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Electric power grids are evolving into complex cyber-physical power systems (CPPSs) that integrate advanced information and communication technologies (ICTs) but face increasing cyberspace threats and attacks. This study considers CPPS cyberspace security under distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks and proposes a nonzero-sum game-theoretical model with incomplete information for appropriate allocation of defense resources based on the availability of limited resources. Task time delay is applied to quantify the expected utility as CPPSs have high time requirements and incur massive damage DDoS attacks. Different resource allocation strategies are adopted by attackers and defenders under the three cases of attack-free, failed attack, and successful attack, which lead to a corresponding consumption of resources. A multidimensional node value analysis is designed to introduce physical and cybersecurity indices. Simulation experiments and numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model for the appropriate allocation of defense resources in CPPSs under limited resource availability.

Intelligent construction is vital for achieving new building industrialization by enhancing prefabricated buildings through integrated, digital, and intelligent management across production and construction processes. Despite its significance, detailed research on evaluating the intelligent construction management (ICM) level of prefabricated projects remains limited. This study aims to develop a comprehensive, multi-level, multi-dimensional ICM assessment system. By reviewing the literature, engaging in expert discussions, and conducting case studies—specifically using a project in Guangzhou as an example—this study employs the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and entropy weight methods to assign indicator weights. Utilizing cloud model theory, it establishes evaluation standards for intelligent construction management. This model identifies the project’s ICM level, suggests practical improvement methods, and validates its applicability. This work not only advances theoretical understanding but also provides a practical framework for assessing ICM levels in prefabricated projects, thus contributing significantly to the field by offering new research perspectives and empirical evidence.

With the development of satellite altimetry technology and the application of new altimetry satellites, the accuracy and resolution of altimeter-derived gravity field models have improved over the last decades. Nowadays, they are close enough to shipborne gravimetry. In this paper, multi-source shipborne gravity data in the South China Sea were taken to evaluate the accuracies of two high-precision altimeter-derived marine gravity field models (SS V30.1, DTU17). In these shipborne gravity data, there are dozens of routes’ ship gravimetry data, obtained from the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC); data were tracked from a marine survey with a commercial marine gravimeter (type KSS31M), and data were tracked from a marine gravimetry campaign that was conducted with a newly developed platform gravimeter (type JMG) in the South China Sea in September 2020. After various data filtering, processing, and calibrations, the shipborne gravity data were validated with crossover points analysis. Then, the processed shipborne data were employed to evaluate the accuracy of the altimeter-derived marine gravity field models. During this procedure, the quality of JMG shipborne gravity data was compared with the results of KSS31M and NGDC data. Analysis and evaluation results show that the crossover points verification accuracies of KSS31M and JMG are 0.70 mGal and 1.61 mGal, which are much better than the accuracy of NGDC, which is larger than 8.0 mGal. In the area where the bathymetry changes slowly, the root mean square error values between altimetry gravity models and KSS31M data are respectively 3.28 mGal and 4.54 mGal, and those of the JMG data are respectively 2.94 mGal and 2.60 mGal. According to the above results, we can conclude that the JMG has the same 1–2 mGal accuracy level as KSS31M and can meet the measurement requirements of marine gravity.

Abstract Background The global spread of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has led to the use of online teaching methods in universities, but the effect of online education on dermatology teaching remains unclear. Methods We designed a multi-dimensional teaching evaluation form for data collection, student teaching feedback evaluation, and assessed the scores of final theoretical and clinical skill tests, to compare the effective difference between online and offline teaching of dermatology. Results A total of 311 valid questionnaires of medical undergraduates were collected, 116 of which were enrolled for offline learning, and 195 for online learning. The average score of final theoretical test in the online teaching group had no significant difference compared with that in the offline teaching group (75.33 ± 7.37 vs.75.63 ± 7.51, P = 0.734). However, both scores of skin lesion recognition test and medical history collection test in the online teaching group were significantly lower than that in the offline teaching group (6.53 ± 0.86 vs. 7.10 ± 1.11, P

The field of human-computer interaction is expanding, especially within the domain of intelligent technologies. Scene understanding, which entails the generation of advanced semantic descriptions from scene content, is crucial for effective interaction. Despite its importance, it remains a significant challenge. This study introduces RGBD2Cap, an innovative method that uses RGBD images for scene semantic description. We utilize a multimodal fusion module to integrate RGB and Depth information for extracting multi-level features. And the method also incorporates target detection and region proposal network and a top-down attention LSTM network to generate semantic descriptions. The experimental data are derived from the ScanRefer indoor scene dataset, with RGB and depth images rendered from ScanNet's 3D scene serving as the model's input. The method outperforms the DenseCap network in several metrics, including BLEU, CIDEr, and METEOR. Ablation studies have confirmed the essential role of the RGBD fusion module in the method's success. Furthermore, the practical applicability of our method was verified within the AI2-THOR embodied intelligence experimental environment, showcasing its reliability.

As artificial intelligence technology advances, the application of object detection technology in the field of SAR (synthetic aperture radar) imagery is becoming increasingly widespread. However, it also faces challenges such as resource limitations in spaceborne environments and significant uncertainty in the intensity of interference in application scenarios. These factors make the performance evaluation of object detection key to ensuring the smooth execution of tasks. In the face of such complex and harsh application scenarios, methods that rely on single-dimensional evaluation to assess models have had their limitations highlighted. Therefore, this paper proposes a multi-dimensional evaluation method for deep learning models used in SAR image object detection. This method evaluates models in a multi-dimensional manner, covering the training, testing, and application stages of the model, and constructs a multi-dimensional evaluation index system. The training stage includes assessing training efficiency and the impact of training samples; the testing stage includes model performance evaluation, application-based evaluation, and task-based evaluation; and the application stage includes model operation evaluation and model deployment evaluation. The evaluations of these three stages constitute the key links in the performance evaluation of deep learning models. Furthermore, this paper proposes a multi-indicator comprehensive evaluation method based on entropy weight correlation scaling, which calculates the weights of each evaluation indicator through test data, thereby providing a balanced and comprehensive evaluation mechanism for model performance. In the experiments, we designed specific interferences for SAR images in the testing stage and tested three models from the YOLO series. Finally, we constructed a multi-dimensional performance profile diagram for deep learning object detection models, providing a new visualization method to comprehensively characterize model performance in complex application scenarios. This can provide more accurate and comprehensive model performance evaluation for remote sensing data processing, thereby guiding model selection and optimization. The evaluation method proposed in this study adopts a multi-dimensional perspective, comprehensively assessing the three core stages of a model’s lifecycle: training, testing, and application. This framework demonstrates significant versatility and adaptability, enabling it to transcend the boundaries of remote sensing technology and provide support for a wide range of model evaluation and optimization tasks.

Pollutant discharge causing the deterioration of the watershed environment has seriously threatened human health and ecosystem function. The importance of improving the risk warning system is becoming more and more prominent. Traditional chemical risk assessment methods focused on toxicity and the exposure of pollutants without considering the impact of persistent pollutants in different environmental media. In this study, a new approach was proposed to reflect multi-dimensional evaluation with a synthetic risk factor (SRF) of pollutants. The integrating parameters of SRF include toxicity endpoint values, environmental exposure level, persistent properties, and compartment features. Selected pesticides, perfluorinated compounds, organophosphate esters and endocrine disruptors were analyzed by the proposed and traditional methods. The results showed a higher risk outcome using SRF analysis for PFOS, imazalil, testosterone, androstenedione and bisphenol A, which were different from those obtained by the traditional method, which were consistent with existing risk management. The study demonstrated that the SRF method improved the risk assessment of various pollutants in different environmental media in a more robust fashion, and also provided a more accurate decision basis for ecological environment protection.

The challenges of sustainable development are mainly concentrated in the cities. Therefore, they represent a key place for implementing strategies and actions to achieve (or not achieve) sustainable development objectives. In this perspective, the circular city model represents a new way of organizing the city. As demonstrated by a variety of best practices, the entry points for triggering circular processes at the urban scale are various. In this paper, cultural heritage is presented as the entry point for the implementation of this new urban development model. The focus here is on the implementation tools, with a particular emphasis on the evaluation tools for assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of this model, that is, the multidimensional benefits that it can produce. The Level(s) tool, proposed by the European Commission in 2017, is the only officially recognised assessment tool related to the circular economy at the European level. It aims to evaluate the performance of new buildings from a circular economy perspective. This paper intends to expand the field of action of the aforementioned tool to projects related to cultural heritage. Nevertheless, the Level(s) tool has some weaknesses in relation to values and attributes that need to be considered when dealing with cultural heritage. This paper proposes an evaluation framework for assessing cultural heritage renovation and reuse projects, considering all its values and the multidimensional impacts that they are able to produce (economic, social, environmental impacts) in the city. The starting point for the development of the proposed evaluation framework is the Level(s) tool by the European Commission. On the basis of critical considerations, this tool is integrated with criteria and indicators deduced from other previous studies and other official tools on this issue (Green Building Council and Heritage Impact Assessment tools). The evaluation framework is here tested to evaluate the renovation/reuse project of Villa Vannucchi, a historic building located in the city of San Giorgio a Cremano in the metropolitan city of Naples (Italy).

The practice of strategies for rapid weight loss (RWL) involve diverse factors, such as individual expectations, social interactions, structural elements, etc., conforming to a “culture” of RWL, which must be evaluated and understood in a broad sense. Based on the need of a comprehensive evaluation of the use of RWL in practitioners of combat sports, an ad hoc questionnaire designed for this study, which includes the types and detailed descriptions of RWL strategies, that athletes currently use, the prevalence and frequency of use, the physiological and psychological consequences, the perception of the effect of RWL on their own performance and finally, the individuals who influence the adoption of this practice. One hundred and sixty combat athletes from wrestling and taekwondo disciplines, from Mexico, filled out this questionnaire. Data collected for their statistical analyses. Results revealed a RWL strategies prevalence of 96% across the participants. Our results revealed that 57% of those athletes using RWL lose more than 5% of their body mass. Across the athletes, the most commonly used RWL strategies and with higher intensity were increased exercise and training with plastic or thick clothes. The greater the relative weight loss, the greater the presence of physiological symptoms in athletes, such as rapid breathing and blood pressure. Athletes also mentioned mood states such as tiredness, sadness, confusion, fatigue and vigor, these last two positive and negative mood states are associated with the relative weight loss, respectively. Finally, the people who most influenced the adoption of RWL strategies were the coaches, parents and nutritionists. In conclusion, the questionnaire prepared for this study allowed us to obtain valuable information about the several factors, and their interactions, involved in the practice of RWL in combat athletes. This type of practice could increase health risks and decrease their performance. Therefore, here we state the importance of a comprehensive evaluation of RWL strategies that allows the development of psycho-educational and social-based interventions and programs for the promotion of proper weight maintenance, and prevention against RWL strategies, involving the individuals who influence the adoption of these practices and supporting it with the help of communication technologies.

Evaluating park equity can help guide the advancement of sustainable and equitable space policies. Previous studies have mainly considered accessibility when evaluating park equity while ignoring the selectivity and convenience of entering parks and residents’ recognition of parks. Measuring equity based mainly on spatial thinking has resulted in the social aspects of parks receiving insufficient attention. In this study, we therefore integrated the spatial and social equity of parks and developed a multidimensional framework to evaluate park equity in four dimensions: accessibility (Ai), diversity (Di), convenience (Ci), and satisfaction (Si). Empirical analysis from Yangzhou, China showed that: (1) in Yangzhou’s built-up districts, 23.43% of the communities received high- or relatively high-level park access but 17.72% received little or no park access. (2) The Gini coefficient indicated that all three dimensions showed a mismatch with population distribution, except for satisfaction (Si), which showed a relatively reasonable match. (3) Park access was generally better in communities with better locations, environments, and facilities. High-income groups enjoyed significantly better park access than low- and middle-income groups. These findings could help urban planners and policymakers develop effective policies to reduce inequality in park access.

The incidence of elderly patients who come to the emergency room is progressively increasing. The specialization of the physician units might not be adequate for the evaluation of this complexity. The present study aimed to present a standard procedure, called ‘The Geriatric Frailty Network’, operating at the Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS Foundation, which is configured specifically for the level II assessment of frail elderly patients. This was a retrospective study in 1191 patients aged over 65, who were evaluated by the Geriatric Frailty Unit directly after emergency department admission for one year. All patients underwent multidimensional geriatric evaluation. Data were collected on demographics, co-morbidity, disease severity, and Clinical Frailty Scale. Among all patients, 723 were discharged directly from the emergency room with early identification of continuity of care path. Globally, 468 patients were hospitalized with an early assessment of frailty that facilitated the discharge process. The geriatric frailty network model aims to assist the emergency room and ward doctor in the prevention of the most common geriatric syndromes and reduce the number of incongruous hospitalizations.

The fragility of the Italian territory, due both to the particular morphological conformation of the emerged lands and to their relatively young geological structure, to an unfortunate governance system that has been implemented in the last forty years which has encouraged soil consumption while reducing the resources for maintenance, contributes greatly to making devastating the effects of natural phenomena on the ground. The ordinary management of the territory and the securing of security are today two fundamental themes of the political debate, since they can significantly influence not only the protection of human life but also the reduction of public spending. The problem of emergency planning can therefore assume a preponderant position compared to that of the traditional urban plan. If the priority need today is to guarantee citizens a safe territory, then even the urban transformations can be directly influenced by it or even subordinated. It is therefore necessary to introduce a new approach to the old land management model, in which the discipline of economic and strategic evaluation must be given priority, capable of efficiently and effectively distributing the resources destined to mitigate the vulnerability conditions of the territory.

According to New Public Management principles, all sectors of public administration must be able to measure their annual performance multi-dimensionally, in order to evaluate the socio-economic impact of their activities. Public museums - state, municipal, university, etc. - are frequently part of the administration. In particular, the accounting data and, consequently, the final accounts are mixed with those of the museum’s public owner and they refer mainly to cash accounting principles, so it is impossible to correctly measure the annual economic, financial and assets performance of the museum. The paper identifies a methodology for quantifying the profit or the loss of the museum. The research method is mainly deductive, with successive steps. The paper begins with an analysis of the mainstream theories and techniques for performance measurement and ends with a critical analysis of the theoretical model.

Este trabalho traz os resultados de uma investigação de caráter qualitativo, apoiada em descrições provenientes de um curso de especialização on-line colaborativo, com ênfase no processo de avaliação da aprendizagem dos estudantes. A investigação mostrou que, em decorrência das possibilidades abertas às pessoas pelas tecnologias de informação e comunicação, o processo avaliativo não pode se limitar à lógica do exame, pós-processual e definitivo, mas deve estender-se a todos os momentos, formas, atividades e práticas de um ambiente de curso. Esta abordagem, de caráter multidimensional, é capaz de dar conta do caráter complexo do conhecimento pertinente, levando em consideração as múltiplas possibilidades de interação, os diferentes tempos e espaços de aprender e ensinar, e as interfaces correspondentes, bem como as abordagens interdisciplinares presentes no ambiente colaborativo analisado. As referências teóricas exploraram os conceitos de avaliação e sua prática predominante, além de tratar dos diversos aspectos das tecnologias de informação e comunicação aplicadas à educação. Com base nestas duas frentes principais, outros conceitos foram contemplados no campo teórico, como complexidade, colaboração, tempo, espaço, interdisciplinaridade, entre outros, o que permitiu à pesquisa basear-se em um arcabouço de idéias a partir das quais as análises foram trazidas à luz, de forma a mostrar as amplas possibilidades da avaliação multidimensional da aprendizagem em ambientes colaborativos on-line, a qual oportuniza o ajuste dos objetivos individuais de estudantes e professores em função de uma estratégia pedagógica que privilegia dialeticamente a construção coletiva do conhecimento e a autonomia. Outro ponto importante demonstrado nesta investigação é a importância das pessoas, acima das tecnologias, e da colaboração entre as pessoas para uma avaliação de todos os momentos, inclusive considerando as trajetórias de cada participante, como sujeito detentor de história pessoal e de conhecimentos advindos de múltiplas fontes, em permanente estado de elaboração.Esto trabajo presenta los resultados de una investigación de carácter cualitativo basada en descripciones provenientes de un curso de especialización en línea colaborativo con énfasis en el proceso de evaluación del aprendizaje de los estudiantes. La investigación mostró que, como resultado de las posibilidades abiertas a las personas por las tecnologías de información e comunicación, el proceso de evaluación no puede limitarse a la lógica del examen sino que debe extenderse a todos los tiempos, las formas, las actividades y prácticas en un entorno de curso. Esto enfoque, de carácter multidimensional, es capaz de dar cuenta del carácter complejo de los conocimientos pertinentes, teniendo en cuenta las múltiples formas de interacción, diferentes momentos y espacios y las correspondientes interfaces, y los enfoques interdisciplinarios en el entorno colaborativo examinado. Los referentes teóricos exploraron los conceptos de evaluación e su práctica predominante, además de abordar diversos aspectos de tecnologías de información y comunicación aplicadas a la educación. Basándose en estos dos frentes principales, otros conceptos se incluyen en las bases teóricas, como la complejidad, la cooperación, el tiempo, espacio, la interdisciplinariedad, entre otros, lo que permitió a la investigación apoyarse en un conjunto de ideas por las cuales el análisis fue hecha, para presentar la amplia posibilidad de la evaluación multidimensional del aprendizaje en entornos colaborativos en línea que fomentan el ajuste de las metas individuales de los estudiantes y profesores en una estrategia pedagógica que enfatiza dialécticamente la construcción colectiva de conocimientos y la autonomía. Otro punto importante ha demostrado en esta investigación es la importancia de las personas por encima de las tecnologías, y de la colaboración entre las personas a una evaluación de todos los momentos, incluso teniendo en cuenta las trayectorias de cada participante, como sujeto que tiene una historia personal y conocimientos derivados de múltiples fuentes, en permanente estado de desarrollo.This work presents the results of a qualitative investigation supported by descriptions from an on-line collaborative specialization course with emphasis on the evaluation process of students' learning. The investigation showed that, as a result of the possibilities both information technology and communication technology create to people, the evaluation process can not be limited to the logic of a post-procedural and definitive examination, it should rather be applied all time long, in all ways and for all activities and practices in a course environment. This approach has a multidimensional nature and is able to handle with the complexity of the related knowledge, taking into account many possibilities of interaction, different timing and spaces to learn and teach, the related interfaces as well as interdisciplinary approaches in the analyzed collaborative environment. The theoretical references have explored the evaluation concepts and its predominant practice, and examine several aspects of information and communication technology which apply to the education. Based on these two main fronts, other concepts have been considered in the theoretical field such as complexity, collaboration, time, space, interdisciplinary aspects, among others, which have allowed the research to have its basis on a framework of ideas from which the analysis have been brought to light in order to show the broad scope of the multidimensional learning evaluation in on-line collaborative environment, considering that such evaluation allows to set individual goals of students and teachers according to a pedagogical strategy that dialectically focuses the autonomy and the collective construction of knowledge. Another important point demonstrated in this investigation is that people are much more important than technologies, and that the collaboration between people is also important for an assessment of all moments, even considering the history of each participant as an individual who has a personal history and knowledge gathered from multiple sources and being continuously processed.