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2. Comparison of Estimates before and after the Updated Weighting Strategy Change for the Monitoring the Future Panel Study Annual Report. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper No. 100
- Author
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University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Terry-McElrath, Yvonne M., and Patrick, Megan E.
- Abstract
The purpose of this occasional paper is to compare point estimates and trends included in the Monitoring the Future (MTF) Panel Study annual report: "National Data on Substance Use among Adults Ages 19 to 60, 1976-2021" prepared using historical post-stratification weights, with the same point estimates and trends obtained when using MTF age-specific panel analysis weights. The current report is organized into four sections: (1) Part 1: Overview of Old and New Weighting Methods; (2) Comparison Approach and Summary; (3) Differences Observed Between Old and New Weighting Approaches, by Substance; and (4) Updated Panel Report Figures and Tables. Evaluating the impact of the new MTF panel analysis weights on point estimates and trends reported in the MTF panel annual report for 1976-2021 indicates that, overall, 63.1% of all point estimate comparisons exhibited less than a |5%| mean change between weighting approaches. Further, no trend comparisons indicated a sign flip, and 87.1% were substantively unchanged in regards to trend significance. [For "National Data on Substance Use among Adults Ages 19 to 60, 1976-2021," see ED623992.]
- Published
- 2023
3. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Adolescents in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1975-2021. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 97
- Author
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University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., Miech, Richard A., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., Schulenberg, John E., and Patrick, Megan E.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents national demographic subgroup data for the 1975-2021 Monitoring the Future (MTF) national survey results on 8th, 10th, and 12th graders' use of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco. The study covers all major classes of illicit and licit psychoactive drugs for an array of population subgroups. The 2020 subgroup data presented here accompany the "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use: 1975-2021: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use" (see ED618240) and the "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2021, forthcoming: Volume I, Secondary School Students." The trends offered here in tabular and graphic forms cover demographic subgroups based on: (1) Gender; (2) College plans; (3) Region of the country; (4) Population density; (5) Education level of the parents (a proxy for socioeconomic level); and (6) Racial/ethnic identification. Detailed descriptions of the demographic categories are provided in the section starting on page 469 of this paper. The graphs and tables in this occasional paper present trend data for 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade respondents separately. Data for 12th grade begins with 1975, the first year in which a nationally representative sample of high school seniors was surveyed. Data for 8th and 10th grades begin with 1991, when the study's nationally representative annual surveys were expanded to include surveys of those lower grade levels.
- Published
- 2022
4. Proceedings of International Conference on Humanities, Social and Education Sciences (iHSES) (Denver, Colorado, April 13-16, 2023). Volume 1
- Author
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International Society for Technology, Education and Science (ISTES) Organization, Mack Shelley, Mevlut Unal, and Sabri Turgut
- Abstract
The aim of the International Society for Technology, Education, and Science (iHSES) conference is to offer opportunities to share ideas, discuss theoretical and practical issues, and connect with the leaders in the fields of "humanities," "education" and "social sciences." It is organized for: (1) faculty members in all disciplines of humanities, education and social sciences; (2) graduate students; (3) K-12 administrators; (4) teachers; (5) principals; and (6) all interested in education and social sciences. [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]
- Published
- 2023
5. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Young Adults in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1988-2020. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 96
- Author
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University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., Schulenberg, John E., Patrick, Megan E., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., and Miech, Richard A.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents subgroup findings from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study on levels of, and trends in, the use of a number of substances for nationally representative samples of high school graduates ages 19-30, "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2018. Volume II, College Students & Adults Ages 19-60" (see ED599071). The data have been gathered in a series of follow-up surveys of representative subsamples of high school seniors who were first surveyed in 12th grade as part of the MTF study. Data were first available for the 19-22 age group in 1980 and for the older age groups in subsequent years as the early cohorts progressed in age, as the tables and figures in this occasional paper indicate. The subgroup trends shown in the current occasional paper complement the last section of Chapter 5 (Trends in Drug Use in Early and Middle Adulthood) of that monograph by presenting the trend data for young adult subgroups in both graphic and tabular form. The results are described and discussed in Chapter 5, but the extensive set of tables and figures is provided here for the reader who wishes to view the figures and the underlying numerical values in tabular form. Three demographic dimensions are differentiated: gender, region of the country, and population density. Gender includes trends for males and females; region describes trends for each of the four major regions defined by the U.S. Census; and population density differentiates trends for five levels of community size. The Table of Contents and List of Figures in this occasional paper contain links to the content and figures. Following each figure is a table giving the numerical values associated with each trend line in that figure. [For the 1988-2019 Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper, see ED608244.]
- Published
- 2021
6. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Adolescents in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1975-2019. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 94
- Author
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University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., Miech, Richard A., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., Schulenberg, John E., and Patrick, Megan E.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents national demographic subgroup data for the 1975-2019 Monitoring the Future (MTF) national survey results on 8th, 10th, and 12th graders' use of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco. The 2018 subgroup data presented in this report accompany the "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use: 1975-2019: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use" (see ED604018) and the "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2018: Volume I, Secondary School Students" (see ED599067). The trends presented in this occasional paper in tabular and graphic forms cover demographic subgroups based on: (1) Gender; (2) College plans; (3) Region of the country; (4) Population density; (5) Education level of the parents (a proxy for socioeconomic level); and (6) Racial/ethnic identification. Detailed descriptions of the demographic categories are provided. The graphs and tables in this occasional paper present trend data for 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade respondents separately. Data for 12th grade begins with 1975, the first year in which a nationally representative sample of high school seniors was surveyed. Data for 8th and 10th grades begin with 1991, when the study's nationally representative annual surveys were expanded to include those lower grade levels.
- Published
- 2020
7. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Young Adults in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1988-2019. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 95
- Author
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University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., Schulenberg, John E., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., Miech, Richard A., and Patrick, Megan E.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents subgroup findings from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study on levels of, and trends in, the use of a number of substances for nationally representative samples of high school graduates ages 19-30, "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2018. Volume II, College Students & Adults Ages 19-60" (see ED599071). The data have been gathered in a series of follow-up surveys of representative subsamples of high school seniors who were first surveyed in 12th grade as part of the MTF study. The subgroup trends shown in this occasional paper complement the last section of Chapter 5 (Trends in Drug Use in Early and Middle Adulthood) of that monograph by presenting the trend data for young adult subgroups in both graphic and tabular form. The results are described and discussed in Chapter 5, but the extensive set of tables and figures is provided in this occasional paper for the reader who wishes to view the figures and the underlying numerical values. Three demographic dimensions are differentiated: gender, region of the country, and population density. Gender includes trends for males and females; region describes trends for each of the four major regions defined by the U.S. Census; and population density differentiates trends for five levels of community size. The Table of Contents and List of Figures in this occasional paper contain links to the content and figures. Following each figure is a table giving the numerical values associated with each trend line in that figure.
- Published
- 2020
8. A Profile of Youth Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET) in Canada, 2015 to 2017. Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series
- Author
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Statistics Canada, Davidson, Jordan, and Arim, Rubab
- Abstract
Reducing the proportion of youth not in employment, education or training (NEET) is one of the targets of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 8. This has become an important indicator that is monitored by many countries and international organizations since youth NEET are prone to long-term economic and social difficulties. Although Canada-centric studies on youth NEET exist, they tend to focus on sociodemographic characteristics and on educational and employment outcomes. This report aims to expand the information on Canadian youth NEET by examining various sociodemographic and psychosocial characteristics. It also aims to explore whether different subgroups of youth NEET experience similar psychosocial characteristics. This study is based on data from three recent Canadian Community Health Survey cycles (2015 to 2017). This study indicated various sociodemographic and psychosocial differences between Canadian youth NEET and non-NEET, and also highlighted the diversity among different youth NEET subgroups. Future research should continue to identify risk and protective factors related to NEET status by distinguishing among the subgroups of this population.
- Published
- 2019
9. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Young Adults in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1988-2018. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 93
- Author
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University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., Schulenberg, John E., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., Miech, Richard A., and Patrick, Megan E.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents subgroup findings from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study on levels of, and trends in, the use of a number of substances for nationally representative samples of high school graduates ages 19-30, "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2018. Volume II, College Students & Adults Ages 19-60" (see ED599071). The data have been gathered in a series of follow-up surveys of representative subsamples of high school seniors who were first surveyed in 12th grade as part of the MTF study. Therefore, the universe being described omits people who did not complete high school--between 8 and 15% of each age group, with the most recent class cohorts closer to the bottom of that range. Surveys of the graduating cohorts of high school seniors started in 1976 and have continued with each graduating class since. Data were first available for the 19-22 age group in 1980 and for the older age groups in subsequent years, as the tables and figures in this occasional paper indicate. The general epidemiological findings from these samples are discussed in "Volume II" of the annual monograph series. The subgroup trends shown in this occasional paper complement the last section of Chapter 5 (Trends in Drug Use in Early and Middle Adulthood) of that monograph by presenting the trend data for young adult subgroups in both graphic and tabular form. The results are described and discussed in Chapter 5, but the extensive set of tables and figures is provided in this paper for the reader who wishes to view the figures and the underlying numerical values. Three demographic dimensions are differentiated: gender, region of the country, and population density. Gender includes trends for males and females; region describes trends for each of the four major regions defined by the U.S. Census; and population density differentiates trends for five levels of community size. The Table of Contents and List of Figures in this occasional paper contain links to the content and figures. Following each figure is a table giving the numerical values associated with each trend line in that figure.
- Published
- 2019
10. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Adolescents in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1975-2018. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 92
- Author
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University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., Miech, Richard A., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., Schulenberg, John E., and Patrick, Megan E.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents national demographic subgroup data for the 1975-2018 Monitoring the Future (MTF) national survey results on 8th, 10th, and 12th graders' use of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco. The study covers all major classes of illicit and licit psychoactive drugs for an array of population subgroups. The trends are presented in tabular and graphic forms and cover demographic subgroups based on: (1) Gender; (2) College plans; (3) Region of the country; (4) Population density; (5) Education level of the parents (a proxy for socioeconomic level); and (6) Racial/ethnic identification. Detailed descriptions of the demographic categories are provided in the section starting on page 385 of this paper. The graphs and tables in this occasional paper present trend data for 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade respondents separately. Data for 12th grade begins with 1975, the first year in which a nationally representative sample of high school seniors was surveyed. Data for 8th and 10th grades begin with 1991, when the study's nationally representative annual surveys were expanded to include those lower grade levels.
- Published
- 2019
11. Implementation and Evaluation of a Multi-Level, Place-Based Tobacco Prevention and Control Program at a Minority-Serving Institution in Texas
- Author
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Brad Love, Rosemary Coffman, Charulata Ghosh, Jennifer Cofer, Alex N. Hurst, Katherine Oestman, Mayra Aquino, Lauren Kriss, Mansi Shah, Gerold Dermid, Margaret Raber, Ernest Hawk, Michael T. Walsh, and Ruth Rechis
- Abstract
Multi-level, place-based interventions have proven effective at promoting a range of health behaviors, including tobacco control and discouraging the uptake of tobacco products. This paper describes the implementation and impact of a 3-year, multi-level tobacco prevention and control program at a community-college minority-serving institution (MSI) on the Texas Gulf Coast within the context of a broader multi-sector, cross-functional health coalition. The intervention studied included a tobacco-free policy, a large-scale communication campaign highlighting parts of the intervention and prevention and cessation resources. The intervention was bolstered by the support of a community-led Steering Committee and tobacco control experts. Results from the first 3 years of implementation show that tobacco-free policies were largely supported by community members, awareness of the policy increased over time, and tobacco prevention and cessation resources were successfully embedded into campus norms. This multi-component approach shows how a community college was able to effectively reach students and staff on their campus to increase awareness of both the campus tobacco-free policy and the availability of tobacco prevention and cessation resources. Additionally, it also offers lessons for future tobacco prevention and control work in higher education.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Young Adults in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1988-2017. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 91
- Author
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University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., Schulenberg, John E., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., Miech, Richard A., and Patrick, Megan E.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents subgroup findings from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study on levels of, and trends in, the use of a number of substances for nationally representative samples of high school graduates ages 19-30. The data have been gathered in a series of follow-up surveys of representative subsamples of high school seniors who were first surveyed in 12th grade as part of the MTF study. Therefore, the universe being described omits people who did not complete high school--between 8 and 15% of each age group, with the most recent class cohorts closer to the bottom of that range. Surveys of the graduating cohorts of high school seniors started in 1976 and have continued with each graduating class since. Data were first available for the 19-22 age group in 1980 and for the older age groups in subsequent years, as the tables and figures in this occasional paper indicate. Three demographic dimensions are differentiated: gender, region of the country, and population density. Gender includes trends for males and females; region describes trends for each of the four major regions defined by the U.S. Census; and population density differentiates trends for five levels of community size.
- Published
- 2018
13. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Adolescents in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1975-2017. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 90
- Author
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University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., Miech, Richard A., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., and Schulenberg, John E.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents national demographic subgroup data for the 1975-2017 Monitoring the Future (MTF) national survey results on 8th, 10th, and 12th graders' use of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco. MTF is funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse at the National Institutes of Health under a series of investigator-initiated, competitive research grants to the University of Michigan. The study covers all major classes of illicit and licit psychoactive drugs for an array of population subgroups. The 2017 subgroup data presented accompany the "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use: 1975-2017: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use" and the "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2017: Volume I, Secondary School Students." Prior to 2014 subgroup data were available in tabular form only in Appendices B and D of the relevant year's "Volume I." Since 2014, the MTF subgroup definitions and data have been presented in this series of occasional papers, in both tables and figures to facilitate the examination and interpretation of trend data. The "Overview of Key Findings" presents trends in prevalence, perceived risk, disapproval, and perceived availability for most drugs under study and a brief description of subgroup differences. Volume I contains a description of MTF's design and purposes, as well as extended reporting on substance use of all kinds--licit and illicit--and a number of related factors, such as attitudes and beliefs about drugs, age of initiation, noncontinuation of drug use, perceived availability, relevant conditions in the social environment, history of daily marijuana use, use of drugs for the treatment of ADHD, and sources of prescription drugs used outside of medical supervision. The trends offered in this report in tabular and graphic forms cover demographic subgroups based on: (1) Gender; (2) College plans; (3) Region of the country; (4) Population density; (5) Education level of the parents (a proxy for socioeconomic level); and (6) Racial/ethnic identification. Detailed descriptions of the demographic categories are provided in the section starting on page 385 of this paper. The graphs and tables in this occasional paper present trend data for 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade respondents separately. Data for 12th grade begins with 1975, the first year in which a nationally representative sample of high school seniors was surveyed. Data for 8th and 10th grades begin with 1991, when the study's nationally representative annual surveys were expanded to include those lower grade levels. [For the report from the previous year "Demographic Subgroup Trends among Adolescents in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1975-2016. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 88," see ED578738. For "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2017: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use," see ED589762. For "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2017. Volume I, Secondary School Students," see ED589763. For "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2017. Volume II, College Students & Adults Ages 19-55," see ED589764.]
- Published
- 2018
14. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Adolescents in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1975-2016. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 88
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., O'Malley, Patrick M., Miech, Richard A., Bachman, Jerald G., and Schulenberg, John E.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents national demographic subgroup data for the 1975-2016 Monitoring the Future (MTF) national survey results on 8th , 10th, and 12th graders' use of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco. MTF is funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse at the National Institutes of Health under a series of investigator-initiated, competitive research grants to the University of Michigan. The study covers all major classes of illicit and licit psychoactive drugs for an array of population subgroups. The 2016 subgroup data presented here accompany the "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2016: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use" (ED578534) and the "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2016: Volume I, Secondary School Students" (ED578730). The trends offered here in tabular and graphic forms cover demographic subgroups based on: (1) Gender; (2) College plans; (3) Region of the country; (4) Population density; (5) Education level of the parents (a proxy for socioeconomic level); and (6) Racial/ethnic identification. Detailed descriptions of the demographic categories are provided in the section starting on page 367 of this paper. The graphs and tables in this occasional paper present trend data for 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade respondents separately. Data for 12th grade begins with 1975, the first year in which a nationally representative sample of high school seniors was surveyed. Data for 8th and 10th grades begin with 1991, when the study's nationally representative annual surveys were expanded to include those lower grade levels.
- Published
- 2017
15. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Young Adults in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1988-2016. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 89
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., Schulenberg, John E., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., Miech, Richard A., and Patrick, Megan E.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents subgroup findings from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study on levels of, and trends in, the use of a number of substances for nationally representative samples of high school graduates ages 19-30. The data have been gathered in a series of follow-up surveys of representative subsamples of high school seniors who were first surveyed in 12th grade as part of the MTF study. Therefore, the universe being described omits people who did not complete high school--between 8 and 15% of each age group, with the most recent class cohorts closer to the bottom of that range. Surveys of the graduating cohorts of high school seniors started in 1976 and have continued with each graduating class since. Data were first available for the 19-22 age group in 1980 and for the older age groups in subsequent years, as the tables and figures in this occasional paper indicate. The general epidemiological findings from these samples are discussed in "Volume II" of the annual monograph series. The subgroup trends shown in the current occasional paper complement the last section of Chapter 5 (Trends in Drug Use in Early and Middle Adulthood) of that monograph by presenting the trend data for young adult subgroups in both graphic and tabular form. The results are described and discussed in Chapter 5, but the extensive set of tables and figures is provided here for the reader who wishes to view the figures and the underlying numerical values. Three demographic dimensions are differentiated: gender, region of the country, and population density. Gender includes trends for males and females; region describes trends for each of the four major regions defined by the U.S. Census; and population density differentiates trends for five levels of community size. [For "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2016. Volume II, College Students & Adults Ages 19-55," see ED578605.]
- Published
- 2017
16. Health Promotion through Youth Empowerment to Prevent and Control Smoking Behavior: A Conceptual Paper
- Author
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Trisnowati, Heni, Ismail, Djauhar, and Padmawati, Retna Siwi
- Abstract
Purpose: This paper aimed to review globally the empowerment programs for the prevention and control of smoking behavior among youths, to examine the role of empowerment in health promotion, to explore the stages of health promotion through community empowerment strategies including planning, implementation and evaluation. Finally, this paper will develop a model of youth empowerment to prevent and control smoking behavior that reflects theory and experience drawn from the literature. Design/methodology/approach: This review synthesized articles on community empowerment and health promotion, youth empowerment programs for tobacco prevention and control globally from books and electronic databases from the Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) library in the publication period 2000-2020. Relevant literature was selected and critically reviewed which reflected the role empowerment in health promotion, stage of community empowerment strategy as described by Laverack and youth empowerment concept in tobacco control as described by Holden. Findings: Documents that specifically discuss empowerment programs for smoking prevention and control are still limited. The findings document that youth empowerment in tobacco control do not fully integrate the theory empowerment as described by Laverack and Holden. This paper provides information about the stages of youth empowerment, and a conceptual framework of youth empowerment for the prevention and control of smoking behavior. Youth empowerment is done through the direct involvement of youth in programs starting from program design, planning, implementation and evaluation. Indicators of the success of the empowerment process are reflected in the increase in the empowerment domain. Meanwhile, the output of empowerment can be seen from the individual- or group-level changes. Originality/value: This paper proposes a model of youth empowerment for the prevention and control of smoking behavior among youths based on theory and experience in the field.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Adolescents in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1975-2015. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 86
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., O'Malley, Patrick M., Miech, Richard A., Bachman, Jerald G., and Schulenberg, John E.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents national demographic subgroup data for the 1975-2015 Monitoring the Future (MTF) national survey results on 8th, 10th, and 12th graders' use of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco. MTF is funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse at the National Institutes of Health under a series of investigator-initiated, competitive research grants to the University of Michigan. The study covers all major classes of illicit and licit psychoactive drugs for an array of population subgroups. The 2015 subgroup data presented here accompany the "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use: 1975-2015: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use" (ED578539) and the "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2015: Volume I, Secondary School Students" (ED578604). The trends offered here in tabular and graphic forms cover demographic subgroups based on: (1) Gender; (2) College plans; (3) Region of the country; (4) Population density; (5) Education level of the parents (a proxy for socioeconomic level); and (6) Racial/ethnic identification. Detailed descriptions of the demographic categories are provided in the section starting on page 367 of this paper. The graphs and tables in this occasional paper present trend data for 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade respondents separately. Data for 12th grade begins with 1975, the first year in which a nationally representative sample of high school seniors was surveyed. Data for 8th and 10th grades begin with 1991, when the study's nationally representative annual surveys were expanded to include those grade levels.
- Published
- 2016
18. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Young Adults in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1988-2015. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 87
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., Schulenberg, John E., and Miech, Richard A.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents subgroup findings from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study on levels of, and trends in, the use of a number of substances for nationally representative samples of high school graduates ages 19-30. The data have been gathered in a series of follow-up surveys of representative subsamples of high school seniors who were first surveyed in 12th grade as part of the MTF study. Therefore, the universe being described omits people who did not complete high school--between 8 and 15% of each age group, with the most recent class cohorts closer to the bottom of that range. Surveys of the graduating cohorts of high school seniors started in 1976 and have continued with each graduating class since. Data were first available for the 19-22 age group in 1980 and for the older age groups in subsequent years, as the tables and figures in this occasional paper indicate. The general epidemiological findings from these samples are discussed in "Volume II" of the annual monograph series. The subgroup trends shown in the current occasional paper complement the last section of Chapter 5 (Trends in Drug Use in Early and Middle Adulthood) of that monograph by presenting the trend data for young adult subgroups in both graphic and tabular form. The results are described and discussed in Chapter 5, but the extensive set of tables and figures is provided here for the reader who wishes to view the figures and the underlying numerical values. Three demographic dimensions are differentiated: gender, region of the country, and population density. Gender includes trends for males and females; region describes trends for each of the four major regions defined by the U.S. Census; and population density differentiates trends for five levels of community size. [For "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2015. Volume 2, College Students & Adults Ages 19-55," see ED578731.]
- Published
- 2016
19. The Objectives and Theoretical Foundation of the Monitoring the Future Study. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 84
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., O'Malley, Patrick M., Schulenberg, John E., Bachman, Jerald G., Miech, Richard A., and Patrick, Megan E.
- Abstract
This study assesses the changing lifestyles, values, and preferences of American youth on a continuing basis. Each year since 1975, at least 13,000 seniors have participated in the annual survey, which is conducted in some 130 high schools nationwide. Since 1991, the study's annual surveys also have included surveys of similar nationally representative samples of eighth- and tenth-grade students. In addition, subsamples of high school seniors from previously participating classes receive follow-up questionnaires by mail each year. This report presents the objectives and theoretical Foundation of the Monitoring the Future Study. [For the designs and the procedures for the Monitoring the Future Study, see "The Monitoring the Future Project after Four Decades: Design and Procedures. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 82," ED578425.]
- Published
- 2016
20. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Young Adults in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1988-2014. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 85
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., Schulenberg, John E., and Miech, Richard A.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents subgroup findings from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study on levels of and trends in the use of a number of substances for nationally representative samples of high school graduates ages 19-30. The data have been gathered in a series of follow-up surveys of representative subsamples of high school seniors who were first surveyed in 12th grade as part of the MTF study. Therefore, the universe being described omits people who did not complete high school--between 8-15% of each age group, with the most recent class cohorts closer to the bottom of that range. Surveys of the graduating cohorts of high school seniors started in 1976 and have continued with each graduating class since. Data were first available for the 19-22 age group in 1980 and for the older age groups in subsequent years, as the tables and figures in this occasional paper indicate. The general epidemiological findings from these samples are contained in "Volume II" of the annual monograph series. The subgroup trends shown in the current occasional paper complement the last section of Chapter 5 (Trends in Drug Use in Early and Middle Adulthood) of that monograph by presenting the trend data for young adult subgroups in both graphic and tabular form. The results are described and discussed in Chapter 5, but the extensive set of tables and figures is provided here for the reader who wishes to view the figures and the underlying numerical values. Three demographic dimensions are differentiated: gender, region of the country, and population density. Gender includes trends for males and females; region describes trends for each of the four major regions defined by the U.S. Census; and population density differentiates trends for five levels of urbanicity. The Table of Contents and List of Figures in this occasional paper contain clickable links to the content and figures. Following each figure is a table giving the numerical values associated with each trend line in that figure. [For "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2014. Volume 2, College Students & Adults Ages 19-55," see ED578455.]
- Published
- 2015
21. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Adolescents in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1975-2014. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 83
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., O'Malley, Patrick M., Miech, Richard A., Bachman, Jerald G., and Schulenberg, John E.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents national demographic subgroup data for the 1975-2014 Monitoring the Future (MTF) national survey results on 8th, 10th, and 12th graders' use of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco. MTF is funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse at the National Institutes of Health under a series of investigator-initiated, competitive research grants. The study covers all major classes of illicit and licit drugs for an array of population subgroups. The 2014 subgroup data presented here accompany the "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use: 1975-2014: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use" and the "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2014: Volume I, Secondary School Students." Since 2013, the MTF subgroup definitions and data have been presented in a series of occasional paper, such as this, as tables and figures to facilitate the examination and interpretation of trend data. "Volume I" contains a description of MTF's design and purposes, as well as extended reporting on substance use of all kinds--licit and illicit--and a number of related factors, such as attitudes and beliefs about drugs, age of initiation, noncontinuation of drug use, perceived availability, relevant conditions in the social environment, history of daily marijuana use, use of drugs for the treatment of ADHD, and sources of prescription drugs used outside of medical supervision. The trends offered here in tabular and graphic forms cover demographic subgroups based on: (1) gender; (2) college plans; (3) region of the country; (4) population density; (5) education level of the parents (a proxy for socioeconomic level); and (6) racial/ethnic identification. Detailed descriptions of the demographic categories are provided in the section below. Data for 12th grade begins with 1975, the first year in which a nationally representative sample of high school seniors was surveyed. Data for 8th and 10th grades begin with 1991, when the study's nationally representative annual surveys were expanded to include those grade levels. [For "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2014. Volume 1, Secondary School Students," see ED578369. For "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2014: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use," see ED578603.]
- Published
- 2015
22. The Causal Effects of Youth Cigarette Addiction and Education. Working Paper 30304
- Author
-
National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Hai, Rong, and Heckman, James J.
- Abstract
We develop and estimate a life-cycle model in a rational addiction framework where youth choose to smoke, attend school, work part-time, and consume while facing borrowing constraints. The model features multiple channels for studying the reciprocal causal effects of addiction and education. Variations in endowments and cigarette prices are sources of identification. We show that education causally reduces smoking. A counterfactual experiment finds that in absence of cigarettes, college attendance rises by three percentage points in the population. A practical alternative of 40% additional excise tax achieves similar results. Impacts vary substantially across persons of different cognitive and non-cognitive abilities.
- Published
- 2022
23. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Adolescents in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1975-2013. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 81
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., Schulenberg, John E., and Miech, Richard A.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents national demographic subgroup trends for U.S. secondary school students in a series of figures and tables. It supplements two of four annual monographs from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study, namely the "Overview of Key Findings" and "Volume I: Secondary School Students." MTF is funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse under a series of investigator-initiated, competitive research grants. The full 2013 survey results are reported in "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2013: Volume I, Secondary School Students." That monograph contains a description of MTF's design and purposes, as well as extended reporting on substance use of all kinds, licit and illicit, and a number of related factors such as attitudes and beliefs about drugs, age of initiation, non-continuation of drug use, perceived availability, relevant conditions in the social environment, history of daily marijuana use, use of drugs for the treatment of ADHD, and sources of prescription drugs used outside of medical supervision. Until 2012, "Volume I" contained the tabular data on trends in drug use for various demographic subgroups that are now presented in the present occasional paper. The trends offered here in tabular form and graphic form--the latter for ease of comprehension--cover demographic subgroups based on: (1) gender; (2) college plans; (3) region of the country; (4) population density; (5) education level of the parents (a proxy for socioeconomic level); and (6) racial/ethnic identification. Detailed descriptions of the demographic categories are provided in a separate chapter. The graphs and tables in this occasional paper present trend data for 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade respondents. Data for 12th grade begins with 1975, the first year in which a nationally representative sample of high school seniors was surveyed. Data for 8th and 10th grades begin with 1991, when the study's annual surveys were expanded to include those grade levels. [For "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2013. Volume 1, Secondary School Students," see ED578546. For "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2013: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use," see ED578545.]
- Published
- 2014
24. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Young Adults in the Use of the Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1988-2013. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 80
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., Schulenberg, John E., and Miech, Richard A.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents subgroup findings from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study on levels of and trends in the use of a number of substances for nationally representative samples of high school graduates ages 19-30. The data have been gathered in a series of follow-up surveys of representative subsamples of high school seniors who were first surveyed in 12th grade as part of the MTF study. Therefore, the universe being described omits people who did not complete high school--between 9-15% of each age group, with the most recent class cohorts closer to the bottom of that range. Surveys of the graduating cohorts of high school seniors started in 1976 and have continued with each graduating class since. Data were first available for the 19-22 age group in 1980 and for the older age groups in subsequent years, as the tables and figures in this occasional paper indicate. The general epidemiological findings from these samples are contained in "Volume II" of the annual monograph series. The subgroup trends shown in the current occasional paper complement the last section of Chapter 5 (Trends in Drug Use in Early and Middle Adulthood) of that monograph by presenting the trend data for young adult subgroups in both graphic and tabular form. The results are described and discussed in Chapter 5, but the extensive set of tables and figures is provided here for the reader who wishes to view the figures and the underlying numerical values. Three demographic dimensions are differentiated: gender, region of the country, and population density. Gender includes trends for males and females, region describes trends for each of the four major regions defined by the U.S. Census, and population density differentiates trends for five levels of urbanicity. The Table of Contents and List of Figures are actively linked to the content and figures in this occasional paper. Following each figure is a table giving the numerical values associated with each trend line in that figure. [For "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2013. Volume 2, College Students & Adults Ages 19-55," see ED578547.]
- Published
- 2014
25. Curriculum and Instructional Strategies to Strengthen a Smoking Cessation Intervention Program
- Author
-
Therese Burrell-Prehay
- Abstract
In a British Overseas territory, a smoking cessation program was implemented in 2014 and had not been evaluated since inception. The problem that was addressed in this study was that despite the implementation of the "I Can Quit" program, it was unknown which curriculum and instructional strategy interventions participants thought were useful in supporting smoking cessation. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore the "I Can Quit" participants' perspectives on the curriculum and instructional strategies used to support the smoking cessation intervention. With Knowles's adult learning theory as the conceptual framework, participants' perspectives on the curriculum and instructional strategies used to support the smoking cessation intervention were examined. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 10 participants who met the inclusion criteria of being 18 years or older and having previously received treatment for quitting smoking in the "I Can Quit" program. Content data analysis involved open coding to identify codes, categories, and themes. The three emergent themes were as follows: (a) the strengths of the program climate, program design, and supportive staff; (b) curriculum and instructional strategies contributed to smoking cessation; and (c) additional content and teaching methods were needed to strengthen the program. The resulting project, a white paper with recommendations, was created to inform stakeholders of the study findings and recommendations for consideration. The findings may inform stakeholders about the needs for the smoking cessation program. Positive social change may result by informing stakeholders of program elements to strengthen, thereby potentially promoting smoking cessation and improving health and quality of life. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]
- Published
- 2024
26. Demographic Subgroup Trends for Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1975-2010. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 74
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., O'Malley, Patrick M., and Bachman, Jerald G.
- Abstract
The full 2010 survey results are reported in "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975;2010: Volume I, Secondary School Students". That monograph contains a description of MTF's design and purposes, as well as extended reporting on substance use of all kinds, licit and illicit, and a number of related factors such as attitudes and beliefs about drugs, age of initiation, non-continuation of drug use, relevant conditions in the social environment, history of daily marijuana use, use of drugs for the treatment of ADHD, and sources of prescription drugs used outside of medical supervision. Appendix D of "Volume I" contains tabular data on trends in drug use for various demographic subgroups for each of the many drugs under study. The present occasional paper presents those same subgroup trends in "graphic form", because graphic presentations are much easier to comprehend. (Showing the trends in color greatly facilitates the differentiation of the various trend lines in each graph.) Historically, the graphic presentations have not been included in "Volume I" due both to their length and the cost of printing them in color. Even though the annual monographs from the study now are published electronically on the study's Website, rather than in paper form, the authors continue to make the graphic presentation of the subgroup trends available in this separate document in the MTF Occasional Paper series. Trend data are presented for 12th-grade respondents beginning with 1975, the first year in which a nationally representative sample of high school seniors was surveyed. Trend data for 8th and 10th grades are presented beginning with 1991, when the study's annual surveys were expanded to include those grade levels. The numerical information upon which these graphics are based is contained in the relevant appendix D tables of "Volume I". Detailed definitions of the demographic categories are given in appendix B of that volume. (Contains 258 figures.)
- Published
- 2011
27. Impacts of Parental Education on Substance Use: Differences among White, African-American, and Hispanic Students in 8th, 10th, and 12th Grades (1999-2008). Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper No. 70
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Bachman, Jerald G., O'Malley, Patrick M., Johnston, Lloyd D., and Schulenberg, John E.
- Abstract
The Monitoring the Future (MTF) project reports annually on levels and trends in self-reported substance use by secondary school students (e.g., Johnston, O'Malley, Bachman, & Schulenberg, 2009). The reports include subgroup comparisons, and these have revealed substantial differences among race/ethnicity groups, as well as some differences linked to parental education (as the available indicator of socioeconomic level). These comparisons are complicated by the substantial differences in racial/ethnic composition across levels of parental education. The present paper disentangles the confounding of race/ethnicity with parental education by examining the three largest race/ethnicity groups separately, showing and comparing how parental education is related to three common forms of substance use/abuse among adolescents. The authors show important interaction effects: The negative relationship between parental education and substance use is more pronounced among White adolescents than among those who are African American or Hispanic. They also unmask relationships between parental education and substance use that are clearer for White adolescents than for the total sample. Furthermore, the appendix to this occasional paper compares product-moment correlations and linear regression results for five-year intervals (1999-2003 vs. 2004-2008), and shows that very few regression coefficients differ significantly. This appendix is titled, "Use of Various Drugs by Grade among All Male Respondents, 1999-2008." (Contains 1 table and 10 figures.)
- Published
- 2010
28. Demographic Subgroup Trends for Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1975-2009. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 73
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., and Schulenberg, John E.
- Abstract
This occasional paper serves as a supplement to one of four annual monographs from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study, written by the study's investigators and published by the study's sponsor, the National Institute on Drug Abuse. The full 2009 survey results are reported in "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2009: Volume I, Secondary School Students". That monograph contains a description of MTF's design and purposes, as well as extended reporting on substance use of all kinds and a number of related factors such as attitudes and beliefs about drugs, age of initiation, non-continuation of drug use, relevant conditions in the social environment, history of daily marijuana use, and use of drugs for the treatment of ADHD. Appendix D of Volume I contains tabular data on trends in drug use for various demographic subgroups for each of the many drugs under study. The present occasional paper presents those subgroup trends in "graphic" form, because graphic presentations are much easier to comprehend. The graphic presentations have not been included in "Volume I" due both to their length and the cost of printing them in color. Trend data are presented for 12th-grade respondents beginning with 1975, the first year in which a nationally representative sample of high school seniors was surveyed. Trend data for 8th and 10th grades are presented beginning with 1991, when those grade levels were added to the study design. The numerical information upon which these graphics are based is contained in the relevant appendix D tables of Volume I. Detailed definitions of the demographic categories are given in appendix B of that volume. For the reader's convenience, both appendix B and appendix D have also been included in this occasional paper. (Contains 258 figures and 1 footnote.)
- Published
- 2010
29. Demographic Subgroup Trends for Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1975-2007. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper 69
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., O'Malley, Patrick M., and Bachman, Jerald G.
- Abstract
This occasional paper is intended to serve as a supplement to the larger annual volume, "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2007: Volume I: Secondary School Students." This supplement contains the graphic presentation of the trends in drug use for various demographic subgroups, namely those defined by gender, college plans, region of the country, population density, education level of the parents, and racial and ethnic identification. It presents trend data for 12th-grade respondents from 1975, the first year nationally representative samples of high school seniors were obtained. Data are also presented on 8th- and 10th-grade students from 1991, the first year they were added. Two appendixes from the larger volume are included for the convenience of the reader. Appendix D contains the numerical information upon which these graphs are based. Appendix B contains detailed information of the demographic categories being used. (Contains 252 figures and 109 tables.) [For "Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Paper 68," see ED508291. For "Monitoring the Future: National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2007. Volume I: Secondary School Students," see ED508294.]
- Published
- 2008
30. Revisiting Marriage Effects on Substance Use among Young Adults. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper 68
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Bachman, Jerald G., Freedman-Doan, Peter, and O'Malley, Patrick M.
- Abstract
A decade ago we published a book reporting an extensive analysis of nationwide panel data from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) project showing impacts of post-high school experiences on substance use (Bachman, Wadsworth, O'Malley, Johnston, & Schulenberg, 1997). One of the most important findings was that various categories of marital status, including engagement and divorce/separation, showed substantial impacts on young adults' use of cigarettes, alcohol, and illicit drugs. MTF now has data extending to modal age 45. Using these new data, we revisit the effects of marriage on substance use, which we have termed "marriage effects," and consider two questions: (1) Have marriage effects changed in recent years? and (2) Are substance use effects of marital status transitions different when those transitions occur during ages 30-45, versus ages 19-30? (Contains 2 footnotes, 9 figures, and 3 tables.) [For "Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Paper 67," see ED508290.]
- Published
- 2008
31. Education-Drug Use Relationships: An Examination of Racial/Ethnic Subgroups. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper 66
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Bachman, Jerald G., Freedman-Doan, Peter, and O'Malley, Patrick M.
- Abstract
The Education-Drug Use Connection focused primarily on a nationwide sample of adolescents, first surveyed when they were nearing the end of 8th grade in the years 1991, 1992, and 1993, and followed biennially for eight years thereafter. (Full details on samples and methods are provided in Bachman et al., 2008, and are not repeated here.) The analyses in that book were based on the total samples of males and females, analyzed separately because of important gender differences in educational experiences, delinquency, and substance use. Most of the analyses included a race/ethnicity dimension (distinguishing between Whites, African Americans, Hispanics, and a remaining category that combined all others); it was a background dimension and statistically controlled any additive effects of race/ethnicity on the relationships between educational factors and various dimensions of substance use. Important subgroup differences were evident in the analyses, and were often noted--albeit briefly. Statistically controlling additive effects does not, however, fully guard against spuriously attributing racial/ethnic differences to other effects. As a further check against that risk, we repeated key analyses with only the White respondents included, and satisfied ourselves that racial/ethnic differences did not produce erroneous results in our findings for the total samples of males and females. We did not, however, attempt to explore interactions involving race/ethnicity. That remaining task, examining whether the same patterns of relationships found for the total samples are evident in each of the subgroups, is the main focus of the present paper. (Contains 1 footnote, 8 figures, and 12 tables.) [For "Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Paper 65," see ED508288.]
- Published
- 2007
32. Demographic Subgroup Trends for Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1975-2006. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper 67
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., O'Malley, Patrick M., and Bachman, Jerald G.
- Abstract
This occasional paper is intended to serve as a supplement to the larger annual volume, "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2006: Volume I: Secondary School Students." This supplement contains the graphic presentation of the trends in drug use for various demographic subgroups, namely those defined by gender, college plans, region of the country, population density, education level of the parents, and racial and ethnic identification. It presents trend data for 12th-grade respondents from 1975, the first year nationally representative samples of high school seniors were obtained. Data are also presented on 8th- and 10th-grade students from 1991, the first year they were added. Two appendixes from the larger volume are included for the convenience of the reader. Appendix D contains the numerical information upon which these graphs are based. Appendix B contains detailed information of the demographic categories being used. (Contains 108 tables and 252 figures.) [For "Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Paper 66," see ED508289. For "Monitoring the Future: National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2006: Volume I: Secondary School Students," see ED498428.]
- Published
- 2007
33. Tobacco-Free School Policy. A Discussion Paper
- Author
-
Montana State Office of Public Instruction, Helena.
- Abstract
This paper provides a background and discussion regarding tobacco-free schools. The paper is intended to enhance discussion about the health benefits to children who attend schools that have a comprehensive tobacco-free school policy. The benefits to the personal health of students are both direct and environmental. Direct health benefits from a tobacco-free school policy are achieved via effective and appropriate health instruction that informs students of the health consequences of tobacco use, thus helping to reduce or eliminate tobacco use behaviors among youth. Environmental health benefits from a tobacco-free school policy are achieved via the elimination of second-hand smoke, a known risk factor for tobacco-related health problems. [Report prepared for the Montana Board of Public Education by the Montana Healthy Schools Network and the Office of Public Instruction's Division of Health Enhancement and Safety.]
- Published
- 2005
34. Smoke Signals: Adolescent Smoking and School Continuation. Working Papers Series. SAN06-05
- Author
-
Duke Univ., Durham, NC. Terry Sanford Inst. of Public Policy., Cook, Philip J., and Hutchinson, Rebecca
- Abstract
This paper presents an exploratory analysis using NLSY97 data of the relationship between the likelihood of school continuation and the choices of whether to smoke or drink. We demonstrate that in the United States as of the late 1990s, smoking in 11th-grade was a uniquely powerful predictor of whether the student finished high school, and if so whether the student matriculated in a four-year college. For economists the likely explanation for this empirical link would be based on interpersonal differences in time preference, but that account is called in question by our second finding--that drinking does not predict school continuation. We speculate that the demand for tobacco by high school students is influenced by the signal conveyed by smoking (of being offtrack in school), one that is especially powerful for high-aptitude students. To further develop this view, we present estimates of the likelihood of smoking as a function of school commitment and other, more traditional variables. There are no direct implications from this analysis for whether smoking is in some sense a cause of school dropout. We offer some speculations on this matter in the conclusion. (Contains 9 tables, 3 figures, and 5 footnotes.)
- Published
- 2006
35. The Right Start for America's Newborns: A Decade of City and State Trends (1990-1999). Child Trends/KIDS COUNT Working Paper.
- Author
-
Child Trends, Inc., Washington, DC., Annie E. Casey Foundation, Baltimore, MD., Wertheimer, Richard, O'Hare, William, and Croan, Tara
- Abstract
This paper traces the history of "The Right Start," discussing differences between the 50 largest cities and the nation overall and differences among states. It highlights eight measures reflecting a healthy start: teen births, repeat teen births, births to unmarried women, births to mothers with low educational attainment, late or no pregnancy care, smoking during pregnancy, low-birthweight births, and preterm births. Mother's age, educational attainment, and marital status are often related to the newborn's socioeconomic and social status. Poverty rates for children born to unmarried, teenage high school dropouts are 10 times those of children born to unmarried high school graduates over age 20 years. Low birthweight and short gestation are closely linked to newborn health. Mortality rates for low-birthweight babies are 20 times those of normal-birthweight babies. Conditions such as inadequate prenatal care and/or smoking during pregnancy affect birth outcomes. Between 1990-99, five of the eight measures improved nationally, though births to unmarried women increased substantially. The largest cities lagged behind the nation on everything but smoking during pregnancy. The 50 cities made important progress during the 1990s on the same five measures that improved nationally. (SM)
- Published
- 2001
36. Mother's Education and the Intergenerational Transmission of Human Capital: Evidence from College Openings and Longitudinal Data. NBER Working Paper Series.
- Author
-
National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA., Currie, Janet, and Moretti, Enrico
- Abstract
This study estimates the effect of maternal education on birth outcomes using data from the Vital Statistics Natality files for 1970 to 1999. It also assesses the importance of four potential channels through which maternal education may improve birth outcomes: use of prenatal care, smoking behavior, marriage, and fertility. In an effort to account for unobserved characteristics of women that could induce spurious correlation, the study pursues two distinct empirical strategies. First, it constructs panel data by linking women in different years of the Vital Statistics records and examines the effects of changes in education on changes in birth outcomes. Second, it compiles a new data set on openings of two and four year colleges between 1940 and 1990. The study uses data about the availability of colleges in the woman's county in her 17th year as an instrument for maternal education. Findings using the two approaches are similar. Higher maternal education improves infant health, as measured by birthweight and gestational age. It also increases the probability that a new mother is unmarried, reduces fertility, increases use of prenatal care, and reduces smoking, suggesting that these are important pathways for the ultimate effect on health. (Contains 43 references.) (SM)
- Published
- 2002
37. Sex, Drugs, and Catholic Schools: Private Schooling and Non-Market Adolescent Behaviors. Occasional Paper.
- Author
-
Columbia Univ., New York, NY. National Center for the Study of Privatization in Education., Figlio, David, and Ludwig, Jens
- Abstract
This paper examines the effects of private schooling on adolescent nonmarket behaviors. Differences between private- and public-school students were controlled by making use of the rich set of covariates available with the Nation Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS) microdataset. An instrumental-variables strategy was also employed that exploits variation across metropolitan areas in the costs that parents face in transporting their children to private schools, which stem from differences in the quality of the local transportation infrastructure. Evidence was found suggesting that religious private schooling reduces teen sexual activity, arrests, and use of hard drugs (cocaine), but not drinking, smoking, gang involvement, or marijuana use. Two questions require further research: Could public schools reduce teen sexual activity by either including "character education" as part of the curriculum without reference to specific religious ideologies or by dropping sex and drug education classes? and Are there other policies that public schools could adapt from religious private schools that would improve the academic or nonacademic outcomes of students? (Contains 55 references and 9 tables.) (RT)
- Published
- 2000
38. Consistency and Change in Correlates of Youth Substance Abuse, 1976-1997. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper 49.
- Author
-
Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor. Inst. for Social Research., Brown, Tony N., Schulenberg, John, Bachman, Jerald G., O'Malley, Patrick M., and Johnston, Lloyd D.
- Abstract
Researchers have seldom examined whether risk and protective factors are consistently linked to substance use across historical time. Using nationally representative data collected from 22 consecutive cohorts of high school seniors (approximate N=188,000) from the Monitoring the Future project, this study investigated whether correlates of substance use, and variance explained by domains of correlates, changed across historical time. The study found a high degree of consistency across historical time in predictors of past month cigarette use, past month alcohol use, past year marijuana use, and past year cocaine use. Some predictors such as religiosity, political beliefs, truancy, and frequent evenings out were consistently linked to substance use. The consistency of other predictors such as region, parental education, and college plans was contingent in part upon historical time period, the particular substance, and its level of use. The study also found that correlates within the Academics domain explained the most variance in substance use over the past two decades. (Contains 4 tables and 34 references.) (Author/JDM)
- Published
- 2001
39. Comparing Drug-Using Behaviors among High School Graduates Entering Military Service, College, and Civilian Employment. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper 42.
- Author
-
Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor. Inst. for Social Research., Bachman, Jerald G., Freedman-Doan, Peter, and O'Malley, Patrick M.
- Abstract
The United States armed forces adopted "zero tolerance" policies concerning illicit drug use in 1980, and later developed policies to discourage tobacco and alcohol abuse. This paper examines drug use among young active-duty recruits both before and after enlistment, compared with non-military age-mates. It also documents historical shifts in such drug use across two decades. Analyses employed longitudinal panel data from 20 nationally representative samples of high school seniors (cohorts of 1976-1995) each surveyed just before graduation and again within two years. Separate analyses for men (n=12,082) and women (n=15,345) contrasted those who entered military service, college, and civilian employment. Results show that illicit drug use declined more among young military recruits than among their civilian counterparts. Analyses of male recruits at multiple time periods showed declines in the prevalence of marijuana use and cocaine use after the initiation of routine military drug testing. Lower proportions of smokers of half a pack or more cigarettes per day elected to enter service after initiation of tobacco bans during basic training. An appendix discusses racial/ethic differences. Tables contrast substance use between high school seniors, college students, civilians, and those in military service. (Contains 11 tables, 3 figures, and 29 references.) (Author/MKA)
- Published
- 1999
40. Acting Out and Lighting Up: Understanding the Links among School Misbehavior, Academic Achievement, and Cigarette Use. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper 46.
- Author
-
Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor. Inst. for Social Research., Bryant, Alison L., Schulenberg, John, and Bachman, Jerald G.
- Abstract
Relations among academic achievement, school bonding, school misbehavior, and cigarette use from eighth to twelfth grade were examined in two national and panel samples of youth from the Monitoring the Future project (N=3,056). A series of competing conceptual models developed a priori was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings suggest that during middle adolescence the predominant direction of influence is from school experiences to cigarette use. School misbehavior and low academic achievement contribute to increased cigarette use over time both directly and indirectly. Two-group SEM analyses involving two cohorts--gender and ethnicity--revealed that the findings are robust. In addition, comparisons between high school dropouts and non-dropouts and between eighth-grade cigarette use initiators and nonusers revealed few differences in direction or magnitude of effects. Results suggest that prevention programs that attempt to reduce school misbehavior and academic failure, as well as to help students who misbehave and have difficulty in school constructively avoid negative school and health related outcomes, are likely to be effective in reducing adolescent cigarette use. (Contains 5 tables, 2 figures, and 78 references.) (Author/MKA)
- Published
- 2000
41. Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2021: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., Miech, Richard A., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., Schulenberg, John E., and Patrick, Megan E.
- Abstract
Monitoring the Future (MTF) is a long term study of substance use and related factors among U.S. adolescents, college students, and adult high school graduates through age 60. It is conducted annually and supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse. MTF findings identify emerging substance use problems, track substance use trends, are published with many scientific results, and help to inform policy and intervention strategies. The key findings regarding use of various substances by 8th, 10th, and 12th graders surveyed across the U.S. in 2021 are summarized below. But first a few words about the context. The preceding year, 2020, was an unusual year for the study in that data collection was halted earlier than usual, in March of that year, due to the emerging COVID-19 epidemic and the University of Michigan halting in-person research. This resulted in smaller samples being obtained that year, but based on careful analyses we believe that the smaller samples reflect drug use for all students that year with reasonable accuracy. The previous year, 2019, was unusual in a different way--it was the year that the study was transitioning from using paper and pencil questionnaires in schools to having students use electronic tablets. A random half of all respondents in 2019 used the older mode of administration, while the other half used tablets. How the authors e dealt with these two disruptions to the ongoing series is described in the section on Study Design and Methods. It should be noted that the 2020 data collection occurred early in 2020, covering the early months of the epidemic, but it did not cover most of the period of the epidemic that year, nor of its effects. However, the 2021 data collection occurred more than a year into the COVID epidemic and brought quite dramatic changes in adolescent drug use in the United States. A synopsis of the design and methods used in the study follows the introductory section. A separate section is then provided for each individual drug class, including figures that show trends in the overall proportions of students at each grade level (1) using the drug; (2) seeing a "great risk" associated with its use (perceived risk); (3) disapproving of its use (disapproval); and (4) saying that it would be "fairly easy" or "very easy" to get if they wanted to (perceived availability). For 12th graders, annual data are available since 1975--and for 8th and 10th graders since 1991, the first year they were included in the study. The tables at the end of this report provide the statistics underlying the figures; in addition, they present trend data on lifetime, annual, 30 day, and (for selected drugs) daily prevalence. [For "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2020: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use," see ED611736.]
- Published
- 2022
42. Cigarette Brand Preferences among Adolescents. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper No. 45.
- Author
-
Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor. Inst. for Social Research., Johnston, Lloyd D., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., and Schulenberg, John E.
- Abstract
This report discusses findings from the Monitoring the Future study in relation to adolescent cigarette preferences. Results show that in 1998, 19.1% of the eighth graders, 27.6% of the tenth graders, and 35.1% of the twelfth graders reported smoking within 30 days prior to the survey. By the time they finish high school, 65.2% of American young people say they usually smoke Marlboro. Newport and Camel accounted for most of the remainder. Those who have an established smoking habit are more likely to have a brand that they usually smoke. The proportion of adolescents who purchase their own cigarettes rises with age. There is no indication that the grade level at which a current smoker first began smoking cigarettes affects his or her current brand preferences. Marlboro appears to be at least as popular among girls as among boys. Marlboro is the brand of preference for Whites (61% - 70%) and Hispanics (57% - 65%) while Newport is the brand of preference for African-Americans (71% - 82%). Marlboro is the leading brand in all four U.S. regions. Contains Appendix A: Text of Questions and Appendix B: Confidence Intervals and Selected Significance Tests for Three Cigarette Brands. (Contains 3 figures and 20 tables.) (MKA)
- Published
- 1999
43. Life-Paths into Young Adulthood and the Course of Substance Use and Well-Being: Inter- and Intra-Cohort Comparisons. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper No. 43.
- Author
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Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor. Inst. for Social Research., Schulenberg, John, O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., and Johnson, Lloyd D.
- Abstract
Moving from high school into young adulthood is a critical developmental transition, a time of both continuity and discontinuity in health and well-being. How well one negotiates this transition, as evidenced by one's course of well-being and substance use, depends in part on historical cohort, gender, and life-path. Using U.S. national panel data from 17 consecutive cohorts from the Monitoring the Future study, this paper examines age-related change in well-being and substance use during the first four years following high school. It examines whether the changes varied as a function of cohort group, gender, and life-path group. Findings show that well-being and substance use increased during the transition to young adulthood. Although there were no overall differences in well-being among the three cohort groups, findings show that the course of self-efficacy and fatalism during the transition differed somewhat among the cohorts. Men reported higher levels of well-being and substance use, except for cigarettes, than women. Overall differences in well-being and substance use were found across the life-paths. Limitations of the study and future directions for research are also discussed. (Contains 9 tables, 21 figures, and 68 references.) (MKA)
- Published
- 1998
44. The Aims and Objectives of the Monitoring the Future Study and Progress toward Fulfilling Them. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper No. 34. Second Edition.
- Author
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Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor. Inst. for Social Research., Johnston, Lloyd D., O'Malley, Patrick M., Schulenberg, John, and Bachman, Jerald G.
- Abstract
This paper presents information from the ongoing research program, Monitoring the Future. The program is designed to: (1) monitor drug use and potential explanatory factors among American secondary school students, and other young adults; (2) distinguish which of three different kinds of change--maturational, historical, and/or cohort are occurring for various types of drug use; and (3) study causes, consequences, and maturational patterns associated with these different types of changes in drug use. Some 50,000 secondary school students in 435 schools are surveyed annually for the program. A follow-up survey of graduated classes yields a young adult sample of about 11,000 respondents in the age range of 19 to 32. The paper is divided into two parts. Part 1 contains the theoretical background and conceptual framework, and Part 2 elaborates on the ten objectives, their rationale, and presents a synopsis of progress to date. Some objectives include monitoring drug use and potential explanations in grades 8, 10, 12, among young adults and with ages 34 and 40; distinguishing period, age, and cohort effects; explaining secular trends and cohort differences; assessing the consequences of drug use; studying frequent or heavy-users; studying various under-represented groups; and the methodological, policy and other contributions to the field. (Contains 527 references.) (JDM)
- Published
- 1996
45. The Camel Controversy: Same Beast, Different Viewpoints. A Position Paper.
- Author
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Pashupati, Kartik
- Abstract
A coalition of health groups wants the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR) to discontinue the use of the Joe Camel cartoon character in its cigarette advertisements. RJR has denied the findings of the three studies published in the "Journal of the American Medical Association" and cited by the health groups--these studies contend that these ads lead children and adolescents to smoke. The controversy can be viewed from three perspectives: (1) the regulatory perspective of the Federal Trade Commission; (2) the perspective of the advertiser, with emphasis on First Amendment rights; and (3) the advertising strategy perspective. RJR's decision to use Joe Camel as a mascot for its cigarettes is defensible from the viewpoint of both the First Amendment rights of the advertiser and the marketing communication viewpoint. However, the adoption of an extremely defensive stance by the marketer is not likely to earn the company much goodwill from consumers or lawmakers. It is concluded that since RJR claims that it is not interested in targeting children and teenagers with its marketing efforts, it should have little hesitancy about using the charismatic charms of Joe Camel in an intensive media campaign advising teenagers and young adults of the negative consequences of cigarette smoking. (Contains 37 references.) (Author/RS)
- Published
- 1993
46. Changes in Drug Use during the Post-High School Years. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper No. 35. Revised 1992.
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Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor. Inst. for Social Research., Bachman, Jerald G., O'Malley, Patrick M., Johnston, Lloyd D., Rodgers, Willard L., and Schulenberg, John E.
- Abstract
This occasional paper is intended to disseminate information from the project, Monitoring the Future. Each year since 1975, about 17,000 seniors have participated in the survey, which is conducted in some 130 high schools nationwide. In addition, subsamples of seniors from previously participating classes receive follow-up questionnaires by mail each year. Information from the follow-up studies is examined in this monograph. The information concerns changes in drug use during the first 10 years after high school, and specifically focuses on the ways in which social roles and experiences in post-high school years relate to the use of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine. Chapter one is an introduction, and chapter two provides a description of the sample in terms of roles and experiences of each group at intervals post- high school. Chapters three, four, five, and six are devoted to types of drug use. Chapter seven summarizes the impacts of post-high school roles and experiences on drug use. Some general conclusions from the analyses include: (1) among full-time college students there is a larger than average increase in alcohol use; (2) being married is associated with reduction in use of alcohol; and (3) military service is associated with increased use of cigarettes and alcohol. (Contains 81 references and 26 tables) (JDM)
- Published
- 1992
47. Usg's Well-Being Policy Regarding Tobacco Product Use: A Proposal for Changing from Opt-Out to Opt-In
- Author
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Ariail, Donald L. and Quosigk, Benedikt L.
- Abstract
The University System of Georgia (USG) has a state-wide initiative aimed at increasing the well-being of faculty and staff by incentivizing a decrease in tobacco product usage by employees covered by a USG healthcare plan. This incentive is positive in that aid in stopping tobacco product usage is offered to each member; and negative in that each member who is a tobacco product user is penalized. A healthcare surcharge is added to the monthly health insurance premium paid by each faculty/staff member for themselves and covered dependents over 18 years of age who are tobacco product users. The current policy considers covered employees and their applicable dependents to be users of tobacco products unless they annually opt-out. This paper includes summaries of the incidence of cigarette and tobacco product usage in the U.S., a summary of USG's policies related to the current tobacco initiative, a brief literature review regarding opt-in and opt-out programs, and a discussion of the possible negative impact of the current USG tobacco use policy. Support is provided for the present tobacco surcharge penalty being either eliminated or its implementation changed, and for the current opt-out default being changed to an opt-in program.
- Published
- 2021
48. Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2020: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use
- Author
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University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., Miech, Richard A., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., Schulenberg, John E., and Patrick, Megan E.
- Abstract
Monitoring the Future (MTF) is a long-term study of substance use and related factors among U.S. adolescents, college students, and adult high school graduates through age 60. It is conducted annually and supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse. MTF findings identify emerging substance use problems, track substance use trends, publish many scientific findings, and help to inform policy and intervention strategies. The key findings regarding use of various substances by 8th, 10th, and 12th graders surveyed across the coterminous U.S. in 2020 are summarized. The year 2020 was an unusual year for the study in that data collection was halted earlier than usual, in March of that year, as a result of the emerging COVID-19 epidemic. This resulted in smaller samples being obtained that year. How the authors dealt with this disruption (as well as the disruption that occurred in the 2019 study, the transition from students using paper and pencil questionnaires to using electronic tablets) to the ongoing series is described. It should be noted that the 2020 data collection occurred early in 2020, so it does not cover most of the period of the pandemic, nor of its effects. [For "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2019: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use," see ED604018.]
- Published
- 2021
49. Tobacco-Free Policy Reduces Combustible Tobacco Byproduct on a Large University Campus
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Gelino, Brett W., Salzer, Allyson R., Harsin, Joshua D., Naudé, Gideon P., Gilroy, Shawn P., and Reed, Derek D.
- Abstract
Policy drives community-level behavior change, so behavior analysts should aid empirical policy development. University campus regulation is a useful proxy for broader policy initiatives and thus is a convenient inroad for behavior analyst involvement. This paper examines behavior analytic contributions to the planning and evaluation of a university tobacco-free initiative. We provided resources and guidance throughout early planning, and we then evaluated faculty and student compliance via byproduct (e.g., cigarette butts) counts taken at four high-traffic sites (as flagged by preliminary surveying of campus faculty, staff, and students). Visual analysis and supplementary statistical testing support notions of (a) a meaningful and sustained reduction of combustible tobacco byproducts in all locations, and (b) a demonstrative example of behavior analytic involvement with university policy planning and evaluation.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Impact of Smoking and Vaping in Films on Smoking and Vaping Uptake in Adolescents: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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Hassanein, Zeinab M., Barker, Alexander B., Murray, Rachael L., Britton, John, Agrawal, Sanjay, and Leonardi-Bee, Jo
- Abstract
Prevention of smoking uptake in young people is an essential public health target. We have previously reported a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of exposure to smoking imagery in films on the risk of smoking uptake in young people. This study updates that review, and includes studies of the effects of exposure to media vaping imagery on vaping uptake. Four electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and IBSS) were searched to August 2020 for studies reporting the association between exposure to smoking/vaping in films and smoking/vaping uptake in adolescents. Two authors independently screened papers, extracted data, and assessed quality. This review included 26 studies. Exposure to high levels of smoking imagery in films was associated with an increased likelihood of having ever smoked in nine cross-sectional studies and of smoking uptake in 11 longitudinal studies. Vaping imagery in films was associated with increased likelihood of ever vaping in two cross-sectional studies and vaping uptake in five longitudinal studies. This review concluded that exposure to smoking imagery in films increases the risk of smoking among young people. It is likely that a similar association exists between exposure to vaping imagery and vaping uptake. Therefore, this review recommends introduction of new policies to minimize the impact of this in films which contain smoking or vaping and are likely to be viewed by children and adolescents.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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