Search

Background: The identification of nearby neurovascular structures is a vital part of dental implant treatment planning. Commonly two implants are placed in the mandibular inter foraminal region to support the overdenture. Placing dental implants in this region is considered relatively safe. The purpose of this study was to employ cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) on a representative sample of Northeast Indians to find out the location and distribution of lingual foramen in the anterior mandible. Study Design: A total of 104 CBCT scans were performed using the Cranex 3D CBCT system. Three Oral and Maxillofacial Radiologists agreed on a visibility grade for assessing the lingual foramen using a 3-point scale. The number and presence of foramina were noted. On cross-sectional pictures, the distance in millimeters between the crest of the alveolar ridge and the superior cortical margin of the foramen was determined. Furthermore, the analysis of the distribution of lingual foramina in terms of frequency and percentages was performed. Results: Scan results showed that the lingual foramen was clearly visible in 65.4% of cases, somewhat visible in 12.5% of scans, and not visible at all in 22.1% of cases. Half of the people in the study had two foramina, whereas 27.9 percent had one and 22.1 percent had none. The mean distance from the crest of the alveolar ridge was 10.84 mm in males whereas 9.91 mm in females Conclusion: The Northeast Indian population exhibits an unusually high prevalence of lingual foramen in the anterior portion of the mandible. This research will aid in the precise pre-operative identification of the position and number of lingual foramina prior to surgical treatments involving the midline of the mandible.

Abstract Background Macular hole (MH) may become refractory if the hole does not close after multiple surgeries. We provide a modified surgical technique for refractory MH repair with neurosensory retinal free flap transplantation. Case presentation To treat a 68-year-old female patient with refractory MH after multiple surgeries, we harvested a neurosensory retinal free flap with a 2-MH diameter area. A drop of whole blood was placed within the MH as an adhesive to fix the neurosensory retinal free flap at the MH under gas tamponade. Two months after surgery, optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed closure of the MH. The flap was visible on OCT and had filled the MH without overlapping the neurosensory retina. The patient’s best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improved from 20/500 preoperatively to 20/50 at 2 months postoperatively. Conclusions Using whole blood as an adhesive to aid in the fixation of an autologous neurosensory retinal free flap under gas tamponade provides another option for patients with refractory MH due to multiple prior surgeries.

The domain within the otic vesicle (OV) known as the neurosensory domain (NSD), contains cells that will give rise to the hair and support cells of the otic sensory organs, as well as the neurons that form the cochleovestibular ganglion (CVG). The molecular dynamics that occur at the NSD boundary relative to adjacent OV cells is not well defined. The Tbx1 transcription factor gene expression pattern is complementary to the NSD, and inactivation results in expansion of the NSD and expression of the Notch ligand, Jag1 mapping, in part of the NSD. To shed light on the role of Jag1 in NSD development, as well as to test whether Tbx1 and Jag1 might genetically interact to regulate this process, we inactivated Jag1 within the Tbx1 expression domain using a knock-in Tbx1Cre allele. We observed an enlarged neurogenic domain marked by a synergistic increase in expression of NeuroD and other proneural transcription factor genes in double Tbx1 and Jag1 conditional loss-of-function embryos. We noted that neuroblasts preferentially expanded across the medial-lateral axis and that an increase in cell proliferation could not account for this expansion, suggesting that there was a change in cell fate. We also found that inactivation of Jag1 with Tbx1Cre resulted in failed development of the cristae and semicircular canals, as well as notably fewer hair cells in the ventral epithelium of the inner ear rudiment when inactivated on a Tbx1 null background, compared to Tbx1Cre/− mutant embryos. We propose that loss of expression of Tbx1 and Jag1 within the Tbx1 expression domain tips the balance of cell fates in the NSD, resulting in an overproduction of neuroblasts at the expense of non-neural cells within the OV.

The ocular surface is comprised of the cornea and conjunctiva, which are structures that not only protect the eye but also enable vision. The corneal epithelium is the most superficial layer of the cornea, and therefore first line of defense against external assaults. Damage to this highly specialized structure could lead to vision loss, making it an important structure to investigate and understand. Here, we conducted a search of the current literature on the mechanisms the corneal epithelium has adapted against three frequent insults: UV-radiation, pathogens, and environmental assaults. This review systematically examines the corneal epithelium's response to each assault in order to maintain its role as an invisible shield. The goal of this review is to provide insight into some of the critical functions the corneal epithelium performs that may be valuable to current regenerative studies.

مقدمه: جهت تصحیح ناهنجاری‏های فکی از جراحی‏های ارتوگناتیک استفاده می‏شود. یکی از تکنیک‏های رایج در فک پایین استئوتومی‏ ساژیتال اسپلیت دو طرفه می‏باشد. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی اختلالات حسی لب پایین تا 6 ماه بعد از جراحی یاد شده و تاثیر این تغییرات حسی بر زندگی روزمره افراد و میزان رضایت مندی آنها از نتیجه عمل جراحی بود. مواد و روش ها: در این مطالعه 22 بیمار (44 سمت) با میانگین سنی 4/21 سال مورد استئوتومی‏ساژیتال قرار گرفتند. جهت معاینه عینی قبل از عمل جراحی و نیز 3 و 6 ماه بعد از عمل، تست تمایز دو نقطه‏ای انجام گرفت. جهت معاینه ذهنی بیماران پرسشنامه‏هایی را در پیگیری‏های 3 و 6 ماهه تکمیل کردند. داده‏ها به وسیله توزیع فراوانی و آزمون های Mc Nemar، آزمون Wilcoxon ، t-test ، Paired Samples t-test آنالیز شدند. یافته‏ها: در پیگیری سه ماه بعد از عمل جراحی 6/63% از موارد و در پیگیری شش ماه بعد از عمل، 1/43% از موارد، دارای تغییرات حسی بودند. آزمون Wilcoxon تفاوت معنی‏داری را در تغییر وسعت بی حسی بین پیگیری سه ماهه و شش ماهه نشان داد (007/0=P) که نشانگر بهبودی نواحی دارای تغییر حسی بود. میانگین تست تمایز دو نقطه‏ای قبل از عمل، سه و شش ماه بعد از عمل به ترتیب 81/3، 9/6 و2/5 میلی‏متر بود. در پیگیری شش ماهه، تفاوت میانگین بین سمت راست و چپ mm04/1 و از لحاظ آماری معنی‏دار بود (027/0=P). علیرغم وجود تغییرات حسی در لب، تمامی‏ بیماران از نتیجه عمل خود رضایت داشتند. نتیجه گیری: با گذشت زمان از عمل جراحی (از 3 ماه تا 6 ماه) درصد موارد دارای نقایص حسی کاهش یافت که علت آن بهبود خودبخودی عصب می‏باشد. نتایج نشان داد اختلالات حسی و مشکلات ایجاد شده به علت آنها، عامل تعیین کننده مهمی‏در رضایت مندی بیمار نیست.