Search

This article explores undergraduates' efforts to engage in scientific argumentation during exam settings. Thirteen undergraduate students enrolled in an environmental science course completed exams with questions linked around a central theme. Three types of questions were used, including those that prompted students to construct scientific arguments. Structural questions asked students to define or describe foundational concepts, whereas functional questions targeted students' understanding of relationships between topics. Argumentative questions tasked students with applying their understanding of soil science to everyday situations, which connected to the course's overarching goals for student learning. Though each type of question was linked to a central theme (e.g., soil nutrient exchange), the questions prompted students to engage in different cognitive processes. Using linked questions provided a strong forum for students to showcase their level of understanding of soil science. Implications for using these types of questions in an exam setting are discussed.

This article describes current practices and needs associated with water and gas conservation among Southern California greenhouse growers, Post-Harvest Processors (PHPs), and agricultural associations. Two communication forums were held with the goal of educating the local gas company and small growers and PHPs on the most compelling needs and best practices to support sustainability while improving profit. While some growers and PHPs have made significant investment in energy and water conservation advanced technologies, all participants expressed the desire to work with local utilities towards greater water and energy conservation opportunities that are customized to specific needs.