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Background. The study of the influence of "social" stress on biogenic elements involved in mineral metabolism and playing an important role in the life of the human body, the search for agents that have a leveling effect on their content, is an urgent problem of modern pharmacological science. Purpose. To study changes in the content of biogenic elements in the course of mineral metabolism in the blood serum of rats under conditions of "social" stress and under the influence of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extract. Materials and methods. Experimental studies were carried out on 96 mature male non-linear rats weighing 295±12.17 g at the age of 7-9 months. The first stage of the experiment involved the study of mineral metabolism in the norm. Individuals of the first group of animals were injected with water; the second was an extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (100 mg/kg/day); the third – medicinal product (MP) "Mebicar®" (25 mg/kg/day) and the fourth - MP "Phezam®" (45 mg/kg/day). At the second stage of the experiment, “social” stress was reproduced on animals, in groups of which aggressors and victims were identified after the formation of inter-male confrontations for 21 days. These individuals received the solutions used earlier (stage I) for two weeks. The content of sodium and potassium ions in plasma was determined by flame photometry; the level of total calcium - by the photometric method; the concentration of phosphorus and magnesium - by biochemical analysis; the amount of chloride ions - by mercurimetric titration. Statistical data processing was performed using the Statistica 10 package. Results. It was found that the introduction of the extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, MP "Mebikar®" and "Phezam®" normally does not affect the content of minerals in plasma. It has been shown that modeling of "social" stress in control animals with both dominant and submissive types of character contributes to a significant decrease in the concentration of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium ions compared with individuals of the intact group. A statistically significant difference in the content of chloride ions was proved only in the case of a group of victims. Comparable values of mineral metabolism parameters of the group that received the extract under stress conditions were obtained with the first stage of the experiment in the norm of both intact and experimental animals, as a result of which the leveling effect of the extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi was substantiated. Statistically significant differences in the concentration of magnesium ions in the group of victims exposed to "social" stress under the influence of the type of behavior were determined. Conclusion. The analysis of the data obtained forms an idea of the mineral composition of blood plasma in normal conditions and under conditions of "social" stress. The results of the study characterize the extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi as a remedy that has a leveling effect in conditions of anxiety-depressive state caused by inter-male confrontations.

Criminality is one of most important global problems. It interferes with social, security, economic, cultural and political spheres of life throughout society is therefore necessary to take all possible measures to prevent its growth. In practice, it’s comfrimed that prevention is essential and most effective. This article presents the preventive actions of the Municipal Police of the city Košice, its history, present and the prospects for its use in the fight against crime and other antisocial activities.

Rape is reported to occur daily in Nigeria, affecting a wide range of victims, from older women to tiny toddlers under five years old. It is a prevalent form of illegal sexual misconduct that not only violates the dignity of survivors but also jeopardises their health and well-being. This study shed light on the issue of rape in Nigerian society. Its objectives are to determine the causes and effects of rape, as well as propose possible solutions for curbing it. A descriptive research design of the cross-sectional subtype was employed for this study. Data was collected through the administration of a researcher-designed questionnaire to a total sample of 200 respondents. The mean rating was used to analyse the data and address the research questions. The results of the study indicated that the respondents agreed that proving sexual prowess is the most common cause of rape. To combat the issue of rape, victims should feel empowered to speak out. Public awareness campaigns and comprehensive sex and moral education should be implemented. The study also recommends that women be encouraged to dress modestly, parents serve as good role models to their children, and young adults be taught to say NO to rape and report any cases they encounter without supporting or concealing them.

Se reflexiona sobre los procesos de la espacio-temporalidad de las memorias, los condicionamientos territoriales, sociopolíticos e históricos, relacionando las construcciones espaciotemporales del conflicto con las maneras como se construyen los procesos de memoria. Se analiza el proyecto de Museo Nacional de la Memoria (MNM) como un espacio que se debate entre dos macro-narrativas en tensión, a propósito del MNM (2011-2018) y el Museo de Memoria de Colombia (MMC 2018-2021). Se adopta la postura epistémica de los Estudios Críticos del Discurso Multimodal (ECDM) para explicar la convergencia semiótico-discursiva que se deriva de desentrañar los procesos de producción de sentido. Se verifica el valor sociopolítico y cultural de los sistemas ideológicos involucrados para desentrañar las consecuencias que dichas narrativas construyen como determinantes de la vida social. It reflects on the processes of the spatio-temporality of memories, territorial, sociopolitical and historical conditioning, relating the spatiotemporal constructions of the conflict with the ways in which memory processes are constructed. The National Museum of Memory (MNM) project is analyzed as a space that is debated between two macro-narratives in tension, regarding the MNM (2011-2018) and the Museum of Memory of Colombia (MMC 2018-2021). The epistemic stance of Multimodal Critical Discourse Studies (MCDS) is adopted to explain the semiotic-discursive convergence that derives from unraveling the processes of meaning production. The sociopolitical and cultural value of the ideological systems involved is verified to unravel the consequences that these narratives construct as determinants of social life.

This article examines some of the rules set out in Act 1/2023, of March 16, on the sanctioning power of Basque public authorities. Among those rules, the article considers some relating to the basic sanctioning principles as well as the position of minors, interested persons or the so-called victim. The article also analyses certain procedural rules and other institutions such as the conciliation and the execution of sanctions. Although the law aims to fully regulate the legal regime of the sanctioning power, it does not differ from the regulation set out in former Act 2/1989 transcribing several rules included in State Acts 39 and 40/2015.

The degree of damage to spine is now a threat to health and optimal functioning of the human body in the post-traumatic period. Taking into account the peculiarities of the mechanism of psychogenic disorders in the conditions of the full-scale Russian invasion contributes to the specialist’s readiness for stress and conflict situations during the rehabilitation period of work with the victims. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the dynamics of the effectiveness of providing multidisciplinary rehabilitation care to victims with spinal cord injuries. Psychocorrection should contain a list of training exercises aimed at the development of self-awareness, improvement of psychological culture, improvement of reflective personality characteristics, self-actualization and will involve mastering the skills of voluntary psychophysical self-regulation of the state. Research methods. Among psychodiagnostic methods, the following were used: the questionnaire «Change in the quality of life due to the disease», the method of determining the intensity of the pain syndrome according to the visual analog pain scale (VAS) and the Minnesota Multi-Profile Personality Questionnaire (MMRI-2) to assess the psychological status of the individual. The characteristics of motor activity were determined according to the dynamics of Hauser’s gait index, which determines the mobility of the victim and his ability to move freely and the need for auxiliary means of support. Research results. In subjects with spinal cord injury during hospitalization and psychocorrection changes in the gait state according to the Hauser index (muscle strength) were improved from 3.18±0.13 points on average for the group to 4.9±0.63 after the injury. This indicates that after 10-12 months’ treatment all subjects moved without the help of other attendants, some of whom were completely independent, within and outside the home to overcome thresholds and low curbs. Motor activity and gait were improved; there was a noticeable decrease in the intensity of pain, anxiety and depression.

The need for school counselor intervention is crucial for victims of bullying. However, fews studies focus on guidance strategies used by school counselors. The present study aims to explore the frequency and perceived effectiveness of various guidance strategies from the perspective of school counselors. A total of 164 school counselors from northern, central, southern, and eastern Taiwan participated in the study by completing the paper surveys, while 53 school counselors completed online surveys. The results of multidimensional Rasch analysis identified: seven common and effective strategies, including learning to seek help, using body language, expressing thoughts and feelings, discussing problems, and recognizing and accepting emotions; five common yet ineffective strategies, including understanding the impact of bullying, practicing communication skills, maintaining physical boundaries, saying “no” to bullies, and focusing on the present; seven rare but effective strategies, including understanding definition and causes of bullying, empathic listening, staying calm, speaking assertively, recognizing behavioral pattern, and progressive muscle relaxation; six rare and ineffective strategies, such as identifying types of bullying, maintaining suitable posture, setting counseling goals, strategizng against bullying, exploring new approaches to handling bullying, and cognitive regulation. These results contribute to the evaluation of the effectiveness of different guidance strategies. For practical application, it is recommended that councelors remain conscious of their intentions and actions, tailoring their approach based on the needs of the victim. Counselors can refer to the results of this research to adapt and apply various strategies flexibly.

Abstract Background Sexual assault occurring within healthcare settings represents a significant breach of public trust. This scoping review aimed to highlight the profile of people raped, those who committed the rape within the health facilities, and the legal actions taken to resolved cases. Methods Media-reported data on incidents of rape in healthcare settings were collected. The search was conducted in May and June 2023, focusing on English-language publications with accessible full texts. Reports that lacked information on the survivors or incidents that occurred outside of healthcare settings were excluded. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the categories of the collected publications, and graphical representations were employed for visualization purposes. Results A total of 62 cases were retrieved, originating from Africa (n = 17; 27.4%), Europe (n = 14; 22.6%), Southeast Asia (n = 14; 22.6%), the Americas (n = 11; 17.7%), the Western Pacific Region (n = 5; 8.1%) and Eastern Mediterranean region (n = 1; 1.6%). In addition, 69 individuals were implicated in 59 cases. They were 31 doctors (44.9%), 17 (24.6%) nurses, four (5.8%) nurse/healthcare assistants, three (4.3%) cleaners/ward boy, two (2.9%) traditional medical doctors, and two (2.9%) security guards. Others included six (8.7%) staff members without designations and one (1.4%) ambulance driver. All perpetrators were male, ranging in age from 22 to 67 years. There were 66 victims identified in the 62 cases with age ranging from 2 to 92 years. Except for one case, all victims were female, and all but one case were patients. Most assaults occurred in consulting rooms/clinics (n = 21; 31.8%), 16 (24.2%) happened under sedation, and six (9.1%) were repeatedly raped, Survivors typically reported the cases the police (n = 12; 19.4%), family/friends (n = 11; 17.7%) or to hospital authorities (n = 10; 16.1%). Out of the 69 perpetrators, 19 (30.6%) were imprisoned with sentences ranging from 12 months to an indefinite period and one (1.6%) received a death sentence. Conclusion The raping of patients by healthcare providers within healthcare settings calls for urgent and extensive measures. Stakeholders in healthcare management need to prioritize raising awareness about the problem, implement robust prevention and reporting strategies, and create healthcare environments that are safe, respectful, and supportive for all individuals seeking care.

Domestic violence increased dramatically in Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the previous pandemic. This article analyses how Indonesia's criminal justice system responded to domestic violence during the pandemic. This article used secondary data gathered from various online resources and legal publications. This article demonstrated that during the pandemic, victims of domestic violence in Indonesia were unable to access justice due to two significant barriers. Before filing a formal complaint with the appropriate official, victims would prefer to discuss the matter with their relatives. Furthermore, the victims could not report their cases to the responsible official due to mobility constraints. This case demonstrates that in patriarchal societies, the criminal justice system could not handle domestic violence cases more effectively. As a result, the technical operation of the criminal justice system necessitates the development of a novel method of case filing. This article proposes that the Indonesian criminal justice system establish a complaint system based on social media to provide victims of domestic violence with prompt justice. Furthermore, the legal advocacy role of the community in assisting domestic violence victims is critical.

Background and aims: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on the human grief experience, putting bereaved people in difficult, complex, and unprecedented conditions. This study explored complicated grief (CG) experiences in the families of victims of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A qualitative study with a phenomenological approach was conducted in 2021 in Isfahan, Iran. Purposive sampling was used in this study. Data were collected by in-depth and semi-structured interviews with 14 family members of COVID-19 victims and analyzed using Colaizzi’s method. Results: Findings include 260 primary codes extracted according to the purpose and research question in 5 main categories and 15 subcategories. Incompatibility, helplessness, untimely death, inconsolable grief, and neuroticism are the themes of the main categories. Conclusion: Many painful physical, mental, social, and spiritual experiences lead to complicated grief in the families of the COVID-19 victims. Awareness of health providers of this helps reduce the experience of incompatibility, helplessness, untimely death, inconsolable grief, and neuroticism in order to manage behavior and reduce negative emotions through specific psychological interventions. It also helps them cope with grief and the resulting psychological suffering.

Background. The provision of modern medical care to victims of road accidents requires the development of standardized approaches. One of the main mechanisms for solving this problem is the formation of scientifically sound clinical protocols and clinical routes for providing medical care, which is essential to creating a model of traffic injury. The purpose of the study was to form a mo­del of traffic trauma in Ukraine as a health-sanitary consequence of an emergency of a man-made nature as a whole and on its basis — a model of providing medical assistance to victims of traffic trauma. Materials and methods. An array of studies of 1696 victims as a result of a traffic accident was formed. Methods of full mo­deling, insoluble randomization, formal logic, and medical statistics were applied. Clinical effective risks were identified. Results. Fundamental principles of modeling road trauma as a health-sanitary consequence of an emergency of a man-made nature as a whole and according to the main types of administrative-territorial entities of Ukraine were presented. The main criterion was the risk of the most serious consequence-the death of the victim, as well as determining the impact of risk-forming factors that did not form clinical-results risk. It has been proven that modeling traffic injury is an effective mechanism for reducing the severity of the medical consequences of road accidents. Conclusions. It is advisable to carry out the formation of models of traffic injury on a hierarchical principle. The principle of modeling significantly optimized making clinical and organizational decisions in the process of providing medical care and allowed to reduce the mortality rate of the victims by 8–11 %.

Background. Road traffic injury remains a significant medical and social problem for all humanity at any time. The aim of the research: to determine the characteristics of the victims of traffic accidents depending on the sign of their participation in traffic and living conditions. Materials and methods. This article is a continuation of previous publications in the journal “Emergency medicine (Ukraine)”, that is, this component of the comprehensive study was conducted using a single factual material. The actual material of the study is 1,696 cases of traffic injuries, which were selected by the method of irreversible randomization. Model 1 of the real-life type was chosen to be a metropolis with a volume of actual material of 1,139 victims with traffic injuries, model 2 (rural area) — 315 cases, model 3 (regional city) — 242 cases. The study of the actual material was carried out using the methods of parametric and non-parametric statistics, the law of formal logic and fractal analysis. Results. The study found that the properties of the research models have a significant impact on the occurrence of injuries depending on the sign of participation in traffic. The largest specific weight of drivers was recorded in the metropolis (40.65 %), the smallest — in rural areas (16.19 %). The specific weight of passengers was the highest in the regional city (36.36 %), rural areas (23.49 %), and the lowest in the metropolis (22.43 %). The highest specific weight of pedestrians was observed in rural areas (60.32 %), in the metropolis this figure is 36.88 %, and the lowest specific weight is in the regional city (27.28 %). In addition, the influence of the characteristics of the models on the formation of the research array was found depending on the sign of participation in traffic and the victim’s gender. Attention is drawn to the very low share of female drivers (4.55 %) in rural areas, while in a regional city, this figure is 24.39 %. The influence of the properties of the models and signs of participation in traffic on the occurrence of a negative outcome of the traumatic process in the victims of traffic accidents has also been proven. As a result of the analysis, the impact of research models on the emergence and formation of the array of victims with a negative outcome of the traumatic process was determined, depending on their age and participation in the traffic. Conclusions. Probable and direct influence of living conditions and signs of participation in the traffic on the formation of an array of victims of traffic accidents has been found. Gender has a significant impact in all research models, and it is most pronounced in the conditions of a metropolis in male victims. The sign of participation in traffic has a significant effect on the outcome of the traumatic process in victims of traffic accidents. This effect is especially pronounced in those who were injured in rural areas. The highest fatality rate among all road users is observed among pedestrians in rural areas (37.37 %), and the lowest among drivers in metropolitan areas (3.02 %).

Background/Aims:Due to the prioritization of limb and life-saving efforts by medical teams, peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) resulting from earthquakes are frequently overlooked or receive delayed treatment. Thus, we examined earthquake-related PNIs in terms of their descriptive characteristics and injury patterns Methods: The study was conducted retrospectively in a tertiary hospital after Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes. The study included victims under rubble admitted to the hospital and diagnosed with PNI according to their medical records between 06 February and 28 February 2023. Results: The study included 70 patients and a total of 98 limbs with PNIs, with a mean patient age of 22.31±14.91 years. 77.6% (n=76) of PNIs involved the lower limb (68 peroneal and 8 sciatic nerves) and 22.4% (n=22) of PNIs involved the upper limbs (14 radial nerves, 5 ulnar nerves, 2 median nerves, 1 brachial plexus). It was found that 45.9% of PNIs (n=45) occurred in the right and 54.1% (n=53) in the left extremities. The median time under the rubble of the patients was 15 hours (IQR 8.75 - 32 hours). Fasciotomy was treated in 54.1% (n=43) of the extremities with PNI. Fasciotomies were most commonly performed on the cruris (42.9%), foot (26.5%), and thigh (16.3%). Conclusion: This study found that PNIs occurred most frequently in the lower limbs, compared with the upper limbs, among earthquake victims with CLIs. Lower limb PNIs mainly occurred in the peroneal nerve, while upper limb PNIs mainly occurred in the radial nerve.

Environments. In response to this issue, The Indonesian Child Protection Commission (KPAI) was established to protect the interests of children and prevent violence against them. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the Indonesian Child Protection Commission in safeguarding the rights of children who are victims of bullying crimes, and the legal protections provided for children as victims of such crimes. The empirical legal method was employed in this research, utilizing both primary and secondary data sources. Data collection techniques included interviews and literature studies, with qualitative descriptive data analysis. In the discussion of this research, the author utilizes the theories of legal effectiveness, legal protection, and the principle of lex specialis derogate legi generalis. The findings indicate that the Indonesian Child Protection Commission has effectively fulfilled its duties, as evidenced by a significant decrease in reported cases from 2021 to 2023. The role of the Indonesian Child Protection Commission, in collaboration with other institutions such as the Commission for the Protection of Children in the Region (KPPAD) and UPTD PPA, involves providing protection for children victimized by bullying through supervision, legal assistance, and psychological support.

Abstract Background After the Kahramanmaras earthquake of February 6, 2023, the disaster of the century, a significant number of victims were admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). In this study, we aimed to share the characteristics and management of critical earthquake victims and shed light on our experiences as intensivists in future earthquakes. Methods The study included 62 earthquake victims in two tertiary ICUs. Demographic characteristics, laboratory findings, clinical characteristics, trauma and disease severity scores, treatments administered to patients, and the clinical course of the patients were recorded retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups, survivors and nonsurvivors, according to 7-day mortality and into two groups according to the duration of their stay under the rubble: those who remained under the rubble for 72 hours or less and those who remained under the rubble for more than 72 hours. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the best cutoff value for the ‘Circulation, Respiration, Abdomen, Motor, and Speech’ (CRAMS) score. Results The median age of the 62 patients included in the study was 35.5 (23-53) years. The median length of stay under the rubble for the patients was 30.5 (12-64.5) hours. The patient was transferred to the ward with a maximum duration of 222 hours under the rubble. The limb (75.8%) was the most common location of trauma in patients admitted to the ICU. Crush syndrome developed in 96.8% of the patients. There was a positive correlation between the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) and myoglobin, serum lactate, and uric acid levels (r = 0.372, p = 0.003; r = 0.307, p = 0.016; r = 0.428, p = 0.001, respectively). The best cutoff of the CRAMS score to predict in-7-day mortality was < 4.5 with 0.94 area under the curve (AUC); application of this threshold resulted in 75% sensitivity and 96.3% specificity. Conclusion Search and rescue operations should continue for at least ten days after an earthquake. The CRAMS score can be used to assess trauma severity and predict mortality in critically ill earthquake victims.

The present article aims to bring to the attention of the public the compensations granted to people injured as a result of traffic accidents. In the lives of each of us, tragic events remind everyone of the importance of abiding by the traffic rules and paying more attention to the road both as drivers and as pedestrians. Car drivers are urged to be cautious, adapt speed to road conditions and avoid reckless behaviour in traffic. Also, pedestrians must know and respect the traffic rules. Practically, these are simple measures that make the difference between life and death, between a happy life and one in which traumas affect the state of well-being, of normality, in similar emergency situations.

Abstract Background Alcohol-related harm (ARH) is a significant public health concern affecting young individuals, particularly those involved in alcohol-related police incidents resulting in hospitalisation. However, the impact of alcohol on young victims remains under researched. This study aimed to identify the characteristics of offenders and victims involved in these incidents, analyse the types of offences, and understand the under-ascertainment of ARH in hospital records. Methods A retrospective longitudinal study of 12–24-year-olds born between 1980 and 2005 was conducted using linked data from hospital admissions, emergency department presentations, and police incident records. Alcohol-related incidents were identified based on the attending officers’ opinions in the Western Australia Police’s Incident Management System (IMS). Logistic and log-binomial regression were utilised to analyse the factors associated with victimisation and under-ascertainment of ARH. Results Our study included 22,747 individuals (11,433 victims and 11,314 offenders) involved in alcohol-related police incidents, with a small majority of victims being female (53%, n = 6,074) and a large majority of offenders being male (84.3%, n = 9,532). Most victims did not receive a diagnosis of ARH (71%, n = 760). Women were 10 times more likely to have been a victim in ARH police incidents and 2 times more likely to have an undiagnosed alcohol-related hospital admission than men. Victims and offenders predominantly came from disadvantaged areas and major cities. Aboriginal individuals were overrepresented as both offenders and victims. A significant proportion of individuals experienced emergency department presentations or hospital admissions, with head injuries being the most common. Assault causing bodily harm was the most prevalent offence resulting in hospitalisation (66%, n = 2,018). Conclusions There is a noteworthy disparity between the quantity of hospital admissions attributed to alcohol-related incidents and the number of cases that are formally classified as ARH in the hospital system. This disparity highlights a more profound issue of substantial under-ascertainment or inadequate identification of ARH than previously acknowledged. Our findings justify the prioritisation of prevention strategies, beyond improvement in the documentation of alcohol-related hospitalisation. Considering the scale of the problem, and the underestimation of the burden of alcohol-related hospitalisation, a proportional increase in investment is necessary to achieve population-level reductions in ARH.

Rohman Hikmat,1 Iyus Yosep,2 Taty Hernawaty,2 Ai Mardhiyah3 1Master of Nursing Program, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Jawa Barat, Indonesia; 2Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Jawa Barat, Indonesia; 3Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Jawa Barat, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Rohman Hikmat, Master of Nursing Program, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Ir. Soekarno KM. 21, Hegarmanah, Jatinangor, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia, Tel +62881023623453, Email rohman17001@mail.unpad.ac.idAbstract: Bullying is a violent activity that causes significant harm to both victims and perpetrators. Anxiety, despair, low self-esteem, and suicidal ideation are signs of bullying’s traumatic effect. The social environment’s support proved critical in lessening the devastating experience of bullying on adolescents. The purpose of this study is to conduct a scoping Review of Anti-Bullying Interventions with the aim of reporting techniques to reduce traumatic effect of bullying among adolescents. A design scoping review was done in this investigation. The publications were discovered using the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Review method. Three databases were used to find this article: PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus. The inclusion criteria for this study were that the sample included adolescent victims of bullying, that it was full text, that it was written in English, that it included anti-bullying therapies, that it used randomized control trials or quasi-experimental designs, and that it was published during the last ten years (2014– 2023). The authors found 16 articles were obtained that explored Anti-bullying therapies to minimize symptoms of trauma in adolescent bullies. All of the studies found that the intervention significantly reduced the effects of bullying on victims (p< 0.05). The sample sizes ranged from 31 to 5539 teenage respondents. This study discovered three types of anti-bullying interventions: social support, social skills, and school-based programs. Activities such as education, counseling, and training are used to prevent bullying behavior in schools. Adolescent intervention takes into account the participants’ physical and psychological situations and focuses on completing the stages of adolescent development. Interventions to reduce the impact of trauma on bullying victims need to involve health providers, parents, and adolescents. This aims to form a mutually supportive system in overcoming the problem of bullying.Keywords: adolescents, anti-bullying intervention, bullying, victims

La reconstrucción del pasado reciente del conflicto armado y los procesos de verdad, justicia y reparación con garantías de no repetición, como pilares fundamentales de la justicia transicional en defensa de los derechos de las víctimas, han exacerbado los ejercicios de construcción de memoria en el país. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo describir la producción intelectual sobre los usos y abusos de la memoria, a partir de un ejercicio de revisión documental en bases de datos de producción científica, considerando sus prácticas en términos de intervención, las temáticas abordadas y las metodologías que se han utilizado para el análisis de la construcción de memoria en el marco del conflicto armado colombiano y la reparación de las víctimas en el periodo de 2008 y 2017. Los resultados indican que existe una vasta producción documental sobre la construcción de la memoria histórica en términos de reparación, formas de resistencia y procesos judiciales. The construction of the recent armed conflict and the truth process, justice and reparation of guareantees of not repeated, as a fundamental anchor of the transitional justice defending the humanrights of the victims, it has beeen exarcebate the costruction of memory in our country. The recent article has as an obtective to describe the intelectual production about the uses and abuses of the memory, according to an exercise of documental revisión and the data base of cientific production, considering the practicum in terms of intervention, the thematics well talked about in this documentary and the methodology used for the analysis of the memory construction in the frame of the conflicto armed in Colombia and the victims affair during 2008 and 2017. The results indicates that there is a documental production about the comnstruction of the history memory in terms of reparation, ways of resistence ans judicial processs.

Abstract Background Dating Violence (DV) is a type of Intimate Partner Violence that occurs between young people, and they are those behaviours that cause physical, sexual or psychological harm. Objective/aim To know the experience of university students around dating violence. Design and methods Qualitative study with a phenomenological approach was conducted through semi-structured individual interviews with nursing students’ victims of dating violence with the same starting categories. The public involve in this study were nursing students who freely agreed to participate in the interviews and gave their informed consent. Results Eleven nursing students participated, the sample was heterogeneous for gender and sexual diversity. Obtaining results about their experience with dating violence, manifestations of dating violence and cyber violence in their relationships, consequences, formal and informal help seeking and proposals for help as nursing students, among others. Conclusion Dating violence is a serious problem that seriously affects the victims and requires the creation of prevention programs. The experiences of university students about DV are mainly painful experiences, with serious consequences for those involved, needing help from their close environment and professional help to overcome the problems generated by their partners. Implications It is important due to the high prevalence of this phenomenon, also among nursing students, to provide key points to future health professionals and victims of dating violence on the correct way to act against violence due to lack of knowledge on the subject. This study clarifies the experiences of dating violence and how to offer help to victims from the informal and professional sphere. Trial registration This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Clinical Research of the Health Area of Talavera de la Reina (Toledo) with code 01/2021.

AbstractPolice accountability is essential for affected victims and public trust-building, yet there are limited interventions addressing this issue. A mixed method design was adopted to examine the feasibility, appropriateness, and acceptability of a Legal Education-informed Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (LiCBT) for improving victims’ confidence using 24 participants from Delta-State, Nigeria. Participants were assessed using the Legal-Consciousness-Questionnaire, Legal Awareness of Complaint Channel Scale and the PHQ-9. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test was used to analyse quantitative data, while the qualitative analyses involved thematic-analysis from a social identity theoretical lens. The study recorded retention rates of 96% in the 12-sessions and 100% in the baseline, end-of-intervention and 3-months follow-ups. Participants showed increased knowledge of their legal rights (LCQ) from baseline (Md = 1.00) to end of intervention (Md = 4.00) with z = −4.427, and at 3-months follow-up, z = −4.423. Findings also showed reduced depression from baseline (Md = 4.00) to end of intervention (Md = 1.00) with z = −4.061 and at 3 months (Md = 1.00) with z = −4.142. LiCBT is acceptable and feasible for improving legal knowledge, reducing depression, including improving positive attitudes towards the police. A fully powered randomised control trial is recommended to test its effectiveness.

AbstractHuman trafficking is one of the most rapidly increasing forms of transnational crime. Globally, an estimated 25 million adults and children are subjected to modern slavery or human trafficking. In India, approximately 7 thousand cases of human trafficking have been reported as of 2021 (ILO, 2022). The present study aims to contextualize the changing levels and patterns of human trafficking by integrating demographic and spatial dimensions by considering the dynamics of human trafficking with space, population, time, and circumstances in India. The study uses information from human trafficking cases reported by police records data accessed from Indiastat (www.Indiastat.com), an online repository supervised by the Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India. The present study deploys descriptive statistical techniques to accomplish the objectives, as the descriptive design provides a detailed and accurate data representation. Location quotient (LQ) mapping is used to detect the degree of victimization by human trafficking for 2021. The volume of human trafficking remained stagnant (above five thousand) until 2017, but it decreased in 2020 due to the COVID-19 lockdown restricting human mobility. Forced labor (43%) and sexual exploitation (33%) are the leading causes of trafficking in India. Rajasthan (80.8%) male victims and Maharashtra (94.0%) female victims reported the highest reported cases of human trafficking by gender. The highest concentration of human trafficking concerning its population is in Goa LQ value: 8.18). Child rights protection measures and robust anti-trafficking policies should be established as major policy measures for the Indian government.

The characteristics of this serious organized crime, which mainly threatens the internal and external security of countries, have led to the formation of a repressive criminal policy in most countries. Indeed, the necessity to deal effectively with human trafficking has led countries to adopt a policy approach based on repressive measures. It can be said that the dangerousness and incorrigibility of human trafficking offenders have become two complementary and irrefutable criminal narratives, the main reason for which is the emergence of two theories, “refusal to rehabilitate offenders” and “refusal for restorative policy against human trafficking”. Despite this view, in this research, an attempt is made to reverse these two super narratives of the enemy-oriented criminal policy and to argue in the direction of establishing a restorative discourse with the aim of gradually restoring the anti-human trafficking criminal policy. The present research is written based on descriptive and analytical methods, and the methods of collecting information are from library-documentary studies. The researcher's effort in this article is to criticize the theory of “refusal for restorative justice” and defend the theory of “the possibility of restoring the criminal policy against human trafficking”. Considering this issue, this article aims to analyze the feasibility and efficiency of implementing restorative justice regarding human trafficking and concludes with a descriptive-analytical approach that relying only on the criminal response is not sufficient or efficient to deal with such crimes. In this regard, the author argues that the assumption is based on the possibility of using (and the efficiency of) restorative programs for human trafficking offenders and that a restorative response can be implemented in parallel with punitive measures regarding these crimes.

Critical race theory is used to investigate the literature on victimhood and subtle and blatant prejudice in law enforcement. In the current contextual climate, the phenomenon of discrimination is explored through a sociology of law to discuss the theoretical and practical implications of justice practitioners on society. Discrimination based on gender, racial bias, ethnicity/religion, and other sociocultural markers of difference is an ongoing process which must urgently be considered and treated as a structural concern in society and distinctly, in legal frameworks embedded as police and victim paradigms. The diffusion of fear and stereotypes of a constructed ‘other’ has been pronounced since historical narratives until the contemporary moment to portray power imbalances and victim-blaming attitudes which reinforce favouritism of certain identities and silence others. Discourses of (dis)empowerment are perpetuated in knowledge apparatus which produce and subject the ‘other’ into a category of inferiority evident in judgments of crime. Racism and the perpetuity of racist discourses are in this way critically redressed to reveal the significance of multidisciplinary approaches in socio-legal frameworks and the interwoven potentials of justice to protect all identities as human beings.

On the sad experience of five decades of suffering as a result of terrorism in Spain, this work deals with the evolution experienced by the system provided by the State to compensate the victims of terrorism for the personal damages inflicted. The deficiencies of the compensation system are raised, among which the differences between victims depending on whether the legal scale is applied to those who have not been sentenced, or whether the compensation imposed in a final judgment for civil liability set by the Audiencia Nacional is taken as a reference. Alongside this, the differences that have arisen with the complementary regulation that some autonomous communities have introduced. The different initiatives undertaken to solve this issue are also analysed, as well as the quantitative results of the system in force.

It is emphasised that in connection with the full-scale war of the russian federation against Ukraine, new risk factors for the increase in domestic violence have emerged, among which the most significant are fear, uncertainty; a sense of helplessness and confusion; socio-economic instability and job loss; forced displacement and loss of a safe environment and established interpersonal space; disruption of family dynamics and relationships; increased alcohol and drug use; easy access to various types of weapons; and the emergence of post-traumatic stress syndrome. It is noted that modern science considers domestic violence through the prism of existing approaches that explain the causes of its occurrence and peculiarities of its course. The first approach, the socio-cultural approach, focuses on the analysis of social structures, cultural norms and values of society as factors of domestic violence. It focuses on the impact of social factors and structures, as well as family relationships, on the management of the atmosphere of violence. The approach sees the main cause of domestic violence and violence against women as the so-called male dominance in social relations, the lack of gender equality, and the existence of established patriarchal norms that contribute to violence. The next individual psychological approach considers concepts that explain violence by human nature and focuses on the study of the personality traits of the perpetrator and the victim. Proponents of this approach emphasise that there are certain innate inclinations and instincts that push people to violence. Representatives of the systemic-family approach focus on the study of interaction, communication dynamics, conflict resolution processes in the family and ways of reconciliation that exist between its members. Violence is caused by various physical, moral, aesthetic, and economic constraints. According to scientists, violence is associated with the use of deliberate physical, psychological, financial and material pressure on a person, as most cases of domestic violence intersect with psychological pressure and exploitation. Representatives of the sociological approach note that violence is a general social phenomenon and it is a consequence of the clash of various interests manifested at different levels of its development, i.e. violence is socioculturally determined. The most widely accepted today is the ecological theory of violence, which explains domestic violence by considering the problem from different aspects through the prism of the mutual influence of four systems on human development: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem. Therefore, despite the war, it is necessary to continue work on prevention and appropriate response to domestic violence, and understanding the essence and content of existing theoretical concepts of violence is one of the components of countering this phenomenon.

The recognition of latent criminality is always topical because if we do not know its approximate rate, the measures for reducing crime will be limited and not very effective. We researched the possibilities of recognizing latent criminality. Our study did not aim to solve this complicated issue, but to detect the level of latent criminality in the Czech Republic, the ways to recognize it, and the possible reasons behind the "non-reporting" of crimes.

Major earthquakes can cause crush injuries. Damage to buildings is a major cause of death and injury in earthquakes, especially when solid building materials such as concrete are used. The most common injuries following earthquakes are fractures, compartment syndromes, major soft tissue injuries, and crush injuries. This highlights the importance of planning at the national level before natural disasters occur. The aim of this study was to review what needs to be done in orthopedic and trauma services in the field, during transfer, and in advanced treatment centers after an earthquake disaster in our country, where high-intensity earthquakes occur. In conclusion, strategic planning in the field, during transfer, and in advanced treatment centers can reduce the pressure on the health system in similar mass disasters.

Background and objective: Internationally, the eighth leading cause of death among young males is attributed to road accidents, as yearly a million and three-quarters of people die which became a series public of health concerns in developing countries. This study aimed at determining the pattern and outcomes of hospitalized road traffic accidents in Erbil city. Methods: This prospective hospital-based study was conducted from March 2020 to February 2021, at RozhHalat and RozhAwa Emergency governmental hospitals in Erbil, Iraq. Data was collected for one complete year and the admitted cases in the year had been included. Which was composed of 2225 road traffic accident victims. A specially designed questionnaire was used to collect the data using direct face-to-face interviews. Results: 2225 victims were obtained in both Emergency hospitals 1835 (82.5%) of them were males, 390 (17.5%) were females, and the mean age±SD was (24.7±15.1) years old. The death rate from road traffic accidents was 250 (18%). Nearly one-third of 689 (31%) of victims were at aged (20-29), the highest pattern rate of 1221 (54.9%) was among drivers, and on motorcycles 883 (39.7%) had the highest reported victims rate, occurred at rush hours (5-7 pm). During Summer season 681 (30.6%), at daylights 1608 (72.3%). With P

In today's society, love becomes an escape from loneliness and an object of digital relationships that often seem to replace “human” relationships in an already very complex sentimental dynamic, but even more complex after the experience of SARS-CoV-2. Such “emotional sensitivity” (Condorelli, 2021) is part of the broader, current, and renewed debate on the affective bond of the love type that, from the individual space with tangible characteristics, is manifested on the stage of online estimity (Tisseron, 2011; Stanton et al., 2016). Indeed, according to the Postal Police in 2021, there was +118% of sentimental scams in Italy (Polizia Postale, 2022). In particular, among these dangers, there is the Romance Scam (Love Scam or also known as sweetheart swindles), as to say a criminal practice in which a user is lured by scammers who use a fake or stolen identity on social networks in order to extort, scam or blackmail the victim who believes they are experiencing a real love relationship (Whitty, 2015; 2018; Carter, 2021; Cassandra, Lee, 2022; Suleman et al., 2023). Therefore, the essay aims to reflect on the online dynamic from a socio-criminological point of view, starting from the theories to arriving at the most recent and current implications of the phenomenon with particular attention to the underlying and emerging emotional dynamics.

Background. The search for natural adaptogens is promising due to the possibility of expanding the range of drugs that contribute to the adaptation of the body to adverse environmental factors. Purpose. To study the stress-protective and anxiolytic action of the extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi under conditions of "social" stress. Materials and methods. We used an extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. The study of the stress-protective and anxiolytic effects of the extract was carried out on 84 male non-linear rats aged 7-9 months. The first stage of the experiment involved the study of pharmacological actions in the absence of stress, and at the second stage, under conditions of “social” stress, the expected effects were determined on animals, in the groups of which individuals of dominant and submissive types of behavior were identified. Determination of the content of corticosterone, adrenaline and noradrenaline (nmol/l) was carried out by enzyme immunoassay. Results. It was established that in the norm, the experimental groups that received the extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, medicinal products "Mebikar®" and "Phezam®" showed a significant decrease in the level of corticosterone compared with the control group. At the second stage of the study in groups when modeling "social" stress, it was found that there were significant differences between the concentration of stress hormones in animals of dominant and submissive types. Administration of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extract reduced hormone levels for both aggressors and victims relative to the stressed control group. We observed a decrease in the concentration of corticosterone by 1.5 and 1.5 (p

Background. One of the main causes of death and disability of the population in Ukraine is traffic accidents. In addition, in 2022–2023, the number of fatal traffic accidents increased. The purpose was to determine the peculiarities of the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of traffic injuries as medical and sanitary consequences of emergencies in the components of the totality of the phenomenon (traffic accident). Materials and methods. The actual material of the study was 1,696 cases of traffic injuries, which were selected by the method of irreversible randomization. The study was conducted in 2019–2020. This array was distributed according to the conditions of an epidemiological experiment on natural models, which was formed in accordance with the requirements and criteria of the law of large numbers. Model 1 is a metropolis. This model includes victims who were injured and were treated in a metropolis (population of more than 1,000,000). Model 2 — rural area. This model includes victims who were injured in rural areas and were treated at a central district hospital. Model 3 is a regional city. This model includes victims who were injured in the city (population of 300,000–500,000). Results. As a result of the study, it was found that in all research models there was a significant advantage of injured men over women, but this indicator was the highest in model 2 (rural area) — 79.05 %. Indicators in model 1 (metropolis) and in model 3 (regional city) were practically equivalent to the indicator of the mixed regime (63.65, 66.12 and 66.86 %, respectively). The fact that the specific weight of those who survived prevails over that of the deceased in both gender groups in all research models is also noteworthy. The mortality was highest in men and women who were injured as a result of road accidents in rural areas (34.54 and 31.82 %, respectively), the lowest in men of model 2 (regional city; 3.75 %) and in women of model 1 (metropolis; 3.38 %). Also, the comparative analysis showed that the victims in the age group of 21–30 years rank first in all research models. People of working age (21–50 years old) among the victims of road accidents make up 66.81 % in model 1, 58.10 % in model 2, and 53.69 % in model 3. It was found that in almost all age groups, except for those older than 71 years, the highest mortality was observed in model 2 (rural area). The mortality in all study models was highest in the age group over 71 years: model 1 — 16.41 %, model 2 — 44.44 %, model 3 — 60.00 %. The lowest mortality was in model 1 in the age group of 21–30 years (2.17 %), in model 2 in the age group of 61–70 years (24.14 %), in model 3 in the age group of 21–30 years (7.02 %). Conclusions. The clinical and epidemiological characteristics of traffic injuries have specific features for metropolis, rural area, and regional city, which is a sign of certain differences in the infrastructure of models and the lifestyle of the population. All research models are characterized by the predominance of men, but this is especially pronounced in model 2 (rural area) — 79.05 %. The age factor has a significant influence on the formation of the array of victims in the research models, the largest specific weight in all models belongs to people of working age, which is most pronounced in the metropolis — 77.87 %. Age has a significant impact on the outcome of the traumatic process in all research models and is most pronounced in older age groups. The largest array of victims of working age with a negative course of the traumatic process was in rural areas — 75.70 %. Comparative clinical and epidemiological analysis of road traffic injuries in research models indicate the similarity of characteristics to develo­ping countries.

In a context marked by various transitional justice processes and still affected by dynamics of violence, in this article, we analyze psychosocial dimensions related to forgiveness and memory in experiences of members of social organizations who are victims of the Colombian armed conflict. The aim is to explore cognitive, emotional, and attitudinal processes that hinder or enable forgiveness. A mixed-methodology was used, with two studies conducted in the departments of Atlántico and Caldas. In the first study, a phenomenological design was applied to uncover ideas and emotions regarding memory and forgiveness among leaders of victim collectives. In the second study, a non-experimental design was implemented to analyze the interaction between three factors explaining the disposition to forgive (DP): enduring resentment (RD), sensitivity to circumstances (SC), and unconditional forgiveness (PI). The qualitative study revealed meanings surrounding memory that constrain forgiveness (RD, exclusive victim beliefs, and perceived obstacles to the effectiveness of transitional justice measures), as well as memory resignifications that promote forgiveness (understanding of the conflict, inclusive victim beliefs, memory linked to transitional justice, and PI). The quantitative study indicated that SC explains PI, while RD poses an obstacle. The research progresses towards a deeper comprehension of the connection between memory and forgiveness in transitional settings, unveiling challenges in effectively managing memory with forgiveness in mind. It highlights the significance of addressing RD and fostering SC to facilitate forgiveness, not only at the national level but also at the local and regional scales.

This article aims to explore the conceptions of forgiveness and resilience, and the relationship that may exist between them, from the perspective of victims of the Colombian armed conflict in the municipality of San Juan Nepomuceno in Montes de María. We followed an exploratory qualitative methodology with a descriptive and interpretative focus. The data was analyzed based on grounded theory, and a non-probabilistic snowball sampling approach was employed. Six semi-structured interviews were conducted including questions about forgiveness and resilience, whether victims believed forgiveness was possible, how they perceived resilience in their community, and their opinions on expressions of remorse by former members of armed groups. Within the framework of these two study categories, victims’ perspectives provided definitions of forgiveness and resilience. Forgiveness was described as a personal decision influenced by individual thinking, serving as a means to heal wounds and free oneself from negative emotions while not erasing the memory of past events. Resilience, on the other hand, was perceived as the individuals’ ability to navigate through challenges and traumatic situations, to explore alternative possibilities regardless of their available resources, and to empower themselves in order to enhance their own quality of life. Individual and collective coping strategies also came to light, encompassing practices such as art, dialogue, and communal memory processes.

El presente trabajo da cuenta de los elementos estructurales trazados por la doctrina sobre la naturaleza, contenido y fundamento de un derecho fundamental con el objeto de establecer si es correcto hablar de la reparación como derecho fundamental en el interior del orden jurídico colombiano, a través del cual las víctimas puedan gozar de la legitimidad necesaria para reclamar del Estado o de terceros acciones positivas que permitan la realización efectiva de una esfera mínima de dignidad, supervivencia o autodeterminación. Para lograr este objetivo se comparará la exigencia de la doctrina con las disposiciones normativas expresadas en jurisprudencia de las altas Cortes, legislación y actuaciones administrativas a través de las cuales se ha definido la noción de víctima en el contexto del conflicto armado interno y se han definido las vías administrativas, judiciales y simbólicas de reparación a las que tienen derecho; y que resulta necesario conocer y publicitar con el ánimo de revestir de una mayor esfera de legitimidad los procesos jurídicos y políticos a través de los cuales la sociedad colombiana transita de la guerra a la paz. This work gives an account of the structural elements traced by the doctrine on the nature, content and foundation of a fundamental right in order to establish if it is correct to speak of reparation as a fundamental right within the Colombian legal order, trough the which the victims can enjoy the necessary legitimacy to claim from the State or from third parties positive actions that allow the effective realization of a minimum sphere of dignity, survival or self-determination. To achieve this objective, the requirement of the doctrine will be compared with the normative provisions expressed in the jurisprudence of the high courts, legislation and administrative actions through which the notion of victim has been defined in the context of the internal armed conflict and have defined the administrative. Judicial and symbolic means of reparation to which they are entitled; and that it is necessary to know and publicize with the aim of investing with a greater sphere of legitimacy the legal and political processes through which Colombian society moves from war to peace.

Qualitative research on the experiences of victims of online dating romance scams is limited. Following a phenomenological framework, this study explores victims’ accounts of interactions with offenders from first contact, development of romance, patterns of exploitation, eventual revelation, and financial and emotional costs of dating fraud. Ten participants from six countries who were victims of Nigerian romance fraudsters took part in one-to-one, semi-structured video interviews and an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was carried out. Four superordinate themes were identified from participants’ experiences: i) online romance, ii) exploitations, iii) revelations, and iv) reactions. These themes highlighted the uniqueness of the experiences of victims of online dating scams and the depth of emotional loss suffered after their victimization. Findings suggested that offenders target middle-aged women with troubled marriages or widows with inherited wealth, engage in lengthy pre-dating friendships with their targets, and deploy different forms of emotional blackmail to exploit their victims. These were found to have severe financial and long-term emotional consequences on victims. Participants reported they sought legal redress as a recovery strategy from their emotional sufferings. These findings have important practical and policy implications if online romance dating scams, and their financial and non-financial consequences are to be addressed.

Across the world each year millions of people are victimised by online crime, many of whom fall victim to online fraud. One of the most enduring and prolific types of online fraud is romance fraud. Romance fraud often leads to financial and psychological devastation of those who are victimised. The study explores the experiences of 13 romance fraud victims through their own narratives. Through victim voices, we discuss psychological vulnerabilities and victim journeys, from initial contact with offenders to cessation. We seek to better understand the psychological experience of this type of victimisation. The current research is strongly motivated by the need to translate research on romance fraud victimology into practical and actionable strategies. We draw important conclusions about how to better educate potential victims on avoiding victimisation. The research provides a basis on which to develop better guidance for law enforcement and other key stakeholders who might play a role in romance fraud prevention. We discuss how to disrupt romance fraud offending using a victim-centric approach and recommend improved supports for victims.

Bullying at school negatively affects the class environment as well as all young people who participate in the bullying. One of the most important factors related to bullying is family. In the current study, the effect of family atmosphere and parenting style on different roles in bullying (bullies, victims, defenders) was examined in 155 adolescents (aged 13-15). The participants completed three self-reported scales measuring bullying, parenting style, and family atmosphere. For data analysis, Bayesian logistic regression was used. It was found that the family of bullies had less cohesion and control, more conflicts and fathers who demonstrated desultory parenting. Victims had higher family control, less family cohesion, fewer fathers with positive parenting and slightly higher positive parenting of mothers. Defenders had families with higher expressivity and organization, fewer conflicts, more fathers with positive parenting, fewer fathers with directive parenting and fewer mothers with autonomous parenting. Defenders were also predicted by the hostile parenting of fathers. Knowledge about the factors related to family atmosphere and parenting styles can be very useful in preparing bullying prevention and intervention programs.

This article addresses the critical issue of violence against children, defined as a violation of their rights across interpersonal, community, societal, and global settings, encompassing both physical and psychological actions targeting them or their parents. Globally, WHO estimates that an unacceptably large number of children aged 2–17 years, experience physical, sexual, or emotional violence or neglect yearly. War stands out as a major contributor to the infringement of children's fundamental human rights. Those in conflict zones undergo traumatic experiences, including the loss of family members, disruptions to social networks, displacement, and the denial of basic needs. The severe deprivation of essential resources and opportunities, coupled with the stress of warfare, poses a grave threat to the emotional and cognitive development of children, increasing the risk of physical and mental illnesses, disabilities, social problems, and intergenerational consequences. The article aims to draw attention to this issue and advocates for the development of appropriate academic and post-academic educational courses and training programs. This will better equip pediatricians and healthcare professionals to effectively combat violence against children in any context.

No abstract available.

In the context of the Colombian armed conflict, women have been the most affected, being the grief process the most deficient due to the lack of psychosocial support. The objective of this study was to describe resilience and coping strategies in a sample of women victims of the armed conflict and their relationship with the stages of grief experienced. The methodology used was a quantitative, descriptive, non-experimental, expost-facto approach. Twenty women victims of the armed conflict who were in different stages of grief due to the loss of their loved ones as a result of the armed conflict participated in the study. The Resilience Scale SV-RES for youth and adults" by Saavedra and Villalta (2008), the Coping Strategies Inventory (CSI) adapted by Cano, Rodríguez, and García (2006), and the Grief Phases Scale (EFD-66) by Miaja and Moral (2013) were used. Results: Deficiencies in the use of coping strategies were identified in the study sample, with a higher frequency of use of non-functional strategies. Women who were in more advanced stages of grief showed the use of more functional coping strategies. No correlation between stages of grief and time since loss was identified. Conclusions: The results suggest that the process of coping and grief elaboration in the sample of women victims of the armed conflict is not related to the time elapsed since their loss, but rather to the use of personological resources.

Background. Road traffic injuries remain one of the main causes of death in Ukraine even during the war. The Code of Civil Protection of Ukraine (Article 2, Clause 6) recognizes a traffic accident as a type of emergency. The purpose of the study: to form a comprehensive characterization of a traffic injury as a medical and sanitary consequence of a man-made emergency. Materials and methods. Typical territorial formations of Ukraine, namely cities with a population of more than 1,000,000 people, a typical regional center and rural areas, were included in the general research model. These components were chosen in compliance with the law of large numbers, regarding the requirements of typicality and the scope of the study. To meet these requirements, we selected a total of 1,696 victims of road traffic accidents who were included in the research array from the array of 21,000 victims using the random number method, while maintaining the component proportionality criterion. This study was conducted using the methods of epidemiological natural modeling, formal logic, fractal analysis, clinical standardization and medical statistics. Results. The specific weight of men injured in road accidents is 66.86 %, which is twice the number of women injured in road accidents. A significant effect of gender on the survival rate of victims was found: men survive in 88.71 %, and women in 91.99 % of cases. In the general array, majority of patients are persons of the most working age — 21–50 years old (63.33 %). In general, there is a tendency to decrease the specific weight of road accident victims starting from the age of 21, as the age factor increases. The highest rate of survival was recorded in the group of 21–30 years — 93.81 %, and the lowest — in people over 71 years of age — 75.27 %. Pedestrians have the largest specific weight in the total array, almost 40 %, and passengers have the lowest one — 24.65 %. In general, active road users make up 75.35 % of the total number. In the array of drivers who died, the specific weight of men is 90.32 %, and the fatality rate is 5.32 %. At the same time, the mortality rate for women is 3.95 %. The specific gravity of deceased male pedestrians is 70.64 %, while the fatality rate is 18.16 %, and among women this rate is 12.75 %. In all age groups, there is a different nature of the distribution of the negative outcome of traumatic process based on participation in the movement. At the same time, in all age groups, most victims who died are pedestrians. It was found that the age has a significant influence on the occurrence of a fatal outcome in traffic participants, with its greatest influence in victims older than 50 years. Conclusions. The clinical and epidemiological characteristics of victims of road accidents in Ukraine, as a medical and sanitary consequence of a man-made emergency, indicates that road traffic injuries are a significant medical and social problem in our country. This is due to the fact that they predominantly affect the most economically active segment of the population, which contributes significantly to the national product. The clinical and epidemiological characteristics of road traffic injuries in Ukraine have certain aspects, unlike other countries of the world, as a reflection of the peculiarities of life of population in our country. All clinical and epidemiological signs are risk-creating factors for the occurrence of a negative outcome of traumatic process due to the presence of a probable influence on this result and require verification of risks.

Background. Road traffic injury remains one of the most serious and complex types of human injury both in Ukraine and around the world. The purpose of the research: to determine the location and extent of spinal cord injuries as a component of polytrauma as a result of a road accident. Materials and methods. We formed a study array of 298 victims with spinal cord injuries from the array of road accident victims (1,696 people) who were treated in the emergency medical care hospital of the city of Kyiv, the emergency medical care hospital of the city of Chernivtsi, and three central district hospitals of the Kyiv region in 2020–2021. Formation of the research array was carried out by the method of irreversible randomization using the technology of random numbers. The selection criterion for inclusion in the study was the presence of spinal cord injury in road accident victims. At the same time, verification of the nature of the damage was determined at this stage of the study only by clinical and anatomical features, namely, the cervical spine, the thoracic spine and the lumbar spine. Results. It was established that 87.25 % receive damage to one part of the spine. Damage to all parts of the spine in road accidents occurs in 1.68 %. Among the combination of injuries of the spine, the combination of injuries of the thoracic and lumbar parts has the largest specific weight. Spinal cord injury occurs most often in drivers 37.05 %, the least common in pedestrians 30.82 %. According to the NISS, 51.02 % of victims receive a mild spinal cord injury, 39.99 % of victims receive a severe spinal cord injury. In victims with a severity of 25 points, damage to the cervical spine has the largest specific weight of 40.29 %, the smallest is the thoracic section of 28.70 %. In drivers and passengers, the cervical spine is most often damaged, 53.85 and 48.91 %, respectively. In pedestrians, the lumbar spine is most often injured, 47.19 %. The coefficient of combination of damage to several sections of the spine at the same time for drivers and passengers is 1.14, and for pedestrians — 1.6. Conclusions. Spine injuries occur in 17.98 % of victims of traffic accidents. Most often, the cervical spine is damaged in 46.64 %, thoracic — in 32.55 %, and lumbar — in 35.23 % of those injured as a result of traffic accidents.

Sexual violence is a global problem that violates human rights and fundamental freedoms. This paper examines the laws and regulations that guarantee the protection of victims according to Indonesian laws and Islamic law. Regarding Indonesian laws, besides the basic rules in the form of the Act on the Crime of Sexual Violence, there are also ministerial regulations (Regulation of the Minister of Education and Culture, and Regulation of the Minister of Religion) that protect and guarantee the safety of everyone from sexual violence offences. This is the concern of higher education institutions, that they are on the right track to address the issue of sexual violence with more passion and precision. The issues of sexual violence have received greater attention in universities, so that intensive prevention and response efforts are very important, with the aim of combating sexual violence in universities, navigating the application of laws and regulations relating to sexual violence, and more broadly, fostering a culture of respect, inclusion and courtesy towards others. These national laws are in line with the Islamic precepts regarding protection of citizens in the maqasid al-shariah concept, in which sexual violence offences can fall into all three categories of jarimah: qisas, hudud, and ta'zir, depending on the type of crimes committed.

In the article, the Author analyzes the organizational, legal and tactical features of the interrogation of juvenile victims and witnesses. Currently, there are problems of observing the rights of juvenile participants in criminal proceedings included in the mechanism of the crime, and the specifics of their personal and psychophysiological characteristics make this investigative action particularly difficult and time-consuming. In this connection, the Author has set the purpose of this article to study the organizational and legal possibilities of questioning juvenile victims and witnesses. In the course of studying law enforcement practice and the most common mistakes made during interrogations of minors, the main stages of this investigative action are highlighted and the most effective recommendations for their conduct are proposed, taking into account the psychophysiological characteristics of minors. The methodology of this research consists of: dialectical, analytical, comparative legal, empirical methods of cognition, comparative and logical-structural analyses, a systematic approach and a method of analysis and generalization of practice. The conducted research and the practical experience of the Author allowed us to draw conclusions about the imperfection of law enforcement practice and legal regulation of the interrogation of a minor. According to the Author, amendments to the current legislation will make it possible to fully use all possible tactics of interrogation of minors, which will increase the effectiveness of interrogation and minimize the possibility of repeated psychotraumatization of minors. The findings of the study can be used by practitioners when conducting investigative actions with the participation of minor victims and witnesses during the investigation and disclosure of crimes of various types. The theoretical conclusions made in the course of the study will help in studying the tactics of interrogation in the discipline “Criminalistics”.

This study aims to develop a model for the effective implementation of restitution criminal sanctions against individuals involved in trafficking in persons. The findings of this research hold strategic significance in terms of providing legal protection to victims and enhancing the concept of restitution. The study focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of imposing restitution sanctions on traffickers through judicial decisions in Indonesia. By employing a sociological juridical approach, this research examines legal norms and court rulings pertaining to prosecutors' charges against individuals involved in trafficking crimes. The analysis of these judicial decisions reveals that out of the cases reviewed, only seven included restitution sanctions, and none of the perpetrators fulfilled their restitution obligations. Instead, the offenders prioritized serving prison sentences over compensating the victims. Consequently, it is essential for prosecutors to prioritize the prosecution of perpetrators under the Law on the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Individuals. Furthermore, judges should consider utilizing the Law on the Eradication of Non-Criminal Persons and emphasizing imprisonment as an alternative to restitution.

La legislación y los instrumentos (planes, guías y protocolos) implementados en materia de trata de personas, a nivel global y local, tenían antes de la pandemia el objetivo de garantizar los derechos de las víctimas con el fin de asistirlas y protegerlas en su situación de especial vulnerabilidad. Sin embargo, la crisis sanitaria provocada por la COVID-19 y la declaración del Estado de alarma en España han generado un empeoramiento de su situación personal y, en consecuencia, se han adoptado otras normas y medidas sociales para proteger y paliar los perjuicios sufridos en esta situación excepcional. Por ello, el presente artículo analiza, desde una perspectiva de género, los efectos que han tenido tanto las reformas legales como las medidas asistenciales adoptadas por el Ministerio de Igualdad y las organizaciones sociales para mujeres víctimas de trata con fines de explotación sexual durante la pandemia de la COVID-19, haciendo mención especial al contexto vasco. Before the pandemic, the legislation and instruments (plans, guidelines and protocols) implemented in the field of human trafficking, at global and local level, had the objective of guaranteeing the rights of the victims in order to assist and protect them in their situation of special vulnerability. However, the health crisis caused by COVID-19 and the declaration of the State of Alarm in Spain have generated a worsening of their personal situation and, consequently, other social norms and measures have been adopted to protect and palliate the damages suffered in this exceptional situation. For this reason, this article analyzes, from a gender perspective, the effects of both the legal reforms and the assistance measures adopted by the Ministry of Equality and social organizations for women victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation during the COVID-19 pandemic, making special mention of the Basque context. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1339

This study aims to argue that the time of the criminal response at the international level is one neglected factor with unpredictable and sometimes irreversible consequences on the rights of victims. Speaking of delays, the idea is to demonstrate that this justice system does not react or act within a time limit that would prevent the deterioration of a situation, already disastrous and unbearable, in which the victims of these crimes. The resulting conclusions reveal that the set of rights enjoyed by these victims, until now, are not sufficient to protect them against these delays. And yet, the suffering they endure from the commission of these crimes justifies a substantial strengthening of their rights in order to avoid additional tortures, arising over time as long as justice has not resolved these conflicts, and will not have restored them to their violated rights.

Sexual violence against child is a global problem today. Although international instruments have been ratified, they do not guarantee the realization of the rights of child victims. One reason is that not all countries’ legal systems support victims. The principles of redress for victims of child sexual violence are set out in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Convention recognizes the principle of non-discrimination, the best interests of the child, child survival and development, and values Child opinions. The problem you encountered is related to 1) your security system. 2). Reintegration, psychosocial support, treatment and recovery, protection and support in court proceedings. A model of restorative justice that protects the rights of victims of child sexual violence can use the victim-offender mediation model. This model provides an opportunity for communities to come together and find solutions together when offenders are willing to admit their mistakes and take responsibility according to the needs of the victim’s child. The implications of this research are hoped to make a real contribution to the nation by providing better protection for children who are victims of sexual violence and reducing the trauma they experience.

The article examines the situation of children of parents in conflict with the law from a victimological and socio-criminological perspective, considering them as secondary victims of their parents’ offences. A comparative analysis was conducted on the conditions of these minors in Italy and Europe, investigating the legal framework, the maternity management, the possible presence of children residing in prison, and providing some examples of organisations and associations working to safeguard the well-being of these children. Particular attention was dedicated to the role of the school as protective factor for children experiencing parental imprisonment. Moreover, a questionnaire was developed which examined the awareness level of teachers in the Italian school system to understand whether these professionals were aware of the presence of underage students with at least one imprisoned parent in their classrooms.