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The livelihoods of households affected by land acquisition in rural Vietnam are crucial for sustainable development and community resilience. This study employs the sustainable livelihoods approach, which recognises the interconnectedness between various factors shaping livelihood outcomes, to investigate factors behind livelihood changes among 474 farm households affected by land acquisition in rural Vietnam. By applying Multinomial Logit (MNL) regression, this paper delves into how personal and household characteristics influence the transition from farming to non-farming activities in agrarian settings. Our findings reveal the diverse and multifaceted impacts of various factors such as gender, age, educational level, household size, household labour force, and the extent of land loss on livelihood strategy choices. This study offers nuanced insights that can guide policymakers and practitioners to design effective interventions that promote sustainable livelihoods and enhance community resilience amidst the challenges posed by land acquisition and rural transformation.

Abstract Background Large-scale renewable energy projects are increasingly being rolled out across rural Kenya, with the government playing a frontline role in attracting energy investors through various state-led and state-centric policies and investment incentives such as feed-in-tariffs and power purchase agreements. While these policies are commendable, and are indeed attracting many private investors, existing studies document how social and environmental justice concerns are often overlooked—sometimes causing local contestations against energy projects. However, to date, there has been less attention given to cases where procedural justice elements (e.g., access to information, access to meaningful participation, access to justice, and respect for local culture) led to a successful land negotiation for energy development without outright conflict. Using a case study in Kenya, this article aims to bridge this gap by showing how a fair application of various elements of procedural justice in land consultation has facilitated the establishment of the Kipeto wind farm. This qualitative research is based on semi-structured interviews that took place from February to March 2023, with a follow-up visit in December the same year, supplemented with review of secondary data sources. Results The results indicate that for energy projects to be accommodated in and by communities, access to land must be properly negotiated, particularly with the actual landowners whose livelihoods are most likely to be implicated by the project. Second, local people’s perception of what they regard as a ‘just’ or ‘fair’ process of land consultation constitutes the basis for their acquiescence and compliance. Conclusion Ensuring a ‘just’ procedure in land consultation with the actual landowners is a key strategy to avoid conflicts. Land investors, governments, and policy-makers who interface and negotiate with communities must ensure the provision of procedural justice, particularly in contexts where local livelihood is tied to land and where land is individually owned. Although the findings suggest a positive case of wind energy development in Kenya, the project is barely 4 years old; things may change overtime if agreed conditions are not met as specified in the MoU. Therefore, additional follow-up research is needed to ascertain the extent to which both KEL and landowners live up to their promises.

AbstractThis study sought to shed light on the repercussions of land acquisition process for the development of industries on the peace of farming communities. A case study design and primary and secondary data sources were used for this study. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and document analysis. Qualitative data were then coded, thematized, and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. The findings of the study indicated that the administrative bodies used unjust, coercive, and violent practices such as deceiving, confusing, cheating, labeling, defaming, intimidating, assaulting, and imprisoning farmers to appropriate their land without their will. These practices were characterized by non-manifested conflict that was signaled by partiality and corruption, non-violent conflict that was signaled by the use of power, and violent conflict that was signaled by the use of violence. Besides disrupting the overall peace of the farming communities, a flawed land acquisition process resulted in violent conflict at different times and is a potential threat to peace in the study area. Accordingly, developing inclusive and participatory policies, ensuring smallholder participation, implanting committed, loyal, and effective leadership, as well as addressing engrained land acquisition-related resentment, are crucial recommendations.

Agrarian conflicts between indigenous peoples and large-scale oil palm plantation companies in Indonesia always occur in tandem with the processes of expansion of new land for oil palm plantations. The article reveals how the strategies of large-scale oil palm plantation companies organize land as the key capital for the production of the oil palm plantation industry. The study case found that most of the land needed by the company was under the tenure control of the Dayak community, and the company succeeded to control the customary land through means of excluding the Dayak community from their lands by utilizing territorialization policies, organizing formal support from the village government bureaucracy to localize space for the Dayak community’s resistance to the land acquisition process. This study provides a lesson that the domination of state-village power relations is an entry point for customary land occupation processes without the resistance of indigenous peoples.

This study assesses the impact of land acquisition for cooperative housing development on the land environment in Woldia town from 2004 -2024. Satellite imagery, Google Earth Pro, focus group discussions, personal observation and key informant interviews were used. The results revealed that the proportions of farmland decreased from 19.27 to 6 %, forest cover from 24.95 to 13.98 %, and bare land from 18.84 to 2.37 % for 2004–2024. The built-up increased significantly, from 11.35 to 49.62% during the specified year. The results further indicated that the quality of habitats decreased from 0.79 in 2014 to 0.63 in 2024, due to built-up areas, improper waste disposal, population growth, road expansion, and cooperative housing expansion. Strong negative correlations between habitat quality status and the number of years of habitat quality assessment, built-up areas, waste disposal, population density, roads, and cooperative housing were observed while forest cover showed a strong positive correlation. These problems can be managed through the application of zoning laws, urban planning, compact development, mixed-use development, the promotion of sustainable land use practices, the protection of critical habitats, the development and implementation of policies to increase forest cover, and increasing public awareness. The novel component of this study is the preparation of maps for habitat quality due to land acquisition for cooperative housing development, and to aid in the accomplishment of two 2030 Sustainable Development Goals: goal number 11 (making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable) and goal number 15 (protecting, restoring, and promoting the sustainable use of land ecosystems, managing forests sustainably, and stopping land degradation and biodiversity loss). The findings inform decision-makers and planners to plan and manage the land environment sustainably.

Abstract In 2007/2008, a triple crisis of food, fuel and finance sparked a global rush for agricultural land; tens of millions of hectares were acquired, primarily by foreign investors, within countries in the Global South. Amidst those transactions, intergovernmental organizations, national governments, investors, and community members envisioned what “success” of such investments entails. Although not explicitly defined, each stakeholder had different conceptualizations and measures of it, based upon the descriptions used and desired outcomes sought. Despite a large amount of literature analyzing the global rush for land, as far as we are aware no one has analyzed the diverse viewpoints about what success entails. This paper compares conceptualizations among four key stakeholder groups, based on ideal types from dominant narratives, and develops a typology of ideal stakeholder framing of success to allow comparisons of uses and thereby provide a foundation for researchers who are assessing the global land rush. This paper provides clarity about widely used, but inconsistently defined, framing providing an important foundation for clarity of meaning and comparative differences between stakeholders. The typology advances the discourse on the land rush by providing nuance to this widely used framing and makes explicit its diverse meanings.

This research endeavors to investigate the intricate process of dispute resolution pertaining to conflicts that emerge between indigenous communities inhabiting the candidate site for the State Capital (Nusantara Capital City) and the Nusantara Capital Authority, a ministry-level institution endowed with the responsibility of overseeing regional administration within the Nusantara Capital City. Spanning an expansive 256,142 hectares of land, the Nusantara Capital City landscape harbors a mosaic of 17 indigenous communities in North Penajam Paser Regency and 34 indigenous communities in Kutai Kertanegara Regency, collectively comprising over 20,000 members, as documented by the Indigenous Peoples Alliance (Aliansi Masyarakat Adat). The procurement of land for the Nusantara Capital City's expansion has engendered protracted conflicts, notably pertaining to the resettlement of indigenous communities and the determination of suitable compensation areas. These conflicts persist without the presence of regulatory safeguards that could protect the rights and interests of indigenous communities while satisfying the exigencies of Nusantara Capital City development. The Indigenous Peoples Draft Law, despite its relevance, fails to address the intricacies of resolving disputes arising from land acquisition for public purposes. Similarly, the existing frameworks for land acquisition designed for public interest do not adequately address conflicts involving indigenous communities that lack legal recognition. Consequently, this research endeavors to propose a comprehensive conflict resolution framework rooted in the fundamental human rights of indigenous peoples, while also accommodating the imperatives of developmental investment. This approach seeks to strike a harmonious balance between the preservation of indigenous rights and the fulfillment of Nusantara Capital City's development needs.

The right to own property is an intrinsic human right that grants ownership and enjoyment to owners. The property right, however, is not absolute because it is subject to the state’s authority to compulsorily acquire land that is in private hands, which is referred to as land acquisition. Land acquisition refers to the power granted to the state government to obtain privately owned land for a public purpose, in exchange for fair compensation (Keith et al., 2008). Land acquisition is an essential strategy for the state to address the limited availability of land when it is necessary to create railways, airports, or any other infrastructure for the benefit of the public (Jonathan, 2012). Nevertheless, the process of acquiring land is a lengthy procedure that has a significant influence on the local community. This is because it involves conflicting interests between the government that is seemingly acting on behalf of the general public, and the very public who are affected by the acquisition itself. Therefore, the land acquisition system is supposed to be designed as a method of reconciling these conflicting interests. Despite this ideal purpose, numerous countries, particularly in emerging nations like Malaysia, face challenges in achieving a harmonious equilibrium between the conflicting public and private interests. These challenges arise from inadequate legislative safeguards and a conventional hierarchical approach adopted by the government branches of the state (Ghimire et al., 2017). The public aspect is usually legally defined, but private perspectives may not always be apparent. In order to achieve the right balance between conflicting public and private interests, this study aims to examine the perspectives of the individuals, i.e., the landowners who are directly affected by the land acquisition. This study examines their perceptions and attitudes towards the whole process and procedures of the land acquisition to which they were subjected, as well as their corresponding responses and willingness to make sacrifices in pursuit of the higher objectives of the state. To achieve this goal, a questionnaire survey has been used as the methodology of collecting data from the landowners and the results are presented using descriptive analysis. The outcome demonstrated that whenever the state exercises the power of land acquisition, the balance tends to side with the interest of the public rather than the private interests of the affected individuals, both in law and in practice. In addition, Malaysia became a member of the United Nations on 17 September 1957. Hence, it is crucial to examine the principles of compulsory land acquisition as delineated by the United Nations study (Keith et al., 2008). The final section of this article provides an analysis of the findings and then make recommendations by referring to Australia’s best practices for adoption in Peninsular Malaysia. The methodologies employed in this study are the data collection method and comparative legal analysis.

Utilization of natural resources in Indonesia for the greatest prosperity of the people is a necessity. One of the safe resources that can be utilized and has great potential is geothermal energy. However, its use requires land. The results of this research refer to land acquisition for geothermal exploitation in South Solok by providing information to the community regarding development plans, initial location data collection and public consultation. In the process of buying and selling, exchanging, or other methods agreed voluntarily by interested parties, it is carried out with a compensation mechanism and scheme determined by a committee formed by the company which will then be submitted and determined in deliberation. The conclusion in this research is that the provision of land needs carried out by PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh refers to Presidential Decree No. 36 of 2005, Presidential Decree 36 of 2006 and the RTRW of South Solok Regency. Apart from that, in terms of the implementation of the sales and purchase process carried out by PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh through a compensation mechanism, the name of the scheme created is "profit compensation" presented by the company.

This study aims to determine the legal basis of the land acquisition process and mechanism, as well as to find out the obstacles that occur in the mechanism of land acquisition for the public interest. In practice, that the need for land will in turn have an impact on various land use issues, land affairs are not only related to socio-economic aspects, but are also related to juridical issues. Because in an effort to use land, it is necessary to provide a guarantee of legal certainty. This research is important in order to be able to overcome the problems regarding land acquisition for public interest in Indonesia. This research method is normative juridical. The results of the study concluded that in carrying out land acquisition referring to Law no. 2 of 2012 concerning Land Procurement for Development in the Public Interest which consists of the planning, preparation, implementation and delivery of results. In addition, the details of the implementation and process are regulated in Presidential Regulation no. 148 of 2015 which updated Presidential Regulation No. 71 of 2012 concerning the Implementation of Land Procurement for Development in the Public Interest.

Bahir Dar, a city in Ethiopia, is grappling with the challenges of rapid urbanization, which has made affordable housing a critical issue for its growing population. This study specifically focuses on the urban land acquisition process for cooperative housing schemes, which serve as an essential component of Bahir Dar’s affordable housing program. This atudy aimed to examine the current practices, identify the challenges faced by housing cooperatives during land acquisition and construction, and propose strategies for improvement. The primary data for this research were collected through interviews with key informants from the Bahir Dar City administration’s land management, cooperative organizer office, housing development and management office, and housing cooperative committees. Additionally, three focus group discussion (FGD) sessions were conducted, involving 21 participants from cooperative members who had acquired residential land and from those who were waiting for allocation, including both female- and male-headed households. These discussions explored their views on the effectiveness of the cooperative housing scheme, the challenges encountered during cooperation and construction, and their recommendations for enhancement. Secondary data were also gathered through a comprehensive review of policies, regulations, research articles, reports, and relevant legal documents. The study revealed that, out of the 35,512 certified housing cooperative members since 2014, only 31,596 of them had received residential land plots. However, a relatively small fraction, i.e., less than 7,000 cooperative members, managed to partially or fully construct their homes. This indicates that the scheme has not fully achieved its intended goal and remains unaffordable for many members. The main challenges faced by cooperative members include lengthy delays in obtaining serviced land, high construction costs, and unrealistic building standards for cooperative housing units. In light of these findings, it is recommended that the Amhara National Regional State revise its housing cooperative policy to become affordable for cooperative housing members, particularly in terms of land acquisition costs and building standards.

The development of geothermal projects brings about social changes in the community environment. PT Sorik Marapi Geothermal Power's policy through the construction of this geothermal power plant also has a big impact on changes in the economic level of the local community. This research uses a qualitative research method, a phenomenological approach, trying to explain or reveal the meaning of existing concepts or experiential phenomena based on the awareness that occurs from several individuals. The results of this research show that PT Sorik Marapi Geothermal plays a big role in improving the local community's economy, including: helping the community by providing fish farming businesses, helping village income, providing scholarships to local sons/daughters, and building village infrastructure. Land acquisition for the PT Sorik Marapi Geothermal geothermal project has had an impact on the socio-economic aspects of the community, as they have lost agricultural land. However, the company provides compensation money to people who clear their land with double the profits, and no party is harmed. This is based on the basic value of Islamic economics, namely responsibility. The responsibility given by the company is to provide the greatest good (maslahah) to the community. There are two types of PT Sorik Marapi Geothermal Power, namely: First, the negative impacts that occur after land acquisition on the PT Sorik Marapi Geothermal Power geothermal project are as follows: agricultural land is decreasing, clean water supply is decreasing, noise around the project area, air pollution, the roofs of residents' houses being easily damaged, gas leaks due to company negligence, which caused fatalities. Second, the positive impact, the positive impact after land acquisition on the PT Sorik Marapi Geothermal Power geothermal project is as follows: progress in the area, increased regional income, and reduced poverty land acquisition, many people, especially in the Puncak Sorik Marapi sub-district, suddenly became rich, expanding roads around the geothermal project area and creating jobs for the surrounding community.

AbstractLike in many countries around the world, Vietnam’s tourism development has been a driver for land acquisitions. In the process of land acquisition, according to the introduction of the 2013 Land Law, affected people in Vietnam have gained more negotiation power and better compensation deals. Nevertheless, the impacts of land acquisition on local socio-economic and environmental conditions remain controversial. Hence, this paper aims to investigate the following research questions: (1) Has there been a difference in the practice of land acquisition before and after the introduction of the new law? (2) Has there been a difference in local socio-economic conditions following land acquisitions before and after the introduction of the new law? and (3) How does the land acquisition process impact local people from the perspective of sustainable development? Two cases of tourism development were used in this study to illustrate the differences. The findings showed that, although there were differences in land acquisition between the two case studies due to the reform of the 2013 Land Law, the changes in the living conditions of affected communities in the two cases were not significant. Secondly, the study found that participation and compensation are the two factors that lead to socio-economic and environmental effects concerning issues of land price, local safety, and pollution in the land acquisition process. Although this study is centred on the Vietnamese context, the results could well be useful for a broader context, especially because the negative impact of land acquisition processes for tourism development on local people has become a serious issue in many countries.

The wildland urban interface (WUI) is a transition zone between mostly undeveloped, vegetated lands and more densely populated areas with buildings and other infrastructure. This interface is of great interest and concern in wildfire prone areas like California, as significant increases in scale, frequency and intensity of fires have resulted in devastating impacts to life-safety, property and other high value assets. Ensuring that people, property and infrastructure are safe is a major priority, but will not happen by chance. Analytical tools, risk reduction strategies and operational plans to enhance wildfire resilience, particularly in the WUI, are vital. Examples of various fire resiliency approaches involve vegetation treatment such as prescribed burns, strategic fuel breaks, fuel thinning, grazing and mastication, while other risk mitigations may include structural hardening, creation of defensible space and other measures. A challenge is selecting the best areas for wildfire risk mitigation within the WUI, among many considerations, with viable projects required to be contiguous and manageable in size. Spatial optimization has much potential for informing planning and policy efforts, enabling the formalization of goals as well as offering approaches for identifying the best solutions possible. However, underlying geographical structure and spatio-temporal characteristics are formidable obstacles in problem solution. This paper highlights geographic analytics to support mitigation initiatives within the WUI, including the use of remote sensing, topography, climate, weather, wildfire behavior simulation, parcel data, structure and infrastructure information integrated using GeoAI along with a spatial optimization model that reflects the intent to identify the best project areas. The analysis area is comprised of millions of spatial raster cells, resulting in a model with decision variables corresponding to over 26 thousand land parcels. Application results for the Santa Barbara region are detailed, demonstrating the importance of spatial optimization combined with GeoAI in strategic coordination of scarce resources to enhance wildfire resilience within the WUI.

Acquisition of land in flood-prone informal settlements is restricted by land-use policies, laws, and regulations in many countries, including Tanzania. Due to rapid urbanisation trends, coupled with growing urban planning deficiencies, many residents, particularly in the low-income group, have resorted to settling in flood-prone informal settlements. This article provides a rhetoric exposé to land governance by exploring the processes that land seekers go through to acquire building land (sites). This includes flood-prone land in informal settlements in Dar es Salaam, despite prohibition by land-use legislation. The study employed a case study design where quantitative and qualitative data were collected, using household questionnaires, key informant interviews, and focus-group discussions. Msasani Bonde la Mpunga, a flood-prone settlement in Dar es Salaam, was selected as a case study area to investigate the processes and actors involved. Results showed that most of the landowners in flood-prone areas of Msasani Bonde la Mpunga acquired land parcels informally after they moved into the city from various parts of the country. Approaches and processes of acquiring land were gone through, using social connections with relatives and friends living in the area, engaging brokers, and obtaining verbal or written selling transfer agreements from ward officials. Some encroached or invaded vacant land. Gradually, building structures emerged, although initially, invaders pretended to put up temporary dwellings. The few who inherited land did not undergo similar processes of acquiring land directly. This article concludes that the processes through which land seekers acquire building land, despite being flood-prone areas, are fuelled by weak governance. Government measures are often top-down and reactive instead of proactive. The article recommends rethinking land-governance efforts that entail bottom-up interventions with substantive involvement in decision-making processes. These should involve communities in the co-production of appropriate land-governance regulatory measures in flood-prone informal settlements.

Following the 2007 and 2008 global food crisis, emphasis has been placed on large-scale acquisition and transfer of land for agricultural investment to foreign and domestic investors from the global south as a strategy to address food shortages. Worldwide promotion for large scale agricultural investment has again resulted in land grabbing in the global south with potential threats to the land rights and livelihoods of smallholder farmers or local communities. This situation has opened a room for discussion on how to improve governance or administration of agricultural investment land so that the land rights and livelihoods of smallholder farmers or local communities and other vulnerable groups are protected. As a result, the idea of responsible governance of land gained significant attention and various guidelines and frameworks have also developed and endorsed to promote responsible governance of agricultural investment land at global level. As a result, the purpose of this study is to analyze and understand the attention paid to promote responsible governance of land in the context of agricultural investment in Ethiopia. This study has employed a mixed research approach by using both quantitative and qualitative data collected from three case study regional states in Ethiopia. It primarily discusses the practice of land acquisition and transfer for agricultural investment purposes from the perspective of responsible governance of land. The findings of this study show that agricultural investment practices in Ethiopia significantly deviate from the principles of responsible governance of land. The conventional state controlled land acquisition and transfer of agricultural investment lands is more prevalent practice, with little emphasis to local community interests and environmental demands. Finally, this study has advised introduce and promote responsible governance of land as a way out to safeguard local communities’ interests and environmental concerns in the context of agricultural investment in Ethiopia.

Land in the traditional African society is owned in collectivism and does not belong to individuals but the entire family which comprises the living, the reverend souls of the ancestors and the generations yet unborn. Meanwhile, when a family land is acquired compulsorily by the government or through the market by private firms, only a few family members of the family enjoy the compensation proceeds. The under-aged family members and the yet unborn generations are usually left out from the compensation proceeds from the family heritage (land). This has resulted in encroachment of land and land conflict to reclaim lost heritage by the then under-aged family members and the “yet unborn” generation when they come of age. It has also resulted in violent land conflicts and delay in projects planned for the acquired land. This paper examines the prospect of using intergenerational compensation (IGC) which will extend payment beyond a generation as a strategy for compensation in the customary land acquisition process. Utilising a qualitative approach, the paper examines the views of representatives of 23 selected indigenous landholding families (ILFs) and key informants in government offices providing land administrative services (GOPLAS) in Lagos State on the concept of intergenerational compensation. The findings reveal the willingness of the ILFs to accept the IGC payment strategy but the GOPLAS were unwilling to support the strategy. It also provides information on reasons for the support and opposition to the strategy and how it can be implemented.

The land is a natural resource which is rich in diversity, and its value tends to increase over time. Therefore, compensation in cases when the State acquires land, is an issue of concern. Using data from 100 surveyed households and ten interviews (including 5 houesholds indirectly affected by land acquisition, 3 relevant experts, and 2 village headmen) in Da Nang, the article aims to answer two research questions: (1) assessment of landless households on land compensation policy, and (2) an assessment of outstanding issues in this policy in Vietnam. The results show that the local government has strictly followed the regulations and procedures of the State on land acquisition and compensation for economic development purposes under the 2013 Land Law. However, affected people feel dissatisfied with what they had received when they lost land. The first reason is the significant difference between the compensation prices households received and the market price, as determined by a real estate broker. Second, concerns about the future arise when a family’s means of production are acquired by the state. In addition, the policy also lacks support measures for households located in affected areas. These shortcomings lead to dissatisfaction among families.

The construction of an oil refinery in Tuban Regency, a National Strategic Project (PSN), has been rejected by the Tuban community. This study aims to explain the efforts made by PT Pertamina and the government in resolving the land acquisition conflict regarding the construction of an oil refinery in Jenu, Tuban Regency. The researchers used the descriptive qualitative method, collected data using interviews and documentation, and analyzed the collected, reduced and presented data. The results showed that the parties resolved the conflict through litigation, mediation, and negotiation. The process resulted in the provision of employment for locals, scholarships for outstanding students in five affected villages, development of fishermen's cooperatives in Mentoso Village, food and social assistance for farmers, opportunities for locals to continue working on the acquired land before the construction, and several Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs around the premises. After the resolution, out of 1219 parcels, 1222 were acquired with a total land area of 814 hectares from 961 owners. This research only focuses on the agreements between the parties. Further studies are advised to observe PT Pertamina's and the community's consistency in adhering to the agreements.

Land acquisition and resetlement are sensitive issues because of its large impacts on the life of local people and communities, especially in developing nations. In Vietnam, recently, land acquisition is increasingly popular to serve infrastructure development and socio-economic projects. This study aims to identify factors affecting household environmental satisfaction after land acquisition and resetlement in Hai Phong city. The empirical study model is proposed based on theoretical model by Shin (2016) and empirical studies on environmental satisfaction. We conducted 2 focus group discussions with stakeholders and a survey sample of 585 households in 03 resetlement areas to collect data. Cronbach’ Alpha test, exploratory factor analysis, and multiple regressions were used for data analysis. Results showed 6 main factors affecting the extent of respondents’ environmental satisfaction after land acquisition, including employment and income, local government, public services and facilities, social networks, environment and health and education. Among them, employment and income is strongest impact factor. From the results, some solutions were proposed to increase satifactions and stabilize livelihoods for people after land acquisition in Hai Phong and Vietnam.

Infrastructure development often has an impact on land use changes. This study aims to map the impact of Balige bypass road construction on land use changes and analyze its suitability with spatial planning. The research method was carried out through descriptive qualitative with a spatial approach. The data includes Sentinel images for 2017 and 2021, maps of the Regional Spatial Plan (RTRW) and interviews with government officials. Image analysis is carried out visually, while mapping of land use changes is carried out through overlaying land use maps for 2017 and 2021 and to map the suitability of the RTRW, overlaying land use maps with the RTRW. The results of the analysis show that after the road construction there was a change in land use from rice fields to settlements covering an area of 103.27 Ha. Meanwhile, an analysis of the RTRW shows that there is a mismatch in the use of a land area of 47.2 Ha. This study shows that the use of remote sensing through sentinel imagery and spatial analysis can be a tool for monitoring natural resources, this study is also useful as material for developing Geography learning. Pembangunan infrastruktur seringkali berdampak pada perubahan penggunaan tanah. Penelitian ini bertujuan memetakan dampak pembangunan jalan Balige bypass terhadap perubahan penggunaan tanah dan menganalisis kesesuaiannya dengan tata ruang. Metode penelitian dilakukan melalui kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan spasial. Data yang digunakan meliputi citra Sentinel tahun 2017 dan 2021, peta Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) serta wawancara dengan pejabat pemerintahan. Analisis citra dilakukan secara visual, sementara pemetaan perubahan penggunaan tanah dilakukan melalui overlay peta penggunaan tanah 2017 dengan 2021, dan untuk memetakan kesesuaian RTRW dilakukan overlay peta penggunaan tanah dengan RTRW. Hasil analisis menunjukkan pasca pembangunan jalan terjadi perubahan penggunaan tanah dari sawah menjadi pemukiman seluas 103,27 Ha. Sementara analisis terhadap RTRW menunjukkan terjadi ketidaksesuaian penggunaan lahan seluas 47,2 Ha. Kajian ini menunjukkan pemanfaatan penginderaan jauh melalui citra sentinel serta analisis spasial mampu menjadi alat monitoring sumber daya alam, kajian ini juga bermanfaat sebagai bahan pengembangan pembelajaran ilmu Geografi.

ABSTRACTThe identification or delineation of a spatially contiguous area within a larger region is an important land use planning problem and is utilized across a range of disciplines and management contexts. This involves the selection of individual spatial units, such as parcels, forest stands, management areas, etc., for an intended goal, purpose, usage and/or activity with constraints on maximum size along with contiguity requirements. The goal of this paper is to present a new spatial optimization model that can be used to simultaneously delineate single or multiple patches, where each is a contiguous set of individual spatial units, meets specific size requirements and is spatially distinct. We structure this new model as a mixed integer-linear program. We also present an application of this new model to a land management problem encountered by the USDA Forest Service involving wildfire mitigation efforts.

Spanning more than 73 km across two counties at the western border of the Los Angeles metropolitan area, the Santa Monica Mountains represent both a major landform as well as a unique urban-adjacent open space for millions of residents throughout southern California. Critically, they are essential for the maintenance of high levels of biodiversity within a global biodiversity hotspot that includes a major metropolis. The Los Angeles County portion of the Santa Monica Mountains (LASMM), spanning approximately 62 km from the Los Angeles River at the eastern edge of Griffith Park to the Los Angeles – Ventura County Line, contains substantial public open space, protected from encroaching development in the growing metropolis. In order to understand how these protected areas were established, we gathered information regarding over 3,000 parcels of public open space and their acquisition dates and owners, and examined the history of land conservation in the LASMM to determine the roles and relationships of key stakeholders. These stakeholders have included residents, activists, scientists, legislators, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and land management agencies. We suggest that there is a virtuous cycle, or positive feedback loop over time, as open space protection is informed by, and influences, advocacy, land use policies, and habitat conservation. This interplay of stakeholders has been refined over several decades, and may offer lessons for other regions working to produce similar results in durable open space conservation.

This study investigates developers’ land acquisition and housing developments to assess factors that influence utilisation of the acquired land for housing development and strategic approaches that could drive mass housing developments. A sample of 141 members of the Real Estate Developers Association of Nigeria (REDAN) and 31 heads of units in the Land Bureau were surveyed. Weighted mean score and factor analysis were used to identify the barriers limiting housing developments and strategies that could enhance developers' housing initiatives. Findings revealed that the total number of housing units developed is insignificant in the study location, and eight groups of barriers were identified by developers as limiting their housing initiatives. Weak land institutional frameworks and inconsistency in government regulations and policy were recurring themes. These barriers are germane to housing development in the urban fringe of a growing African mega-city that needs 500,000 new housing units annually for the next 10 years to bridge the housing gap. The study recommends an efficient land reform framework to remove policies and regulations that impede timely land documentation, administration and housing development and to include developers through cooperative ventures.

Infrastructure development is needed to encourage economic growth. However, infrastructure development requires land acquisition, which may adversely impact the community. This study aims to analyze the impact of Kertajati International Airport construction on the farm households’ income and welfare level. This research data used primary data with a simple random sampling method to select 76 farm households in the most affected village. The analysis techniques were income analysis and paired sample t-test. The results showed that farm income was significantly higher before the airport construction. Nevertheless, off-farm income increased after the airport construction, leading to an insignificant household income difference before and after the land acquisition. As for the prosperity level, on average, the farm households lived below the decent living standard. The results imply the importance of increasing farmers’ capacity so that that compensation funds can be utilized to increase household income.

Abstract Urbanization and informal settlements are a prevalent phenomenon in most African regions; they play an important role in the real estate market and the housing supply. This study examines the process and mechanism of land acquisition and land tenure security in informal settlements in Nairobi. We found that pseudo‐customary and pseudo‐formal systems work together in land acquisition and land tenure security. The former system derives from land acquisition and land tenure security under the authority of a traditional chief in rural areas, whereas the latter refers to the modern land registration procedure and urban planning standards. To ensure land acquisition and land tenure security, people use each of these systems and sometimes combine them. Moreover this study demonstrates that these land‐related systems are closely connected to the governance structure and site layout planning.

Land acquisition process in the Indonesian toll road project has a high level of uncertainty. Several previous studies mainly discuss the risks involved in toll road projects and their mitigation measures, but the effect of existing risks on land acquisition scheduling is rarely reviewed. This research aims to develop a model for land acquisition productivity performance for toll road projects. The performance of productivity was modelled based on a predefined duration mentioned in Indonesian Act. No. 2/2012, compared to the actual duration from 6 toll road projects using montecarlo simulation. The validity of model was tested using the Section II of Cisumdawu Toll Road project. The simulation productivity result was 23.13 km/year, with a standard deviation of 6.704 km/year. Meanwhile, the actual productivity was 20.50 km/year, which was still within the range of the simulation's standard deviation. Hence, the models could reasonably describe the reality of the project. The most important activities that could affect land acquisition productivity performance were payment of compensation, the determination of compensation value, settlement of claims for the forms of compensation, and the identification and inventory of land ownership data.

Land acquisition for the construction of roads in the public interest is a classic problem that always creates turmoil in the community. This study aims to analyze land acquisition followed by land acquisition belonging to the people, always causing disputes that sometimes lead to violence or at least lead to court. The research method used normative research with a statute approach and a conceptual approach and analyzed descriptive qualitative. Based on the Research Results, it is indicated that Settlement of disputes in Land Procurement for Road Development in the public interest should be carried out to the maximum extent possible through consultation and / or through non-litigation or settlement outside the Court. Land Procurement for Development for public purposes, give Honor to holders Land Rights by providing legal protection and by providing fair and appropriate compensation to the rightful parties, but in reality often the holders of the rights granted experience a decline in quality compared to the original situation before the release of land rights.

Urban land acquisition is a fundamental precondition to sustaining the socio-economic livelihood of urban residents. In Ethiopia, with the high rate of peri-urbanization, the demand for urban land for various urban uses, such as housing development, is responded to by expropriating peri-urban landholdings from the farming community through paying compensation to the farmers. The paper highlights Ethiopia’s urbanization pace and the associated urban land acquisition scenarios, mainly for housing purposes. Thus, it aims to analyze the peri-urban land acquisition scenarios through the expropriation of peri-urban land holdings used for agricultural purposes in Bahir Dar and the associated adverse effect on the farming community. To address the intended aim, data were collected by interviewing senior officials, experts, and elder farm households of the study area who were more knowledgeable about the study issue. There were focus group discussions with selected farming communities, and an extended field observation was conducted intending to triangulate the data collected by other techniques. Moreover, the Geographic Information System (GIS) was utilized to analyze satellite images of Bahir Dar City to demonstrate the extent of peri-urban land conversion from 2011 to 2021. The result of this study revealed that there is a 7% urban population growth rate, which resulted in 8% of Bahir Dar being converted from peri-urban between the stated period, and hence a considerable size of land had been expropriated in the peri-urban areas of Bahir Dar with expropriation measures. This study exposed that the compensation for expropriated agricultural landholdings often fails to adequately account for the full range of livelihoods and economic activities that farmers engage in, leaving them struggling to adapt to urban life. The urban development in the study area of Bahir Dar is taking place by jeopardizing the livelihoods of the farming community, and the urban expansion is seen as a threat to them.

Land is the central resource for agriculture. In many parts of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where a large portion of the population relies on agriculture for subsistence and household incomes, future declines in the productive capacity of the land owing to environmental change pose a major threat both to farming and the well-being of smallholders. Smallholders’ access to land is concurrently at risk due to large-scale land acquisitions (LSLA), promoted by governments across SSA as a means to secure capital investments for agricultural growth and economic development. These issues are especially widespread in Ethiopia, which has faced both extensive land degradation and been a primary target country for LSLA investments. This study analyzes the relative quality of land under the control of smallholders vs. large investors in western Ethiopia, with particular attention to how future suitability of land is likely to change for growing three major smallholder crops: Maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Spatial analyses are applied to compare the suitability in areas allocated to LSLAs and the remaining land available to smallholders in the country’s western farming systems. Crop-specific suitability datasets are used to approximate the change in land quality between baseline conditions and scenarios of future climate change to assess the effects of climate-induced land degradation. Results indicate large areas of decreasing suitability by the late 21st century for all crops across Ethiopia. Furthermore, this study shows that LSLA occupy land with more stable suitability, suggesting more secure agricultural land is being offered to investors.

Many studies have investigated the effects of large-scale land acquisition (LSLA) on livelihood, while the effects of LSLA by different actors on investment decisions and levels of investment have largely gone without academic scrutiny. Consequently, information concerning the implications of LSLA by actors on investment is scarce in the literature pertaining to policy. Drawing on information from 664 households selected through a multistage sampling technique, this study examined the relationship between direct and indirect exposure to LSLA by domestic and foreign entities and investment in land-improving techniques. The results show a bi-directional relationship between LSLA and household farm investments. While direct and indirect exposure to LSLA by domestic and foreign entities dissipates some forms of farm investments, the reverse causality is also possible where some household farm investments discourage direct and indirect exposure to LSLA by domestic and foreign entities. The results also revealed that LSLA by domestic and foreign entities dissipates investment in all levels of land- and yield-improving techniques, and even in the presence of a high perception of tenure security. Thus, the provision of legal ownership of land to farmers can provide insurance for investments in all land-improving techniques. Government can also step up the fertilizer subsidy program to enable households to increase investment to avoid further exposure to LSLA.

Purpose It is commonly observed in many regions in the developing countries that inappropriate and legally invalid modes are adopted by realtors (individuals or enterprises facilitating the sale and purchase of property) to procure land, but the reasons behind these procedures are neither documented nor critically analysed, which this paper attempts to do. Design/Methodology/Approach Five case studies have been chosen for detailed probe. Each case brings into focus different approaches adopted by realtors to acquire land and develop real estate ventures. Review of the judicial records, assessment of case study information and holding focus group discussions for each case are the main ingredients of research methods. The data was then analysed using content analysis method; the data was coded, themes were identified and conclusions were drawn accordingly. Findings The case study accounts included in this study have sufficiently established that the courts verdicts have a contextual connection. These findings point towards the requirement for alternative frameworks and supporting theoretical basis which are attuned with these non-confirmative practices and lie beyond the realm of established international literature and practices like Hartmann & Spit, 2015; Krabben & Jacobs, 2013. Research Limitations/Implications The sensitivity of the case studies made affectees uncomfortable in discussing the cases. Originality/Value Judicial interventions are often initiated when the desired efficiency and legality is not ensured, as is in the case of Pakistan. In such cases, the internationally established theoretical paradigms fall short of providing any explanations (Hartmann & Spit, 2015; Krabben & Jacobs, 2013). This paper examines in particular how in such scenarios, the status of such land acquisition practices, turns out especially where superior judiciary had to intervene for streamlining the process.

Urbanization is one of the major threats to the dynamic inheritance of the agricultural heritage system (AHS). The ability to achieve sustainable development in intra-urban areas is an essential proposition related to the innovation of AHS conservation principles. The Haizhu high bed-low ditch agroecosystem (HHBLDA), a China-Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage System site located at the center of Guangzhou City, is taken as an example in this study. The effect of implementing the Land Acquisition to Keep Agricultural Use (LAKAU) on intra-urban AHS conservation is assessed through literature collection and review, field survey, and in-depth interviews. The results show that the LAKAU was implemented because of a three-decades-long struggle between ecological conservation and urban sprawl. Because of the important functions of ecosystem services, the AHS can coexist with urban land use in the course of rapid urbanization. The LAKAU mode can ensure that the nature of farmland remains unchanged, which is an effective strategy for the conservation of an urban AHS. The resulting problems, such as high operating costs, insufficient agricultural outputs, and insufficient local farmers in the AHS site because of off-farm opportunities, should be addressed by establishing an effective self-sustaining mechanism. Realizing the compatibility of management concepts between the AHS and nature reserves, adapting to the changing role of farmers, and strengthening the acceptance of the AHS by urban managers should attract the attention of decision-makers.

Compulsory land acquisition is inevitable for developing countries so that they can implement projects in urban areas for the quest of sustainable urban development. However, the decisions on land acquisition have to be contextualised so that the PAPs should be protected from disruptions and loss of livelihoods that may lead to uncertain sustainable urban development. This paper examines two projects implemented in Bujumbura City through compulsory land acquisition. A desk review and checklist question have been mobilised to collect data that are source of information presented herein. The results show that compulsory purchase, purchase by agreement and the combination of the two have been applied to acquire land. Furthermore, these approaches caused the eruption of informal settlements and petty trading activities where PAPs were involved in. Therefore, the paper recommends to have a contextualised approach in the process of compulsory land acquisition.

The East Kolkata Wetlands (EKW) region is an important Ramsar Site (huge provisional, regulatory, cultural and spiritual ecosystem services) which is located at the eastern periphery of Kolkata Metropolitan City (India). But in the recent years, illegal land acquisition, wetlands conversion, aquatic species depletion as well as water pollution related diseases have been experienced in different pockets of EKW region. The main objective is to determine regulating factors and stages of eutrophication. The water samples of consecutive three years 2017, 2018 and 2019 (pre and post monsoon) have been obtained from selective 20 wetlands in EKW. The important physicochemical parameters (temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, total alkalinity, pH, total hardness, total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), inorganic nitrogen, total phosphorus, potassium, ammonium-nitrogen (NH4+-N), biological oxygen demand (BOD), Secchi disk depth, chlorophyll - a), trophic status index and statistical techniques (like principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis) have been considered to analyze the water quality of these wetlands. The results portray that the magnification of inorganic nitrogen, total phosphorus, potassium and ammonium-nitrogen accelerates the mechanism of eutrophication in the selective wetlands. The DO level has been diminished during 2019 while the BOD level and chlorophyll concentration have been accelerated amidst 2019.The results reveal that about 40% of wetlands i.e. wetland no. 5, 7, 10, 16, 17 (TSI value – 50–70) and wetland no. 8 and 11 (TSI value – 70–100) come under eutrophic and hyper-eutrophic stages respectively due to higher accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus contents in the wetlands from various non-point sources and these principal components stimulate the processes of eutrophication of the water bodies. Some relevant mitigation measures have been recommended to protect the “kidney of Kolkata Metropolitan City”.

Abstract: Infrastructure development with the National Strategic Project program must still pay attention to the concept of social justice. The land is the primary indicator needed in this development. Conflicts often occur between landowning communities and the government to acquire land for the National Strategic Projects. The issue of compensation that does not meet the point of agreement is the main problem in land acquisition. This article examines how the concept of social justice is laid as the basis for implementing compensation in land acquisition for National Strategic Projects in Indonesia. This article's writing is supported by the juridical-normative research method with a statutory regulation approach and a conceptual approach. In the concept of social justice, it is permissible to ask for sacrifices in the public interest, but it cannot be justified that these sacrifices are first requested from people who are already disadvantaged in society, so the government must consider several aspects before implementing land acquisition so that it does not harm the community and remain following the concept of social justice. Keywords: Social Justice, Land Acquisition, Compensation, the National Strategic Project. Intisari: Pembangunan infrastruktur melalui Proyek Strategis Nasional harus tetap memperhatikan konsep keadilan sosial. Tanah merupakan indikator utama yang dibutuhkan dalam pembangunan tersebut. Konflik sering terjadi antara masyarakat pemilik tanah dan pemerintah dalam rangka pengadaan tanah untuk kepentingan Proyek Strategis Nasional. Masalah ganti rugi yang tidak menemui titik kesepakatan menjadi masalah utama dalam hal pengadaan tanah. Artikel ini mengulas bagaimana konsep keadilan sosial diletakkan sebagai dasar pelaksanaan ganti kerugian dalam pengadaan tanah untuk Proyek Strategis Nasional di Indonesia. Penulisan artikel ini didukung dengan metode penelitian yuridis-normatif dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konsep. Dalam konsep keadilan sosial memang boleh untuk diminta pengorbanan demi kepentingan umum, namun tidak dapat dibenarkan bahwa pengorbanan ini pertama-tama diminta dari orang-orang yang sudah kurang beruntung dalam masyarakat, sehingga pemerintah harus mempertimbangkan beberapa aspek sebelum pelaksanaan pengadaan tanah sehingga tidak merugikan masyarakat dan tetap sesuai dengan konsep keadilan sosial. Kata Kunci: Keadilan Sosial, Pengadaan Tanah, Ganti Rugi, Proyek Strategis Nasional.

Abstract: Infrastructure development with the National Strategic Project program must still pay attention to the concept of social justice. The land is the primary indicator needed in this development. Conflicts often occur between landowning communities and the government to acquire land for the National Strategic Projects. The issue of compensation that does not meet the point of agreement is the main problem in land acquisition. This article examines how the concept of social justice is laid as the basis for implementing compensation in land acquisition for National Strategic Projects in Indonesia. This article's writing is supported by the juridical-normative research method with a statutory regulation approach and a conceptual approach. In the concept of social justice, it is permissible to ask for sacrifices in the public interest, but it cannot be justified that these sacrifices are first requested from people who are already disadvantaged in society, so the government must consider several aspects before implementing land acquisition so that it does not harm the community and remain following the concept of social justice. Keywords: Social Justice, Land Acquisition, Compensation, the National Strategic Project. Intisari: Pembangunan infrastruktur melalui Proyek Strategis Nasional harus tetap memperhatikan konsep keadilan sosial. Tanah merupakan indikator utama yang dibutuhkan dalam pembangunan tersebut. Konflik sering terjadi antara masyarakat pemilik tanah dan pemerintah dalam rangka pengadaan tanah untuk kepentingan Proyek Strategis Nasional. Masalah ganti rugi yang tidak menemui titik kesepakatan menjadi masalah utama dalam hal pengadaan tanah. Artikel ini mengulas bagaimana konsep keadilan sosial diletakkan sebagai dasar pelaksanaan ganti kerugian dalam pengadaan tanah untuk Proyek Strategis Nasional di Indonesia. Penulisan artikel ini didukung dengan metode penelitian yuridis-normatif dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konsep. Dalam konsep keadilan sosial memang boleh untuk diminta pengorbanan demi kepentingan umum, namun tidak dapat dibenarkan bahwa pengorbanan ini pertama-tama diminta dari orang-orang yang sudah kurang beruntung dalam masyarakat, sehingga pemerintah harus mempertimbangkan beberapa aspek sebelum pelaksanaan pengadaan tanah sehingga tidak merugikan masyarakat dan tetap sesuai dengan konsep keadilan sosial. Kata Kunci: Keadilan Sosial, Pengadaan Tanah, Ganti Rugi, Proyek Strategis Nasional.

The paper discusses the method of well reconstruction using sidetracks drilling as a method for searching prospective formations in Perm region. At the moment, there are small-size reservoirs of less than 100 thousand tonnes of resources included in located and prepared formations. Drilling of the reservoirs is unprofitable. Drilling a sidetrack from wells located near promising reservoirs can be more economical way to solve the problem. Drilling of sidetracks has become one of the most investment-attractive technologies aimed at stabilizing and further increasing oil production from fields being developed. This method is used to intensify the system of field development, increase the rate of oil extraction from productive formations and actually replaces the compaction of the well grid. Appropriate technologies help to save a well as well as construction and development costs. In presence of candidate wells, including plugged and abandoned one, located near promising structures, it becomes important to search for them using sidetrack drilling as a method of geological exploration. The paper describes the technology of side tracks construction and presents the algorithm of works designed. Well stock of LUKOIL-PERM LLC and geological structure of promising objects were analyzed. The technical possibility of well reconstruction by sidetracking was considered. Criteria for candidate wells and “window” kickoff intervals to be selected are defined. Calculation of profiles of second well bores for recommended wells was made, various aspects related to their construction were worked out. As a result of the work it was proposed to include these activities in the geological exploration program of LUKOIL-PERM LLC. Results of the work have practical significance and can be used in production activities of oil and gas companies.

The objective of this study is to explain the impact of tourism development in Batu city, Indonesia. This study used qualitative research method. In collecting the data, the researcher conducted observation and in-depth interviews with some stakeholders in Batu City. This research found that the achievement of investment in Batu City exceeded the target from the targeted Medium Term Plan (RPJMD). Moreover, the regional economic growth reached 8.3%. However, the development of tourism has had an effect on extensive land acquisition. In addition, the spatial planning taking place in Batu city depends on the investors. Consequently, the changes of spatial planning that accommodate the interests of capital influence the changes in the cultural value and mindset of Batu’s society.

The land procurement by the state often raises different opinions about the form or amount of the compensation. The compensation could be done several ways like setting executive compensation, sue the legal problem to the court or others. If the mentioned above do not bring positivelty succeed, then the last alternative is done through deposit for damages to the District Court. This research deals with two problems: 1) how is the implementation of compensation of land procurement by state for highway in Pekanbaru-Kandis; 2) How is the mechanism to compensate the retribution which deposited at the district court. This research approached by legal empirical study and viewed with sociology of law. The results are that the compensation of land authorization by state is done in January 2016 which covers 133 areas. In the case of land mastery dispute and its compensation has been deposited in the district court, it could be taken at court secretariat after the court verdict or based on peace agreement along with cover letter from The Chief Executive of Land Procurement/National Land Agency.

This study aims to provide an overview of the social conditions of the farming community during the land acquisition period, including the process, form and impact of the conflicts that occurred in the farming community in the case of agricultural land acquisition in Pangkep district. The unit of analysis of this research is the farming community. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research based on case study research, meanwhile the land tenure gap in Biraeng Sub-district which is one of the areas included in the railroad development plan in Pangkep regency is almost similar to the situation, which allows conflict to occur, supported by several factors such as differences in agricultural land productivity, as well as commercialization and application of technology that directly affect the heterogeneity of existing roles in agricultural activities and of course the ongoing agricultural land acquisition policy process also has the potential to cause conflict in the community because it is in direct contact with the economic aspects of the community.

Land acquisition has many obstacles due to the refusal of the landowners that will be acquired, this is because landowners disagree with the value of compensation provided by the government. This research aims to provide a solution for the problem so that the implementation of land acquisition can be done and the landowners can receive the compensation given. In this research used analytical descriptive method: to determine Fair Reimbursement Value, researcher combined the value of physical loss and the value of non-physical loss resulting from the calculation of premium, income tax, officials of the land deed, the interest of the waiting period, and other losses. The result of interview with landowners shows that they tend to choose the calculation from fair reimbursement value that calculated by researcher.

The legal issues of this research consist of the application of the consensualism principle in land procurement for development for the sake of public interest. The method of this research is normative legal research by applying statute approach, conceptual approach.The results of this research there is deviation in the enforcement of the consensualism principle in Article 66 paragraph 4 of Act Number 2 of 2012 which determines that deliberation towards consensus isn only in a form of compensation, is contrary to Article 37 paragraph 1 and 2 of Act Number 2 of 2012 which stipulates that deliberation is conducted in determining the form and/or the amount of compensation. The provision of Article 42 of Law Number 2 Year 2012 which determines the reason for consignment or care for compensation in a State court shall be done if the entitled to be denied the form and / or amount of compensation, replace with the principle of agreement because it is done without based on the agreement of the parties, With the essence of deliberation that requires an agreement.

Abstract Biodiversity conservation requires space where conservation measures are implemented for a desired purpose. Setting land aside for conservation has been widely applied, while novel conservation modes (private–public partnerships, private multipurpose land management) may be fundamental to achieve conservation goals. We perform an economic analysis of the cost development for two conservation options in California, in‐fee and easements, from 1970 to today. We find that in‐fee options have lower costs than easements in the long run. While there are high costs of purchase for in‐fee, ultimately they even‐out or generate profits. Costs of easements continue growing exponentially overtaking costs of purchase. Sensitivity analysis shows increases in purchasing prices and opportunity costs positively influencing conservation costs, while increasing interest rates negatively influence them. The results suggest that easements are not yet an economically viable alternative for in‐fee conservation purchases. Our analysis is a first step to assess economic viability of choosing easements.

This paper analysed land governance and crop commercialization in Nigeria. General Household Survey (Living Standard Measurement Survey) panel data for the post-planting and post-harvest periods of 2015 and 2016 cropping seasons were used. Descriptive statistics, Crop Commercialization Index (CCI) and Tobit regression model were used to analyse data. The semi-subsistence farmers constitute the highest proportion (62.4%), out of which almost one-quarter (24.6%) of the farmers sold less than a quarter (

Jurnal Bhumi (JB) Volume 5 Nomor 1 Mei 2019 mengangkat beberapa isu aktual persoalan agraria dan kebijakan dengan memberikan beberapa perspektif yang cukup luas dan menarik. Ada 10 artikel yang hadir dengan berbagai isu yang berbeda namun dibungkus dalam satu isu besar yakni kebijakan agraria Indonesia dalam semangat menemukan solusi atas berbagai hal yang terjadi di masyarakat. Beberapa artikel hadir sangat akseleratif atas berbagai persoalan di lapangan, dan solutif di dalam melihat persoalan agraria sebagai sebuah persoalan dan agenda bangsa. Kesepuluh artikel tersebut adalah: (1) Mohamad Shohibuddin, yang mengangkat persoalan ‘Menanggulangi Ketimpangan Agraria’; (2) Agus Suntoro, yang mengangkat persoalan ‘Ganti kerugian di dalam pengadaan tanah dalam perspektif HAM; (3) Agung Wibowo, menghadirkan isu ‘Pencadangan Hutan Adat di Indonesia’; (4) Dwi Wulan Pujiriyani dkk, menghadirkan persoalan ‘Ketersediaan Lahan pada Komunitas Petani’; (5) Grace Leksana, menghadirkan kajian ‘Ketimpangan dan Kontinuitas Patronase dalam Sejarah Perubahan Agraria’; (6) Sartika Intaning Pradhani mengulas ‘Diskursus Teori dan Peran perempuan dalam pusaran konflik agraria’; (7) Asri Widayati dan Suparjan, mengangkat ‘Perjuangan Nahdlatul Ulama dalam Mewujudkan Kedaulatan Sumber Daya Agraria’; (8) Amir Mahmud, menghadirkan ‘Pemikiran Sajogyo tentang Kemiskinan dalam Perspektif Agraria Kritis’; (9) Westi Utama dkk, menghadirkan artikel yang cukup menarik tentang ‘Analisis Spasial untuk Lokasi Relokasi Masyarakat Terdampak Bencana’;, dan terakhir (10) Anggiat Perdamean Parsaulian dan Sudjito menutup edisi ini dengan menghadirkan ‘Problem Tumpang Tindih Sertipikat Hak Milik atas Tanah’.

Abstract: The construction was the one of the realization of human rights, including the role of infrastructure development which was need the land. The implication was the land procurement for the public interest that have an impact on the improvement of agrarian conflicts, especially influenced by the damages assessed factors not yet viable and fair. This research was conducted to describe (1) how regulatory aspects in law number 2 of 2012 that govern the land procurement in formulating viable and fair criteria, and (2) how the assessment was conducted by the appraisal (The office of Public Assesor Agent), was given the authority to conduct an assessment of attributive replace losses seen in the perspective of human rights. This study uses qualitative methods. Primary data collection was done by interviews directed and secondary data was sourced from a variety of literature. The results of this research was the regulation of viable and equitable damages in law number 2, of 2012 was still unclear the message and in accordance with human rights norms. This was the case in the assessment aspect of damages has not been standard. This discrepancy has to do with the essence of viable and equitable reimbursement for items that have a restoration effort in school victims both material and immaterial, to rise up and to fulfill their right. Keywords: Land acquisition, infrastructure development, compensation, human rights, Indonesia. Intisari: Pembangunan merupakan perwujudan hak asasi manusia, termasuk pembangunan infrastruktur yang membutuhkan tanah. Implikasinya pengadaan tanah bagi kepentingan umum berdampak pada peningkatan konflik agraria, terutama dipengaruhi faktor ganti kerugian yang dinilai belum layak dan adil. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menggambarkan (1) bagaimana aspek regulasi dalam UU Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 yang mengatur pengadaan tanah bagi pembangunan untuk kepentingan umum terkait rumusan kriteria layak dan adil, dan (2) bagaimana penilaian dilakukan oleh appraisal Kantor Jasa Penilai Publik (KJPP) yang diberikan kewenangan atributif. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif. Pengumpulan data primer dilakukan dengan wawancara terarah dan data sekunder bersumber dari berbagai literatur. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan regulasi ganti kerugian layak dan adil dalam UU Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 belum jelas kriterianya dan sesuai dengan norma hak asasi manusia. Demikian halnya dalam aspek penilaian ganti kerugian belum ada standar dan instrumen baku. Ketidaksesuaian ini berkaitan dengan esensi layak dan adil yang memiliki unsur penggantian untuk upaya pemulihan korban terdampak baik, bersifat material dan imaterial agar mampu bangkit dan terpenuhi hak asasinya. Kata kunci: Pengadaan tanah, pembangunan infrastruktur, ganti kerugian, HAM, Indonesia.

Over the past several decades, land investments have dramatically increased to meet global food and biofuel demands, produce industrial commodities, protect environments and develop urban centres. Scholars and media actors have labelled this phenomenon “land grabbing”, owing to its many negative impacts. Since existing knowledge was generated from individual case-studies, global land grabbing patterns are relatively underexamined, and broader extrapolations of results to inform land grabbing theories are limited. Thus, there is an urgent need to conduct a large-N analyse on existing knowledge of land grabbing to enhance the understanding of the state-of-the-art knowledge and identify the gaps in research. We conducted a critical review of existing scholarly literature on case studies of land grabbing. Based on formal criteria, we selected 128 case studies from 124 articles out of 252 peer-reviewed articles published since 2007. We examined geographic distribution and commonly referenced topics in existing research and the clarified environmental and socioeconomic outcomes of land grabbing, presenting the most current knowledge on the topic to date. Findings from this research also revealed substantial gaps in the existing literature in terms of conceptualization, methodology and research area. The paper concludes with a call for more interdisciplinary, holistic research that looks at broader regional/temporal contexts and the inclusion of more evidence-based data.

The article considers the main features of tax accounting of costs for land acquisition, the main difficulties that might arise. It also analyzes the current legislation and the present judicial positions on evidence of the purposes of capital construction in the purchase of such lands and particularities of obtaining the status of capital facilities of real estate.

Land acquisition for public interest development is stipulated in Act No. 2 of 2012 concerning Land Acquisition for Development of Public Interest. One arrangement of land acquisition in legal substances that have been formed are small-scale land acquisition (less than 5 hectares), but it is still governed by very vague and thus susceptible to the multi-interpretation and raises doubts in its implementation. This paper discusses the problematic that arise due to unclear regulations concerning small-scale land acquisition and to provide solutions to these problems. Based on the discussion the authors concluded first, the problematic of small-scale land acquisition is the arrangement of land acquisition that is so vague that there is no clarity regarding the procedures for determining of location, the phase of land acquisition, which excludes public consultation, there is no regulation regarding preventive measures against the impact for the community around location of land acquisition. Second, the solution could be found to this problem is a regulation of small-scale land acquisition should ideally be regulated more comprehensively considering that small-scale land acquisition allows the emergence of adverse effects for the community around location of land acquisition so that the stages of planning and preparation that is set for the large-scale land acquisition is similarly applied for small-scale.