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The research solved the socio-philosophical explication of the problem of industrial revolutions in the history of the development of human civilization, focusing on the issues of education development. The content and socio-cultural prerequisites of the formation of Industry 1.0 – 3.0 have been conceptualized in connection with human civilization’s corresponding economic and educational landscapes. The study showed that Industry 4.0 and Education 4.0 are subordinated to it and revolve around developing technologies (in particular, digital ones), focusing on developing scientific and technological progress. The education paradigm of Education 4.0 pragmatically concentrates on the real socio-cultural situation (information technologies expansion, flexibility for labor market challenges, hard and soft skills, etc.). It was demonstrated that the concept of Industry 5.0 is an attempt to deepen the achievements of Industry 4.0, bringing to the fore the idea of human-centeredness and sustainable development. It was shown that the humanization of civilizational progress and technological progress should occur through rethinking the education paradigm, which should act as an essential transit tool in the era of Industry 5.0. The dynamics of the formation of Industry 4.0 and the short-term perspective of the transition to Industry 5.0 naturally require the involvement of the philosophy of education as a tool for formulating modernization steps in the educational sphere, which should be characterized by systematicity and deep futuristic orientation. It was demonstrated that the basic principle for the philosophy of education for Industry 5.0 is the idea that Industry 5.0 successively deploys the technical and economic achievements and principles of Industry 4.0, with a particular emphasis on human-centeredness and the sustainable development of humanity. Education 5.0 is a holistic philosophical theory, educational policy, and a teacher who can implement in practice the principles of Industry 5.0.

The relevance of the study is due to the lack of works on industrial revolutions impact on retail trade and transformation of its concepts. The purpose of the study is to analyze industrial revolutions impact on retail trade and its transformation concepts development. The methods of induction, deduction, comparison, and system analysis were used as a methodological basis. As part of the research, the author has generalized the results of scientific works in the field of technological development and the change of industrial revolutions and technological innovations impact on retail trade. The basic characteristics of industrial revolutions have been proposed such as onset conditions and results, their time boundaries, and the technological modes corresponding to them. The achievements of each industrial revolution are used in economy, causing a chain reaction in its branches. Retail trade is presen ted as a secondary segment of technological innovation implementation in relation to industry. At the same time, it has undergone the same stages of transformation as industry. The author has identified five concepts of retail trade, substantiated the transition timeframes to them, and cited the trade service transformation factors. The author substantiates that during the industrial revolutions change the content of the trade process does not change, but the resources that ensure its implementation are transformed in order to improve trade services quality to population.

Objective: to trace the evolution of humanity and to identify the role of various social institutions in order to understand the existential role of laws aimed at ensuring the coexistence of society in the context of technological innovations.Methods: the author used general scientific and special methods of cognition, which allowed tracing the dialectical development of humanity, social transformations and technological innovations.Results: looking back at the history of humanity, which originated on the African continent (the theory of African descent), the author notes the most important changes in the human way of life and environment, which led to the need to build organized societies and regulate social behavior with the help of legislative norms. Law is seen as part of the evolutionary process that was to emerge in the course of human evolution. The critical importance of law in overcoming the global challenges and existential questions of humanity’s continued coexistence arising in the course of evolution is emphasized. In this regard, the historical significance of the Kurukan Fuga Charter of the Malian Empire is emphasized as one of the oldest constitutions in the world, recognized internationally as an important source of legal and political norms for modern societies, regulating the structure of state power and social behaviour, although preserved largely in oral form. It is argued that social and technological change often served as the impetus for the development of new laws. Humanity has many times intervened in its own biological evolution with the help of technology; now it is an important moment from the viewpoint of law and ethics when technology may interfere in further human evolution. The greatest concern in this regard is the era of rapid development of artificial intelligence, which makes new demands on a human being.Scientific novelty: the article shows the role of the African continent in the origin and development of humanity and socio-legal institutions in the light of modern transformations and the construction of a new social reality.Practical significance: the conducted research creates prerequisites for further development of the theory of anthroposociogenesis and in-depth conceptual historical and legal study of the role of the African continent in the development of humanity and its social institutions.

Purpose – This study aims to analyze how ready a firm is to transform into Industry 4.0 using the Readiness Index (INDI 4.0) assessment. It also investigates the differences (before and after) of the program “Making Indonesia 4.0” in 2018 in socioeconomic and demographic aspects. Design/methodology/approach – The INDI 4.0 assessment involved a self-evaluation by 622 companies across 13 industry sectors, subsequently verified by the Ministry of Industry. This study incorporates discussions with industry experts to enhance the interpretation of the analytical findings. Findings – This study explores the interrelation among the components of INDI 4.0 across different levels, assessing the readiness of each sector for Industry 4.0. The findings reveal the diverse impact of implementing Industry 4.0 in Indonesia on socioeconomic and demographic aspects. Furthermore, the study proposes several policy recommendations for the Indonesian government’s consideration. Research limitations/implications – This study’s scope is confined to the industrial context of Indonesia, as the assessment components are tailored to the specific characteristics and culture of the country’s industry. Subsequent research endeavors can leverage this study as a foundational reference, adapting the components to align with the particular interests of other nations. Practical implications – Businesses, especially those in Indonesia, can employ these findings to evaluate their position in the context of Industry 4.0 transformation compared to their industry. Simultaneously, the Indonesian government can use these results as a starting point to evaluate and potentially enhance their policies related to Industry 4.0. We recommend five policy proposals for the Indonesian government: diversifying measurement models, shifting terminology, emphasizing soft skills, promoting continuous learning and implementing Center of Digital Industry Indonesia 4.0 (PIDI 4.0) initiatives. Social implications – This study offers a broad impact of Industry 4.0 implementation in socioeconomic and demographic aspects in Indonesia, such as income, job-shifting, age, educational background and gender. Originality/value – To the best of our knowledge, no prior research has explored the repercussions of industrial implementation on socioeconomic and demographic facets.

This is a transcribed and translated a podcast of the interview concerning the 1st chapter of the book Biurquer: Il n’y a pas d’alternative [Bifurcate: There Is No Alternative] on the scientific, technological and political stakes of the notion of entropy. The discussion took place between Bernard Stiegler, Maël Montévil, Marie Chollat-Namy and Victor Chaix, on the 1st of July 2020.

Purpose – This research aims to describe the increase in students' problem-solving abilities after implementing learning using the Socio Scientific Issues approach. Method – The research was conducted using a pre-experimental design with a one group pretest and posttest design. This research adopted the 2012 OECD problem-solving ability indicators with the research subjects consisting of 33 grade 7 students at MTsN Gresik. The data collection method used was the test method and analyzed using quantitative descriptive. Research shows an increase in problem solving abilities analyzed using the N-Gain test. Findings – The research results show that the N-Gain value for the Exploring and Understanding indicator is 0.89, which is included in the high category. The Representing and Formulating indicator has an N-Gain value of 0.54, which is included in the medium category. The Planning and Executing indicator show an N-Gain value of 0.64, also included in the medium category. Meanwhile, the Monitoring and Reflecting indicator has an N-Gain value of 0.53, included in the medium category. Research Implications – The use of problem orientation and this learning model can be applied to science material from other chapters which also presents controversial social issues and requires the involvement of students' analytical and critical thinking skills.

Earth’s climate has changed throughout history. Just in the last 800,000 years there have been eight cycles of ice ages and warmer periods, with the end of the last ice age about 11,700 years ago marking the beginning of the modern climate era and of human civilization. Most of these climate changes are attributed to very small variations in Earth’s orbit that change the amount of solar energy our planet receives. The current warming trend is different because it is clearly the result of human activities since the mid-1800s, and is proceeding at a rate not seen over recent millennia. It is undeniable that human activities have produced abundance of gases in the atmosphere that have trapped more of the Sun’s energy in the Earth system. This extra energy has earned the ocean and lands, which lead to widespread and rapid changes in the environment. In this paper there are analysed anthropogenic changes, nature’s own role and climate disasters in comparing the results obtained into perspective with incidents in the year 536.

The purpose of the study is to show the impact of the existential approach on the development of organizations in the transition to Industry 5.0 and to identify strategies and practices that contribute to a better understanding and realization of human capital in the context of digital transformation. Research methodology: review and analysis of the theoretical body of scientific literature and content of theories and research related to existential focus in managing the development of organizations during the transition from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0, including works of philosophical, sociological, economic and managerial nature, discussing the relationship between the human factor and technological progress. The results of the study are as follows. The article examines the key aspects of digital transformation of organizations during the transition from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0 based on the principles of existential approach. The features of the evolution of digital transformation of organizations during the transition from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0 and the challenges they face are analyzed. The essence of the concept of “existential challenge” and its significance for modern organizations are considered. From the perspective of the basic principles of existential approach to the development of organizations, the actual characteristics of Industry 5.0, their digital transformation and its implementation are determined, highlighting the intellectual role of the reference university as a system integrator in the formation of digitalization of chains of specialized institutions in the regional industrial cluster of Industry 5.0. Practical examples of successful implementation of the concept of existential focus in breakthrough technologies of some countries and development strategies of some companies are studied and practical recommendations for organizations of the existential development process in Industry 5.0 are presented. A comprehensive study of the existential approach in relation to modern technological changes has made it possible to develop recommended measures of practical actions for organizations seeking to achieve sustainable viable development of the processes of the Industry 5.0 concept. Originality and contribution of the authors is a multidimensional comparative analysis, the essence of which is the comparison of general trends and unique global and Russian practices that can be useful to organizations in Industry 5.0. Based on the data obtained, practical recommendations were developed for organizations seeking to integrate an existential approach into their activities in the context of Industry 5.0.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is an umbrella term for a wide range of machine intelligence systems that can replicate the behavior of humans. AI and Big Data have emerged as defining characteristics of the fourth industrial revolution (IR). AI has developed tools. Because of the novelty, the investigation of IR, AI, and their environmental effects is still in the early stages of exploration. This study investigates how IR and AI affect human and environmental health and also discusses IR, AI, machine-human ideas, innovation, and AI's environmental benefits, further examines the challenges of these innovations, and recommends additional studies to explain their progress. As a result, the application of AI technology in environmental management, particularly concerning pollution, has become a significant advancement in reshaping our approach to monitoring the environment. Numerous countries are reaping substantial advantages by integrating AI in creating, executing, and assessing measures to address environmental degradation. These innovations can yield societal advantages and contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030; unfortunately, it is important to acknowledge that these benefits may not align well with environmental sustainability objectives, and the increasing number of electronic gadgets presents an additional concern. Conducting future research is crucial to investigate the growing prevalence of electronic devices utilized for AI, its potential ramifications for the future trajectory of climate change, and the approaches being taken to address the issue. Future research should prioritize conducting lifecycle environmental impact analyses, developing sustainable AI hardware, optimizing renewable energy usage, advancing climate modeling techniques, finding effective solutions for managing e-waste, utilizing AI for environmental monitoring and protection, conducting socio-environmental impact studies, developing policies and regulations, creating energy-efficient AI algorithms, and integrating circular economy principles to ensure that AI advancements align with environmental sustainability.

During the First Industrial Revolution, industrialization led to incompatibilities between the economic sphere and a political sphere based on rule by monarchs and land-owning nobles. These incompatibilities led to poor economic outcomes for workers and, ultimately, to deep changes in the political system. In the Second and Third Industrial Revolutions, compatibility emerged between new technologies and political systems based on representative democracy, leading to favorable outcomes. The changes in technology brought by the Fourth Industrial Revolution may lead to a growing incompatibility between the productive and political spheres, marked by polarization and conflict both within and among counties. A key aspect of this conflict is the rivalry between the United States and China. We evaluate the strengths of the respective countries and analyze which of them is likely to win the competition for dominance during the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

Changes in the way people live and work, driven by digitalization and automation, have always triggered fears. Developments in the field of digitalization and automation, as well as the use of artificial intelligence, which has been the subject of much discussion recently, require people in all areas to have a certain degree of adaptability. Increasing complexity, the loss of jobs and the challenges of data protection are just a few examples of the challenges facing not only society but also legislators. The simplification of daily life and the increasing efficiency gains made possible by AI are some of the arguments in favor of using AI. The EU law on artificial intelligence aims to ensure that AI systems brought to market and deployed in the EU are safe and in line with the EU's fundamental rights and values. The groundbreaking proposal is also intended to promote investment and innovation in the field of AI in Europe.

This paper aims an analysis about the impact of the technology implementation in the justice administration in Colombia from the changes introduced by the fourt industry revolution. although the use of TICs for a better development of justice isn´t a legal mandate, with the emergency derived from COVID-19, it was necessary to use different shock strategies against the possibility of physical contact in the judicial services. The main objective is to determinate the impact caused by the changes presented in the use of technology generated by the COVID-19 in Colombian justice: the application of Information and communication technologies (TICs) to the Law. In this context, it been used an analytical documentary approach by the study of juridical texts, specialized web pages and other documents that allow to go deeper in the subject. As a main conslusion, are evidente new cultural patterns and new autonomous regulations forms of human behavior, juridical traffic, wich are linked to data ownership, intimacy rigths, strategic and politic advantages that may arise from its use among other.

Introduction/purpose: The first industrial revolution used the power of steam and water for the mechanization of manufacturing. The second one used electricity for mass production. The third one used electronics and information technologies for the automation of production, while the fourth industrial revolution aims to enable erasing of the boundaries between the physical, digital and biological spheres in order to reach smart automation and increase the interconnection of system elements. Thus, previous industrial revolutions changed the way we work, the next one is changing the way we think. Our generation is privileged of being a contemporary of tectonic technological changes, a witness to changes that fundamentally convert production processes and relations in production, but also a witness to the changes that those products bring to the functioning of the mankind, from individuals to state organizations, including the military as well. The main goal of this paper is to indicate to the wider military academic community the need for coordination and interdependent development of combat systems, doctrine and structure of defence organizations. Methods: This paper will use general scientific methods that are used, or can be used, to acquire scientific knowledge in all scientific fields and disciplines. We highlight the hypothetical-deductive method, the analyticaldeductive method and the comparative method. Results: (Increased) Equipping with weapons and military equipment generated from the current technological revolution requires radical changes in the defence area, both in the combat component, i.e. changes of basic combat units that should optimally use these weapons (their doctrines, tactics, organization, training, etc.) as well as the administrative-bureaucratic component of the national defence system that deals with the procedures of weapons development, production and procurement, which should follow the fastest pace of innovation ever in the commercial industry area. Conclusion: The authors would like to point out the interdependence between the emerging challenges of the 4IR and the directions of transformation of modern armed forces.

Scientific economic discourse holds a certain pool of theories and concepts, which are now considered generally accepted. They rely on a developed evidence base, have passed through several stages, and have mature schools of thought. Yet as we can see from the history of economic thought, during their genesis these theories were not always connoted and contextualized unambiguously. Perhaps at present we are witnessing the formation of a new scientific theory – noonomics. The paper aims to study its essence, basic characteristics and postulates and to prove that it belongs to the modern stage in the development of the theories of economic dynamics and stadiality in economic processes. These theories constitute the methodological basis of the research. The methods include systematisation and generalisation used to reveal the key propositions of the theories of economic cycles and dynamics; logical structural analysis and causal analysis to track the evolution of the foundations underlying the theories of technological development; the method of particularising to describe the essence of noonomics. The paper identifies the relevant characteristics of the theories of economic dynamics and stadiality of economic processes and examines noonomics in the context of the said theories. The research confirms the scientific foundations of this concept. The results contribute to the understanding of a transition to the next stage in the economy and society’s technological development by extending the boundaries of the theories of economic dynamics.

Sanayi Devrimi’nin yarattığı değişime uyum sağlamaya çalışan Osmanlı devleti sanayileşme hamlesini gerçekleştirmek için pek çok iktisadi politika uygulamıştır. Bunlardan ilki fabrikalaşma sürecidir. Tanzimat dönemi ile önem kazanan fabrikalaşma beraberinde yeni bir sorunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Fabrika sayısının artışı karşısında istihdam edilecek kalifiye eleman bulunmak zorlaşmıştır. Devlet bu sorunu çözmek için mesleki ve teknik okulların açılmasını ve bu okullarda kalifiye eleman yetiştirilmesini amaçlamıştır. Ülkenin çeşitli bölgelerinde kısa süre içinde Islahhaneler, Sanayi Mektepleri, Kız Sanayi Mektepleri ve Ziraat Mektepleri açılmıştır. Bu mekteplerden beklenen yararın sağlanması için devlet önlemler almış, mekteplerin düzenli gelir elde etmelerini sağlamak amacıyla çeşitli düzenlemeler yapmıştır. Bu mekteplerin bazıları günümüzde ülkemizin köklü eğitim kurumlarının temeli sayılmaktadır. Çalışmada Osmanlı Devleti’nde kritik bir sorun olan nitelikli işgücü istihdamı sorununu çözmeye yönelik olarak açılan Sanayi Mektepleri’nin iktisadi katkıları incelenmiştir.

The article examines one of the facets of the industrial revolution process associated with shifts in the social structure of society and changes in behavioral practices. The main attention is focused on the analysis of the views of the writer, philanthropist and teacher H. Morе. In her writings, H. More tried to contribute to strengthening social stability in society by educating “true ladies”, on the one hand, and educating obedient poor, on the other hand.

The objective of this study is to assess the current and potential dimensions of the digital economy in Bangladesh, with the ultimate goal of fostering the country's development and prosperity by the year 2041 (Al Mubarak, 2022). Concurrently, this analysis examines the various facets of the digital economy through a lens that incorporates the concepts of the 4th Industrial Revolution and emerging technologies. The methodology section employs a qualitative approach to ascertain the research objectives, utilizing secondary data. The study's findings aim to provide an overview of the present condition of the digital economy, focusing on emerging trends that have a positive impact on the national gross domestic product (GDP). Companies and individuals possess an understanding of the conceptual implications associated with the digital economy. This awareness has the potential to mitigate the digital divide and establish a robust connection between technology and the economy. In summary, it is anticipated that the digital economy will witness a growth in its potential for commercial and corporate prospects. Future research could potentially be expanded by employing a qualitative approach to examine the concept of a digital Bangladesh.

The rapid acceleration of innovation and the marvels of science and technology have introduced mankind to a new era known as the Fourth Industrial Revolution or Industry 4.0. As a developing country, Bangladesh should not lag behind in the concept of the domain known as Industry 4.0. A substantial number of industries across Bangladesh are coming forward to take on the challenges associated with this novel concept. It is, however, reported that many of them are now at the embryonic stage and only taking pilot initiatives. Before entering the domain of Industry 4.0, an industry must check its readiness and maturity to access the field, and that's where it comes to the importance of the readiness model. The main objective of this research is to propose a new readiness model based on the perspective of Bangladesh and developing countries like Bangladesh. Analytical Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Inference System has been used for developing the model. There are four readiness levels in the proposed model that dictate the readiness of any particular industry. Through systematic literature review and expert opinion, 6 dimensions and their associated field have been identified for the determination of readiness level. In the later part of the research, a case study on one of the companies in the garments industry has been accomplished, and a radar chart is presented in order to illustrate the readiness of that garments industry. The results from the case study indicate that the ABC garments industry is in the Survival stage and several recommendations are then provided to cope better in that situation.

Building Public Relations in primary Islamic education requires a reputation that builds interest in Public Relations with prospective students, parental trust, and community support, whereas the era of the industrial revolution 4.0 demands technology Public Relations improve broader. This study aims to explain SDIT ALFIDAA's efforts to build a reputation through public relations through social media in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0. This research uses a qualitative with a case study method at an integrated Islamic elementary school (SDIT) in ALFIDAA Bekasi, West Java. Data collection used interviews, observation, and documentation. The data analysis uses content analysis. The research results show that Public Relations as digital information through social media, namely Instagram and Facebook, build a school's reputation and a unified communication strategy. Public Relations builds the school's reputation by managing and addressing issues, responding quickly and transparently through social media, providing assistance, and contacting those involved. Overcome the school's reputation's negative impact by actively building community trust with social media. The research contribution effectively uses Public Relations to maintain and enhance the school's reputation. The research implications show that the more significant the role of Public Relations, the better it is for the community, increasing the school’s reputation.

This essay proposes a reading of the Anthropocene from the reconstruction of the energy imaginaries at the beginning of industrial civilisation. The transformations that took place in the energy matrix of productive processes, with the new social and geographical organisation of work derived from the use of fossil fuels, had their correlate in the appearance of a series of discourses and images with a strong ideological component. The emergence of thermodynamic science, based on the observation of the processes of energy transformation, was underpinned by narratives oriented to boost the denigration of subjects who resisted integration into the productive devices of the industrial world. These imaginaries contributed to naturalise a certain worldview, where the universe was assimilated to an immense repository of energy at the service of the West civilisational project, where the development of industry should guarantee the production of exponential wealth. In this context, the imaginaries of energy contributed to constituting a new socio-environmental relationship that, for the last two centuries, has conditioned the cultural development of fossil modernity, while generating eco-systemic effects that are at the origin of the climate crisis.

Industry 4.0 is an industrial paradigm that is causing changes in form and substance in factories, companies and businesses around the world and is impacting work and education in general. In fact, the disruptive technologies that frame the Fourth Industrial Revolution have the potential to improve and optimize manufacturing processes and the entire value chain, which could lead to an exponential evolution in the production and distribution of goods and services. All these changes imply that the fields of engineering knowledge must be oriented towards the concept of Industry 4.0, for example, Mechanical Engineering. The development of various physical assets that are used by cyber-physical systems and digital twins is based on mechanics. However, the specialized literature on Industry 4.0 says little about the importance of mechanics in the new industrial era, and more importance is placed on the evolution of Information and Communication Technologies and artificial intelligence. This article presents a frame of reference for the importance of Mechanical Engineering in Industry 4.0 and proposes an extension to the concept of Mechanics 4.0, recently defined as the relationship between mechanics and artificial intelligence. To analyze Mechanical Engineering in Industry 4.0, the criteria of the four driving forces that defined mechanics in the Third Industrial Revolution were used. An analysis of Mechanical Engineering Education in Industry 4.0 is presented, and the concept of Mechanical Engineering 4.0 Education is improved. Finally, the importance of making changes to the educational models of engineering education is described.

This scientific article examines the problems of economic and resource security in Ukraine and emphasises the importance of using disruptive technologies to achieve sustainable development. It was found that disruptive technologies lead to radical changes in production technologies, work organisation, and the socio-economic landscape. They affect the structure of the economy, the labour sphere, and social relations, which contribute to industrial revolutions. Scientists describe the Third, Fourth and Fifth industrial revolutions, which affect the development of the green economy, cyber-physical systems and the harmony between man and technology. Ukrainian researchers are also studying the concept of Industry 4.0 and disruptive technologies, including digital technologies, artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and production automation, to increase the competitiveness of the industrial sector and the development of the economy. During their research, the authors discuss four disruptive technologies: renewable energy, cyber security, artificial intelligence and blockchain, and their potential to ensure the country's economic and resource security. Renewable energy can reduce dependence on traditional energy sources and promote sustainable development. Cybersecurity is an essential aspect of the digital world, and disruptive technologies in this field can ensure the adequate protection of information systems. Artificial intelligence can improve productivity and quality of life by automating processes and developing innovative solutions. Blockchain technology can ensure the security and transparency of data management and improve the efficiency of supply chain management. The integration of these disruptive technologies into the economy and resource management of Ukraine can have a significant impact on the country's sustainable development and security. These technologies can increase productivity, reduce risk, improve resource efficiency, and better protect against cyber threats. Disruptive technologies are a critical factor in achieving the economic and resource well-being of Ukraine.

The article presents the analysis of sources on the history of Russian-Asian trade, the role of Eastern merchantry in it, published in the Russian press in the end of XVIII-beg. of XX centuries. Works on Economics and Statistics, memories of travelers and diplomats, history of Russian-Asian relations are valuable sources on the issue of justifying the political presence of the Russian Empire in the Asian region. That is especially important for the modern Russian statehood, as its geopolitical interests are also concentrated in this region. Statistical data (in particular, collection of “State Foreign Trade in Its Different Types”) and studies of contemporaries, published in the pre-revolutionary period, constitute a complex of historical sources and help to recreate an objective historical picture of the Russian-Asian trade relations. That is the purpose of our research. For its implementation we used general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, special historical ideographic and historical comparative research methods. When using them, we considered the principles of historicism and objectivism. As a result, we’ve come to the conclusion that the published Russian-language sources of the end of the XVIII-early XX centuries represent a very significant set of documents allowing to determine the rather significant role of Asian merchants in Russian-Asian trade and, as a result, determine the factors of Russian economic and political influence in the states of the East.

The fourth industrial era (or Industry 4.0) refers to the recent trend of massive data collection, analysis, and communication with intense process automation. Massive studies have been conducted in this field, though with the main focus on technical details, hardware, and software. There remains a considerable gap in the analysis of the potential effects of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on economies and management. According to recent studies, from 45% to 60% of jobs around the globe are at risk of being automated or computerized. Although new jobs such as automation engineers, programmers, data analysts, and others are being created, the economies would get a significant amount of workforce lacking the necessary qualifications. A causal model that shows the effect of increasing automation on economies has been developed and discusses potential implications. The paper suggests that economies and organizations would have to adopt “Algorithmic Management” to remain competitive in the new digital environment. This paper can be a reference, especially from an education perspective.

The article examines the circumstances of emigration of children from Great Britain in the XIX–ХХ centuries based on the material of the sources. It is proved that the resettlement was caused by the pauperization of the urban population in the conditions of industrialization. In Canada, minors could be adopted or work on farms, as servants, receiving maintenance and wages. The children had to go to school. It was a prerequisite. Children’s emigration made it possible to fill the labor shortage in Canada, help in the development of the British periphery, strengthen the ties of the metropolis and overseas possessions. Emigration was also the deportation of an overweight population and juvenile delinquents. The lack of proper supervision has led to child abuse and exploitation. The author concludes, that the majority of British migrant children have adapted to Canada, have been given the opportunity to self-actualize.

One of the important macro programs for the development of modern Russia is the National Technology Initiative. It brings together many different projects aimed at accelerating innovative development, building the potential of Russia’s technological leadership in the context of the fourth industrial revolution. Changes in the macroeconomic situation due to anti-Russian sanctions require clarification of the mechanisms for implementing the National Technology Initiative. This determines the relevance of the article. The purpose of the study is to consider the essence and direction of these changes. It is shown that in the current economic and political situation, the most promising are projects aimed at forming an independent technological basis for Russia’s development, ensuring the country’s technological sovereignty. This requires a revision of the previously established limits for budget financing of projects of the National Technology Initiative, both in terms of volume and timing of its allocation. There is also a need for the next round of prioritization, which will make the forecast and planned characteristics of the National Technology Initiative more appropriate to the current situation.

The article is devoted to the development of the concept of a single digital space for the effective functioning of the industry. A new model of industrial production organisation, the platform ecosystem are analysed. The analysis of the theoretical concepts of the world economy on its structure, the system of organisation of interaction between ecosystem participants, factors affecting its dynamic development is given. It is shown that digital technologies play an essential role in the organisation of the ecosystem. At the same time, digitalisation occurs in two directions: the creation of the digital space of the enterprise participating in the ecosystem and the creation of the digital space of the ecosystem of industrial production.The analysis of the use of digital technologies in various industries is given. The rating of the use of digital technologies in industry is discussed. The analysis of the factors constraining the process of digitalisation of the industry of the Russian Federation is given. The concept of ecosystem, presented in the world literature, and its functional and organisational features are analysed.The influence of institutional conditions on the functional characteristics of the ecosystem is discussed. The ecosystem management system affects the economic and technological efficiency of each ecosystem participant. The prospects for the development of ecosystems based on platforms are shown.The ability of the Russian manufacturing industry to adapt digital technologies and the organisation of modern forms of production on their basis are analysed. It is demonstrated that the potential of modern production of complex multicomponent products is determined by the ability to scale based on industry 4.0 technologies. At the same time, most of the enterprises fulfill individual orders of consumers and do not participate in the production chains of such products.The tasks necessary for the organisation of breakthrough development of manufacturing enterprises in Russia are formulated. For modern organisational forms of the manufacturing industry a non-departmental management body is proposed. Its structure and functions are discussed.

Every industrial revolution represents a sudden burst, which sets off an avalanche of changes and novelties. The Fourth and Fifth revolutions were marked by the development and use of innovative technology, which permanently changed the way business systems function. Within Industry 4.0, the positive impact of technology on quality performance was discovered, and Industry 5.0 focused that impact on creating personalized products and increasing customer satisfaction. The importance of this work is reflected in the conceptual model of Quality 5.0, which theoretically and illustrated presents the most important features in the service of satisfaction of interested parties.

Creative destruction used by German sociologist Werner Sombart in 1913, and later known as Schumpeter’s gale, could be considered the first conceptual stage of what happens nowadays in all industries “forced” to use the digital environment. First three industrial revolutions experienced by the humanity happened in over three centuries with tangible results that improved immensely the day-to-day life of people. The fourth one happened in decades, and it was characterized by the use of information and communication technology in various industries. As the literature review has revealed, Internet of Things (IoT) is part of Industry 4.0., linking industries and consumers in a smarter way through sensors and other devices, collecting valuable data and helping companies. This article proposes a navigation throughout the literature to demonstrate that IoT is a new and modern solution that has a big potential for development to help businesses to take smarter and swifter decisions from data gathered indirectly from consumers. Given that the papers analyzed are quite recent, we would say that this topic of IoT is only lightly investigated, and it opens many subjects of discussions, not only on the business and marketing side, but also economically, socially, and of course, technically. Various questions have arisen during the research: Is there a limitation in using this instrument in business and marketing strategies? Either technical or legal? The ethics of this process is under question and both companies and governments dedicated a lot of time to understand the implications of IoT in the future.

Leaders or leaders of an educational institution as people who are used to deciding what is right or most appropriate in certain situations, especially in the education policy itself. Of course, in the current era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0, policy is all about elements and values. The match is in the section itself. From individuals to world interests, their infrastructure must be properly managed. Education is actually a means to advance human civilization, plays an open role in this Industrial Revolution era, and must comply with aims and objectives without being constrained by regional interests. To prevent this very rapid development from being hampered or misdirected, we really need a very optimal role. New education policies need to be developed easily and quickly, but still put humanity first. This is of course the realm of education.

The article is devoted to the substantiation of the model of the formation of an industrial development ecosystem based on modern digital technologies in industry.The article deals with the problems of technological sovereignty of the Russian economy. It is shown that the solution of this problem is possible only on the basis of an industrial development ecosystem – a system of production chains of the most important types of industrial products, a technological development platform, interaction of subjects of industrial production with consumers of its products in the domestic and foreign markets. The necessity of concentration of industrial potential, resources of technological development, qualified personnel potential and direction to create conditions for providing the Russian economy with products corresponding to the world technological level is shown. The article analyzes the main existing and promising models of the functioning of an industrial enterprise. A detailed description of the barriers and difficulties on the way of digitalization of industrial enterprises in the Russian Federation is given.In order to form the ecosystem of industrial development of the Russian Federation, the directions of identifying and assessing the state of production and technological personnel potential, its compliance with the needs of the domestic market are formulated. Recommendations are given on the creation of an ecosystem structure, mechanisms for the interaction of its various elements, a management and coordination system based on digital technologies for creating a system of individual elements that form information and analytical centers in various functional areas of the ecosystem.A model of the ecosystem of industrial and technological development of the Russian economy based on digital technologies is proposed.A set of mechanisms that contribute to reducing the level of uncertainty is proposed, and a design method of interaction within the framework of the digital industrial enterprise technology platform model is described.The article formulates recommendations for the digitalization of an industrial enterprise in the new technological conditions of economic and social development, in the so-called new technological paradigm “Industry 4.0”, the characteristic features of which are minimal use of manual and mechanized labor, as well as a low level of transaction costs.A new approach is proposed, on the basis of which industrial enterprises will interact on the basis of shared access to information and digital resources and the ability to combine the development of innovative projects and value chains necessary to create competitive products in order to increase the operational efficiency of enterprises.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution combined with the advent of artificial intelligence brought significant changes to humans’ daily lives. Extended research in the field has aided in both documenting and presenting these changes, giving a more general picture of this new era. This work reviews the application field of the scientific research literature on the presence of machine vision in the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the changes it brought to each sector to which it contributed, determining the exact extent of its influence. Accordingly, an attempt is made to present an overview of its use in the Fifth Industrial Revolution to identify and present the changes between the two consequent periods. This work uses the PRISMA methodology and follows the form of a Scoping Review using sources from Scopus and Google Scholar. Most publications reveal the emergence of machine vision in almost every field of human life with significant influence and performance results. Undoubtedly, this review highlights the great influence and offer of machine vision in many sectors, establishing its use and searching for more ways to use it. It is also proven that machine vision systems can help industries to gain competitive advantage in terms of better product quality, higher customer satisfaction, and improved productivity.

The industrial manufacturing sector is the biggest final usage sector when speaking of both final energy consumption and emission of greenhouse gases (accounting for over 30% of the total); the industry's expansion is fast modifying the climate of the whole globe. Energy conservation is one of the key components of success for sustainable production because of the pressing need to reduce the negative effects that industrial operations have on the surrounding environment. As a direct consequence of this, the scientific community's involvement in energy management has significantly increased, which has resulted in a number of literature evaluations being conducted on methodologies. However, there is a dearth of both a detailed study of the techniques and tools that attempt to improve energy awareness as well as an assessment of the impact that these methods and tools have on energy efficiency. To try to fill this void, the author of this work conducts an extensive literature study on the various energy assessment methodologies and tools with their microstructures. After examining the databases of scientific literature, a total of 1366 publications were retrieved; however, it might be of use to industry practitioners in the field of energy management. In accordance with the guidelines provided by ISO 50001, the procedures and instruments were categorized into three primary areas (namely, AAM which means analysis, assessment, and saving measures), and the particular results important to each category were then synthesized as the outcome of study. In its concluding section, the article discusses problems and topics that still need to be addressed and offers proposals for new lines of inquiry.

This essay was delivered as a keynote presentation by Professor Prasannan Parthasarathi at a conference, Historical Threads, held at Manchester’s Science and Industry Museum in November 2022. Up to that point, many of us in the audience had probably felt reasonably knowledgeable about the role of cotton production in the growth of Manchester and in what we call the Industrial Revolution. This essay was a revelation, presenting an entirely new, global perspective on the long history of international cotton trading, and positioning Manchester’s growth as a competitive response to what had for centuries been an Indian success story; one that was swiftly rewritten by nineteenth century British historians and industrialists. This museum has for over thirty years featured a much-loved Textiles Gallery, highlighting regional innovations, such as Richard Arkwright’s water frame, and the global and social impact of industrialisation and mass production methods developed in and around Manchester. But we have never told the story that is told in this essay, nor properly framed Manchester’s growth within a world context. The museum, as part of the Science Museum Group, is now committed to presenting more inclusive narratives, developing displays to feature previously untold stories and provide global perspectives. There are few more painful or problematic histories than that of the cotton trade, and this conference was a first step towards creating a ‘Cottonopolis’ gallery, which will set Manchester’s textile history in a bigger, harsher yet ultimately richer context. This essay is a first step towards that retelling. Note: Professor Parthasarathi is the first in a series of keynote speakers who will be invited to give presentations on subjects crucial to the Group’s major projects or research themes and whose lectures will be published in the Science Museum Group Journal. Note: Professor Parthasarathi is the first in a series of keynote speakers who will be invited to give presentations on subjects crucial to the Group’s major projects or research themes and whose lectures will be made available online and published in the Science Museum Group Journal.

В статье поднимается вопрос влияния технических инноваций и цифровых технологий промышленных революций на развитие отрасли образования в разрезе индивидуального обучения, приводится краткая характеристика образовательной парадигмы в контексте технологического базиса и обуславливается актуальность применения веб-ориентированных информационных систем как наиболее перспективной технологии при обучении с учетом индивидуальных особенностей обучающегося. Рассмотрены методы проектирования, которые лежат в основе инструментальных средств разработки веб-ориентированных информационных систем, основные инструменты, в том числе конструкторы сайтов, CMS, фреймворки и библиотеки, выделены достоинства и недостатки, даны рекомендации по применению в зависимости от типа разрабатываемого сайта.

The analysis of the functioning of the heat supply industry in Russia revealed negative trends in its development. One of the ways to increase the efciency of its activities is modernization and innovative development, which should contribute to the energy security of heat supply. It is noted that the energy security of heat supply should be considered not only in the key of high-quality and uninterrupted supply of the resource, but also from the standpoint of minimizing the negative impact on the environment. The article emphasizes that the global fuel and energy complex is in transition to a new energy system, developing in three directions: decentralization, decarbonization and digitalization. Under these conditions, the heat supply industry in Russia will also undergo transformation, so it is advisable to talk about the processes of its development and modernization, taking into account the principles of balanced environmental development, energy and resource conservation, as well as rational complement of traditional and renewable energy. The purpose of the study is an attempt to form a number of special principles according to which the heat supply system of Russia should function and develop in the conditions of transition to a new energy system. To achieve this goal, the article proposes to solve the following tasks: to consider the current state of the heat supply industry and highlight the main trends in its development, to identify the essence of the new energy system and the conditions for its change, to defne the principles of environmental safety and environmental efciency of heat supply as special principles for the functioning and development of the heat supply system in the context of a change in the energy system. Dialectical, formal-logical and system-structural methods were used as research methods.

The purpose of this study was to determine the efforts made by the school in facing the industrial revolution 4.0 at SMA Negeri 5 Kupang. This research uses a qualitative approach. Collecting data using observation, interviews, and documentation. Meanwhile, data analysis was performed interactively by Miles and Huberman. The results showed that the changes in the lifestyles of students in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0 in SMA Negeri 5 Kupang could not be separated from the influence of advances in information and communication technology. Changes in lifestyle in the era of industrial revolution 4.0 between students at SMA Negeri 5 Kupang and the surrounding environment as well as students' absorption of developments that occur globally both in the fields of Science and Technology and Information Technology which are getting stronger which can be seen with the naked eye such as the development of communication tools such as cellphones. The efforts made by the school in facing the industrial revolution 4.0 era are; (1) condition students to accept the form of learning model given from school by online/another way (2) looking for applications that are young to be understood by students so that they can carry out the learning process online (3) motivate students to learn not only knowledge and skills rather, it identifies the source of learning for this knowledge and skills.

The present study is aimed at forming proposals to stimulate accelerated innovative development of the regions of the Russian Federation in the conditions of increasing global crises associated with the influence of the unstable international situation in connection with the events in Ukraine and the introduction, as well as the prospect of sanctions against the Russian Federation, as well as the impact on both the world and the Russian economy of the consequences of significant restrictions due to the situation with coronavirus.Aim. Formation of proposals for accelerated innovative development of the regions of the Russian Federation based on the use of strategic investment projects in the conditions of reconstruction of territorial production complexes, which will form the prerequisites for the advanced development of the regions.Tasks. To consider approaches to stimulating accelerated innovative development of the regions of the Russian Federation and its assessment based on: the use of key performance indicators; diversification of the economic potential of the regions, as well as the use of venture financing; introduction of the concepts of strategic investment projects and strategic investment initiatives into strategic regional development programs; the use of the theory of the territorial-industrial complex in modern economic conditions.Methods. In this paper, using the methods of factorial, statistical and quantitative analysis, proposals have been developed for the formation of measures to achieve maximum success in the innovative development of advanced industries in the regions of the Russian Federation.Results. The study showed that in order to achieve the objectives of accelerated innovative development of the regions of the Russian Federation, when forming strategic planning documents, it is necessary to focus on the main “development complexes”, participation in the implementation of a new model of economic growth based on the prin ciples of public-private partnership based on a comprehensive theoretical and methodological approach to the formation of socio-economic policy and the active use of strategic investment projects.Conclusions. It is advisable in the strategic programs of the regions to determine the creation of hightech innovative projects for processing raw materials available on the territory in order to get out of the dependence of the economy on raw materials; to create the necessary conditions for improving the investment climate in order to attract high-tech projects of leading world states for their further use in their own needs; actively diversify existing own high-tech projects in order to maximize profits and create an image of a highly developed, competitive region; create high-tech divisions on the basis of financial and economic institutions to launch and finance innovative, knowledge-intensive projects with a view to their further diversification and integration both in the region and with third entities.

This study deals with the subject of the Fourth Industrial Revolution; that is, Industry 4.0 or Revolution 4.0 discusses its impact on contemporary road transport and the development of Transport 4.0. The needs of the industry as well as the transport industry change diametrically with the correspondingly sudden and rapid development of technology, as well as the requirements of companies hiring new employees. To meet the future requirements of Revolution 4.0, the vocational training program should undergo a major overhaul. Therefore, it is important to determine what skills and qualifications of employees of transport companies should be currently developed. The study presents fragments of analyses performed as part of the F2J – “Future-Ready Ed Right Skills To Right Job” project, financed by the European Commission under the Erasmus + Program. The main goal of this article is to identify the skills and characteristics of transport companies’ employees that are most required from the point of view of the Revolution 4.0. Both technical and soft skills to be imparted into the human workforce for Transport 4.0 were reported. Study shows the need to address the integration of the concept of Revolution 4.0 into the current education system. The article is based on the analysis of data from highly qualified employees who work in transport companies (practitioners), as well as people involved in education and comprehensive preparation of people for work in the transport industry (educators). A total of 63 people participated in the study.

The hegemonic construal of the ‘Fourth Industrial Revolution’ portrays rapid technological developments as a bold, new industrial revolution. Since there is sparse evidence of any such revolution across the totality of social, political, cultural and economic institutions, locally and globally, the focus must turn to how this ideological frame functions to further the interests of social and economic elites worldwide. This article examines the way that Klaus Schwab, as the principal intellectual of the World Economic Forum and the interests it represents, has formulated and disseminated this ideology. The article argues that the ‘Fourth Industrial Revolution’ frame bolsters the contingent neoliberalism of the post-Washington consensus period, and therefore serves to obscure the continuing decline of the globalised world order with a ‘brave new world’ narrative.

This article explores the forms of housing and living of the subaltern classes in the French urban context of the early 19th century affected by the social consequences of the Industrial Revolution. It focuses on the social representations and discourses developed by the liberal elites in order to retrace the genesis of the concepts of “domestic comfort” and “public hygiene”. The cholera epidemic of 1832 and the growth of the hygienist movement are identified as crucial driving forces for the emergence of plans of urban and housing reform for the working class aimed at protecting the social order and public health.

This paper presents the stages of quality development. Every industrial revolution had an impact on the concept of quality, improving and advancing its concept. The emphasis is on Quality 4.0 and Quality 5.0, the concepts of which were formed under the influence of modern technologies. Based on the concept of Quality 4.0, presented by other authors, and the clear differences between the Fourth and Fifth Industrial Revolutions, this paper presents the concept of Quality 5.0, which is considered to be the highest form of quality in the modern era.

Abstract (1) Ombrotrophic peat bogs provide valuable records of environmental change on long timescales but are rarely preserved near the major centers of industrial activity. Holcroft Moss is a rare example of a stratigraphically intact lowland peat bog in NW England, which provides a valuable opportunity to trace industrial impacts on vegetation in a sensitive environmental archive close to the early industrializing cities of Manchester and Liverpool. (2) We reconstructed environmental changes at Holcroft Moss before and after the Industrial Revolution using a decadal‐scale record of pollen, non‐pollen palynomorphs, microcharcoal, peat composition (organic content and ash‐free bulk density) and heavy metal content, constrained by a radiocarbon and SCP (spheroidal carbonaceous particle) chronology. We examine the relationship between abiotic and biotic environmental tracers using principal component analysis and evaluate the role of local and regional climatic and anthropogenic drivers using canonical redundancy analysis and partitioning of variation. (3) Results show significant changes in bog vegetation composition during the last 700 years. Prior to 1750 CE, climate and agro‐pastoral activity (grazing and fires) were the main drivers of vegetation change. Subsequently, regional coal‐fired industry contributed to major increases in atmospheric pollutants (dust, heavy metals, and acid deposition) that severely impacted vegetation, driving the decline of Sphagnum. Grasses rose to dominance in the 20th century associated especially with bog conversion and cumulative nitrogen deposition. Although atmospheric pollution significantly decreased in the post‐industrial era, vegetation has not returned to pre‐industrial conditions, reflecting the ongoing impact of global change drivers which pose challenges for conservation and restoration. (4) Synthesis. Paleoecological studies are needed to reveal the long‐term history of vegetation degradation and to offer guidelines for restoration and conservation practices. This study reconstructs the last 700 years of a peat bog located between Manchester and Liverpool, revealing the timing and nature of vegetation changes across the trajectory of early industrialization and eventual post‐industrial decline. Our study reveals the progressive dominance of regional anthropogenic forcing and highlights that the present‐day vegetation does not have past analogs within the last 700 years. Conservation measures favoring the reintroduction of Sphagnum are justified in redressing the major biological legacy of the Industrial Revolution, while steps to increase Calluna should also be considered in light of its resilience to dry and fire‐prone conditions.

The interpretation of the reasons for the successes and delays in the race for industrialization is still a fundamental issue in the historiographical debate. In particular, the discussion about the “economic success” of the space commonly called the West (that practically means North America, Europe, Japan and Australia/New Zealand) is certainly lively, and its enormous theoretical impact is evident. This article focuses on three different issues: the role played by exogenous factors and endogenous factors in the historiography on different case studies and paths of industrialization; Eurocentrism/ethnocentrism in the approaches to the history of industrialization; and the debate on the roots of the supposed “victory” of the Western (or Euro-American) model. Although the debate is still open, this article shows that in recent decades a new approach on the history of industrialization has emerged and is gaining some hegemony: the need to consider not only endogenous readings of individual cases, but also to insert them into global contexts of relationships.

We are told by the powerful that we live in, or are about to live in, a Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). Seemingly, this revolution is about deep-seated, rapid, digitally powered techno-scientific change. It is the age of smart machines; it is a new information technology (IT) revolution. However, in this article I suggest that examination of the history of technologies that are often held up to be proof of the 4IR, in fact shows that there is no contemporary technological revolution. The research methodology that I employ here is conceptual analysis and a focused review of literature on the history of particular technologies. An industrial revolution, as its three historical instances have demonstrated, is the fundamental transformation of every aspect of industrial society, including its geopolitical, cultural, macro-social, micro-social, economic and technological strata. It certainly entails a technological revolution, but it is more than just that. In this article, I am not concerned with the broader ensemble of socio-economic changes – it seems increasingly clear that the ‘brave new world’ of the 4IR is not really happening – but simply ask the question: is there currently a technological revolution? The answer seems to be that there is not. Significance: The significance of this study is that it challenges the mainstream notion of technological innovation and change, associated with the ‘Fourth Industrial Revolution’. It has implications for the way we think about technological and scientific revolutions.

This study aims to determine how the management of education and fashion training institutions is prepared to face the industrial revolution 4.0 and society 5.0. This research is a case study research by examining field conditions. The data collection method is triangulation with observation, interviews, and documentation. The data of this study were obtained from the head of the institution, instructors, and course students. Technique triangulation and source triangulation were carried out to check the validity of the data. The research was conducted at the Yogyakarta Career Busana course and training institute. The research results based on the principles of POAC (planning, organizing, actuating, controlling) include the condition of the institution's management such as the institution's program curriculum, institutional management, strategy, program implementation, and control strategies and techniques in management. The results show that a strategy is needed to increase the readiness of educational institutions and fashion training for industrial revolution 4.0 and society 5.0. The development strategy can be seen from several aspects of the management function, namely planning, organizing, activating, and controlling. Institutions that have good readiness for the industrial revolution 4.0 and society 5.0 have aspects of management functions that are by the development, needs, and conditions of the industrial revolution 4.0 and society 5.0.

The process of evolution of such phenomenon as customer focus and its impact on the formation of trade relations has been considered. In order to study the phenomenon as a whole and the factors that influenced the changes in particular, a retrospective analysis from the era of craftsmanship to the present day has been made. Special attention has been paid to industrial revolutions as stimulators of change, and to the peculiar boundaries of the periods of using different approaches to trade and business interaction. The article also touches on the topic of direct marketing, as a prototype of today’s business relations. In addition to the history of marketing and the impact of industrial revolutions on the development of the relationship between seller and buyer, the paper considered and analysed such a phenomenon as the automation of production in order to create a fullfledged picture, reflecting the reasons for the creation, the essence and relevance of CRM-systems in the modern world. CRM-systems in this article have been considered as one of the tools of customer focus methodology, which facilitates the interaction between participants in business relationships, as well as serving as a centralized directory of information about the customers. The initial and, consequently, the ultimate goal of the study was to create an interconnected scheme for the formation of a modern system of customer focus and definition of the role of CRM-systems in the whole process.

This study aims to (1) identify roles, (2) describe the challenges and (3) the efforts of BEM UNY activist students in strengthening the nationalist character in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0. This type of research is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The data collection techniques of this research were interviews and documentation. The subjects of this study were seven student activists from BEM UNY for the period 2020 who were determined by purposive technique. This research data analysis using qualitative analysis which consists of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. The results of this study are as follows. (1) Student activists from BEM UNY play a role in strengthening the nationalist character in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0, as agents of change, social control, iron stocks. (2) The challenges faced are the “ups and downs” of enthusiasm within oneself, participation in every activity, adaptation of technological sophistication, and people who have radical views. (3) Efforts are made, namely creating attractive work programs by integrating technological sophistication, creating movements or communities as alternatives, adapting, making oneself a good example, and taking a personal approach.

International climate negotiations have been hamstrung by a dispute over whether a handful of developed countries have “historical responsibility” for climate change. The thesis rests on the presumed fact that a small number of early-industrializing nations (the “accused” countries) emitted an excess of greenhouse gases (“historical emissions”) through their use of coal for energy over a period of at least a century, before mineral-based economic development was adopted universally. Advocates of historical responsibility deduce from this that the accused countries have a moral responsibility to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions faster than they are required to through their treaty-based obligations. The position has been a negotiating weapon, entrenching differences and retarding progress. I argue that industrialization’s early emissions should be attributed to their actual sources, namely the foundational technologies of the Industrial Revolution. In a historical sense, these belong, not to the accused countries, but to modern civilization. More than a century was required to develop the core technological cluster. During that time, the inventions were largely confined, for practical reasons, to the loci of invention. Their universal adoption beginning around 1850 undermines the argument that the countries whose distinct economic circumstances gave birth to industrialization are to be penalized in the present.