommendation is for teacher education programs to embed opportunities for TLC experiences for improving PTCs' technology integration and lesson planning.

This exploratory qualitative case study investigates how graduate students in education experience, attribute, and combat academic boredom. Three areas of concern are addressed: (a) the contributing factors to boredom, (b) how attributional style (internal vs. external) relates to coping with boredom, and (c) the differences between combating class-related boredom and learning-related boredom. Results showed that the onset of boredom was mostly influenced by a lack of interest, lack of utility value, and autonomy frustration. This study extended the existing literature by discovering an interaction between students' attributional style and their coping strategies for boredom during classroom instruction. Specifically, students who argued that the instructor should hold more responsibility for boredom in class tended to take avoidance coping as their primary strategy (e.g., doodling). By comparison, students who opted to approach the problem positively (e.g., taking notes) are prone to attribute internally. Attribution does not appear to have a mediating effect on the relationship between experience of boredom and coping strategies for learning-related boredom. Implications for graduate and adult education and findings in the context of recent theoretical frameworks are discussed.

Mitigating the environmental impact of rock climbing remains an important task for land managers. Leave No Trace (LNT) Principles offer a proven approach to minimizing outdoor recreation users' impacts on public lands, and this approach has similarly been shown effective among climbers. In recent years, climbing organizations have introduced minimum impact education programs, such as the Climber's Pact, which ask climbers to publicly commit to practicing minimum impact actions. Climbing organizations are also offering inclusivity programs aimed at making climbing communities more inclusive in terms of sex, gender, and race. These inclusivity programs often include some form of LNT education, offering a unique opportunity to examine how demographic differences may influence LNT knowledge. This study examines LNT knowledge among climbers (n=274) in West Virginia using a 28-item measure linking LNT Principles to appropriate climbing actions. The researchers found that climbers scored well overall on LNT knowledge. However, in difference of means testing, those identifying in the survey as females and people of color occasionally outscored those in their comparison categories. These findings open new avenues for studying how diversity and inclusivity programs may be improving LNT knowledge in the climbing community overall.

The Virginia Community College System (VCCS) administration identified the need for adequate and proactive advising programs to foster student success. This paper presents a review of "best practices" in advising to determine commonalities, provides a comparison with current VCCS advising practices, and offers recommendations that support the goal of ensuring high quality advising programs.

Student volunteers provide a valuable source of unpaid labor to nonprofit organizations, particularly organizations in college towns where students make up a significant portion of the population. Indeed, students may be the lifeblood for these organizations. However, students may also be a burden if organizations do not have the volunteer administration capacity to support volunteers, if students are unprepared for volunteer assignments, or if the availability of students does not match the organization's need. The purpose of this exploratory case study is to identify whether students were a burden to or the lifeblood of the voluntary sector in a college town. We surveyed 55 nonprofit leaders to identify their volunteer management capacity, experience of student volunteers (emphasizing the match between supply and demand), and their ideas for improvement. We found student volunteers comprise a significant percentage of their overall volunteer population and brought valuable skills and enthusiasm. However, we also found a mismatch between the demand for student volunteers and the supply of student volunteers, particularly as it relates to availability. We identified a number of recommendations to improve the overall service-learning experience. These findings are of interest to nonprofit organizations and educational institutions in college towns.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of initial special education experiences on elementary preservice teachers' knowledge and comfort level regarding students with disabilities. A total of 109 preservice teachers enrolled in a dual teacher certification program (general and special education) were surveyed before and after their semester long training in special education to investigate their perceptions of preparedness to teach students with disabilities. There was a significant increase in the preservice teachers' knowledge across all disability categories. A significant increase in their comfort level occurred across all disability categories with the exception of behavior disorders. As follow up, approximately one-third of the participants completed a questionnaire which provided additional qualitative data. The results support that field experiences with students who have disabilities seems to be an influential factor in preparing teachers to become more knowledgeable and comfortable meeting the needs of these students. The implications of this study for practice and future research are discussed.

Background: Annual health checks in primary care include hearing assessment, though current guidance recommends subjective assessment only. Previous studies suggest this is inadequate and recommend objective alternatives such as hearing screening. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of hearing screening and examine the last recorded annual health check outcome for hearing, for those diagnosed with hearing loss as a result of the screening process. Method: Hearing screening took place in four locations and 75 people with learning disabilities participated. Contact was made with each individual's GP to share results and to request onward referral where indicated. Findings: Wax occlusion prevented screening for 23%. Fifty-seven people completed the screen, and 25 had suspected hearing loss. Of these, 22 people required referral to Audiology to verify their hearing thresholds. Only 13 were actually referred, and 11 individuals underwent assessment in Audiology, resulting in 10 being diagnosed with hearing loss. The most recent annual health check outcomes for hearing were examined for those diagnosed with hearing loss. Of the records we accessed, hearing loss had not been identified or actioned in every case. Conclusions: Hearing screening is shown here to be a suitable method for detecting hearing loss. We recommend changing current annual health check practice to incorporate objective screening. Only 12% of those with suspected hearing loss were known to Audiology services, suggesting a substantial proportion of undetected hearing loss in the community. We found evidence of apparent reluctance around referral and hearing aid fitting and make suggestions for improvement.

Background and Context: We replicated and expanded on previous work about how well students learn dynamic programming, a difficult topic for students in algorithms class. Their study interviewed a number of students at one university in a single term. We recruited a larger sample size of students, over several terms, in both large public and private universities as well as liberal arts colleges. Objective: Our aim was to investigate whether the results of the previous work generalized to other universities and also to larger groups of students. Method: We interviewed students who completed the relevant portions of their algorithms class, asking them to solve problems. We observed the students' problem solving process to glean insight into how students tackle these problems. Findings: We found that students generally struggle in three ways, "technique selection," "recurrence building," and "inefficient implementations." We then explored these themes and specific misconceptions qualitatively. We observed that the misconceptions found by the previous work generalized to the larger sample of students. Implications: Our findings demonstrate areas in which students struggle, paving way for better algorithms education by means of identifying areas of common weakness to draw the focus of instructors.

Rural mothers play important roles in shaping their children's play-related injury experiences. It is thus problematic that their perspectives on their outdoor play-related safety strategies are often considered peripheral to the perspectives of urban and suburban mothers in play research. To center their perspectives on this topic, we examined the outdoor play-related safety strategies of rural mothers who had children aged 2 to 7 from British Columbia (n = 13) and Québec (n = 13), Canada, through semi-structured interviews. Using reflexive thematic analysis of the interview data, we identified three themes: (1) rural mothers keep their children aurally and physically close during outdoor play; (2) rural mothers enforce geographic boundaries to outdoor play; and (3) rural mothers teach their children outdoor risk-navigation strategies. Our research can contribute to informing scholarly discussions on gendered parenting identities and child safety.

This study sought to describe agriculture and natural resources (ANR) opinion leaders' ethical orientations by illuminating how they determine what is right/wrong or good/bad when making decisions that impact the ANR industry. ANR leaders' ethical perspectives impact decisions regarding complex critical issues and influence others' behavior. We used Q methodology, and four typologies were revealed, including Principled, Industry-focused, Dutiful, and Multi-Hat Leaders. The methodological approach of Q methodology to identify common ethical perspectives among ANR leaders is unique. Leadership development practitioners and educators should encourage leaders to reflect on and be cognizant of their ethical beliefs, particularly when making high-stakes decisions with far-reaching implications and when representing others as industry leaders. Though each typology characterized was unique, they all relied on a combination of ethical perspectives to guide their decision making. This may be evidence of Kohlberg's postconventional morality as leaders' attempt to reconcile a multitude of perspectives while seeking solutions to complex problems. Ensuring ethical approaches to food and fiber production and consumption simultaneously with care for and preservation of natural resources begins with a clear understanding of leaders' existing ethical perspectives.

Colonialism and displacement have not only led to the migration of millions of Irish people and the endangerment of the Irish language, but also to a subjectivity in which it is possible to struggle against the risk of language loss. This paper explores the importance of sharing stories and information about family at second-language Irish immersion events in the diaspora as a cultural behaviour of prime importance that arises out of this subjectivity. These stories are important in the way that they recontextualize family experiences into a diasporic community of practice and because they occur independently of the institutional prerogative to speak Irish at immersion events. Paradoxically, this form of sharing is both foundational to the diasporic Irish-speaking community of practice and poses a challenge to the primacy of Irish as the preferred language of immersion events.

A challenge for providers of work-integrated learning courses is delivering a meaningful learning experience for students, while collaborating with organisations to ensure adequate support. Evaluating student experience has traditionally been about collecting feedback on teaching methods, course content and learning outcomes, rather than the educational influence of student interactions with people, places and systems at their workplace. The aim of this mixed-methods study was to evaluate the student experience within a workplace-integrated healthcare redesign postgraduate course and understand how it affects student learning. Ninety-nine graduates of the course completed an online bespoke survey indicating their levels of satisfaction with the course, including delivery, support and goal achievement. In addition, 10 graduates participated in semi-structured interviews where they shared their overall experience with the course, including barriers and enablers to completion, the balance between academic requirements and workplace responsibilities, and the influence of educators on their achievements. The results suggested that social interaction, communication, and knowledge and skills development were highly valued by students, and that resourcing, course structure and organisational support were significant factors that influenced student outcomes. Cross-discipline interaction and networking opportunities further enhanced student learning. Study findings indicated that a blended model of learning involving workplace project-based activity and traditional academic delivery provided meaningful, practice-relevant learning opportunities and enriched the student experience.

Globalisation is a major driving factor in the Higher Education sector, which has resulted in significant developments relating to international academic mobility. This includes the establishment of international campuses, increasingly global facing research and extensive student international exchange schemes. We explore the advice given to LGBTQ+ staff and students in UK Higher Education Institutions ('HEIs') who engage in international mobility of this kind. Analysing data collected through Freedom of Information requests, we demonstrate that the advice given is overwhelmingly heteronormative, ignoring the potential challenges that LGBTQ+ travellers might fact and underestimating the impact of the disparate global landscape of LGBTQ+ rights. Drawing on agency literature, we argue that HEIs should develop detailed and informed policy which gives LGBTQ+ travellers greater agency during the travel process. We suggest that the lessons that can be learned from the UK context can be applied internationally by HEIs adapting to and developing in the increasingly globalised HE landscape.

Data on content knowledge and self-efficacy beliefs were collected from 41 elementary preservice teachers enrolled in a mathematics methods course. Correlational analysis was used to determine whether a relationship existed between elementary preservice teachers' mathematics content knowledge (MCK) and two factors representing mathematics teacher self-efficacy, Mathematics Teaching Outcome Expectancy (MTOE) and Personal Mathematics Teaching Efficacy (PMTE; Enochs, Smith, & Huinker, 2000). MCK was measured using the Praxis® Elementary Education: Multiple Subjects: Mathematics. No statistically significant relationship was found between preservice teachers' MTOE and MCK, nor between PMTE and MCK. These findings are similar to those of Newton, Leonard, Evans, and Eastburn (2012) whose results suggested elementary preservice teachers' prior experiences with learning mathematics content may become less important in terms of efficacy judgments as they gain positive experiences with teaching mathematics. Implications for practice and future research will be discussed.

This article reports on phenomenological research which explored meanings and understandings that were taken for granted within teachers self-selected best teaching experiences. The research occurred within a pre-service Early Childhood Education teacher education course. This research was designed to understand teacher's perceptions of their best teaching experience, having previously used Appreciative inquiry to ascertain students' perceptions of their best experiences within the course (Giles & Kung, 2014). In this inquiry, the research sought deeper ontological understandings of being in these 'best moments'. The analysis enabled four phenomenological themes to be identified: the preparation for relationships, the privileging of experiential pedagogies, the priority of experiences as foundational to teaching and the life of genuine engagement. Teacher's perceptions of their best experiences related to their preparation and readiness for teaching, along with an ongoing concern of aligning practice to a clearly articulated teaching approach.

The study contributes to language teacher education research by emphasizing an English as a second language (ESL) teacher's learning through critical activity, which includes my attempts to change my pedagogical practices to provide more equitable educational opportunities for ESL students in the mainstream content classroom. Framed by Engeström's (2001) Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT), the study's purpose was to examine my own professional self-development as an ESL teacher in learning how to initiate and sustain collaboration with a seventh-grade social studies teacher at a suburban middle school in the southeastern United States. Data collection included self-study methods, specifically interviews, collaborative planning sessions, reflective journals, field notes, and e-mail exchanges with a critical friend. The findings showed how I learned to navigate the misuse of planning time and the misrepresentation of collaborative teaching notions as the two major contradictions in collaboration to plan for and teach ESL students. By resolving the contradictions, I negotiated a division of labour and enacted my agency to assume the position of a content social studies teacher, which ultimately sustained the collaborative activity. These findings attend to the complex factors that influence an ESL teacher's professional self-development and agency in collaboration with a social studies teacher.

Our research using hermeneutic phenomenology positions a pre-service or graduate teacher's learning to be a teacher as a process of formation which involves relational sensibilities and ontological understandings that are often taken for granted and can be drawn from teacher's everyday experiences of 'being-in' their practice. We live in ideological times that are challenging the priorities, practices and discourses within pre-service teacher education programs. Critically important here are changes driven by an ideological 'evidence-based' priority for the 'measurement' of preservice teachers and graduate teachers' professional practice. In this paper, we share our concerns over this narrowing of educational outcomes toward behavioral practices occurring in the context of work-integrated learning (WIL). How have Initial Teacher Education Programs lost sight of the holistic, complex and contextual nature of their praxis? Not to mention the nuanced and experiential improvisation occurring within every relational engagement that constitutes WIL.

This paper expands the theoretical base of intergroup and intercultural communication by testing a new communication model of interdependence (CMII), defined in terms of the embedded nature of groups Giles, M., R. Pines, H. Giles, and A. Gardikiotis. 2018. "Towards a Communication Model of Intergroup Interdependence." Atlantic Journal of Communication 26 (2): 122-130. doi:10.1080/15456870.2018.1432222. Introducing a new visual representation of it, propositions of CMII are tested, by invoking relationships between the U.S. and Canada as they change over time. Relevant self-report outcomes include: social connectedness, language attitudes, and communication accommodation. How awareness of de-interdepending, and whether explicitly invoking the construct 'interdependence' is associated with outcomes, was also examined. Results indicated sufficient support for tenets of the theory to excite future empirical programmatic endeavours.