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Thrombocytopenia represents one of the most frequent causes of addressability for a hematological consultation. The purpose of the study is to establish a correlation between the degree of thrombocytopenia and the appearance of the mucocutaneous bleeding, with a therapeutic purpose. Materials and method: Our study is a retrospective observational study and was carried out on a group of 100 patients who were referred to the Hematology Clinic of Sp. St. Spiridon, Iași for a period of 12 months and who presented with isolated thrombocytopenia on admission. Other coagulopathy evolving with thrombocytopenia were excluded. To establish the correlation between the decrease in the number of platelets and the appearance of the hemorrhagic skin-mucosal syndrome, statistical methods were used – F Test – Two sample for Variance. Results and discussions: Thrombocytopenia was defined as the value of platelets below 150,000\mmc. 5 grades of thrombocytopenia were established: grade I (TR=150,000-100,000/mmc), grade II (TR= 100,000-50,000/mmc), grade III (TR=50,000-20,000/mmc), grade IV (TR= 20,000 -10,000/mmc), grade V (TR below 10,000/mmc)40% of the patients included in the study presented thrombocytopenia gr. I, 24% – grade II, 15% – grade III, 6% – grade IV and 15% presented severe thrombocytopenia (grade V). The mucocutaneous bleeding was manifested by: petechiae and ecchymosis, epistaxis, bleeding in the oral cavity (gingival bleeding, hemorrhagic bullae), menometrorrhagia, hematuria, melena. There is a statistical correlation between the number of platelets and the occurrence of mucocutaneous bleeding: p=0.000121 (p less than 0.001). The first clinical manifestations of the mucocutaneous bleeding appeared at the value of 70,000/mmc. No statistical correlation was obtained between the age of the patients and the number of platelets (p=0.0352). Conclusions: The occurrence of mucocutaneous bleeding is directly related to the decrease in the number of platelets. The oral cavity usually is involved in bleeding caused by the decrease in the number of platelets and requires a multidisciplinary approach.

Abstract Background Platelets stored at 1–6 °C are hypothesized to be more hemostatically active than standard room temperature platelets (RTP) stored at 20–24 °C. Recent studies suggest converting RTP to cold-stored platelets (Delayed Cold-Stored Platelets, DCSP) may be an important way of extending platelet lifespan and increasing platelet supply while also activating and priming platelets for the treatment of acute bleeding. However, there is little clinical trial data supporting the efficacy and safety of DCSP compared to standard RTP. Methods This protocol details the design of a multicentre, two-arm, parallel-group, randomized, active-control, blinded, internal pilot trial to be conducted at two cardiac surgery centers in Canada. The study will randomize 50 adult (≥ 18 years old) patients undergoing at least moderately complex cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass and requiring platelet transfusion to receive either RTP as per standard of care (control group) or DCSP (intervention group). Patients randomized to the intervention group will receive ABO-identical, buffy-coat, pathogen-reduced, platelets in platelet additive solution maintained at 22 °C for up to 4 days then placed at 4 °C for a minimum of 24 h, with expiration at 14 days after collection. The duration of the intervention is from the termination of cardiopulmonary bypass to 24 h after, with a maximum of two doses of DCSP. Thereafter, all patients will receive RTP. The aim of this pilot is to assess the feasibility of a future RCT comparing the hemostatic effectiveness of DCSP to RTP (defined as the total number of allogeneic blood products transfused within 24 h after CPB) as well as safety. Specifically, the feasibility objectives of this pilot study are to determine (1) recruitment of ≥ 15% eligible patients per center per month); (2) appropriate platelet product available for ≥ 90% of patients randomized to the cold-stored platelet group; (3) Adherence to randomization assignment (> 90% of patients administered assigned product). Discussion DCSP represents a promising logistical solution to address platelet supply shortages and a potentially more efficacious option for the management of active bleeding. No prospective clinical studies on this topic have been conducted. This proposed internal pilot study will assess the feasibility of a larger definitive study. Trial registration NCT 06147531 (clinicaltrials.gov).

Extracellularsphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) emerged as an important regulator of muscle function. We previously found that plasma S1P concentration is elevated in response to acute exercise and training. Interestingly, hypoxia, which is commonly utilized in training programs, induces a similar effect. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to determine the effect of normobaric hypoxia on exercise-induced changes in blood sphingolipid metabolism. Fifteen male competitive cyclists performed a graded cycling exercise until exhaustion (GE) and a simulated 30 km individual time trial (TT) in either normoxic or hypoxic (FiO 2 = 16.5%) conditions. Blood samples were taken before the exercise, following its cessation, and after 30 min of recovery. We found that TT increased dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate (dhS1P) concentration in plasma (both HDL- and albuminbound) and blood cells, as well as the rate of dhS1P release from erythrocytes, regardless of oxygen availability. Plasma concentration of S1P was, however, reduced during the recovery phase, and this trend was augmented by hypoxia. On the other hand, GE in normoxia induced a selective increase in HDL-bound S1P. This effect disappeared when the exercise was performed in hypoxia, and it was associated with reduced S1P level in platelets and erythrocytes. We conclude that submaximal exercise elevates total plasma dhS1P concentration via increased availability of dihydrosphingosine resulting in enhanced dhS1P synthesis and release by blood cells. Maximal exercise, on the other hand, induces a selective increase in HDL-bound S1P, which is a consequence of mechanisms not related to blood cells. We also conclude that hypoxia reduces post-exercise plasma S1P concentration.

BackgroundThe clinical course of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes can be influenced by the coagulation status of individual patients. The prior use of antiplatelet therapy (APT) such as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) or P2Y12-antagonists has been inconsistently described as possibly increasing the risk of hemorrhagic transformation or expansion. Since clinical studies describing prior use of antiplatelet medication are overwhelmingly lacking specific functional tests, we aimed to implement testing in routine stroke care.MethodsWe used fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) with antibodies against CD61 for thrombocyte identification and CD62p or platelet activation complex-1 (PAC-1) to determine platelet activation. Aggregometry and automated platelet functioning analyzer (PFA-200) were employed to test thrombocyte reactivity. FACS and aggregometry samples were stimulated in vitro with arachidonic acid (AA) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to measure increase in CD62p-/PAC-1-expression or aggregation, respectively.ResultsBetween February and July 2023, 20 blood samples (n = 11 ischemic strokes; n = 7 hemorrhagic strokes; n = 2 controls) were acquired and analyzed within 24 h of symptom onset. N = 11 patients had taken ASA, n = 8 patients no APT and n = 1 ASA+clopidogrel. ASA intake compared to no APT was associated with lower CD62p expression after stimulation with AA on FACS analysis (median 15.8% [interquartile range {IQR} 12.6–37.2%] vs. 40.1% [IQR 20.3–56.3%]; p = 0.020), lower platelet aggregation (9.0% [IQR 7.0–12.0%] vs. 88.5% [IQR 11.8–92.0%]; p = 0.015) and longer time to plug formation with PFA-200 (248.0 s [IQR 157.0–297] vs. 121.5 s [IQR 99.8–174.3]; p = 0.027). Significant correlations were noted between AA-induced CD62p expression and aggregometry analysis (n = 18; ρ = 0.714; p < 0.001) as well as a negative correlation between CD62p increase and PFA clot formation time (n = 18; ρ = −0.613; p = 0.007). Sensitivity for ASA intake was highest for PFA (81.8% for values ≥155.5 s). The combination of ASA + clopidogrel also affected ADP-induced CD62p and PAC-1 expression.ConclusionIn the clinical setting it is feasible to use differentiated platelet analytics to determine alterations caused by antiplatelet therapy. Among the tests under investigation, PFA-200 showed the highest sensitivity for the intake of ASA in stroke patients. FACS analysis on the other hand might be able to provide a more nuanced approach to altered platelet reactivity.

To better characterize occurrence and extent of anticoagulant-associated pseudothrombocytopenia (PTCP) in the daily routine of a high-throughput clinical laboratory in order to draw conclusions on a more precise definition of this phenomenon.

Background: Beetroots are considered a vital source of nutrition and are usually incorporated into the daily diet to prevent different disease conditions. The therapeutic effect observed is due to the presence of active ingredients in the vegetables. The majority of our population, especially females, suffers from anemia due to malnutrition. The perseverance of this research was to explore the hematopoietic effects of lyophilized beetroot powder at different doses so they could be recommended as a nutritional supplement. Methodology: Albino rabbits weighing 1500-2000 gm of either gender were selected for the study and alienated into three sets. Set I was administered distilled water, whereas sets II and III were given lyophilized beetroot 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg, correspondingly. For hematopoietic evaluation of blood, automated huma count plus was utilized. After adjusting according to their weights, lyophilized beetroot powder was suspended in distilled water and given at 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg to rabbits. They were dosed once daily for two months. Results: The effects were verified before the dosing was scheduled and on the 30th day and 60th day of dosing. The outcomes presented a highly noteworthy increase (p

In humans, splenectomy is performed to treat many clinical disorders, including immune thrombocytopenia. However, the incidence of splenectomies for immune thrombocytopenia as a therapeutic has significantly declined over the past decade due to the availability of new therapies. Infection and sepsis as a result of splenectomies are well documented, but other long-term effects are not well characterized. Evidence suggests that persons who have had a prior splenectomy may be at an increased risk of vascular conditions. Also, elevated levels of cell-derived microparticles appear to contribute to an increased risk of thrombosis and cardiovascular disease. However, in vivo studies on the increased levels of microparticles following splenectomy are limited. In order to understand the effects of splenectomies, we developed a protocol for splenectomy in adult zebrafish. After anesthesia, the spleen was removed under a stereomicroscope after making an incision on the ventral side of the fish. The spleen was removed by pulling with forceps. The incision was closed by Vetbond tissue glue. Blood collected from both splenectomized zebrafish and those that underwent sham surgeries was immunolabeled with polyclonal antisera against αIIb, followed by flow cytometry. We observed elevated levels of thrombocytes and their microparticles in splenectomized zebrafish. Finally, by injecting αIIb antibody intravenously into zebrafish, we found the thrombocyte counts decreased, suggesting the fish developed immune thrombocytopenia like conditions, which were then reversed by splenectomy. In summary, the model developed here should be useful to study molecular changes due to splenectomy. Also, the zebrafish will be useful in modeling treatment of immune thrombocytopenia like conditions.

Leucocytozoon parasites remain poorly investigated in comparison to other haemosporidians. The host cell inhabited by their blood stages (gametocytes) remains insufficiently known. This study aimed to determine the blood cells inhabited by Leucocytozoon gametocytes in different species of Passeriformes and to test if this feature has a phylogenetic importance. We microscopically analyzed blood films stained with Giemsa from six different bird species and individuals and used PCR-based methods for parasite lineage identification. The DNA sequences obtained were applied for phylogenetic analysis. Leucocytozoon parasite from the song thrush Turdus philomelos (cytochrome b lineage STUR1), the blackbird Turdus merula (undetermined lineage), the garden warbler Sylvia borin (unknown lineage) inhabited erythrocytes, a parasite from the blue tit Cyanistes caeruleus (PARUS4) infects lymphocytes, while in the wood warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix (WW6) and the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita (AFR205) they were found inhabiting thrombocytes. Parasites infecting thrombocytes were closely related, while the parasites infecting erythrocytes were placed in three different clades, and the one found in lymphocytes was placed in a separate clade. This shows that the determination of host cells inhabited by Leucocytozoon parasites can be phylogenetically important and should be considered in future species descriptions. Noteworthy, phylogenetic analysis might be used for the prediction of which host cells parasite lineages might inhabit.

Background. Complete blood count (CBC) is a simple and affordable diagnostic tool that is routinely used in therapeutic practice. At the same time, its diagnostic and prognostic potentials in terms of management of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are currently limited. Based on a number of previous studies, we suggest that the analysis of platelet count and indices among AMI patients may have significant diagnostic and prognostic value, as well as dynamic changes in these parameters during the treatment course.Objectives. To evaluate the value of platelet indices and ratios in terms of their diagnostic and prognostic potential among patients with AMI at the time of hospitalization and on the 7th day of treatment.Materials and methods. The study involved 152 patients diagnosed with AMI (Group 1), 30 patients diagnosed with the chronic coronary syndrome (Group 2) and 24 healthy volunteers (Group 3). CBC was performed for all participants to determine all platelet indices. Also, anamnestic and clinical data were evaluated, as well as results of the coronary angiography. GRACE score was calculated.Results. The highest diagnostic value was shown by the WBC/MPV ratio (AUC 0,798; sensitivity 83,1 %; specificity 65,1 %) and PLT/L ratio (AUC 0,644; sensitivity 62,7 %; specificity 53,5 %), as opposed to traditionally used MPV (AUC 0,426; sensitivity 47,5 %; specificity 48,8 %) and PLT (AUC 0,484; sensitivity 60,8 %; specificity 58,1 %). We were unable to establish a relationship between CBC platelet counts at the time of hospitalization and the risk of complications according to the GRACE score. However, those changes according to CBC were obtained on the 7th day of treatment. In particular, the number of platelets was associated with the risk of hospital (r = 0,287; p = 0,016) and 6-month mortality (r = 0,260; p = 0,30), the duration of ischemia (r = 0,238; p = 0,016) and the number of affected vessels according to the results of angiography (r = 0,395; p = 0,002). Similarly, P-LCC correlated with the risk of hospital (r = 0,483; p = Conclusion. We found that combined ratios such as WBC/MPV and PLT/L had a higher diagnostic value compared to MPV, PLT and P-LCR. The prognostic potential of platelet indices was significantly higher on the 7th day of hospital stay. In particular, elevated levels of platelets, platelets, and P-LCR were correlated with a higher risk of hospital and 6-month mortality.

The examination of a peripheral blood smear is mandatory in case of unexplained thrombocytopenia or thrombocytosis. First, the number of platelets should be estimated in order to confirm the platelet count determined by the haematology analyser, and to rule out causes of spuriously low or elevated platelet counts. Second, the size and morphological features of the platelets, which may provide information on the underlying cause of the low or enhanced platelet count, have to be assessed.

Schizophrenia is a disorder of strange and disordered thoughts, delusions, hallucinations, inappropriate influences, and disorders of psychosocial functioning. One of the management of schizophrenia therapy is the administration of atypical antipsychotic drugs, namely clozapine. Clozapine is an antagonist of serotonin (5-HT2) and dopamine type 2 (D2) receptors. However, the risk of using clozapine provides a risk of side effects in the form of metabolic syndromes such as impaired blood glucose regulation and disorders of blood elements such as leukocytes and platelets. This study aims to determine the effect of using clozapine on blood glucose, leukocyte, and platelet levels in schizophrenia patients at Banyumas General Hospital. This research method was carried out by cross-sectional study in outpatient schizophrenia at Banyumas General Hospital who received clozapine therapy and had met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, taken by consecutive sampling, then examined blood glucose levels, leukocyte counts, and platelet counts before and after giving clozapine therapy. Samples were taken on day 1 and day 10 of drug use. Paired t-test statistical analysis was used to see the effect of using clozapine on glucose, leucocyte, and platelet levels. In the T-test, it was found that there was a relationship between the use of clozapine on the patient's blood glucose levels, the use of clozapine did not have a significant effect on the increase in leukocyte levels and there was also a relationship between the use of clozapine and the patient's platelet levels. The results showed that the patient had an increase in blood glucose levels by a percentage (100%), the patient had leukopenia by a percentage (63.5%), the patient had thrombocytopenia by a percentage (75%), while the other patients had thrombocytosis. Patients with hyperglycemia, leucopenia, and thrombocytopenia were those who used clozapine> 12 months

Platelets play roles in malignancy, wound healing, and immunity. Nevertheless, their significance in postoperative outcomes is not established. This is a retrospective cohort study of 100,795 patients undergoing cancer surgery in 2010 and 2014 in >500 hospitals. Patients were stratified into five groups based on preoperative platelet counts. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the risk of 30-day mortality, morbidities, readmission, and prolonged hospitalization using the mid-normal group as a reference. We adjusted for demographic variables, comorbidities, and operation complexity. In the 2014 cohort, multivariable analysis showed that mortality was higher in patients with thrombocytopenia (OR 1.49, 95% CI [1.23–1.81]), high-normal platelets (OR 1.29, [1.06–1.55]), and thrombocytosis (OR 1.78, [1.45–2.19]). Composite postoperative morbidity followed a similar trend with thrombocytopenia (OR 1.34, [1.25–1.43]), high-normal counts (OR 1.41, [1.33–1.49]), and thrombocytosis (OR 2.20, [2.05–2.36]). Concordantly, the risks of prolonged hospitalization and 30-day readmission followed the same pattern. These results were validated in a large colon cancer cohort from the 2010 database. In conclusion, platelet count is a prognostic indicator in cancer surgeries. This could be related to the role of platelets in wound healing and immunity on one hand, and propagating malignancy on the other.

Recent studies have indicated that medical options without splenectomy, such as rituximab (RTX) or thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RAs), can be effective to treat persistent or chronic primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). However, it remains to be determined which of these strategies should be the first choice after the first-line treatment for newly diagnosed ITP. We performed a systematic review and network meta-analysis to establish a clinically meaningful hierarchy of the efficacy and safety of medical treatments for persistent or chronic ITP in adults. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating medical treatments were included. Reviewers independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias. The main outcome was the overall response (platelet≥ 50 × 109/L); incidence of bleeding episodes, necessity of rescue treatments, and therapy-related adverse events including thrombosis were the secondary endpoints. A total of 12 randomized controlled trials (N= 1306) were included in this study. Our main finding was an improved overall response in TPO-RA arms (both Eltrombopag and Romiplostim) compared with that of RTX or placebo. There were no significant differences between Eltrombopag and Romiplostim. Moreover, clinically significant bleeding episodes were decreased in TPO-RA arm compared with placebo. Therapy-related adverse events showed similar profiles, and were tolerable in all treatment arms. In conclusion, TPO-RAs can be first choices for the treatment of persistent and chronic ITP, rather than RTX, as alternatives to splenectomy. Future head-to-head trials including TPO-RAs vs. RTX or Eltrombopag vs. Romiplostim are necessary to validate our study findings and determine the most suitable therapy for persistent/chronic ITP.

Thrombocytopenia is the most common haemostatic disorder in patients admitted to Intensive Care Units (ICUs). The mechanisms contributing to a decrease in the platelet count in critically ill patients are multifactorial, among which sepsis and trauma are the most frequent. A differential diagnosis of profound thrombocytopenia is crucial for effective treatment. A low platelet count is a strong independent predictor of morbidity and mortality because it is associated with life-threatening bleeding or thrombosis. This article aims to outline the definition and pathophysiology of thrombocytopenia and present a three-step algorithm of the clinical management of this haemostatic disorder.

Aim. To assess the P2Y12 inhibitors switch in patients ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in real-life’ clinical practice, evaluate the functional activity of thrombocytes and thrombocytopoiesis and determine the clinical and prognostic value of P2Y12 inhibitors switch in the framework of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with STEMI.Material and methods. We conducted local, stratified, prospective study in which were involved 101 patients, hospitalized no later than 12hours after the STEMI manifestation. The antiplatelet therapy (APT), prescribed by the physicians at the pre-hospital and inpatient phases of treatment, was analyzed. Functional activity of thrombocytes, levels of thrombopoietin (THPO), stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1) and thrombopoietic receptor (MPL) were investigated. The minimum observation period was 2 years. Death and repeated hospitalizations due to cardiovascular causes were monitored.Results. P2Y12 inhibitors were switched in 32,7% of patients with STEMI. In the hospital, clopidogrel, which was prescribed at the prehospital phase, was replaced with ticagrelor (early APT escalation) — 22,8%. Patients with early APT escalation by the seventh day had significantly greater inhibition of platelet aggregation activity parameters (slope of the aggregation curve, latent aggregation time and area under the aggregation curve). Activation of the collagen-induced platelet aggregation was detected. With the early escalation of APT, the THPO level was statistically significantly higher, both on the second and on the 7th day measurements: 256,2 (209,0; 396,8) pg/ml vs 137,5 (105,7; 179,1) pg/ml (p=0,000) and 283,4 (228,9; 334,3) pg/ml vs 226,5 (163,2; 287,3) pg/ml (p=0,045), respectively. The frequency of reaching the combined endpoint (death + re-hospitalization) was 7,9% in patients who had a P2Y12 switch, and 28,1% in patients who did not change the P2Y12 blocker.Conclusion. In actual clinical practice, patients with STEMI had the most frequent early APT escalation, which was characterized by a more significant suppression of adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation and secretion than in patients without P2Y12 inhibitors switch, but with activation of collagen-induced aggregation. An increase in thrombocytogenesis was revealed in early replacement of clopidogrel by ticagrelor. Intrahospital replacement of the P2Y12 inhibitor in patients with STEMI was accompanied by a decrease in the two-year death risk and repeated hospitalizations.

Platelets play an important part in the progression and pathological angiogenesis of brain glioma because of the different granules content and release of microvesicles that are the source of numerous mediators and bioactive substances, which probably provides a "strategy" for the tumour survival. The objective of study was exploring the effect of platelet-released secretion products of patients with brain glioma on the experimental model of tumour growth in vitro. For this purpose, the cells of glioma C6 were cultured for 72 hours under the addition of modified media containing platelet-released secretion products or conditioned media of peripheral blood cells of patients with glioma as well as persons of the comparison group without rough somatic pathology. In control glioma C6 cultures in standard conditions cell clusters were formed by the type of "spheroids", from which radial cell migration occurred, a tense cellular or reticular growth zone was formed, and tumour cells preserved their ability to mitotic division. Under the influence of platelet-released secretion products of patients with glioma, differently directed effects on cell mitotic activity and the number of cell clusters in glioma C6 cultures were detected depending on the degree of tumour malignancy: stimulating effect under the influence of platelet factors of patients with high-malignancy glioma (G4) and inhibitory effect – due to the influence of platelet factors of patients with differentiated glioma (G2). In contrast to the thrombocyte-released factors, the conditioned media of a common pool of peripheral blood cells of patients with G4 glioma suppressed the mitotic activity of tumour cells and did not affect the number of cell clusters. No changes in glioma C6 cultures were revealed after the influence of platelet-released secretion products of persons of the comparison group. The obtained data confirm the important role of platelets in the pathogenesis of brain glioma, pointing to the fundamental difference in the spectrum of biologically active molecules that are released by platelets of patients depending on the degree of tumour malignancy and are able to regulate the cell cycle and proliferative activity of the glioma tumour cells, which may have application as a diagnostic marker as well as predictive marker of response to antitumour therapy.

Objectives: Intracerebral hemorrhage/bleeding (ICH) after an infection with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) treated with the Janus-kinase inhibitor baricitinib has not been reported. Case presentation: A 86yo Caucasian female suddenly developed aphasia with a systolic blood pressure of 220 mmHg. Cerebral imaging revealed an ICH in the left temporal lobe without mass effect and no need for neurosurgical intervention. Her previous history was positive for arterial hypertension, hyperlipidemia, heart failure, renal insufficiency, hyperuricemia, macula degeneration, lumbalgia, and glaucoma bilaterally. Additionally, she had experienced an infection with SARS-CoV-2 with onset 44 days earlier having been treated with ceftriaxone (2 g/d for 7 d), dexamethasone (6 mg for 6 d), and bariticinib (2 mg for 6 d). Conclusions: Though ICH was time-linked to COVID-19, a causal relation could not be unequivocally established. Whether baricitinib increased the bleeding risk remains speculative. As long as causalities between ICH and baricitinib remain unproven, it should be given with caution and only under close blood pressure monitoring.

Background: Platelets (thrombocytes) are small anuclear cells that play an important role in blood clotting. They are activated and dysfunctional in brain disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and depression. Platelets express the amyloid-precursor protein (APP) and release beta-amyloid40 into the blood. Recent evidence reports that platelets also express the microtubule-associated protein tau. In this study, we further characterized the molecular appearance of tau and examined its alterations in patients with neurocognitive impairment. Methods: Platelets were isolated from patients with AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or depression and compared to healthy controls. Subsequently, FACS analysis was employed to characterize platelets for platelet surface P-selectin (CD62P). In order to enhance the detection levels, samples were pooled (15 samples per group) and analyzed by Lumipulse Assay, Western blots, and mass spectrometry. Results: Tau is expressed in human platelets and tau levels were decreased in platelets isolated from patients with AD and depression. Additionally, phospho-tau-181 was slightly increased in patients with depression. We show that tau is highly fragmented (20–40 kDa) in the platelet extracts using Western blot analysis. The mass spectrometry data did not show a clear identification of tau in the pooled platelet samples. Conclusions: Our data reveal that tau is found in platelets, possibly in a highly fragmented form. Tau levels may be used as a potential diagnostic approach to differentiate AD and depression from healthy controls.

Neisseria meningitidis causes sepsis and meningitis in humans. It has been suggested that pathogen genetic variation determines variance in disease severity. Here we report results of a genome-wide association study of 486 N. meningitidis genomes from meningococcal meningitis patients and their association with disease severity. Of 369 meningococcal meningitis patients for whom clinical data was available, 44 (12%) had unfavorable outcome and 24 (7%) died. To increase power, thrombocyte count was used as proxy marker for disease severity. Bacterial genetic variants were called as k-mers, SNPs, insertions and deletions and clusters of orthologous genes (COGs). Population-level meningococcal genetic variation did not explain variance in disease severity (unfavorable outcome or thrombocyte count) in this cohort (h2 = 0.0%; 95% confidence interval: 0.0–0.9). Genetic variants in the bacterial uppS gene represented the top signal associated with thrombocyte count (p-value = 9.96e-07) but this did not reach statistical significance. We did not find an association between previously published variants in lpxL1, fHbp, and tps genes and unfavorable outcome or thrombocyte count. A power analysis based on simulated phenotypes based on real genetic data from 880 N. meningitidis genomes showed that we would be able to detect a continuous phenotype with h2 > = 0.5 with the population size available in this study. This rules out a major contribution of pathogen genetic variation to disease severity in meningococcal meningitis, and shows that much larger sample sizes are required to find specific low-effect genetic variants modulating disease outcome in meningococcal meningitis.

Objective: To examine granulocytic and non-granulocytic cells in children with severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) and their nonneutropenic parents. Materials and Methods: Fifteen patients with SCN and 21 nonneutropenic parents were evaluated for a) CD95, CD95 ligand, annexin V, propidium iodide, cell cycle, and lymphocyte subsets by flow cytometry; b) rapid cell senescence (of leukocytes) by senescenceassociated β-galactosidase stain; c) aggregation tests by aggregometer; d) in vitro bleeding time by PFA-100 instrument; e) mepacrine-labeled dense granule number of thrombocytes by fluorescence microscope; and f) hematomorphology by light and electron microscope. HAX1, ELANE, G6PC3, CSF3R, and JAGN1 mutations associated with SCN were studied in patients and several parents. Results: Significant increase in apoptosis and secondary necrosis in monocytes, lymphocytes, and granulocytes of the patients and parents was detected, irrespective of the mutation type. CD95 and CD95 ligand results implied that apoptosis was non-CD95- mediated. Leukocytes of 25%, 12.5%, and 0% of patients, parents, and controls showed rapid cell senescence. The cell cycle analysis testable in four cases showed G1 arrest and apoptosis in lymphocytes of three. The patients had HAX1 (n=6), ELANE (n=2), G6PC3 (n=2), and unidentified (n=5) mutations. The CD3, CD4, and NK lymphocytes were below normal levels in 16.6%, 8.3%, and 36.4% of the patients and in 0%, 0%, and 15.4% of the parents (controls: 0%, 0%, 5.6%). The thrombocytes aggregated at low rates, dense granule number/ thrombocyte ratio was low, and in vitro bleeding time was prolonged in 37.5%-66.6% of patients and 33.3%-63.2% of parents (vs. 0% in controls). Under electron and/or light microscope, the neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and thrombocytes in the peripheral blood of both patients and parents were dysplastic and the bone marrow of patients revealed increased phagocytic activity, dysmegakaryopoiesis, and necrotic and apoptotic cells. Ultrastructurally, thrombocyte adhesion, aggregation, and release were inadequate. Conclusion: In cases of SCN, patients' pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells and their non-neutropenic parents are both affected irrespective of the genetic defect.

Intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins are vital for the genesis and maintenance of cilia. Our identification of ift122 transcripts in zebrafish thrombocytes that lack primary cilia was unexpected. IFT proteins serve transport in cilia, whose narrow dimensions may have necessitated the evolution of IFT from vesicular transport in ancestral eukaryotes. We hypothesized that IFTs might also facilitate transport within the filopodia that form when thrombocytes are activated. To test this possibility, we knocked down ift122 expression by injecting antisense Morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) into zebrafish embryos. Laser-induced arterial thrombosis showed prolonged time to occlusion (TTO) of the vessel, as would be expected with defective thrombocyte function. Acute effects in adult zebrafish were evaluated by Vivo-Morpholino (Vivo-MO) knockdown of ift122. Vivo-MO morphants showed a prolonged time to thrombocyte aggregation (TTA) in the plate tilt assay after thrombocyte activation by the following agonists: ADP, collagen, PAR1 peptide, and epinephrine. A luminescence assay for ATP revealed that ATP secretion by thrombocytes was reduced in collagen-activated blood of Vivo-MO ift122 morphants. Moreover, DiI-C18 labeled morphant thrombocytes exposed to collagen showed reductions in filopodia number and length. Analysis of ift mutants, in which cilia defects have been noted, also showed prolongation of TTO in our arterial laser thrombosis assay. Additionally, collagen activation of wild-type thrombocytes led to a concentration of IFT122 both within and at the base of filopodia. Taken together these results, suggest that IFT proteins are involved in both the extension of filopodia and secretion of ATP, which are critical in thrombocyte function.

Background: Infant mortality in Indonesia is at the highest level among the countries in South East Asia. Asphyxia in newborn has become the second risk factor for infant mortality. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between the level of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and thrombocytes of the mothers and asphyxia in the newborns at Panembahan Senopati Bantul Hospital. Methods: The study employed case-control method with 282 samples, which 141 assigned in the case and control group. This study used medical record of the patients as the secondary data. Chi-square, multiple logistic regression, and Odds Ratio Calculation (OR) were used for data analysis. Results: There was a meaningful correlation between the level of hemoglobin (OR=2.3, 95%CI=1.3-4), hematocrit (OR=4.3, 95%CI=1.4-13.4, and thrombocytes (OR=5.3, 95%CI=1.14-24.6) of the mothers and asphyxia in newborns. Thrombocytes was the most dominant factor related to asphyxia in newborns.. Conclusion: Mothers who have hemoglobin, hematocrit and thrombocytes levels under the normal have more than 2 times risk of asphyxia in their newborn than mothers who have normal hemoglobin, hematocrit and thrombocytes levels.

In recent decades, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of platelet function and platelet hemostasis correction. Platelets are considered as the most important participants of both normal, and pathological thrombotic process characteristic of the most different diseases and states. In the present review pathophysiological mechanisms of platelet synthesis of various mediators with paracrine effects, which can influence the function of other cells, are consecrated. The physiology of platelets was considered in detail. The leading role of platelets in pathogenesis of the majority of diseases of cardiovascular system as modulators of inflammatory reactions of the immune response which are considered as the leading mechanism of development of atherosclerosis was shown. The ability of platelets to encode inflammatory proteins allowing them to influence adaptive immunity functions was discussed. The role of platelets as a key component of the innate immune system was presented, which is confirmed by the presence of Tolllike receptors (TLR) and glycoproteins, such as integrin αIIbβ3, glycoprotein Ib-IX and FcγRIIa, involved in interaction with bacterial cells. The pathogenesis of the formation of platelet-leukocyte aggregates due to the rapid reversible interaction of P-selectin (CD62P) on the platelet surface with ligand-1 glycoprotein P-selectin (PSGL-1) on the plasma of leukocytes and the mechanism of extracellular neutrophil traps (NETs), as well as the influence of platelets on the function of lymphocytes was presented. The role of platelets in cancer progression, metastasis and thrombosis is considered, and the interrelation of thrombosis and metastasis in malignant diseases was analyzed. The efficiency of the use of antithrombotic drugs in the prevention of thrombosis and, as a consequence, in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and cancer was discussed.

The way of preparation and fractionating of blood from system of the bottom vena cava during operation with drawals of organs with mors of a brain is developed and approved. The new transfusion medium ~ a cellular component of blood of the donors, containing 1,7-5,4 standard doses of erythrocytes and 0,2-0,6 standard medical doses of thrombocytes is received. Biological full value and functional activity of cellular components of blood of donors-organs is shown. This cellular transfusion medium provides effective rising of oxygen-transport function of blood at an acute anaemia, moderate indemnification of a thrombocytopenia at liver transplantation.

Aim - to prove the necessity of including the methods, which normalize the vascular and intravascular component of the hemostasis system, in the combined therapy of inflammatory periodontal diseases, as the microcirculation disorders play the most important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal diseases and correlates with severity level. Materials and methods. In order to study the possibility to correct the malformation of the adhesive and aggregation activity of the blood platelets in patients with inflammatory periodontal diseases, we carried out a study of the adhesion and aggregation of platelets after a course of combined therapy, which included combined effects of laser and EHF radiation. The most important link in restoration of microcirculation is the vasoregulative effect of laser irradiation. Results. There is a partial or complete restoration of aggregation and adhesive activity of the blood platelets. Conclusion. The use of combined laser and EHF radiation of the “Matrix” equipment allows stopping the inflammation of the tissues quickly. Correction of these disorders by non-drug methods, in comparison with a medication-assisted treatment, has no side effects, and can be recommended as a component of combined therapy in patients with inflammatory periodontal diseases.

Multiple non-aggregatory functions of human platelets (PLT) are widely acknowledged, yet their functional examination is limited mainly due to a lack of standardized isolation and analytic methods. Platelet apheresis (PA) is an established clinical method for PLT isolation aiming at the treatment of bleeding diathesis in severe thrombocytopenia. On the other hand, density gradient centrifugation (DC) is an isolation method applied in research for the analysis of the mitochondrial metabolic profile of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in PLT obtained from small samples of human blood. We studied PLT obtained from 29 healthy donors by high-resolution respirometry for comparison of PA and DC isolates. ROUTINE respiration and electron transfer capacity of living PLT isolated by PA were significantly higher than in the DC group, whereas plasma membrane permeabilization resulted in a 57% decrease of succinate oxidation in PA compared to DC. These differences were eliminated after washing the PA platelets with phosphate buffer containing 10 mmol·L−1 ethylene glycol-bis (2-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetra-acetic acid, suggesting that several components, particularly Ca2+ and fuel substrates, were carried over into the respiratory assay from the serum in PA. A simple washing step was sufficient to enable functional mitochondrial analysis in subsamples obtained from PA. The combination of the standard clinical PA isolation procedure with PLT quality control and routine mitochondrial OXPHOS diagnostics meets an acute clinical demand in biomedical research of patients suffering from thrombocytopenia and metabolic diseases.

Platelets play an important role in initiating atherothrombosis, i.e. the formation of blood clots inside a blood vessel at areas of atherosclerotic vascular injury. The functional (prothrombotic) activity of platelets significantly varies both in healthy individuals and in patients with cardiovascular diseases. The increased platelet production and turnover may be one of the reasons for promoting platelet activity. Stimulating thrombocytopoiesis results in large and reticular (with an increased amount of RNA) "young" platelets in the bloodstream. These platelets contain more adhesive receptors, more secretory granules and have an increased aggregation capacity. The review provides data indicating that large and reticular platelets are not only markers, but also predictors of atherothrombotic events, and primarily of acute coronary syndrome. An increase in such platelet count in patients receiving antiplatelet drugs is associated with a decrease in effectiveness of their antiplatelet action. It is assumed that the appearance of large and reticular platelets in the blood of patients with atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis may be a consequence of an increase in the thrombopoietic activity of megakaryocytes in these pathological conditions.

Our experience of trauma and orthopedic department shows a high efficiency of using PRP-therapy in the treatment of gonarthrosis. The use of PRP therapy significantly reduces the intensity of the pain syndrome and substantially improves the quality of life of patients with gonarthrosis, and allows acceleration of patients rehabilitation.

Grass carp reovirus (GCRV) causes serious losses to the grass carp industry. At present, infectious tissues of GCRV have been studied, but target cells remain unclear. In this study, peripheral blood cells were isolated, cultured, and infected with GCRV. Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Western Blot, indirect immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and transmission electron microscopy observation, a model of GCRV infected blood cells in vitro was established. The experimental results showed GCRV could be detectable in leukocytes only, while erythrocytes and thrombocytes could not. The virus particles in leukocytes are wrapped by empty membrane vesicles that resemble phagocytic vesicles. The empty membrane vesicles of leukocytes are different from virus inclusion bodies in C. idella kidney (CIK) cells. Meanwhile, the expression levels of IFN1, IL-1β, Mx2, TNFα were significantly up-regulated in leukocytes, indicating that GCRV could cause the production of the related immune responses. Therefore, GCRV can infect leukocytes in vitro, but not infect erythrocytes and thrombocytes. Leukocytes are target cells in blood cells of GCRV infections. This study lays a theoretical foundation for the study of the GCRV infection mechanism and anti-GCRV immunity.

We propose herein a theoretical model describing the effect of fatal ethanol poisoning on the equilibria between cell membranes and the surrounding ions. Using this model, we determined the parameters characterizing the interaction between the electrolyte solution’s ions and the functional groups on the blood cells’ surface. Via the application of mathematical equations, we calculated the total surface concentrations of the acidic and basic groups, cA and cB, and their association constants with solution ions, KAH and KBOH. Using the determined parameters and mathematical equations’ values, we calculated the theoretical surface charge density values. We verified the proposed model by comparing these values with experimental data, which were selected based on measurements of the electrophoretic mobility of erythrocyte and thrombocyte membranes. Compatibility of the experimental and theoretical surface charge density values was observed in the range of pH 2–8, while deviations were observed at higher pH values.

Experimental investigations of hemoprotection effect of algiclam were carried out on not thoroughbred white rats of different sex (50 females and 50 males of the same age), exposured by sublethal dose. It was obtained that algiclam exert strongly radioprotection effect on the form elements of red blood and thrombocytes.The results obtained in the experiment allows to estimate in the better extent the influence of the modificators and indicates the real possibility of reducing or even averting of a number of hematological symptoms of emission effect with the help of biologically active food additive named algiclam.

Thrombocytes can be concentrated in blood derivatives and used as autologous transplants e.g. for wound treatment due to the release of growth factors such as platelet derived growth factor (PDGF). Conditions for processing and storage of these platelet-rich blood derivatives influence the release of PDGF from the platelet-bound α-granules into the plasma. In this study Platelet rich plasma (PRP) and Platelet concentrate (PC) were produced with a fully automated centrifugation system. Storage of PRP and PC for 1 h up to 4 months at temperatures between −20°C and +37°C was applied with the aim of evaluating the influence on the amount of released PDGF. Storage at −20°C resulted in the highest release of PDGF in PRP and a time dependency was determined: prolonged storage up to 1 month in PRP and 10 days in PC increased the release of PDGF. Regardless of the storage conditions, the release of PDGF per platelet was higher in PC than in PRP.

Aim. Isolation and study ofbiological activity of antimicrobial peptides from chickens thrombocytes. Materials and methods. Peptides from chickens thrombocytes, obtained by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method with stepped and linear gradients of concentration increase of the organic solvent were used in the study. Their antimicrobial activity was determined by microtitration method in broth; mechanism of biological effect - by using fluorescent spectroscopy method with DNA-tropic dyes. Results. Individual fractions of peptides were isolated from chickens thrombocytes, that possess antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus P209 and Escherichia coli K12. A disruption of integrity of barrier structures of microorganisms under the effect of thrombocyte antimicrobial peptides and predominance of cells with damaged membrane in the population of E. coli was established. Conclusion. The data obtained on antimicrobial activity and mechanism of bactericidal effect of the peptide fractions from chickens thrombocytes isolated for the first time expand the understanding of functional properties of chickens thrombocytes and open a perspective for their further study with the aim of use as antimicrobial means.

ABSTRACT This study describes the hematological and biometric characteristics of male and female Gymnotus species from the Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Fifty adult specimens of Gymnotus inaequilabiatus were weighed, measured, and then euthanized. Blood was collected by puncturing the celiac mesenteric vein to determine the hematocrit, hemoglobin content, number of erythrocytes, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, glucose level, absolute value of leukocytes, and relative value of leukocytes and thrombocytes. Body weight and relative condition factor did not differ (P > 0.05) between the sexes, as well as erythrogram and the blood glucose values. Hematocrit ranged from 18.0% to 54.0%; hemoglobin from 1.1 to 14.7 g dL-1; number of erythrocytes from 0.2 × 106 to 3.8 ×106 µL-1; MCV from 24.2 to 321.7 fL; and MCHC from 4.2 to 44.5 g dL-1. In the differential count were identified thrombocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, immature leukocytes, and PAS-positive granular leukocyte (PAS-GL). Females had a higher percentage of immature leukocytes (P < 0.05) than males. Glucose levels, erythrogram, leukogram, and the morphology of defense cells are comparable to other fish species of the Pantanal. Thrombocytes were the most frequent defense cells, followed by lymphocytes and neutrophils.

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid that acts either as an intracellular messenger or as a ligand for its membrane receptors. S1P is a normal constituent of blood, where it is found both in plasma and blood cells. Compared with other cell types, sphingolipid metabolism in erythrocytes and platelets has unique features that allow the erythrocytes and platelets to accumulate S1P. In plasma, S1P is bound mainly to HDLs and albumin. Of note, metabolism and biological activity of S1P is to a large extent affected by the type of its carrier. Plasma S1P is characterized by a short half-life, indicating rapid clearance by degradative enzymes and the presence of high-capacity sources involved in maintaining its high concentration. These sources include blood cells, vascular endothelium, and hepatocytes. However, the extent to which each of these contributes to the plasma pool of S1P is a matter of debate. Circulating S1P plays a significant physiological role. It was found to be the key regulator of lymphocyte trafficking, endothelial barrier function, and vascular tone. The purpose of this review is to summarize the present state of knowledge on the metabolism, transport, and origin of plasma S1P, and to discuss the mechanisms regulating its homeostasis in blood.

Aim. To find out the strength of blood cells aggregation properties and specifics of antiaggregation vascular control in persons with arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia.Material and methods. The study was done on 380 patients with arterial hypertension of 1 -2 grade, risk 4 with dyslipidemia lib type, of middle age. Controls were 26 healthy same aged people. Studies were done with biochemical, hematological and statistical methods.Results. Among the patients studied with arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia we found a decrease of antioxidant plasma protection with activation of lipid oxidation, that significantly stimulated blood cells and caused alteration of vessel wall. In the persons studied there was significant decrease of the control of vessel wall over the increased cells aggregability.Conclusion. In comorbidity of arterial hypertension with dyslipidemia there is excessive erythrocyte, thrombocyte and neutrophils aggregation with a decrease of antiaggregation control by vessel wall.

Samoilova Svitlana O., Plenova Olga M. Peculiarities of platelet hemostasis changes in COPD - hypertensive disease mixed patients. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(4):39-44. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.49394 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3445 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 05.03.2016. Revised 20.03.2016. Accepted: 05.04.2016. Peculiarities of platelet hemostasis changes in COPD - hypertensive disease mixed patients Svitlana O. Samoilova, Olga M. Plenova O.O.Bohomolets National Medical University Abstract Disorders in the hemostasis system have a major impact on the disease course and complication in the hypertensive disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. To assess the platelet hemostasis we examined 62 persons: 15 apparently healthy (Control Group), 15 HD patients without COPD, 17 HD patients with COPD associated, and 15 COPD patients of Degree II and III. We have found out that HD, COPD and the mix patients demonstrate an increased thrombocyte functional activity expressed in a higher degree of spontaneous aggregation, and significant activation of arachidonic acid induced thrombocyte aggregation. The HD patients feature a specific increase of adrenalin induced aggregation, contrary to other examined groups, that may be explained by a role of sympathetic nervous system in the HD pathogenesis. Chronic inflammation in the COPD patients is accompanied with a significant increase of arachidonic acid thrombocyte reaction (the highest among all examined groups) that should be taken into account when establishing a treatment policy with anti-inflammatory agents included. Key words: hypertensive disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, hemostasis, thrombocytes, aggregation.

The article presents data of 1470 case histories and laboratory findings of 290 patients with diabetes and 82 donors who have done such procedure for the first time. Changes of morphological and biophysical indices of erythrocytes, thrombocytes and leukocytes are determined. The analysis of laboratory findings among patients with diabetes complicated by vascular disorders, with diabetes without complications and healthy representatives of the investigation has been carried out. It has revealed significant changes in indices

The research goal is correction of stress-depended changes of glucoproteid (Gp) platelet receptors activity by electromagnetic radiation of terahertz range. Influence of electromagnetic waves of terahertz range at the frequency of molecular spectrum of radiation and absorption of nitrogen oxide on lectin-induced platelet aggregation of white rats in the stressed condition was investigated

150 cadets ages 16 to 25years were under the obsrevation of adaptation of intravascular microcirculation component during the course of their military professional study. The research data proved that active erythrocyte aggregation, the size of thrombocyte aggregates and the speed of thrombocyte aggregation are higher in the first-, second- and third-year cadets than in senior students. These findings are to be used in the assessment ofcadets' adaptation to the military service and the prognosis of their professional capacity.

The aim of this paper is to compare three different methods for counting white blood cells [WBC] (Natt and Herrick method, estimation with 1,000 and 2,000 erythrocytes) and three methods for counting total thrombocytes [TT] (Wojtaszek method, estimation with 1,000 and 2,000 erythrocytes) in a South American freshwater turtle species, Podocnemis expansa, Schweigger 1812 (Reptilia, Pelomedusidae). Direct WBC counts using the Natt and Herrick method showed limitations, which are discussed here. The WBC and TT counts using 1,000 erythrocytes from blood smears are not recommended for Amazon turtles nor other reptilian species, since wide variation in counts can be observed. Estimation methods for determining WBC and TT based on 2,000 erythrocytes of blood smears were most acceptable because they allow a differentiation between leukocytes and thrombocytes and also had a smaller variation. The methods investigated here for the Amazon turtle, which have been widely used in other reptile species, provided evidence that the most acceptable method is not that of using diluted stains and a hemocytometer.O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar três diferentes métodos para contar leucócitos totais [LT] (método de Natt & Herrick, de estimação em 1000 e 2000 eritrócitos) e três métodos para contar trombócitos totais [TT] ( método de Wojtaszek, de estimação em 1000 e 2000 eritrócitos) em uma espécie de tartaruga de água doce da América do Sul, Podocnemis expansa, Schweigger 1812 (Reptilia, Pelomedusidae). As contagens diretas de LT usando o método de Natt & Herrick mostraram limitações que são aqui discutidas. As contagens de LT e TT usando estimativa em 1000 eritrócitos na extensão sanguínea não são recomendadas para tartaruga-da-Amazônia nem para outras espécies de répteis, pois houve ampla variação nestas contagens. Os métodos para determinar LT e TT baseados em 2000 eritrócitos nas extensões sanguíneas foram mais aceitáveis porque eles permitem uma diferenciação entre leucócitos e trombócitos, além disso, teve uma variação menor. Os métodos aqui investigados para tartaruga-da-Amazônia, os quais são amplamente usados em outras espécies de répteis, proveram evidências de que o método mais aceitável não é o que usa corantes diluentes e um hemocitômetro.

The application of simvastatine in arterial hypertension patients with metabolic syndrom corrects dislipoproteidemia, peroxidation syndrome, thrombocyte formation and optimized the thrombocyte hemostasis. Simvastatine inhibits decreased adhesive and aggregative function of thrombocytes. For stabilization of the correction results of metabolic processes and thrombocyte hemostasis in arterial hypertension patients with metabolic syndrom the application of simvastatine should be prolonged. With the aim of the decrease of body mass and weakening of insulin resistance in arterial hypertension patients with metabolic syndrom to suppose the combination of simvastatine with inmedicamental threatment.

The studies aimed at monitoring development of phagocytic and bactericidal activity in carps in the course of their ontogenetic development. The studies were performed using the techniques described by Mantur et al. (1986a, b), adapted to fish. Results were expressed in thrombocyte phagocytic index (Ipt), percentage of phagocyting thrombocytes (%tp), percentage of ingested bacteria (%bp) and in the index of intracellular killing by thrombocytes (Ibt). Number of thrombocytes was also examined using the technique of Dessi. Results of testing thrombocyte capacity to ingest the standard Staphylococcus aureus 209P strain showed that Ipt and %tp increased gradually in carps between the age of 3 and 17 months. In older carps, 19 to 29 months of age, as well as in spawners the growth in activity paralelled the ontogenetic development within Ipt values while %tp values remained at a similar level. Phagocytic activity of thrombocytes expressed in Ipt was reflected also by %bp values, which was particularly evident in fish aging 23 months to 5 years. In the case of Ibt, values of the index were not related in any way to stage of ontogeny or sex of the fish. Number of thrombocytes in carps aged 3 months to 5 years was increasing in parallel to their ontogenetic development.

Thrombocytes and their metabolites are involved in numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes, such as blood coagulation at the site of ruptured endothelium. Normal platelet aggregation can be suppressed via platelet antagonists or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). That’s why differentiating between resting (“normal”) and inhibited platelets in a quick and precise fashion could be of a great clinical significance. Herein, we present the first step on the way to a novel platelet functionality assay based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIP) coated onto Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM). First results reveal sensor responses that depend on platelet concentration and on incubation of platelets with aspirin: acetyl salicylic acid (AAS).

Natural insecticides from plant extracts represent an alternative to the highly toxic synthetic products in order to reduce environmental contamination; however some might also be toxic for non-target organisms. The present study determined the 50% lethal concentration (48h; LC50) for adults Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to the natural insecticide Fumydro®, based on the tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum), and evaluated its effect on hematological variables. After preliminary tests, adult specimens of O. niloticus were exposed to four Fumydro® concentrations (200, 300, 400 and 500 μL L-1). The 48h; LC50 of Fumydro® was determined at 370 ± 50 μL L-1. The surviving fish after exposure to Fumydro® showed an increase in the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. The number of thrombocytes and leukocytes has not changed, unlike the differential leukocyte count that presented an increased percentage of neutrophils. The results indicated that the insecticide Fumydro® is highly toxic to Nile tilapia and changes in erythrocyte variables suggested the induction to hypoxemia with low effect on the immune system.

Erythrocytes, thrombocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils were the principal blood cell types found in the blood of Clarias batrachus, Ophicephalus striatus, Oreochromis mossambicus and Oreochromis niloticus. Eosinophils and basophils were observed in Ophicephalus striatus but were absent in Clarias batrachus. Eosinophils but no basophils were seen in Oreochromis mossambicus and Oreochromis niloticus. Along with mature erythrocytes, immature, dividing, senile, and disintegrated erythrocytes were also observed from the circulating blood of the four fish species.From Clarias batrachus, eight species of helminths were recovered, namely, Cichlidogyrus sclerosus, Actinocleidus sp., Phyllodistomum sp., Opegaster minima, Gauhatiana batrachii, Bovienia serialis, Procamallanus darius, and Philometra sp. The parasites recovered from Ophicephalus striatus were Diplostomulum sp., Camallanus ophicephali, Arqulus indicus, and Lernaea cyprinacea. Cichlidogyrus sclerosus and Transversotrema laruei were collected from Oreochromis mossambicus and Oreochromis niloticus; from the latter, Gyrodactylus medius was also recovered. The average parasite burden was generally low.Parasitized and unparasitized fishes were active and appeared healthy. Blood values of parasitized fishes showed few significant differences from those of unparasitized fish groups. No parasitized fish group showed significant reduction in mean hematocrit and RBC count or significant increase in mean WBC count and mean % neutrophils in comparison with unparasitized group of the same fish species.

Background. As neonates are among the most frequent recipients of blood components, they are exposed to large numbers of blood donors. This, and particularly their immune immaturity, puts them at high risk of posttransfusion complications. When preparing blood components for neonates, we try to make the components as safe as possible, decreasing the neonate’s exposition to a large number of blood donors. We wanted to know whether our attempts to reach this aim by applying filtration for all blood components, concentrated erythrocytes, fresh frozen plasma and thrombocyte concentrate was successful. The blood components were divided into small doses using the method of sterile connection and assuring the components of a single donor.Methods. Whole blood was filtered within 6 hours after withdrawal in the closed blood-bag system – in line filtration. Filtered concentrated erythrocytes and filtered fresh frozen plasma are thus obtained. Thrombocyte plasma is filtered on order. Using sterile connection, the bags for further division of blood components are then connected to the bags with the individual blood components.Results. In the past year, 62 neonates received two or more blood components. They received a total of 383 transfusions, an average of 6.17 blood components per infant. Altogether, the neonates received the blood components of 214 blood donors and were exposed to 3.45 donors on the average. The range of the number of donors, whose blood components were received by the infants, was between one and up to 24 donors, to which two infants were exposed.Conclusions. At our department we follow the recommendations of the European Council. All blood components for neonates are filtered, and from one donor if possible. We were extremely successful in decreasing the exposition of the neonates to large numbers of blood donors. Instead of those of 383 blood donors, the infants received the blood components of only 214 blood donors. The exposition was thus decreased by 55.9%.

There had been shown a normalizing effect of THz radiation of MEAS (molecular emission and absorption spectrum) of 400 GHz nitrogen oxide occurrence on aggregation parameters of thrombocytes in patients with unstable angina at in vitro conditions. 180 patients with an unstable angina had been involved in to the research.