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Abstract Background The migration of healthcare professionals from developing countries to more developed nations poses a significant challenge to healthcare systems in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to determine the proportion of doctors in Ghana who intend to migrate abroad and to identify the sociodemographic and "pull and push" factors that influence their intention. Methodology A cross-sectional survey was conducted among doctors in Ghana between March 1, 2024, and March 15, 2024, via an online-based semi-structured questionnaire. Doctors working in Ghana, regardless of nationality, were included. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with the intention to emigrate. Statistical significance was set at a p-value of

This article examines push and pull factors for Japanese retirees in Thailand as part of international retirement migration (IRM). Additionally, it studies levels of social integration, subjective wellbeing, life satisfaction, cultural assimilation and factors that hinder it. It examines the moderating and mediating effect of the relationship between independent and dependent variables. A quantitative method using a questionnaire was used and found that economic, health and social factors are significant in influencing retirees’ push and pull motivations. As for social integration, subjective well-being, life satisfaction and cultural assimilation, there is positive feedback from retirees. Factors that hinder cultural assimilation are language barriers and cultural differences. The results show a positive and strong association between language acquisition and social integration, between social integration and cultural assimilation, and between attitudes and cultural assimilation. There is a moderating effect between language acquisition and cultural assimilation. The results also show that there is no mediating effect for local support on the relationship between attitudes and social integration.

As globalization accelerated in the 1980s, new types of migration emerged. One of these is internal circular migration flows, which are related to the length of stay of immigrants. Internal circularity can be from rural to urban within the borders of a country, or from rural to rural or from urban to urban. Internal circular migration, the periodic movement of individuals within a country for economic opportunities, holds significant social and economic implications. This phenomenon fosters cultural exchange, adaptation, and diversity, but can also strain social bonds due to family separations. In this study, some possible impacts of those flows are discussed.

The phenomenon of missing children is a serious growing concern worldwide, with alarming numbers reported in recent years. The lack of a universally common definition and response to this problem has resulted in inaccurate statistics, with a large number of cases going unreported or under-recognized. Numerous reported cases are successfully resolved, while, regrettably, others have dramatic outcomes and, unfortunately, still others remain unsolved. Identifying the psychological and social factors that contribute to the phenomenon of missing children is crucial for both intervention and prevention efforts. This article emphasizes the need for a comprehensive understanding of the psychological and social factors contributing to the phenomenon of missing children to aid in effective early intervention and prevention.

Aim: The number and distribution of health workers per capita are significant factors for countries to achieve their goals in the health sector. However, there is a global shortage of skilled health workers. The immigration of health professionals or their intention to emigrate is a critical problem, especially for source countries. This situation directly affects the access, equity, and quality of necessary health services. In this article, we discussed the intentions of physicians to emigrate and the factors that pull and push physicians, including the methods that can be applied. Method: It was designed as a descriptive and cross-sectional study in accordance with the research problem. A total of 504 physicians from Turkey participated in the study. The data were collected using a personal information form and a scale consisting of "Push Factors, Pull Factors, Negative Impacts of Migration, and Positive Impacts of Migration". Mean and standard deviation were used in the study. Results: The results indicate that physicians in Türkiye intend to emigrate. Also, physicians would prefer to emigrate to developed countries such as Germany, the USA, and England if they have the opportunity to leave Türkiye. Working and living conditions are the first factors pushing them, followed by the phenomenon of violence in healthcare. The participants think that if they emigrate, new physicians in Turkey cannot be replaced quickly, and this will further increase the heavy workload of their colleagues. Conclusion: Considering these results, it is necessary to develop policies for trained healthcare workers to work in source countries and to reduce the level of the emigration tendency of health workers, especially in developing countries such as Türkiye. In particular, these policies should include micro and macro policies related to violence in healthcare and the improvement of working conditions. Otherwise, the effective, efficient, and interrupted delivery of health services may be disrupted.

AbstractChinese international students compose the largest group of full-tuition-paying students globally and are important to hosting destinations both culturally and financially. However, the obstructed international mobility caused by COVID-19 has changed their international applications. As the world gradually resumes its previous mobility level, it is important to comprehend what pull factors can effectively attract students for marketing purposes. This quantitative research re-examines the established pull factors considered and valued by prospective Chinese international students and their parents and discovered that (1) a combination of five to six factors can be sufficient for Chinese students to decide on an overseas destination, (2) cost, global rankings, and Chinese employment prospects have become the most substantial factors in destination choices, (3) opportunities for immigration and overseas employment are no longer significant, and (4) students and parents view international education with different interpretations. The marketing implications are discussed.

IntroductionSince 2019, Lebanon is experiencing an unprecedented exodus of doctors, seriously threatening the national health system, which is expected to continue without quick and effective solutions. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the factors that push Lebanese doctors to migrate and the factors that retain others in the country. Additionally, this study aims to propose solutions to preserve an adequate supply of medical care amidst the crisis.MethodsQualitative semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions were conducted using pre-developed guides. Purposive and snowball sampling was adopted to recruit physicians who emigrated and physicians staying in Lebanon. Transcripts of interviews and focus groups were coded using Dedoose software and analyzed through a combination of inductive and deductive approaches.ResultsEmigration was found to be the result of numerous interconnected factors. The main drivers for emigration were declining income, career problems, reduced quality of care, unhealthy work environment, and the deteriorated political and socio-economic contexts leading to instability and insecurity. As for the retention factors, they included affective attachment and sense of belonging to the professional environment and the country, followed by recognition and valorization at work. Several recommendations were developed to maintain quality of care delivery, including reforms of the health system, development of focused human resource retention strategies based on resource mapping evidence, negotiations with recruiting institutions to endorse the code ethics ending unethical practices draining countries' human resources, provision of financial incentives to doctors, and the recognition and valorization of physicians. Other rapid interventions were suggested, such as short-term medical missions to mitigate shortages in certain specialties, telemedicine, adaptation of recruitment processes to compensate for resources shortages in certain specialties, and adoption of task-shifting approaches to alleviate the workload on overburdened specialists.DiscussionThe findings of this study shed the light on the different factors influencing migration while framing them in the Lebanese context. These findings and recommendations should inform stakeholders and policy makers about the interventions needed to restore the quality of care. The feasibility and sustainability of most formulated recommendations depend on several factors, with political and socio-economic security and stability being the most crucial ones.

Participating in tourism activities in crowded areas such as cities during the COVID-19 pandemic represents a risk. This study examined the demographic and psychological features of Taiwanese domestic urban tourists during the pandemic in 2021. The theoretical framework was based on push–pull motivation, self-concordance, and push–pull–mooring theories. The 680 valid questionnaire responses indicated that the respondents were generally interested in domestic urban tourism despite the pandemic threat. Moreover, 187 respondents regarded themselves as urban tourism seekers. Their demographic features were consistent with the typical primary urban tourism market profile: they were young, highly educated, and employed in skilled occupations. In terms of psychological features, the push factors, representing the individuals' intrinsic urban tourism motivations, were more potent than the pull factors, representing a city's tourism opportunities, as motivational drivers for increasing seekers' urban tourism intention during the pandemic. The methodology and findings of this study strengthen the literature on urban tourism and pandemic recovery.

The purpose of this study was to empirically investigate the interrelationships between push and pull factors associated with the consumption of women’s professional basketball games. Multiple factors pertaining to sport consumers’ internal needs, identified as “push” factors, contain various intangible socio-psychological motivations representing an individual’s intrinsic desires that drive consumers toward certain goal-driven behaviors. On the other hand, “pull” factors, related to the supply side, refer to the different aspects of sport products the management of sport teams provides. It is imperative to obtain a better understanding of the push–pull interaction so that sport marketers can design their products to satisfy spectators’ expectations with different needs. Spectators (N = 628) attending WNBA games responded to an on-site survey. CFA was conducted to ensure the psychometric properties of the scales, which showed that the overall model fit the data well. A canonical correlation analysis was performed, and two significant functions were revealed by the dimension reduction analysis. The first function [F(40,2,683) = 4.49, p < 0.001]: I-Want-Everything-Consumer suggests that the market segment comprises individuals with multiple needs (ranged from 0.55 to 0.85) and expectations (ranged from 0.55 to 0.89), both of which need to be met simultaneously. Thus, sports marketers can satisfy WNBA consumers’ needs by enhancing the quality of tangible pull factors. The second function [F(28,2,222) = 2.38, p < 0.001]: Achievement-Seekers revealed that the consumers motivated by vicarious achievement (–0.59) expect game promotion (–0.55) rather than the quality of the opposing team (0.42), indicating that sport marketers should provide tailored promotional strategies to satisfy this segment of consumers. Specifically, the findings of this study can be used to segment consumers based upon fan motives (i.e., push factors) and position products accordingly by managing the controllable aspects of sport products (i.e., pull factors). This study provides empirical evidence of the relationship between WNBA consumers’ multiple needs and attributes associated with the WNBA core product.

This article investigates the main economic and non-economic determinants of population emigration from Lithuania. Our study offers a new approach for modelling the push and pull factors considering the push–pull link. We construct the relative variables and deploy mixed models for the macro data of Lithuania and 24 European destinations over 2010–2019. Our findings reveal that such economic variables as relative economic welfare, unemployment and income inequality are the key push–pull factors. The study results indicate that changes in relative welfare have the highest power to change Lithuanian emigration with the main impact recorded the same year, while changes in relative income inequality and unemployment affect fewer emigrants, and it takes one year for the effect to materialise. The obtained higher importance of relative welfare compared to the average wage suggests that the goods and services provided by the state play a role in the personal cost–benefit calculation of prospective emigrants. This study addresses the research gap on the quantitative push–pull factor evaluation, the timing of their impact, connectivity of the push–pull factors and structural changes, providing a foundation for future research on the root causes of emigration.

ÖZ: Türkiye, su altı dalış için önemli bir potansiyele sahip olmasına rağmen su altı dalışından hak ettiği ilgiyi görememektedir. Söz konusu durumun su altı dalış yapanların ihtiyaçlarının tam olarak anlaşılamamasından kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir. Dalış motivasyonu hedef pazarın anlaşılmasında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı su altı dalış yapanların motivasyonlarını belirlemektir. Daha özelde su altı dalış yapanları su altı dalış yapmaya iten (push) ve çeken (pull) motivasyon faktörlerinin neler olduğunu belirlemek ve bu motivasyonların demografik özelliklere ve deneyim durumuna göre değişip değişmediğini tespit etmek bu çalışmanın alt amaçlarını oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma için gerekli olan veriler Türkiye’deki dalış merkezine ve dalış merkezlerinin Instagram hesaplarına üye olan dalgıçlardan çevirimiçi ortamdaki anket yoluyla toplanmıştır. Toplam 261 dalış yapandan elde edilen verilerin analizi sonucunda dalış yapmaya iten en önemli motivasyonun dalış deneyimi, çeken en önemli motivasyonun temel dalış özellikleri olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca dalış yapanları dalış yapmaya çeken hiçbir motivasyon faktörü demografik ve deneyimsel özelliklere göre anlamlı bir farklılığa sahip olmazken, dalış yapmaya iten bir faktör olarak prestj ve kişisel başarı motivasyonun demografik özelliklerden yaşa ve aylık gelire göre anlamlı bir farklılığa sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda destinasyon ve dalış merkezi yöneticileri için öneriler sunulmuştur. ABSTRACT: Turkey, despite having a significant potential for underwater diving can not see the attention it deserves from it. This is thought to be due to a lack of understanding of the needs of underwater divers. Diving motivation plays an important role in understanding the target market. The main purpose of this study is to determine the motivations of underwater diving. More specifically, to determine the motivational factors that “push” and “pull” underwater divers and whether these factors change in accordance with demographic features and experience status are sub purposes of this study. The data required for the study was collected from divers who are members of diving centers and their Instagram accounts via online questionnaire in Turkey. As a result of the analysis of data obtained from a total of 261 divers, it has been determined that the most important “push” motivation factor is the diving experience, while “core diving features” is the most important “pull” motivation factor. Moreover, any motivation factor that pulled divers to dive had not a significant difference according to demographic and experiential characteristics, while only the prestige and personal success motivation, as a pushed factor, had a significant difference according to age and monthly income in demographic characteristics. In this direction, suggestions have been offered for destinations and the managers of diving centers.

Abstract Background Travelling seeking healthcare is becoming common phenomenon. There is limited research to understand factors associated with destinations of choice. Each year the Dubai Health Authority (DHA) spends millions of dollars to cover Emiratis seeking healthcare overseas. The objective of this study is to examine the association of treatment destinations, patients’ characteristics and motivation factors among the patients treated overseas from the UAE during 2009–2012. Method The data from the Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions Survey 2012 in Dubai on medical travel. Examining destinations by patients’ characteristics and motivational factors under push and pull factor framework. Modified Poisson regression model was used to identify factors associated with treatment destinations. Results Three hundred thirty-six UAE national families with a member who sought overseas treatment during 2009–2012 were analyzed for this study regarding their most recent trip. The aim of the survey is to explore their knowledge, attitudes and perceptions. The majority of respondents were family members not the patients who had experienced the medical treatment overseas (63%). Germany was the top treatment destination (45%). The top 3 medical conditions for which people traveled overseas were cancer (17%), bone and joint diseases (16%), and heart diseases (15%). However, patients diagnosed with stroke (brain hemorrhage or clot) are more likely to travel to Germany for medical treatment while patients diagnosed with eye diseases are more likely to seek medical treatment at other destinations. Cost was a primary motivational factor for choosing a treatment destination. Conclusion This study addressed knowledge gap related medical travel in the UAE. The results provided evidence about perceptions when choosing treatment destinations. Medical condition and financial factors were main predictors for choosing treatment destination. The result will influence policies related financial coverage by the government. The results suggest understanding patients’ perceptions in-depth related their medical conditions and financial factors for better regulation of overseas treatment strategy in the UAE.

為落實技術及職業教育人才的實作能力，臺灣於 2015 年 1 月 14 日公布《技術及職業教育法》之後，依該法第 25 條及第 26 條規定，技職校院專業科目或技術科目之教師須定期赴業界研習或研究，但目前此類教師參與研習與研究人數仍然偏低，因此，引發本研究探討此議題之動機。本研究以調查研究法，透過立意抽樣方式蒐集資料，邀請技職校院專業科目或技術科目之教師與技職校院師資培育生為研究對象，有效參與者為 244 人；並根據推拉因素 與期望價值建構技術及職業教育政策接受度與意願之模式，運用驗證性因素分析及結構方程模式檢定研究假設。研究結果顯示：科技與產業的推力及拉力對於消弭學用落差的感知價值呈現正相關，但消弭學用落差的感知價值對於政策的配合意願卻呈現負相關。研究結果發現，認知與行為意願有落差，易造成徒法無以執行。因此，本研究建議教育主管機關提供更多的獎勵機制，以提升技職校院專業科目或技術科目之教師配合政策之意願。 Since the introduction of the Technical and Vocational Education Act (hereinafter “TVE Act”) in Taiwan in 2015 under Articles 25 and 26, technical teachers are required to pursue advanced study or research in the industrial field. However, few technical teachers are willing to abide by this policy, which eliminates the difference between learning and practice. This study conducted a survey by collecting data from 244 teachers of technical skills or subjects in technical vocational colleges. The results indicate that pull and push factors were positively related to the perceived value of the TVE Act, whereas the perceived value of the TVE Act was negatively related to their intention of implementation. Feedback from some of the research participants indicates that the mandatory policy of the regulation may be one of the factors leading to the exclusion of the policy. the result, this study suggested that the education policy should not only stipulate teachers’ obligation to do research or only to learn from its profession, but incentives also need to be provided as a push factors to attract technical teacher’s intention to follow the policies, so that professional or technical subjects in technical vocational schools can be improved.

The advent of Pentecostal and Charismatic Churches (PCCs) in Ghana since the early 20th century has significantly impacted its religious landscape. Migration of members from the Church has become a great source of worry for the leadership of the Presbyterian Church of Ghana (PCG), a Historic Mission Church which is 191 years old with less than one million members. This article discusses factors for migration of members from Historic Mission Churches (HMCs) to PCCs with reference to the Presbyterian Church of Ghana (PCG). This requires that Historic Mission Churches should train laity to become the active components of the Church. Also, baptismal candidates should be given the option to choose the type of baptism they prefer to resolve the issue of members migrating to PCCs to seek baptism or rebaptism by immersion. Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: The article contributes to the interdisciplinary dialogue on mission and church growth, with emphasis on migration. It provides missiological implication and reflection on the missional vocation of the church.

Abstract Background Migration of physicians has become a global phenomenon with significant implications for the healthcare delivery systems worldwide. The motivations and factors driving physician’s migration are complex and continuously evolving. Purpose of this study is to explore the driving forces in a group of Egyptian physicians and final-years medical students preparing to migrate to Germany. Methods A qualitative study was conducted based on social constructivism epistemology. In five focus group discussions, there participated a total 12 residents and 6 final-year medical students from 7 different training and workplace locations in Egypt. The participants provided information about their motivation and planning for migration. We applied a coding framework based on the concept of push/pull factors and barriers/facilitators for migration, and used Atlas.ti software for analysis. Results The thematic analysis indicated that the migration within the study’s participants results from a specific weighting of push and pull factors. Push factors are considered to be more important than pull factors. Factors related to professional development play a leading role. The route of migration towards Germany is mainly determined by the low hurdle registration and licensing requirements in this destination country compared to other countries. In some cases, Germany is regarded as a “transit country”, a step on the road to other European countries. The intent, planning and preparation of migration is assisted considerably by the local formation of a community and culture of migration with multiple ways for information exchange, identity building and social support through face-to-face and online channels. Conclusions This study specifies – in a group of Egyptian physicians and final-year medical students – the perceived push and pull factors which influenced their intent to migrate to Germany. In addition to the general wealth gap, their particular route of migration is mainly determined by the requirements in licensing and registration procedures for foreign physicians in the potential destination country. The planning and preparation of a move is substantially facilitated by their joining a social network and a community of migrating physicians.

Analysing push and pull determinants of capital flows has become increasingly important with global financial crisis. Namely, global financial crisis has shown that large and volatile capital flows can pose risks, especially, for small and open economies. In this paper we are particularly interested to analyse the vulnerability of capital flows in country with limited monetary policy. We are focused on Montenegro, the country that unilaterally adopted euro in 2002 and regained independence in 2006. Since then, Montenegro has become very attractive for investments and has received significant amounts of foreign capital. Thus, in this paper we are assessing how global shocks could be dangerous for such a small open economy. In addition, we are interested in investigating whether domestic factors can influence capital flows due to the full euroization. In order to answer these questions, we have applied structural vector autoregressive model of the determinants of two main components of capital flows, foreign direct investments and portfolio investments separately, using quarterly data from 2005 to 2017. We provide evidence that mainly push factors, such as foreign output, interest rates and euro area risk sentiment, significantly explain the variation of capital flows. Furthermore, domestic factors are found to play little role for capital flow developments in Montenegro.

The primary objective of this study is to examine the role of push and pull factors in determining consumer trip satisfaction and loyalty to agricultural fairs. We use a modified version of Yoon and Uysal’s causal model, initially proposed to evaluate consumers’ leisure behaviors. In particular, we utilize an exploratory factor analysis approach to identify latent constructs and a structural equation model to assess the impact of consumers’ internal desires for leisure activities (push motivation) and fair attributes (pull motivation) on trip satisfaction and loyalty. Consistent with the existing literature, the structural equation model results show that push and pull motivations play a crucial role in determining visitor satisfaction from attending an agricultural fair. Moreover, both push and pull motivations significantly affect visitor’s loyalty directly and indirectly through their impact on trip satisfaction.

Migration is a very important socio‑economic issue in the contemporary world. One of the interesting and pertinent research problems worth considering concerns the scale and nature of migration from countries which entered the European Union in 2004 and in the subsequent years. As a result of integration within the European Community, the citizens of member states acquired citizenship within the entire European Union (which is complementary to citizenship in the country of origin). The right of free movement led to the emergence of the migration phenomenon within the territory of the European Union. A well educated and young labour force may be an influential factor in the social and economic development of the European Union members. The enlargement of the EU led to a significant increase in the number of part‑time/temporary migrants. According to statistical data, the number of emigrants from the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEE) to the more prosperous European countries increased from 1,66 million in 2004 to 7,3 million in 2016. Within the context of the scale of economic migration from the CEE, questions should be asked about the determinants and economic consequences of this mobility. The main objective of this article is a diagnosis and evaluation of the determinants and size of migration from the CEE. The analyses are based on Eurostat data. The determinants of migration are presented from the point of view of the push and pull factors theory and related to the situation in the European labour market. An analysis of the size of migration outflow from the CEE countries made it possible to classify them into three groups: countries with a high emigration potential (Latvia, Lithuania, Romania), a moderate emigration potential (Hungary, Bulgaria, Poland, Estonia, Slovakia) and a low emigration potential (the Czech Republic, Slovenia). The economic consequences of migration are shown from the perspective of remittances received from working abroad.

International labor mobility in Southeast Asia has risen drastically in recent decades and is expected to continue increasing with the establishment of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Economic Community in 2015. This paper looks at the determinants of the movement of workers and finds three structural factors that will likely drive further intra-ASEAN migration in the coming years: (i) demographic transition, (ii) large income differentials between economies, and (iii) the porosity of borders. A microfounded gravity model is estimated in order to empirically analyze the main determinants of intra-ASEAN migration in the period 1960–2000. Results suggest that the movement of migrants between Southeast Asian economies has mostly been driven by higher wages and migrant social networks in destination economies, as well as natural disasters in origin economies.

The “Wild League” is a recreational sports event, which takes place in Dubrovnik and has an extremely long tradition. The sport that is played in this competition is water polo. A study was conducted in order to identify motivational factors related to this amateur sport. The study had two main goals: to determine basic psychometric properties (construct validity and reliability) of the adjusted Questionnaire on sports events (QSE), as well as to determine the differences in motivational factors, according to several independent variables. A sample of 125 participants were examined in this study, using the QSE. All participants were Croatian citizens, and the study did not include those who are born (and currently live) in Dubrovnik. The results revealed three-component principal components’ structure, with reliable principal components that represent pushing motives, pulling motives and the limitations. Moreover, previous visiting Dubrovnik and the level of education did not appear as important independent variables to differentiate any sport tourists’ motives. Pushing motives are highly emphasized in males, participants who were actively engaged in sports, or those with Dubrovnik’s heritage. This clearly define some profile of tourist who may be attracted to visit the destination, motivated with “Wild League” event.

Following the process of globalization, human capital has turned into a major driver of economic growth and countries around the world are up in a global race for “best and brightest”. The countries of origin of highly skilled migrants (HSMs), such as Moldova, represent a country where the impact of skilled migration on development are new issues on the public agenda. HSMs could become the spillovers of development if a state succeeds to implement effective political, social and economic reform, creating a favorable domestic enabling environment for returnees.

Scope of this study was to identify motivational factors related to specific recreational sport event: 'Wild league' in water polo, which takes place in Dubrovnik, have very long tradition. First goal of the study is to determine the relationship between motivational factors related to this event, as well as with socio-demographic variables. Second goal is to determine the differences in motivational factors, according to several independent variables, mainly related to the previous experiences with sports and touristic destination. The cross-sectional study is conducted. The sample of 125 participants was examined, using the Questionnaire on sports event. All participants were Croatian citizens, excluding those who are born, and currently live in Dubrovnik. Major sports tourism motives of the potential tourists in this sporting event, were obtained. In general, the importance of the benefits of sports and tourist destination prevailed, as compared with their limitations, which appeared as an important factor only in participants who didn't visited Dubrovnik yet. At the participants, pull factors, i.e. advanced sports and travel motives slightly dominated over push motives, but statistically significant only in females, who expressed more sophisticated pulling tourist motives, such as the acquisition of knowledge about the destination. Correlations indicate that previous interest in sport, particularly in water polo and Wild League, are moderate positively associated with pushing motives. Moreover, previous recreationally engaging in sports, as well as destination-related origin, appeared as the important factors for having more emphasized pull motives for visiting this sport event. Level of the education did not appear as important factor in differentiating main type of motives in target population. Results provide initial information about the possibility of profiling potential tourists who could be motivated to visit the destination by this particular sports event.

There is a relationship between tourism motivation and destination choice, acquiring knowledge about this is so important in predicting the future patterns of tourists’ behaviour. The main purpose of this study is to analyse the motivational factors influencing European tourists’ decision making process to choose Iran. A sample of 404 tourists were studied, the data were analysed using factor analysis. The mentioned factors were categorized in four pull factors groups named “Attractiveness of safety and peace of mind”, “Attractiveness of marketing”, “Attractiveness of seeking diversity”, and “Attractiveness of culture and history of the destination”. The results show acquiring knowledge and learning about history and cultural heritage is a notable motivational factor, also tourists are persuaded to travel to Iran for feeling safe and secure and relying on their friends’ recommendations. Using social media professionally for providing tourism information about Iran and trying to give actual positive image of Iran will lead more European tourists to choose Iran. So, it is necessary to regard three main dimensions of tourism destinations such as improving international political relationships, conserving cultural and natural resources and offering tourism services and facilities.

This article analyses the push and pull factors that bring visitors to the Iranian national parks. The study used a structured questionnaire to collect data on these factors and the socio-demographic profile of the visitors. Survey conducted in Boujagh National Park, an area of 3177 hectares located in the north of the Iran, produced 400 questionnaires. The factor analysis identified four push and six pull factors underlying visitors’ motives to visit the park. Difference in the push and pull factors in different socio-demographic groups were investigated. It was found that visitors are pushed to the park for relaxing, and pulled by nature as a product. It was also clear that gender, marital status and province of the residence had not a significant influence on the push and pull factors. With the current number of other type of tourism competing for nature based tourism, this kind of information can imply that the management of national parks should not only focus on the identified travel motives, but also focus on other push and pull factors, in order to contribute to the sustainability of parks’ development.

This study aims to identify robust push and pull factors of human trafficking. I test for the robustness of 70 push and 63 pull factors suggested in the literature. In doing so, I employ an extreme bound analysis, running more than two million regressions with all possible combinations of variables for up to 153 countries during the period of 1995–2010. My results show that crime prevalence robustly explains human trafficking both in destination and origin countries. Income level also has a robust impact, suggesting that the cause of human trafficking shares that of economic migration. Law enforcement matters more in origin countries than destination countries. Interestingly, a very low level of gender equality may have constraining effects on human trafficking outflow, possibly because gender discrimination limits female mobility that is necessary for the occurrence of human trafficking.

Gay travel is regarded as one of the fastest-growing markets in the international travel industry which leads to an increasing number of tourism destinations attempting to attract gay travellers. There appears to be a specific lack of direction in attracting the gay traveller to Cape Town despite the City’s attractiveness to these travellers, which may hinder effective destination marketing. The understanding of gay travel was enhanced by examining the salient factors influencing gay travellers’ holiday motivations within the push-pull framework. A self-administered web-based electronic survey was used to survey 439 international and domestic gay travellers to Cape Town. The findings suggest that rest and relaxation are at the core of gay travellers’ push motivation, as with most other travellers, followed by escape, novelty, intellectual enrichment and enhancement of kinship relationships. The most salient pull motivation was Cape Town’s dramatic and beautiful landscape and scenery, followed by the relaxing atmosphere, the local food and wine, climate/weather and a gay-friendly environment, suggesting that some gay travellers’ travel behaviour, in particular their pull motivations, are influenced by their sexuality. Tourism stakeholders may be encouraged to offer a more diverse range of tourism experiences to gay travellers as opposed to the “gay stereotypical holidays” characterised by partying, promiscuity and the pursuit of sexual encounters. It is suggested that resources be devoted to developing a well-organised travel package that resembles the most salient pull attributes and that the promotional message should match the most salient socio-psychological needs (push motivations).

Travel motivation studies have always played a pivotal role in tourism development which is aligned to the travel needs of any given market. Knowledge about a tourist’s travel motivations can assist destination managers, tourism planners and tourism marketers in meeting the tourist’s needs. This holds true especially in countries such as South Africa, where recent emphasis has been placed on promoting domestic tourism. The purpose of this study was to understand the travel motives of residents at Vhembe District Municipality, Limpopo, South Africa. The study was quantitative in nature with data analyzed using the SPSS version 23 software. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to identify the motivating factors and thus identified five motivating factors. Following PCA was a Cluster analysis which classified the residents into two segments, namely Self-Enrichers and Purposive travelers. The findings are fundamental in identifying and developing appropriate marketing strategies that would entice greater VDM travel demand, especially linked to domestic tourism promotion in the region.

The purpose of this study was to provide an in-depth understanding of the factors that motivate youth travel in Kenya using the ‘Push’ and ‘Pull’ paradigm of travel motivation. The study adopted a questionnaire survey and involved 132 respondents drawn from visitors to the Nairobi national park within the ages of 15 to 30 years. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The survey found out that students formed the majority of youth travelers in Kenya. The study further demonstrated that “push” factors are more important determinants of youth travel in Kenya than the “pull” factors. In addition, while pull factors were identified as being relatively less significant, the study found out that the scope of destination product offering and delivery factors are considered as being more significant ‘pull’ factors for youth travel than the natural appeal of the destination.

The purpose of this study were to find out: push and pull factors of migrant workers working abroad, and the relationship between internal factors with increasing household assets. This research was conducted in the District Tuntang and Pabelan. Type of research is explanatory research, using two approaches namely quantitative and qualitative analysis approach. Sampling method using Step Cluster Sampling. The main data analyzed in this study were obtained from a study entitled “Indonesian Workers (TKI) Role and Influence People’s Economy In Rural Areas In Central Java Province (Seeking Pattern Development Investments) Year-2". For completeness of the data conducted depth interviews with 12 randomly selected respondents in the said two villages. The analysis tools are Spearman rank correlation test with two-way T test with 95 percent confidence level. The results showed that: • Push factors of migrant workers working abroad include the economic problems facing families, lack of jobs, low wages, and low levels of education. • Pull factors working abroad include: salaries abroad are higher than in the country, opening the opportunity for an English course, the environment and the means of life more enjoyable, heart virtue employer in the country where they’ve worked before. • There were a relationship between age, education, and number of family members with increasing household assets.

This study examines the motivational push and pull-factors that affect tourists’ decision in their choice of a holiday destination. 200 questionnaires were completed using a face to face interview among specific groups of travellers to Mauritius (English, French, German, Italian and South African tourists) at various points on the island. The findings demonstrate that rest and relaxation are the most compelling push motivation forces followed by nostalgia, escape, novelty and social interaction. The key pull based motives were found to be the special climate and weather of Mauritius, the exquisite landscape and scenery, unique flora and fauna, exotic beaches, the exotic ambience and atmosphere, the welcoming nature of Mauritian hospitality and the authentic Mauritian culture. The Push and pull factors between first time visitors and repeat visitors are discussed in this article and the study essentially contributes to our overall understanding of why holiday makers take travel decisions to opt for long- haul destinations like Mauritius, and can therefore help destination marketers develop better marketing programmes to meet the specific needs of their customers.

Orientation: The study focuses on understanding labour turnover trends amongst African Black senior managers in South Africa. There is a perception that turnover amongst African Black senior managers is higher than average. There is also a perception that African Black senior managers are only motivated by financial rewards when considering job change. Research purpose: The study focused on understanding why African Black senior managers have a propensity to change jobs and how organisations can resolve the trend. Motivation for the study: To develop a better understanding of the push and pull factors for African Black senior managers in organisations. Research design, approach and method: The research was conducted in two phases, namely as part of a qualitative study and a quantitative study: Creswell (2003) refers to this approach as triangulation. The target population was African Black senior managers on the database of a large Human Resources Consultancy, The South African Rewards Association and the Association of Black Actuaries and Investment Professionals (ABSIP) (n = 2600). A total of 208 usable responses were received. Main findings: The main findings and contribution to the field of study was that African Black senior managers do not trust organisations with their career development. They would rather take control of their own career development by moving from organisation to organisation to build their repertoire of skills and competence. They want to be in charge of their careers. This finding has profound implications for organisations employing African Black managers in the senior cadre. Practical/managerial implications: Managers of African Black senior managers need to create attractive employee value propositions that address the main findings. Contribution/value-add: The research shows that African Black senior managers generally seek corporate environments that encourage a sense of belonging and with a clear career growth plan.

Orientation: South Africa is currently experiencing a serious shortage of skilled workers. It has a negative effect on South Africa’s economic prospects and on global participation in South Africa (SA). This skills shortage severely affects socioeconomic growth and development in SA. Research purpose: This study focuses on the causes and effects of the skills shortages in South Africa. Motivation for the study: The researchers undertook this study to highlight the role that skilled foreign workers can play in supplementing the shortage of skilled workers in South Africa. The shortage is partly because of the failure of the national education and training system to supply the economy with much-needed skills. Research design, approach and method: The researchers undertook a literature study to identify the nature, extent and effect of skills shortages in South Africa. They consulted a wide range of primary and secondary resources in order to acquire an in-depth understanding of the problem. The article explains the research approach and method comprehensively. It also outlines the research method the researchers used. Main findings: This study shows that several factors cause serious skills shortages in SA. Practical/managerial implications: The researchers mention only two significant implications. Firstly, this article provides a logical description of the nature, extent and effect of skills shortages on the economy. Secondly, it indicates clearly the implications of skills shortages for immigration policy. Contribution/value-add: This study confirms the findings of similar studies the Centre for Development and Enterprise (CDE) conducted. Opening the doors to highly skilled immigrants can broaden the skills pool.