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Background: Cattle and buffaloes can contract cysticercosis, an infection of the muscles brought on by Taenia saginata larvae. Despite having a global spread, cysticercosis is more prevalent in impoverished nations due to impaired hygiene standards. It has been discovered that Taenia saginata cysticercosis routine visual diagnosis is not very effective, especially in mild infections. Therefore, a more trustworthy in vivo test might be used as an alternative in slaughterhouses and epidemiological studies. Biochemical assays are possibly utilized as an alternative to detect cysticercosis inside a topical environment. Aim: Investigating serum biochemical alterations in cattle with cysticercosis was the goal of the current research. As a further method of diagnosis, it was also determined how Cysticercus bovis affected pro-inflammatory cytokines and histopathology. Methods: Blood samples from 42 slaughtered cattle (21 healthy and 21 sick animals) were taken from Assiut abattoir. Using an ELISA and spectrophotometer, respectively, their serum's pro-inflammatory cytokines and biochemical profile were evaluated. These cattle were chosen between March 2023 and February 2024. Results: A percentage of 4.6% of the 455 cattle examined after being slaughtered had T. saginata cysticerci infections. All values in the serum biochemistry were considerably different (P [Open Vet J 2024; 14(7.000): 1596-1606]

Abstract Background The study examined the effects of dietary supplementation of Syzygium aromaticum leaf meal (SLM) on the haematology, serum biochemistry and antioxidative status of laying hens. Results A total of 150 20-week-old Isa brown birds were randomly assigned to three experimental diets: Diet 1/control (no supplementation), Diet 2 (0.25% SLM) and Diet 3 (0.50% SLM). Each experimental diet was further divided into five (5) replicates and comprised 10 birds per replicate, that is, 50 birds per experimental diet. The birds were fed with layers mash for 32 weeks of the feeding trial. Blood samples collected in the 32nd week were subjected to haematological and serum biochemical analyses. The dietary supplementation of 0.25% and 0.50% SLM did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect the haematological parameters observed in the layer birds which indicated that SLM did not render the birds anaemic nor compromise their immunity. Likewise, the result of the serum protein (total protein, albumin, globulin and albumin: globulin), serum enzymes (alanine and aspartate aminotransferases) and serum metabolites (creatinine, uric acid and glucose) were not affected (P > 0.05) by the dietary treatment except for the concentration of serum catalase and glutathione peroxidase which was statistically higher (P 0.05). Conclusion The supplementation of SLM at 0.25% and 0.50% in layers diet can be referred to as a safe additive as the blood indices of birds were not adversely affected. Also, the liver functions which were investigated through the serum enzymes were not impaired and oxidative stress is not triggered in the birds.

Background: Perinatal asphyxia is a deficiency of blood flowing or gas exchanging to or from the fetusin the timejust earlier, during, or afterward the labour processes. Perinatal asphyxia could result in profound systemic andneurologic sequelae owingtoreducedblood flowing and/or oxygen to a fetus or infant throughout the peripartumtime. Objectives: the aim of the study was toevaluate the role of serum lactate and enzymes in predicting perinatal asphyxia. Patients and methods: the current work was a cross-sectional study performed at Qena University Hospital including 30 cases and 30 controls included of asphyxiated and non-asphyxiated babies respectively. Results: There was a statistically significant change (p < 0.001) among groups regarding levels of serum lactate, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH),creatine kinase muscle-brain fraction (CK-MB),aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase(ALT). Conclusion:Perinatal asphyxia is a fundamental driver of neonatal death and long haul neurological harm still without prescient diagnostics, preventive as well as treatment of agreement.Estimation of lactate,CK-MB,LDH,AST, and ALTcould be utilized as a biomarker for diagnosing of perinatal asphyxia.

This study evaluates the effects of different levels of acidifier: Sodium diformate and citric acid on body composition, serum enzymes and the alimentary canal tissue in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). For this purpose, 630 fingerling fish(mean weight: 16.55 ± 0.72 g), were randomly distributed in twenty one 200-L fiberglass tanks (30 fish per tank). This study was performed 60 days with seven experimental treatments: control (only fed with commercial diet: FFT2), three levels of sodium diformate added to diet: 0.2% (treatment A), 0.4% (treatment B), 0.6% (treatment C) and also three levels of sodium diformate in combination with citric acid with an equal rates: 0.1% (treatment D), 0.2% (treatment E) and 0.3% (treatment F). The fish were fed 2 % based of body weight three times daily at 8:00, 12:00 and 16:00 for two months. The results indicated that different levels of sodium diformate and citric acid supplements used had no significant effect on the activity of serum enzymes of rainbow trout in comparison with the control treatment (p>0.05); while it had significant effects on the protein, ash and moisture of the body composition among the experimental treatments (p

The objective of this work was to evaluate the proteins, minerals, metabolites, and serum enzymes profile in Quarter Mile equines subjected to training for Team Penning competitions by comparing the results before and after training. The animals were from the Agricultural Exhibition Park of Uberlândia (CAMARU), in Uberlândia in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. These animals perform constant periodic training with an average duration of two and a half hours per training. Blood samples from twenty male and female equines were collected at the beginning and end of a 45-day interval and then analyzed. A 5 mL blood sample from each animal was collected before and after training by a jugular external venipuncture, and the samples were placed in a tube—without anticoagulant and containing separator gel—to obtain the serum. The components analyzed were: total proteins, albumin, globulins, albumin to globulin ratio (A:G), total and ionized calcium, phosphorus, calcium to phosphorus ratio (Ca:P), cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, urea, alkaline phosphatase, ɤ-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatine kinase (CK). Statistical differences were observed with higher values after exercise for total calcium, ionized calcium, Ca: P ratio, creatinine and ALT and decreased concentrations were found for globulins, phosphorus, cholesterol and triglycerides. Despite the changes observed in the serum concentrations of some elements after exercises, it was concluded that the animals were in adequate physical condition to perform the proposed physical exercises.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the proteins, minerals, metabolites, and serum enzymes profile in Quarter Mile equines subjected to training for Team Penning competitions by comparing the results before and after training. The animals were from the Agricultural Exhibition Park of Uberlândia (CAMARU), in Uberlândia in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. These animals perform constant periodic training with an average duration of two and a half hours per training. Blood samples from twenty male and female equines were collected at the beginning and end of a 45-day interval and then analyzed. A 5 mL blood sample from each animal was collected before and after training by a jugular external venipuncture, and the samples were placed in a tube—without anticoagulant and containing separator gel—to obtain the serum. The components analyzed were: total proteins, albumin, globulins, albumin to globulin ratio (A:G), total and ionized calcium, phosphorus, calcium to phosphorus ratio (Ca:P), cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, urea, alkaline phosphatase, ɤ-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatine kinase (CK). Statistical differences were observed with higher values after exercise for total calcium, ionized calcium, Ca: P ratio, creatinine and ALT and decreased concentrations were found for globulins, phosphorus, cholesterol and triglycerides. Despite the changes observed in the serum concentrations of some elements after exercises, it was concluded that the animals were in adequate physical condition to perform the proposed physical exercises.

Molasses based multinutrients herbal supplements (MMS) containing ground fenugreek seed and de-oiled mahua seed cake at two different ratios (1:1; MMS I or 1:3; MMS II) was evaluated under in vitro as well as in vivo conditions. For in vitro evaluation, concentrate mixture and wheat straw in 50: 50 ratio (on DM basis) was taken as substrate for the experiment. MMS I and MMS II were added at 2, 3 and 4% of the substrate, respectively. The total gas production (ml/g DM), partitioning factor (PF) and microbial biomass production (MBP) were found comparable in all the groups but significantly improved the IVDMD and IVOMD in supplemented groups. Under in vivo feeding trial, serum enzymes and minerals profile in buffalo calves were assessed during 9 months of experimental period. Fifteen male Murrah buffalo calves (10 to 15 months of age and mean body wt. 234.0±12.5 kg) were randomly distributed into 3 groups (5 in each group) according to randomized block design. All animals were fed with conventional concentrate mixture, available chopped green fodder (3-4 kg DM/d) and wheat straw ad lib to meet out nutrients requirement. While control group (C) were not fed supplements but groups T1 and T2 supplemented with MMS I and MMS II, respectively at 44 g/100 kg body weight or 200 g/100 kg metabolic body weight (kgW0.75). Serum AST, ALT activities and serum concentration of Ca, P, Fe, Mn, Cu and Co were comparable among 3 groups but serum concentration of Zn was significantly higher among supplemented groups. Thus, results show that supplementation of MMS improved IVDMD, IVOMD and serum Zn level resulting in to better health conditions of buffalo calves.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of total soy saponins (TS) on the free radical metabolism from the quadriceps femoris muscle, serum testosterone, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in rats exercised to exhaustion. Methods: A one-time exhausted treadmill exercise session was used. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: a control group—animals receiving no TS and no exercise (NTSNE), animals receiving TS but no exercise group (TSNE), animals receiving no TS but exercised to exhaustion group (NTSE), and animals receiving TS and exercised to exhaustion group (TSE). The TSNE and TSE groups were fed TS at a dosage of 20 mg/kg body weight once per day for 2 weeks. The NTSE group was given a placebo, and the NTSNE group was not given any treatment. The NTSE and TSE groups were exercised at speed of 30 m/min on treadmill until exhausted. The exercise time and exercise distance were recorded when the rats became exhausted and the rats were then decapitated and anatomized immediately. A 10% homogenate of the quadriceps femoris tissue was prepared. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR), reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), LDH, BUN, and serum testosterone were tested. Results: TS significantly increased the exercise time to exhaustion by 20.62% (p

The study was conducted to study the effect of betaine supplementation on haematology, serum enzymes and hormones profile in gestating sows. For the study, artificially inseminated 18 crossbred (Landrace × Desi) sows were randomly distributed into 3 groups with 6 sows in each following a completely randomized design (CRD). Group T0 was fed with basal diet (control) and betaine was supplemented in group T1 and T2 @ 3 g/kg basal diet during late pregnancy (d 76 onwards till parturition) and throughout the length of gestation, respectively. The results revealed that betaine supplementation had no significant effect on the haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) count, platelet count and white blood cells (WBC) count. Similarly, the serum enzymes such as aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phoshatase (ALP), lactate dehydogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK) revealed no significant effect of betaine supplementation. The serum concentration of T3 and T4 hormone (ng/ml) of sows was significantly higher at the time of farrowing compared to the level at the time of insemination. The serum concentration of cortisol (ng/ml) of sows was significantly reduced in betaine supplemented groups compared to control. Thus, based on the results pertaining to cortisol levels in gestating, sows it can be concluded that betaine supplementation @ 3 g/kg diet, 76 day post insemination is beneficial to ameliorate the oxidative stress during pregnancy.

In many developing countries, jaundice is the common symptom of hepatic diseases which are a major cause of mortality. The use of natural product-based therapies is very popular for such hepatic disorders. A great number of medicinal plants have been utilized for this purpose and some facilitated the discovery of active compounds which helped the development of new synthetic drugs against jaundice. However, more epidemiological studies and clinical trials are required for the practical implementation of the plant pharmacotherapy of jaundice. The focus of this second part of our review is on several of the most prominent plants used against jaundice identified in the analysis performed in the first part of the review viz. Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., Terminalia chebula Retz., Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and some species of genus Phyllanthus. Furthermore, we discuss their physiological effects, biologically active ingredients, and the potential mechanisms of action. Some of the most important active ingredients were silybin (also recommended by German commission), phyllanthin and andrographolide, whose action leads to bilirubin reduction and normalization of the levels of relevant serum enzymes indicative for the pathophysiological status of the liver.

The objective of the study was to assess the usefulness of acute-phase proteins (APPs) and serum enzymes in the evaluation of post-operative state after cartilage reconstruction in an animal model (Sus scrofa domesticus). Fifteen clinically healthy female pigs were evaluated during the first 30 days after the repair of experimentally induced articular cartilage defects using two types of biocement powders. Animals were divided into groups according to the type of biocement powder used: CAK—with amino acids (n = 6), C—without amino acids (n = 6) and the control group (Ctr) was without biocement (n = 3). The concentrations of selected APPs—serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp) and C-reactive protein (CRP), and the activities of some serum enzymes—creatine kinase (CK), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LD) were measured one day before the surgery and on days 7, 14, and 30 after the surgical intervention. The most significant changes during the evaluated period were observed in the concentrations of SAA (p < 0.001) and Hp (p < 0.001), with marked increase of values 7 days after surgery. There was a numerical, but not statistically significant, difference between CAK, C and Ctr groups (p > 0.05). Marked variations were observed also in the activities of the evaluated enzymes, with the most significant changes in the activity of AP in the CAK group (p < 0.001). Presented results suggest possible usefulness of some APPs and serum enzymes in the evaluation of post-operative inflammatory state after the reconstruction of articular cartilage defects.

Aphanothece halophytica is an extremely saline cyanobacterium. This study investigates the toxic nature of the organism and presents the first report of hepatotoxic cyclic heptapeptide microcystin analogs. The activity of the crude extract was investigated in mice. Results showed acute toxicity with mice death at about 4 h. Histopathological examination indicated massive alveolar hemorrhage and extensive congestion in liver cells. Increases in the levels of serum enzymes, i.e., AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), provide further evidence of cell injury. An ELISA-based immunological detection kit confirmed the presence of microcystin analogs.

Ethanol-mediated free radical generation is directly involved in alcoholic liver disease. In addition, chronic alcohol bingeing also induces pathological changes and dysfunction in multi-organs. In the present study, the protective effect of xanthohumol (XN) on ethanol-induced damage was evaluated by determining antioxidative parameters and stress oxidative markers in liver, kidney, lung, heart and brain of rats. An acute treatment (4 g/kg b.w.) of ethanol resulted in the depletion of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione S-transferase activities and reduced glutathione content. This effect was accompanied by the increased activity of tissue damage marker enzymes (glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase) and a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide concentrations. Pre-treatment with XN protected rat tissues from ethanol-induced oxidative imbalance and partially mitigated the levels to nearly normal levels in all tissues checked. This effect was dose dependent, suggesting that XN reduces stress oxidative and protects rat tissues from alcohol-induced injury.

This study aimed to evaluate the haematological and biochemical changes in Clarias gariepinus as biomarkers of environmental pollution in Tiga dam, Nigeria (wild aquatic environment). Water and fishes were sampled twice, a week apart, from the controlled and the wild aquatic environment. There were no significant (p>0.05) differences between the temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen contents of both aquatic environments. Similarly, there were no significant (p>0.05) changes in the haematological parameters of the reared and wild the C. gariepinus except in their white blood cell counts, which were significantly (p

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of dietary oligofructose (1, 2 and 3%) on blood profiles of beluga Huso huso juveniles (18.77±0.76g). After 7 weeks feeding on experimental diets hematological parameters, metabolic products (cholesterol, glucose and total protein) and serum enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) were measured. Compared to the control group (0% oligfructose), oligofructose had no effects on red blood cell counts (RBC), mean corposcular volume (MCV), mean cellular hemoglobin concentration (MCH) or mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (P>0.05). However, hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and leucocyte counts (WBC) were significantly higher in fish fed 2% oligofructose (P

A total of two hundred and seventy day-old Arbor Acre strain of broiler chicks were used for this research. Five treatment: T1 - positive control (10 birds/m2), T2 - negative control, T3, T4 and T5 had 20 birds/m2. T1 and T2 had no supplementation with vitamin E (d1-α-tocopheryl acetate). T3, T4 and T5 had 50mg/kg, 100mg/kg and 150 mg/kg vitamin E supplementations respectively. Feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and weight gain and serum enzymes (Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)) were determined. There were no significant changes in the weight gain and final weight of the birds fed the different dietary treatments. The feed intake increased significantly in birds fed T2 (1.91kg) and compared to their counterpart on vitamin E supplementation (from 1.58 to 1.60 kg). However, FCR of birds on diets T1 (2.50), T4 (2.77) and T5 (2.50) was similar (P>0.05). The total protein and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) values were neither affected by increased stocking density nor with or without vitamin E supplementation. However, increased stocking density without vitamin E supplementation (T2) (0.97 U.I/l) resulted in a significant reduction in the albumin values. Although ALT values increased significantly with increase in vitamin E supplementation, the birds on dietary T1 (8.00 U.I/l) had similar level of ALT with their counterpart on T4 (7.50U.I/l) and T5 (8.50 U.I/l). In conclusion broiler chicks could be stocked up to 20 birds/m2 only if the diet is supplemented with 100mg/kg vitamin E.

Hemiscorpius lepturus is medically important scorpion species present in the south and southwest part of Iran, causing morbidity and mortality in children and adults. Unlike other scorpions studied so far, the venom of H. lepturus is highly cytotoxic, that can be a reason for its complexity in clinical manifestations in patients stung by this scorpion. Scarce studies showed the mechanism involved in envenomation by H. lepturus. In the present study, H. lepturus venom in three doses of 50, 500 and 1500 μg/kg were subcutaneously injected into three separate groups of rabbits. Electrocardiograms of all the rabbits were recorded during the experiment. Blood collection was carried out before, one and three hours after venom injection. Serum was used for determination of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), urea, creatinine, BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen), creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB). In group 1 rabbits although some change were observed in serum biochemical parameters following venom injection but statistically the changes were not significant. In group 2 rabbits significant (P

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Mesobuthus tamulus gangeticus Pocock (Buthidae) venom on albino mice (NIH strain). Whole venom was obtained by electrical stimulation and its toxicity was determined in albino mice by subcutaneous envenomation. The venom LD50 was 2.5 mg kg-1 of mouse body weight. Toxic effects on different biochemical and enzymatic parameters in blood serum and other tissues of albino mice were determined after experimental envenomation with sublethal doses of M. tamulus gangeticus venom. Increased levels of glucose, uric acid and cholesterol, as well as decreased serum total proteins, were observed at 2 and 4 hours after the envenomation. In the liver and muscles, glycogen content dropped after venom injection. Moreover, M. tamulus gangeticus venom elevated the enzymatic activity of acid phosphatase (ACP), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the serum of albino mice. In conclusion, M. tamulus gangeticus can be considered a lethal scorpion species.

The main purpose of this study was to determine the in vivo hepatoprotective activity of the ethanol extract of whole plant extract of Chenopodium murale (500 and 750 mg/kg; orally) in carbon tetrachloride-induced (0.75 mL/kg; subcutaneously) hepatotoxic rabbit. Silymarin (100 mg/kg/day orally) was used as a standard drug. Hepatotoxic rabbits boosted levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin. Extracts of C. murale (both doses) proved to have hepatoprotective activity by reducing the elevated level of enzymes. Extract at a dose of 500 mg/kg revealed highly significant (p

Study was conducted on 24 calves of one-week-age, randomly divided into four equal groups. First t1lfee groups were experimentally infected with E. coli and given treatment in various combinations, while group four was taken as uninfected untreated control. Results obtained on different parameters showed an overall lower (P

The values for the main hepatic enzymes included in the profiles of screen clinical biochemistry, alanine-aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (FA), lactate desidrogenase (LDH) and gamaglutamiltransferase (GGT), in samples of serum of broiler chickens in industrial system, clinically healthy, starting from the seventh day of life, until the slaughter (42 days) in weekly intervals were determined. Significant variations were not observed in the analyses in relation to the age of the birds for none of the appraised enzymes.

Convolvulus arvensis is traditionally used as laxative. Its decoction is used in cough, flu, jaundice and in skin diseases. It is also used to treat the painful joints, inflammation and swelling. The current study was conducted to determine its hepatoprotective activity. The results showed that extract of C. arvensis (200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) produced significant (p

The impact of duration of untreated symptoms in children with juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) on clinical and laboratory findings at diagnosis was studied in 166 patients enrolled in the National JDM Research Registry and examined at Children’s Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University; Loyola University; and University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; and other centers in the US.

Abstract Background Previous experiments have shown that a decoction of Bauhinia forficata leaves reduces the changes in carbohydrate and protein metabolism that occur in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. In the present investigation, the serum activities of enzymes known to be reliable toxicity markers were monitored in normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats to discover whether the use of B. forficata decoction has toxic effects on liver, muscle or pancreas tissue or on renal microcirculation. Methods An experimental group of normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats received an aqueous decoction of fresh B. forficata leaves (150 g/L) by mouth for 33 days while a control group of normal and diabetic rats received water for the same length of time. The serum activity of the toxicity markers lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, amylase, angiotensin-converting enzyme and bilirubin were assayed before receiving B. forficata decoction and on day 19 and 33 of treatment. Results The toxicity markers in normal and diabetic rats were not altered by the diabetes itself nor by treatment with decoction. Whether or not they received B. forficata decoction the normal rats showed a significant increase in serum amylase activity during the experimental period while there was a tendency for the diabetic rats, both treated and untreated with decoction, to have lower serum amylase activities than the normal rats. Conclusions Administration of an aqueous decoction of B. forficata is a potential treatment for diabetes and does not produce toxic effects measurable with the enzyme markers used in our study.