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The IoT-based smart grid provides many benefits to both energy consumers and energy producers, such as advanced metering functions, improved reliability, and management. Increasingly with the rise of smart homes and smart cities, security is a concern, as data networks increasingly run parallel to power networks. Ensuring good security practices are implemented in the smart home is critical. This study proposes a Home Area Network architecture design, and secure ChaCha20-Poly1305 Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD) based authentication scheme, based on the recent LoRa 2.4 GHz technology; a robust and highly tunable transmission technology. This results in a network that balances performance considerations, whilst providing confidentiality, integrity and authenticity through the use of symmetric key-based authentication and encryption scheme. A performance analysis is conducted using a practical test bench to determine the impact that the proposed security mechanisms have on the LoRa network. The secure architecture proposed by this study has a minimal impact on the transmission time of a packet compared to a network with no security measures. This additional latency does not negatively impact on the smart home user in terms of network performance.

Electric field energy harvesters (EFEHs) are reliable and sustainable power sources that may be used to power wireless sensor nodes (WSNs) in urban Internet of Things (IoT) networks, replacing traditional batteries. Despite the technology’s effectiveness, large-scale deployments raise severe environmental concerns about fabrication material degradation and recycling. In this context, this work analyzes the performance of the natural green leaves as a replacement for standard electrodes in EFEH developments. To this end, different $10\times 3$ cm2 EFEHs were assembled with raw leaves from the following species Magnolia Obovata, Ravenala Madagascariensis, Acanthus Mollis, and Agapanthus Africanus. Each harvester was evaluated at different drying steps, concluding that natural leaves may collect electrostatic charges related to the urban electric field, which might power ultra-low-energy devices. Experimental results reveal that Agapanthus Africanus electrodes perform best, with an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 111.88 V and a short-circuit current (ISC) of 229.09 nA. On the other hand, the VOC of Magnolia Obavata leaves achieved 76.76 V, and the ISC was 135.30 nA (the worst case). Although the performance for Ravenala Madagascariensis samples is less than Agapanthus Africanus ones, the size leaf is another critical parameter to design functional devices. Therefore, the experimental section also includes the conceptualization, design, and experimental testing of a functional EFEH prototype called Leaf-EFEH, which is assembled with Ravenala Madagascariensis leaves. Finally, numerous experiments have shown that the proposed Leaf-EFEH can power ultra-low-power devices.

Internet of Things (IoT) devices have connected millions of houses around the globe via the internet. In the recent past, threats due to hardware Trojan (HT) in the integrated circuits (IC) have become a serious concern, which affects IoT edge devices (IoT-ED). In this paper, the possibility of the IoT-ED with embedded HT that can cause serious security, privacy, and availability problems to the IoT based Home Area Network (HAN) has been discussed. Conventional network attack detection techniques work at the network protocol layers, whereas IoT-ED with HT can lead to the peculiar manifestation of attack at the physical and/or firmware level. On the other hand, in the IC design, most of the HT-based attack detection techniques require design time intervention, which is expensive for many of the IoT-ED and cannot guarantee 100% immunity. The argument in this paper is that the health of modern IoT-ED requires a final line of defense against possible HT-based attacks that goes undetected during IC design and test. The approach is to utilize power profiling (PP) and network traffic (NT) data without intervening into the IC design to detect malicious activity in HAN. The proposed technique is to effectively identify multiple attacks concurrently and to differentiate between different types of attacks. The IoT-ED behaviors for five different types of random attacks have been studied, including covert channel, DoS, ARQ, power depletion, and impersonation attacks. Data fusion has been leveraged by combining the PP and NT data and is able to detect, without design time intervention, each of the five attacks individually with up to 99% accuracy. Moreover, the proposed technique can also detect all the attacks concurrently with 92% accuracy. To the best of authors' knowledge, this is the first work where multiple HT based attacks are concurrently detected in IoT-ED without requiring any design time intervention.

Smart grid is an intelligent power distribution system that employs dual communication between the energy devices and the substation. Dual communication helps to overseer the internet access points, energy meters, and power demand of the entire grid. Deployment of advanced communication and control technologies makes smart grid system efficient for energy availability and low-cost maintenance. Appropriate algorithms are analyzed first for the convenient grid to have proper routing and security with a high-level of power transmission and distribution. Information and Communication Technology plays a significant role in monitoring, demand response, and control of the energy distribution. This paper presents a broad review of communication and network technologies with regard to Internet of Things, Machine to Machine Communication, and Cognitive radio terminologies which comprises 5G technology. Networks suitable for future smart-grid are compared with respect to standard protocols, data rate, throughput, delay, security, and routing. Approaches adopted for the smart-grid system has been commended based on the performance and the parameters observed. ©2019. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved

Smart societies have an increasing demand for quality-oriented services and infrastructure in an industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) paradigm. Smart urbanization faces numerous challenges. Among them, secured energy demand-side management (DSM) is of particular concern. The IIoT renders the industrial systems to malware, cyberattacks, and other security risks. The IIoT with the amalgamation of big data analytics can provide efficient solutions to such challenges. This paper proposes a secured and trusted multilayered DSM engine for a smart social society using IIoT-based big data analytics. The major objective is to provide a generic secured solution for smart societies in IIoT environment. The proposed engine uses a centralized approach to achieve optimum DSM over a home area network. To enhance the security of this engine, a payload-based authentication scheme is utilized that relies on a lightweight handshake mechanism. Our proposed method utilizes the lightweight features of the constrained application protocol to facilitate the clients in monitoring various resources residing over the server in an energy-efficient manner. In addition, data streams are processed using big data analytics with MapReduce parallel processing. The proposed authentication approach is evaluated using NetDuino Plus 2 boards that yield a lower connection overhead, memory consumption, response time, and a robust defense against various malicious attacks. On the other hand, our data processing approach is tested on reliable datasets using Apache Hadoop with Apache Spark to verify the proposed DMS engine. The test results reveal that the proposed architecture offers valuable insights into the smart social societies in the context of IIoT.

Because traditional electronics cannot directly use the alternating output voltage and current provided by electric field energy harvesters, harvesting systems require additional regulating and conditioning circuits. In this field, this work presents a conditioning circuit, called serial switch-only rectifier (SSOR) for low-voltage electric field energy harvesting (EFEH) applications. The proposed approach consists of a tubular topology harvester mounted on the outer jacket of a 230 V three-wires electrical cable (neutral, ground, and phase), in which terminals are connected to SSOR. We compare SSOR performance with classic electronic approaches, such as a full-bridge rectifier and voltage doubler. Experimental findings showed that the gathered energy by a 1 m cylindrical harvester increased in approximately 73.3% using the SSOR as a power management circuit. Experimental findings showed that the gathered energy by a 1 m cylindrical harvester increase in approximately 73.3% using the SSOR as a power management circuit. This increase is principally due to the fact that a serial bidirectional switch disconnects the harvester from the rest of the management circuit, enhancing the charge collection process. Although simulated results disclosed that SSOR increased collected energy for smaller-scale harvesters (experimental tests obtained using a 10 cm cylindrical harvester), additional losses in bidirectional switch reduced its performance. In addition, we introduce a comprehensive analysis of EFEH systems based on SSOR according to the mains frequency for future power systems.

Smart meters (SMs) are key components of the smart grid (SG) which gather electricity usage data from residences and businesses. Home area networks (HANs) are used to support two-way communications between SMs and devices within a building such as appliances. This can be implemented using power line communications (PLCs) via home wiring topologies. In this paper, a bottom-up approach is designed and a HAN-PLC channel model is obtained for a split-phase power system which includes branch circuits, an electric panel with circuit breakers and bars, a secondary transformer and the wiring of neighboring residences. A cell division (CD) method is proposed to construct the channel model. Furthermore, arc fault circuit interrupter (AFCI) and ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) circuit breaker models are developed. Several HAN-PLC channels are presented and compared with those obtained using existing models.