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The article is devoted to the participation of witnesses in the investigation of crimes committed by minors and the formulation of the leading tasks to be solved through the realization of the possibilities of the institution of witness testimony. In the practice of investigating crimes committed by minors, certain difficulties arise in assessing testimony from the point of view of completeness and objectivity. Attention to considering the possibilities of enhancing the credibility of witness testimony is based on a particular role for this activity in crime prevention. The purpose of the article is to consider the types of witnesses involved in the investigation of crimes committed by minors through the prism of their role in fulfilling the educational and preventive function. Research methods: dialectical, comparative, logical, analysis and synthesis to test the hypothesis regarding the special role of witness testimony in the investigation of juvenile crimes. The result of the study include the determination of the possibility of obtaining criminalistically relevant information through witness examination. The article reviews the issues of implementation of the educational role of interrogation in the process of detection and investigation of crime s.

One of the ways to mislead a court or other authorised body is to provide deliberately false testimony by a witness or victim, for which the legislator provides for criminal liability in Article 384 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Based on the social danger of this criminal offence, which is an encroachment on the lawful procedure for the administration of justice, in particular, ensuring the rule of law, legality in the procedural activities of courts, law enforcement agencies, and other institutions entrusted with the enforcement of court decisions, the importance of ensuring a high-quality investigation of these criminal offences has been emphasised. The purpose of the study is defined as clarification and generalisation of theoretical concepts of the emergence and historical development of the peculiarities of criminal liability for knowingly false testimony of a witness and a victim, and outlining the areas for improvement of modern scientific knowledge on this issue. The article analyses certain aspects of the development of national legislation on criminal liability for perjury of a witness and a victim. The author summarises the theoretical developments of scholars whose research focused on the issues of criminal liability for committing criminal offences of this type, as well as the procedural features of obtaining witness and victim testimony, and the specifics of their verification and evaluation. Given the above, the article assesses the development of scientific thought in this regard, and outlines the prospects for further research in the context of determining the grounds and specific features of criminal prosecution of persons who have induced or forced a witness and a victim to give false testimony. The author describes the current state of scientific support for the organisational and tactical principles of investigation of criminal offences of this type, as well as the procedural aspects of obtaining testimony, its verification and evaluation.

One of the structural components of the forensic methodology for investigating intentional destruction or damage to property of a law enforcement officer is the specific tactics of certain investigative (detective) actions. The complexity of their conduct, as well as their significant effectiveness in collecting evidence of a person's guilt and in clarifying the circumstances of the said criminal offence, necessitate a thorough study on this issue. Considering this, the purpose of the study is to determine the tactical and organisational features of investigative (detective) actions during the investigation of intentional destruction or damage to property of a law enforcement officer. It has been established that scene examinations during the investigation of intentional destruction or damage to property of a law enforcement officer are challenging, time-consuming, require the use of various types of special knowledge and skills, and also involve the use of a large number of technical and forensic tools, so the investigator is obliged to treat their planning, preparation and conduct responsibly and ensure their implementation in accordance with the principles of legality, science, comprehensiveness, completeness, thoroughness, etc. It has been determined the main tactical tasks to be solved during the inspection of the place of destruction or damage to the property of a law enforcement officer. It has been substantiated that the interrogation tactics and techniques used by the prosecution must comply with the provisions of the current criminal procedure legislation. Given that in the category of crimes under study, the victim is a law enforcement officer or his/her close relative, this should not influence the prosecution representative and lead to a biased attitude towards the suspect or witness who is trying to avoid giving full and objective testimony. Based on the analysis, it has been established that the most correct approach is to interrogate the victim first, even in an investigative situation when a person involved in a criminal offence is detained at the scene of the crime. It has been provided a list of circumstances that should be clarified during the interrogation of a victim, witness or suspect. It has been found that the tactical techniques which should be used during investigative experiments in the investigation of intentional destruction or damage to property of a law enforcement officer are: repeated conduct of experiments and control over their implementation; creation of an environment which will facilitate the provision of as much detailed information as possible about the circumstances of criminal offences; asking questions to a participant of an investigative experiment with a view to detailing his/her explanations and evaluating the answers; the use of models, application of scientific and technical means and involvement of specialists with special knowledge in the relevant field of science; application of technical means of recording, in particular, continuous video recording.

In the article, the Author analyzes the organizational, legal and tactical features of the interrogation of juvenile victims and witnesses. Currently, there are problems of observing the rights of juvenile participants in criminal proceedings included in the mechanism of the crime, and the specifics of their personal and psychophysiological characteristics make this investigative action particularly difficult and time-consuming. In this connection, the Author has set the purpose of this article to study the organizational and legal possibilities of questioning juvenile victims and witnesses. In the course of studying law enforcement practice and the most common mistakes made during interrogations of minors, the main stages of this investigative action are highlighted and the most effective recommendations for their conduct are proposed, taking into account the psychophysiological characteristics of minors. The methodology of this research consists of: dialectical, analytical, comparative legal, empirical methods of cognition, comparative and logical-structural analyses, a systematic approach and a method of analysis and generalization of practice. The conducted research and the practical experience of the Author allowed us to draw conclusions about the imperfection of law enforcement practice and legal regulation of the interrogation of a minor. According to the Author, amendments to the current legislation will make it possible to fully use all possible tactics of interrogation of minors, which will increase the effectiveness of interrogation and minimize the possibility of repeated psychotraumatization of minors. The findings of the study can be used by practitioners when conducting investigative actions with the participation of minor victims and witnesses during the investigation and disclosure of crimes of various types. The theoretical conclusions made in the course of the study will help in studying the tactics of interrogation in the discipline “Criminalistics”.

This article explores the patterns of 11 types of criminal evidence collected by a detective team in real-life 172 volume crime cases that occurred in South Korea. Electronic and paper case files were analyzed to examine the patterns of how much and which type of evidence was collected per case. The results show that, in general, the team collected almost four pieces of evidence per case, and notably, testimonial evidence (e.g., statements) was collected more often than physical evidence (e.g., video recordings, DNA, and fingerprints). Among the physical evidence types, video recording was the most available; victim statement was the most available of testimonial evidence types. Another finding was that more evidence was collected before than after interrogation. Overall, this study provides empirical insights into the current landscape of evidence collection practices in South Korean police investigations, with implications for both law enforcement procedures and academic research on criminal justice systems.

This paper starts from the premise that interrogative structures have significant impact on verbal behaviour and human behaviour, in general. Our analysis of this particular type of discourse is based on the assertions of E. Benveniste, according to whom interrogation is one of the fundamental speech acts of interhuman behaviour, alongside of assertion and imperative structures.

The purpose of the article is to indicate selected legal and medical aspects of the presence of a witness suffering from schizophrenia in the Polish criminal trial. The author deals with the clinical picture of schizophrenia, ability of a sick witness to testify, and the related procedural consequences.The legal and medical literature, as well as court judgments and expert comments corresponding to the content, have been used in the arguments.The role of the witness requires that their thought processes run properly. Mental disorders may, depending on their type and severity, interfere with these processes.However, not every disease deviation disqualifies testimonies in terms of their value and not all do so to the same extent. Mental illness is one of the most serious mental disorders.One of the most severe forms of psychosis is schizophrenia.The condition for the correct assessment of the testimonies, which is the exclusive right of the procedural body, is a proper image of the witness’s health condition. One of the mechanisms enabling factual findings to be truthful and reaching the material truth is the regulation of Art. 192 § 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The expert does not assess the credibility of the witness's testimony but confirms or excludes the presence of such features of the mental state that may affect the content of the testimony. The testimony obtained cannot be discredited a priori. The credibility of testimony is assessed by the procedural body according to Art. 7 of the CCP. Each case should be approached without prejudice, in a manner marked by cold analysis. The required behaviour of the responsible jurist in this dimension is the activity consisting of extraordinary caution and criticism in interpreting the disturbed state of the witness.

Despite the fact that the interrogation and initial questions and answers of the victim in the primary investigations process play a prominent role in the detection of crimes, but the physical and mental characteristics of the interrogator and the manner of the interrogation process have been disregarded in Persian criminal law studies. This article aims to answer the question with a descriptive-analytical method, what requirements should be considered in the interrogation process in the primary research stage to detect the victimization of children? To achieve this, according to the available data, the article is divided into three topics.The first topic examines the selection of the interrogator and his training. If the first step, which is to have an expert interrogator with special physiological and mental characteristics, is not taken correctly, it will definitely not be time for the other steps. In relation to the physical characteristics of the interrogator, various studies indicate that people have a tendency to disclose crimes for women in sensitive matters such as sexual crimes, and this tendency is more prominent in the case of children due to their sensitive nature. Out of all the requirements regarding the interrogation of children, the Iranian legislator has explicitly and correctly set criteria for the gender of the interrogator. Article 42 of the Criminal Procedure Law stipulates: "If possible, the interrogation and investigation of women and minors should be carried out by trained female officers and in accordance with religious standards." In addition to physical characteristics, the main thing that plays an important role in doing an accurate and reliable question and answer is the mental characteristics and capabilities that he acquires. The increase in skill and expertise leads to the reduction of bias and incorrect mental backgrounds, and as a result, more correct and reliable information is obtained. In many countries, such as the United States, Canada, and England, training courses are held to improve the expertise and skills of interrogators, and the interrogation process is subject to pre-determined and taught protocols. The most widely used and important of these protocols, which have many similarities with each other, are: 1 Step-Wise Interview Guidelines; 2. cognitive interview; 3. Ten-step Investigative Interview; 4. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development research interview protocol.The second topic deals with the issue that after the selection and training of the interrogator, he should be able to get to know the child's condition and gain his trust in the beginning. The age of the victim, his physical, mental and spiritual abilities and problems, evolutionary or developmental considerations, ethnicity, language, culture, religion and the economic status of the family where he grows up and the places he went and comes are examples of information that should be obtained before the main question and answer session. This information can be obtained from the child's relatives, the school and kindergarten he goes to, and his doctors and teachers. After the initial acquaintance with the child, the interrogator should gain his trust by using them and by applying communication methods. Verbal and non-verbal communication, respecting the child's personal space by maintaining a proper distance and asking if the child feels comfortable with the distance between the interrogator and himself, calling him by name, Choosing words and arranging them next to each other in such a way that the child believes that the interrogator understands his painful situation and sympathizes with him has a great effect on creating empathy and intimacy between the two parties.In the last topic and after communicating with the child, It is time for the interrogator to give basic training to the child and ask the main questions and answers related to the crime. Explaining the child's role in the interrogation, teaching how to answer the questions, explaining the concepts of truth and lies to the child and gaining a detailed understanding of him in answering the questions are the effects of basic training. In the main questions and answers and according to the protocols, the beginning of the main question and answer process should be with "open questions". After the interrogator has heard the child's free interpretation and everything that was in his mind since the day of the incident, he should add to its quantitative and qualitative richness through specialized questions. The questions should not be suggestive or in such a way that their answer is yes or no.These explanations and information in various sources about this subject show that the primary investigations process, especially the interrogation session, question and answer session, interview or any other title that is placed on it, is one of the most important parts of criminal justice system, which is ultimately a huge part of the justifications for sentencing, but so far no special law or regulation has been written for its technical part. In other words, issues such as the existence of an expert and trained interrogator who has a special card should be included among the rights of the parties to a criminal case. It is clear that having legal information or work experience of the judge and officer who is responsible for the interrogation is not a guarantee for holding a useful and quality question and answer session.

Over the past decades, the psychological science has accumulated a large corpus of empirical knowledge about police interviews, deception detection, and suspects’ confessions. However, it is unclear whether European police forces’ practices and beliefs are consistent with recommendations derived from this empirical literature. The study described in this report is part of a larger research project examining European police investigators’ practices and beliefs. An online survey was administered to Guardia Civil (n = 89) and Policía Nacional investigators (n = 126). The survey inquired about the length, frequency and electronic recording of interviews, the suspects’ use of their right to remain silent, investigators’ self-reported skills in distinguishing between truthful and deceptive statements, their estimates of the frequency of (false) confessions, and their use of specific interview tactics. The outcomes provide insights into investigators’ knowledge and practices, highlight specific needs, and allow for a comparison between European and North American police forces.

Linguistics as a scientific discipline is widely applicable in the process of examining all persons who are included in the investigation, which is conducted in order to determine the responsibility of the person for the committed criminal acts, to determine the existence of the very essence of the act. The identification of criminal acts and their perpetrators, the role of individuals in the COM-mission of a criminal act, sometimes relies, in addition to material evidence, on the statements of witnesses, victims and the suspects themselves. When taking statements, police officers use different techniques based on linguistics, from manipulation to identifying the element of non-verbal communication. The paper is based on the author's experience, two years of research and relevant literature.

An interrogation is a process of obtaining statements from a person who has information relevant to the investigation and examination of criminal cases. This is the most common and, at the same time, the most complicated procedural action. However, this is not only due to the fact that in front of the representative of the law enforcement body there are often people who do not want to communicate the truth, or they generally refuse to make statements; even the person who sincerely wants to communicate everything he/she knows about the circumstances of the case may be confused or make mistakes. False statements are particularly dangerous, especially in modest, „weak”, evidence cases, where the statements of certain persons are relied on as evidence, as a result of which the risk persists and the likelihood of unlawful rulings increases. False statements may relate to any circumstance of the criminal case and may be made by any person subjected to the act of interrogation. For the law enforcement body, the statements are a source of information and the data they contain have the status of evidence. For the suspect and the accused, the statements represent a means of defense against the suspicion or accusation brought against them. All these aspects are to be considered, thus appreciating the importance of the interrogation in criminal proceedings. To a large extent, these issues justify the importance and timeliness of the establishment and application of specific tactical procedures for the interrogation of persons making intentionally false statements.

The scientific article is devoted to certain aspects directly related to the procedural regulation of the interrogation of minors during the pre-trial investigation of criminal proceedings related to domestic violence. An analysis of international legal acts containing relevant standards in the researched field, provisions of the current criminal procedural legislation of Ukraine, as well as scientific works, whose authors worked on the outlined issue, has been carried out. This is due to the fact that sometimes in such proceedings the only source of evidence is the testimony of minor victims. In such cases, the process of obtaining and evaluating evidence is determined by age, individual psychological and many other characteristics of the interrogated. In criminal proceedings related to domestic violence, issues related to the place of interrogation of a minor and ways of recording it are quite relevant. On the basis of the conducted research, it has been substantiated that the interrogation of a minor should be carried out in a room: a) where the environment will be friendly for him or her; b) which is equipped with means for audio and video recording. Such statements are fully consistent with the “green room” method. Taking into account the above, it is proposed to make changes to the provisions provided for in Part 1 of Art. 226 of the CCP of Ukraine. In addition, attention has been drawn to the change in the philosophy of obtaining testimony from a minor regarding the circumstances of a committed criminal offense from interrogation to procedural interview. Interrogation of a minor must be carried out by an investigator according to the rules provided by the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine. However, before the interrogation, the investigator must: select a suitable specialist psychologist; give them the opportunity to get acquainted with the materials of the criminal proceedings, taking into account the meeting with the minor; based on the circumstances to be proven, agree with the specialist on the content and form of the questions necessary for clarification. Taking into account the above, it has been concluded that it is considered necessary in the provisions of the current legislation to provide for this a specially authorized person - a juvenile investigator.

The presence of a variety of unique healing resources has made it possible to create a multifaceted system of sanatorium-resort treatment and recreation in Kyrgyzstan. The safety of treatment and recreation in places of resort and recreational status is of paramount importance, as they receive the most guests, being a business card. However, crimes are committed in such places as well. Evidence, being the core of criminal proceedings, serves as a mechanism for establishing the actual circumstances of the incident, the persons who committed the crime, the correct qualification of the deed and, as a result, the issuance of a lawful, reasonable and fair verdict. The article provides statistics compiled on the basis of the data of the country's law enforcement agencies, which shows the dynamics of the growth of crime of certain categories of persons.

The Article 168a of Code of Criminal Procedure introduces the rule of the permissibility in criminal proceedings evidence obtained under the violation of criminal procedureregulations or as the result of indictable offence defined in Article 1 of Criminal Code. The Article 168a of CCP is highly controversial, especially due to the lack of linguistic precision of its provision and collision with Constitution. The regulationmentioned above is in conflict with the system of evidence-related prohibitions in criminal proceedings. In this context, the freedom expression rule during the interrogation is essential. Its violation results in the prohibition of the use of evidence. Used in theprovision of Art. 168a of CCP, word „exclusively” is claimed to be a key for proper resolution of this problem. If interpreted differently, the provision would flagrantly deny the essence and nature of the freedom expression rule during the interrogation

The essay intends to briefly illustrate a broad chronological trend line that sees the progressive disclosure of the “word”. We can see a turning point at the end of the twelfth century with the repression of heresy: the Church prepares a new type of trial based on the asymmetrical relationship between the judge and the defendant as well as on the transcribed and signed deposition of the latter. Soon, the centrality of confession will elevate torture as an ordinary mechanism of physical and psychological pressure during interrogation. Soon the inquisitorial process will also become adopted by the secular authorities for the repression of crimes: the importance of interrogation under torture is documented, among other things, by various works by jurists and chancellors, who intended to provide guidance and help in verbalizing questions and answers. In the famous case of the trial of the plague spreaders of 1630, Alessandro Verri and Alessandro Manzoni will re-read the surviving minutes with different intentions between the end of the eighteenth century and the mid-nineteenth century: in both authors, however, the painful “word” of the tortured and the distortion imprinted by violence on the final result of rulings and convictions stand out strongly.

In India, the majority of kidney transplants are living donor transplants. The transplant law in India only permits donation from first degree relatives, spouses, grandparents and altruistic donation without any commercial intent. Donation that happens other than first degree relative require to go through the process of authorization by a committee that determines their intent of donation. In spite of the requirements that are clearly laid down in the Act, fake and fraudulent activities have been reported to make donations happen with a commercial intent. This paper is an attempt to inform and empower clinicians and transplant coordinators and give them the requisite skills that would help them to identify fraudulent relationships, detect discrepancies in the documents and help ensure that the hospital and the doctors follow the law of the land and not fall prey to fake documentation that has a commercial intent of donation. Sample cases have been studied based on their coordination and different ways of approaches to detect falsification of documents and tutoring of the donors by the family members or broker. It was seen that with the right approach that included thorough donor-recipient interrogation, close scrutinization of documents and keenly observing the donor-recipient relationship including their body language and attire, various discrepancies could be identified. All transplant teams should include a well-trained Transplant Coordinator who is alert to every case of a living donor recipient pair and makes a thorough assessment of the relationship by observing, interviewing and scrutinizing the documents of relationship to exclude fraud. Some recommendations have also been drawn up to minimize the risk of fraud.

Domestic violence is becoming more widespread every day, but few people consider it as a prerequisite for other criminal offenses, among which the most serious and inevitable is murder, i.e. the onset of person’s death. According to the analysis of investigative and judicial practice during the investigation of murders, investigators do not fully investigate the preconditions that contributed to the crime, family relationships, the psychological state of those involved in the murder, etc. Most homicides are investigated and prosecuted without any evidence of domestic violence. Therefore, there is a need to develop a methodology for investigating murders committed in connection with the use of domestic violence, which would contain practical recommendations for conducting certain investigative (search) actions during the investigation of this category of cases. The author has determined the tactical features of conducting crime scene search and interrogation during the investigation of murders committed in connection with the use of domestic violence; has analyzed the scientific literature, investigative and judicial practice. The author has provided some peculiarities of tactics of carrying out certain investigative (search) actions during the investigation of murders committed in connection with the use of domestic violence. The most common investigative (search) actions have been analyzed. They are crime scene search and interrogation. The tactical techniquess that should be used during the investigation of this category of criminal offenses have been identified, and some statistics on the places of murder and the condition of persons involved in this crime have been provided.

The peculiarities for the formation of the methodology of investigating criminal offenses against the authority of state agencies in the field of law enforcement activity have been highlighted. It has been established that the specified group of criminal offenses includes: 1) interference in the activities of a law enforcement officer; 2) the threat of murder, bodily injury or destruction or damage to property in a generally dangerous manner in respect to an official or his relatives or in respect to a citizen performing public duties, used to terminate the activities of a citizen performing public duties or to change its nature in the interests of the person who makes threats; 3) unauthorized appropriation of powers combined with the commission of any socially dangerous actions. The general concept for the formation of forensic methods of investigating criminal offenses of this type has been defined. That concept consists in observing procedural requirements for carrying out inquiry, taking into account the needs of law enforcement agencies, using the experience of scholars on this issue and experience of investigative and judicial agencies in investigating minor crimes and criminal offenses. It has been clarified that during the formation of forensic methods of investigating criminal offenses, there were some controversial issues. They include: issues on the need to include matters about the separation of stages of investigation, forensic prevention, etc. into the structure of tactics of conducting covert (investigative) search actions. It has been established that the structure of methods of investigating criminal offenses against the authority of state agencies in the field of law enforcement activity should consist of the following elements: 1) forensic characteristics of criminal offenses against the authority of state agencies in the field of law enforcement activity; 2) circumstances to be established; 3) features of the beginning of criminal proceedings, typical investigative situations, algorithms of investigative (search) and procedural actions at the initial and subsequent stages of investigation; 4) specific features of tactics of conducting certain investigative (search), covert investigative (search) and procedural actions; 5) general features of using special knowledge; 6) specific features of forensic prevention of criminal offenses against the authority of state agencies in the field of law enforcement activity.

Interrogation is a core task of practical police work. The outcomes of interrogation often provide crucial evidence for solving criminal cases. The success of interrogation depends on interactions between police officers and citizens. Based on a comprehensive literature overview, we propose a three-factor typology for interrogations by police officers. First, the competencies of police officers refer to the application of personal, professional, social, and methodological capabilities. The underlying concept of interrogation refers to the application of both explicit and implicit experience-based interrogation models. Communication refers to the goal-directed application of communication tactics and techniques. According to this typology, we discuss the major objectives of police interrogation in police service and training from police officers’ perspectives. The present study provides guidance for practical police services and training by offering an evidence-based interrogation standard.

I have conducted several consultations and interviews with police officers (investigators, detectives, inspectors) pursuing criminal procedures, also with prosecutors, judges and attorneys (hereinafter: criminalists) on what they mean by tactical bluff. I understood, that some criminalists do not differentiate between colloquial bluff and tactical bluff, that can be the source of several mistakes.

The article presents the issues aimed at the implementation of the requirements of the criminal and criminal procedure laws on the study of the person who committed the crime as an integral system of its interrelated properties, qualities, features. Along with the identification of sources of relevant information and the use of certain methods of its study, an important component of the activity under consideration is the definition of ways of collecting characterizing information.The article describes the semantics of the word “method”, examines the use of this method of studying the identity of a minor who committed a crime, as the production of interrogation. The Author highlights the problem of insufficiency and (or) unreliability of information about the identity of the juvenile brought to criminal responsibility, including those obtained during interrogation and confrontation. Possibilities of application of methods of conversation and supervision for the purpose of studying of the personality of the teenager at production of his interrogation are revealed. It lists the subjects who may have a particular set of information about the perpetrator of the crime, as well as a list of questions that must be put to them in the course of their interrogation.

The main provisions on the organization and conduction of interrogation of minors who are victims of violence have been revealed. The concept of physical, sexual and psychological violence against a child has been studied. The features of interrogation of minors who are victims of violence and their significance in criminal proceedings have been theoretically analyzed. The author has determined the subject matter, object and tasks of interrogation of minors and features of the impact of violence on the development of a child and evidence provided by this child. Despite the large number of works focused on the study of various aspects of minors participation in different investigative actions, the legal and psychological literature does not sufficiently describe the psychological features of the interrogation of minors and does not fully analyze the factors that may affect the juvenile’s testimony while conducting such an investigative action as the interrogation. The author has emphasized the expediency of conducting investigative (search) actions against children, based on the principles of child-friendly justice (participation of the child, ensuring the best interests of the child, dignity, protection against discrimination, rule of law). The author has analyzed the algorithm of interrogation of a child based on the use of the following formula: “safe place + safe adult = safe child”; has provided recommendations to take into account the psychological and organizational features of different phases of the child’s interviewing; formulation of questions for minors who are victims of violence according to age and their psycho-emotional state. Examples of formulating the questions during the interviewing of children of preschool, primary school and adolescence age have been provided. It has been noted that consideration of the described psychological features during the interrogation (interviewing) of children who are victims of violence, will reduce the protective mechanisms of the psyche, minimize re-traumatization of the child and increase the effectiveness of the interrogation.

Lab-on-a-chip systems are currently one of the most promising areas in the development of ultra-compact sensor systems, used primarily for gas and liquid analysis to determine the concentration of impurities. Integrated photonics is an ideal basis for designing “lab-on-a-chip” systems, advantageous for its compactness, energy efficiency, and low cost in mass production. This paper presents a solution for “lab-on-a-chip” device realization, consisting of a sensor and an interrogator based on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) integrated photonics platform. The sensor function is performed by an all-pass microring resonator (MRR), installed as a notch filter in the feedback circuit of an optoelectronic oscillator based on an electro-optic phase modulator. This structure realizes the frequency interrogation of the sensor with high accuracy and speed using a conventional single-mode laser source. The system sensitivity for the considered gases is 13,000 GHz/RIU. The results show that the use of frequency interrogation makes it possible to increase the intrinsic LoD by five orders. The proposed solution opens an opportunity for fully integrated implementation of a photonic “laboratory-on-a-chip” unit.

This article presents the role and the meaning of the key element of the Miranda Warning, i.e. the right to remain silent in the Irish criminal proceedings. The cognitive value is also refl ected in the comparison of that rule with the right to refuse to make a statement by the detained, applicable in the Polish criminal procedural law.

The design of a refractometric sensing system for liquids analysis with a sensor and the scheme for its intensity interrogation combined on a single photonic integrated circuit (PIC) is proposed. A racetrack microring resonator with a channel for the analyzed liquid formed on the top is used as a sensor, and another microring resonator with a lower Q-factor is utilized to detect the change in the resonant wavelength of the sensor. As a measurement result, the optical power at its drop port is detected in comparison with the sum of the powers at the through and drop ports. Simulations showed the possibility of registering a change in the analyte refractive index with a sensitivity of 110 nm per refractive index unit. The proposed scheme was analyzed with a broadband source, as well as a source based on an optoelectronic oscillator using an optical phase modulator. The second case showed the fundamental possibility of implementing an intensity interrogator on a PIC using an external typical single-mode laser as a source. Meanwhile, additional simulations demonstrated an increased system sensitivity compared to the conventional interrogation scheme with a broadband or tunable light source. The proposed approach provides the opportunity to increase the integration level of a sensing device, significantly reducing its cost, power consumption, and dimensions.

As the suspect interview is one of the key elements of a police investigation, it has received a great deal of merited attention from the scientific community. However, suspect interviews in child sexual abuse (CSA) investigations is an understudied research area. In the present mixed-methods study, we examine Swedish (n = 126) and Norwegian (n = 52) police interviewers' self-reported goals, tactics, and emotional experiences when conducting interviews with suspected CSA offenders. The quantitative analyses found associations between the interviewers' self-reported goals, tactics, and emotions during these types of suspect interviews. Interviewers who reported experiencing more negative emotions were more likely to employ confrontational tactics. Specifically, anger was positively associated with the goal of obtaining a confession and with aggressive tactics like raising one's voice and emphasizing the seriousness of the crime. Frustration and disgust displayed similar patterns. Somewhat contrasting these quantitative results, the thematic analysis identified a strong consensus that emotions should not and do not affect the police interviewers' work. Furthermore, the police interviewers described a range of strategies for managing emotions during the interview and for processing their emotional reactions afterwards. The present findings highlight the relevance of emotional processes in CSA suspect interviews and provide an initial exploration of the potentially complex relationship between the goals, tactics, and emotional experiences of police interviewers who question CSA suspects.

The article presents the issues aimed at the implementation of the requirements of the criminal and criminal procedure laws on the study of the person who committed the crime as an integral system of its interrelated properties, qualities, features. Along with the identification of sources of relevant information and the use of certain methods of its study, an important component of the activity under consideration is the definition of ways of collecting characterizing information.The article describes the semantics of the word “method”, examines the use of this method of studying the identity of a minor who committed a crime, as the production of interrogation. The Author highlights the problem of insufficiency and (or) unreliability of information about the identity of the juvenile brought to criminal responsibility, including those obtained during interrogation and confrontation. Possibilities of application of methods of conversation and supervision for the purpose of studying of the personality of the teenager at production of his interrogation are revealed. It lists the subjects who may have a particular set of information about the perpetrator of the crime, as well as a list of questions that must be put to them in the course of their interrogation.

The article is an analysis of the investigative (search) actions – questioning, as one of the most informative investigative (search) actions in conditions of the use of psychological knowledge and the ability to attract a skilled psychologist, with the aim of obtaining new knowledge about the identity of the criminal. Investigators actions are actions aimed to obtaining (collecting) evidence or verification of already obtained evidence in a particular criminal proceeding. Interrogation is the most common investigative action, along with is complex. Interrogation is a complex process of information exchange between the investigator and the interrogated person, during which the investigator must obtain from the interrogated the maximum of important information about the identity of the unknown criminal. It should be understood that, in order to model the identity of an unknown criminal, the subject of interrogation should include obtaining such information from the interrogated person, which directly indicate the physical, physiological and psychological characteristics of the identity of the unknown criminal. In our study, we pay attention to the interrogation of witnesses (eyewitnesses) and the victim. Modeling the identity of an unknown criminal during the psychological forensic research is the construction of a model by a specialist psychologist or forensic expert psychologist, which reveals the psychological abilities properties, qualities and processes (motives, needs, motivations, feelings, emotions, representations, perceptions, orientations, intellectual abilities, etc.), that explains the essence of the behavior of a particular person, reveals such characteristics that reflect the attitude of an unknown criminal to the actions performed by him (inaction), to the environment and to himself during, as well as to the Commission of a crime and after its commission.

Poets play an important role in alighting the lamp of the human mind. The technique of writing poetry comes with ‘creation’ which is the primacy of knowledge and Sanjukta Dasgupta’s poetry is the source of light vindicating her formidable creativity and apt awareness as a ‘progressive [woman] writer’ of Indian Writings in English. Women writers contribute towards the female literary tradition of ecriture féminine, strengthening the genre of gynocriticism. Elaine Showalter comments ‘women writers…found [themselves]…without a history, forced to rediscover the past anew, forging again…the consciousness of their sex’ facilitating the patriarchal interrogation through women’s writings, accelerating the birth of a woman authored literary canon. It has enabled them to break the silence towards an egalitarian world. This essay explores the ‘micropolitics’ of an urban environment in Dasgupta’s Dilemma: A Second Book of Poems, and critically reconnoiters her entelechy to observe life and interrogate the stereotypes society imposes upon women.

Based on traditional and modern studies of forensic scientists and specialists in the field of legal procedures, regulatory sources; the practice of investigating criminal cases in the article covers both the general provisions of the interrogation tactics and the individual tactical and psychological methods of conducting an investigative action, as applied to a specific investigative situation. Some aspects of traditional and non-traditional methods and methods of interrogation are investigated, recommendations on their use are given. The article explores the use of tactics when interrogating minors. In order to optimize the activities of the investigator at the preparatory and working stages of interrogation of minors, a list of tactics has been formulated, the use of which is advisable regardless of the procedural status occupied. Considers the use of video during interrogation, as well as the conditions for the adoption of such a decision by the investigator.

A high-precision cross-correlation cavity length demodulation method for fiber-optic Fabry–Perot (F–P) sensors based on two different wavelength superluminescent diodes (SLDs) was proposed. This method can solve the problem of low demodulation accuracy caused by the difficulty in identifying the maximum cross-correlation coefficient when the cavity length of the fiber-optic F–P fiber sensor is too short, or when the spectral bandwidth of the illuminating single-light source is too narrow. This demodulation method is based on the principle that the two main peaks of the two cross-correlation curves corresponding to two different spectral ranges should match, and the average value of the two calculated cavity lengths corresponding to the two matched peaks is determined as the real cavity length. The cavity length demodulation of fiber-optic F–P sensors in the range of 20–200 μm shows a maximum measurement deviation of 0.008 μm, which is significantly smaller than the demodulation result obtained with a single light source, and the standard deviation of the measurement results is only approximately 0.0005 μm, indicating the high precision and stability of a dual SLD cross-correlation demodulation method.

Eratosthenes arrested Polemarchus, following the orders of the Thirty to seize the money of the metics, and then he brought him to the Council, where he was condemned to death without a proper trial. Eratosthenes could not deny that he had arrested Polemarchus but he hoped to be acquitted by distorting the recent past, which the jurors ignored in all its details. An examination of the questions and answers of Lysias and Eratosthenes, and an assessment of their arguments shows that Lysias was right to regard his opponent as guilty, but the latter still had chances to be acquitted.

The article presents the results of a research aimed at the investigation of the causes of the extremely low academic performance of the first-year foreign students of the Ukhta State Technical University in the discipline “Mathematics”. This category of students has educational and cognitive difficulties, which are manifested in mastering special mathematical terminology and learning the proposed theoretical and practical teaching material. The author has identified the main problems faced by most of foreign students such as a bad knowledge of Russian language and a low level of basic school training. With the help of a diagnostic method for self-evaluation developed by Ch. D. Spielberger and adapted by Yu. L. Khanin, there was determined the level of reactive and personal anxiety of each of the foreign students of the supervised group on mathematics class and outside of it.

The article reveals the most effective tactical methods developed by science, forensic and investigative practices used in the interrogation of persons suspected (accused) of committing crimes against journalists in connection with their legitimate professional activities. Describes the issues needed to clarify during the production of the interrogation of these persons. Focuses on tactics to overcome resistance on the part of the interviewee and conflict situations emerging in the course of his interrogation. The conclusions made in the article indicate that the position of the interrogated person, her role in the Commission of the crime, as well as her psychological state, official position and relations with the victim preceding the Commission of the crime should be taken into account when preparing and conducting the interrogation of the suspect (accused) in the cases of the considered category.

Microwave photonic sensor systems represent a wide class of information systems with measurement conversion that use standardized analog and parallel links of parallel and sequential type with filtering, allowing to functionally displaying the information of the measurement conversion, obtained in the optical range, in the radio frequency one. One of the main, most widely used elements in the microwave photonic sensor systems, which solves the problems of forming, filtering and measuring the conversion of optical radiation, including for the stage of further generation of radio-frequency carriers, is the fiber Bragg grating. The cumulative analysis made it possible to propose for the design of microwave photonic sensor systems a new class of sensors - address fiber Bragg structures - constructed on the basis of the fiber Bragg grating with two symmetrical discrete phase shifts or two identical the fiber Bragg grating, potentially having improved metrological and technical and economic characteristics. Of particular interest are few-sensor measurement systems designed to simultaneously measure two related physical quantities simultaneously. In this paper, we will consider a mathematical model of a combined complex fiber-optic temperature and pressure sensor, as an example of constructing few-sensor microwave photonic measuring systems, which, without loss of generality, can be extended to temperature-deformation, temperature-strain pairs, etc. Discussed and resolved the problems of measurement situations, the emergence of which is determined by the essence of the address approach, and are aimed at unambiguous determination of the characteristics of the fiber Bragg grating with unic address.

Even though the anthology Jewish Names, often called the beginning of Czech alternative culture, was published in 1995, several central questions concerning this seminal collection from the early 1950s remain unclear: Who initiated it, when was it assembled, and what is its connection with the causa of the ‘Trotzkyites’ in Prague and later anti-semitic show trials? Answers can be found if one appreciates the pivotal role of Honza Krejcarová in this unique project. The article connects dots between Czech history during the Protectorate when young Honza witnessed her mother Milena Jesenská’s resistance activities, and the late 1940s of Stalinist Czechoslovakia when the State Security started surveilling and persecuting Krejcarová. Based on archival studies the article argues for the parallelism between secret service practices (interrogation, the revealing of names in the form of denunciation) and automatic surrealist writing techniques. Drawing on the example of the name of the Author it analyses the paratextual structure of the anthology connected to its literary models, mainly from France. Jewish Names is a rich collection of fictitious ‘Jewish’ pseudonyms attributed to real Czech writers, stressing the vulnerability of the literary intelligentsia, their mineurité. And it is this paratextual construction which can be considered as the most daring and auto-referential aspect of this illegal publishing project. The article reveals problematic aspects of the chosen path of pseudonymy and anonymity. Changing or omitting one’s name is a common trait of female biographies, complicating the attribution of authorship. The article shows how pseudonymy takes its toll on an existential, gender, political, and historical level — precluding until today the proper names from entering Czech literary history

Dans cet article, nous nous concentrons sur la politesse dans l’acte d’interrogation. En analysant les caractéristiques de l’interrogation en langue et culture vietnamiennes, tout en tenant compte des modèles de la politesse élaborés dans les domaines de pragmatique et de sociolinguistique, nous allons répondre aux questions fréquentes chez nos étudiants occidentaux (Français, Américains, Canadiens, Belges, entre autres) lors de l’apprentissage du vietnamien et lors des contacts avec des Vietnamiens : Ces derniers semblent-ils curieux ? Pourquoi posent-ils très souvent des questions privées sur l’âge, sur la famille, sur le travail et, parfois, sur les revenus ? Pourquoi utilisent-ils rarement des formules de politesse comme «S’il vous plaît», «Serait-il possible de…», « Pourriez-vous...» lors d’une requête ? A partir de cette analyse, l’article proposera des solutions quant à l’enseignement de la politesse dans un cours de vietnamien langue étrangère à un public francophone.

Depuis 2012, les récits fictifs ou métatextuels de l’écrivain français Philippe Djian témoignent d’une volonté d’abolir l’usage orthodoxe de la ponctuation. L’auteur pense que les signes épilinguistiques ont une force sémantique aussi importante que les mots et qu’ils sont porteurs d’une signification qui dépasse la logique syntaxique ou l’information tonale. Djian réifie cette conception en abolissant en 2012 dans le roman Love song, l’utilisation du point d’interrogation. Si ce signe était auparavant utilisé avec excès pour traduire l’incompréhension et l’incommunicabilité entre les individus, son absence ne semble pas représenter un refus d’interroger mais plutôt souligner une uniformité visuelle mimétique de l’uniformité sociale dénoncée par l’auteur. Par ailleurs, Djian pense que l’absence de point d’interrogation incite le lecteur à ne plus recevoir passivement le texte mais à le réinvestir de sens.

During the criminal procedure, the process of verification includes the reconstruction of past events for the sake of establishing the statement of facts. When it comes to exploring the events in the past, great significance can be attributed to personal evidence. In order to prevent the influencing of the interrogated person, many provisions of guarantee had been established in the criminal procedure. In such an interrogatory situation, the most difficult practical problem is how to word the question so that the interrogation would aim at the exploration of the mind of the witness or accused, and at the helping of the recalling of the memories. During the criminal procedure however, interrogation with the assistance of an interpreter could also result in the communication of the statements of the accused or the witness about their perceptions and original knowledge with modified contents. Another significant factor at interpreter-assisted interrogations is to avoid the will of either the interrogator or the interpreter being projected on the interrogated person, as that would threaten with the witness, the accused, or the interrogated person giving a confession that is different form their original content of consciousness.

An interrogation is essentially combative and high pressure, and therefore most often a negatively charged monologue of an interrogator trying to work a confession out of a subject. In the following, there should be removed from any ethical, effective investigative interviewing practice: interrogation, combative, pressure, monologue and confession. Effective, ethical investigative interviews should be conversational, non-combative and should not seek confessions as a primary objective. Pressuring subjects (including suspects, witnesses or victims) forces people to lie, go silent or to become uncooperative. Pressure and accusations trigger defensive responses. They also cause panic and fear which impacts a person’s cognitive ability to remember and even to communicate. How often people in shock are left stuttering or unable to form coherent sentences or to remember a question asked seconds earlier? Combine the intimidation of being questioned by police, the fear of going to jail and the humiliation of being judged badly by people in authority or by one’s family and friends, as well as fear of reprisals for informing on other criminals, and one easily ends up with “no comment” interviews or flat out lies. Forcing subjects to admit a version of events in order to overcome “no comment” responses or flat out lies leads to poor conviction rates and wrongful convictions. The alternative, which has proven highly effective when practiced within a well-defined, controlled process, is a managed conversation that relaxes a subject and provides an environment and communication framework that inspires an exchange.

The article is devoted to studying of psychological features of persons influencing the choice of tactics of interrogation of witnesses. In this study 70 students took part with incomplete higher education between the ages of 18 to 21 years. The experimental group consisted of 35 people with type external locus of control, a control group – 35 people with type internal locus of control. Was conducted a multifaceted study of the individual and identified groups of people with hysteroid, schizoid and psychasthenic personal orientation, which were selected ten theory-based, efficient tactic, allowing to improve the effectiveness of testimony. According to the results the efficiency of testimony depends on the type of locus of control, when the person has a internal locus control efficiency response without the use of tactics is significantly higher than in subjects with external type of locus of control. Were given ecommendations to improve the effectiveness of testimony to persons with internal and external locus of control in the process of interrogation depending on the personal profile.

Objective Patients with implanted cardiac devices may wait extended periods for interrogation in emergency departments (EDs). Our purpose was to determine if device interrogation could be done safely and faster by ED staff. Methods Prospective randomized, standard therapy controlled, trial of ED staff device interrogation vs. standard process (SP), with 30-day follow-up. Eligibility criteria: ED presentation with a self-report of a potential device related complaint, with signed informed consent. SP interrogation was by company representative or hospital employee. Results Of 60 patients, 42 (70%) were male, all were white, with a median (interquartile range) age of 71 (64 to 82) years. No patient was lost to follow up. Of all patients, 32 (53%) were enrolled during business hours. The overall median (interquartile range) ED vs. SP time to interrogation was 98.5 (40 to 260) vs. 166.5 (64 to 412) minutes (P=0.013). While ED and SP interrogation times were similar during business hours, 102 (59 to 138) vs. 105 (64 to 172) minutes (P=0.62), ED interrogation times were shorter vs. SP during non-business hours; 97 (60 to 126) vs. 225 (144 to 412) minutes, P=0.002, respectively. There was no difference in ED length of stay between the ED and SP interrogation, 249 (153 to 390) vs. 246 (143 to 333) minutes (P=0.71), regardless of time of presentation. No patient in any cohort suffered an unplanned medical contact or post-discharge adverse device related event. Conclusion ED staff cardiac device interrogations are faster, and with similar 30-day outcomes, as compared to SP.

Стаття присвячена дослідженню актуальної для сучасної правозастосовної практики проблеми, пов’язаної з забезпеченням прав та законних інтересів осіб під час їхнього допиту в режимі відеоконференції на стадії досудового розслідування. Проаналізовано положення чинного КПК України, які регламентують відмову підозрюваного від участі в цій слідчій (розшуковій) дії та виявлено їхні недоліки, що можуть перешкоджати реалізації права зазначеного учасника кримінального провадження не давати показання. На підставі доктринальних підходів та кримінального процесуального законодавства висловлено пропозицію щодо обов’язкового залучення для проведення допиту в режимі відеоконференції спеціаліста, оскільки відсутність цього учасника кримінального провадження потенційно здатна унеможливити проведення такого допиту.

Статья посвящена исследованию отдельных вопросов участия специалиста при проведении такого распространенного следственного (розыскного) действия, как допрос. Анализируются процессуальные нормы, регламентирующие участие специалиста в допросе. Раскрыты проблемные вопросы, связанные с участием специалиста в допросе.

The dialogue is considered as one of semiotic tools of stage text and the development of any stage speech requires the implement of this level, through its trainings, which appear via colors, tones and sounds. In Abdelkader ALLOULA's theatre, the dialogue is varied and do not follow any specific model, even if the narrative character constitutes its general framework, so that we notice it sometimes occupying more time and take the confidential conversation aspect , and other times we notice it in its ordinary aspect by meeting two wills, as it may come out totally of those forms.

This article reveals the interrogative aspect of speculation forms in Japanese and Korean, including the characteristics of -keyss-nya in Korean and darooka in Japanese. -keyss-nya and darooka by definition indicate meanings of both “speculation” and “interrogation”, and thus it is anticipated that the semantic characteristics of these forms will not differ significantly. However, one perceives many differences when examining the semantic characteristics of both. First, a characteristic of -keyss-nya is its with strong communicativity, whereas a characteristic of darooka is its with weak communicativity. Second, based on this characteristic of , -keyss-nya is not made into “question usage that does not solicit an answer” or “exclamation usage,” but it may be made into “strong rhetorical questions.” Meanwhile, based on the characteristic of with weak communicativity, darooka may be derived into “question usage that does not solicit an answer”, “exclamation usage”, and “weak rhetorical interrogative sentences.” As stated above, different semantic meanings of -keyss-nya and darooka result from semantic differences between -keyss- and daroo. The -keyss- meaning of “completion of judgement formation” is reflected in -keyss-nya’s characteristics of , and daroo’s meaning of the “judgement formation process” is reflected in darooka’s characteristics of .

Several self-report studies together with analyses of exoneration cases suggest that suspects with mental disorder are especially prone to making false confessions. The present study asked 153 forensic patients in Germany about their behavior during suspect interviewing by the police. Self-reported ground truth of guilt and innocence was asked for, thereby taking into account that the risk of false confession is present only if a person has ever been interviewed when innocent. Indeed, surveying samples that include suspects who have never been interviewed when innocent may lead to underestimating the risk of false confessions. In the present study, all patients reported having been interviewed previously when guilty; and almost two-thirds (62%, n = 95), that they had also been interviewed at least once when innocent. These participants stated that they remained silent while being interviewed significantly more often when guilty (44%) compared to when innocent (15%). This corroborates laboratory research findings indicating that the right to remain silent is waived more often by innocent than by guilty suspects. Out of all 95 participants who were ever interviewed when innocent, 25% reported having made a false confession on at least one occasion. This result is in line with previous international research showing a high percentage of false confessions among suspects with mental disorder.

The aim of this article is to examine several architectural marks registered during 2013-2015 at the police station that once housed the DOPS, the headquarters of Brazil’s dictatorial police in the city of Belo Horizonte. To understand their importance as archaeological findings, we propose an analysis of ‘scientific torture’. We will examine the phrase’s genealogy and the practices associated with it in the second half of the twentieth century. While practiced by a number of institutions from several countries, it was the CIA that created an entire research program to organize bodies of knowledge about torture practices, producing now declassified documents about ‘interrogation techniques’. First, we will discuss some of the materialized practices developed as a result of those efforts. Second, we will discuss how these practices are reflected in the Kubark interrogation manual, edited by the CIA in 1963, particularly in what pertains to its more architectural recommendations. Finally, we will analyze the building which once housed the DOPS, to expose the notable congruencies between its architectural recommendations and the marks recorded at the DOPS building.

This study considers the acceptance of former Wehrmacht soldiers as a multi-layered process, at the end of which stands the crediting of national identity. Having studied the military interrogation guidelines and records, the author explores the self-interpretation of prisoners, military requirements, and vetting of the candidates by Czechoslovak officers.

This article presents the effect of fiber Bragg gratings side lobes on interrogation systems consisting of sensor and matched filters. The conducted research shows that high-value side lobe structures applied as sensors and/or filters are characterized by some interesting properties. The paper presents both numerical analysis and experimental verification of the fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) interrogation systems with matched filters for gratings containing high side lobes. Numerical modeling of Bragg structures was performed for two different cases: uniform and inverse apodization. Modification of apodization can change the side lobe reflectance level even above levels found in uniform structures. This is a case not described in the literature, especially in terms of possible applications. Transfer characteristics, i.e., the relationship between power intensity as a function of wavelength shift, were determined. A collection of gratings with spectra corresponding to those analyzed in numerical experiments were fabricated. Next, the transfer characteristics of the interrogation systems containing real FBG were determined. The properties of the proposed systems are described. It has been shown that a significant level of sidebands, which is often the subject of many drawbacks in filtering or telecommunications systems, can be an advantage. It has been demonstrated that a high level of side lobes can be used to increase the measurement range of the FBG sensor interrogation systems. It has been determined numerically and confirmed experimentally that from the point of view of the design of sensor interrogation systems, it is beneficial to combine specific pairs of gratings: one with a spectrum characterized by a low side lobe level and a second one in which the spectrum has very high side lobes.