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The European population of Cygnus columbianus bewickii has a declining trend in number of individuals. Anthropogenic disturbance could be one of the reasons for this decline. Disturbance influences animal behaviour, including the manifestation of behavioural lateralisation. Therefore, investigating the impact of anthropogenic disturbance on behavioural lateralisation is essential for biodiversity conservation. Behavioural lateralisation manifests itself in a preference to use one of two paired organs (limbs or sensory organs) and a preference to avoid obstacles from a certain side. Earlier studies of behavioural lateralisation did not consider the locomotion type as an independent variable factor in the analysis, although it could affect the manifestation of behavioural lateralisation. We studied the influence of anthropogenic disturbance on behavioural lateralisation of swans, depending on the type of locomotion (swimming or flying). We have analysed 492 photos from aerial counts of two swan species (Cygnus columbianus bewickii, C. cygnus) in Yamal Peninsula and Gydan Peninsula. The photos were taken from a plane, while the birds were escaping from it as a source of anthropogenic disturbance. Pairs without and with chicks alone or in flocks were encountered swimming or flying. We found that swimming swans had a strong right-sided bias and right-eye bias for avoidance and observing the source of anthropogenic disturbance, and flying swans had a left bias. Swimming C. c. bewickii and C. cygnus exhibited similar behavioural lateralisation. These results were the same for following and leading birds. The presence of chicks did not change the direction of behavioural lateralisation but strengthened it for the following partners. The differences in behavioural lateralisation could be caused by the fact that swans in flight experience greater fear of a present aircraft than when they are on water. We conclude that the locomotion types influence behavioural lateralisation in response to anthropogenic disturbance. We recommend paying attention to accompanying factors when comparing the results of lateralisation studies. As the left side bias of flying birds in our study indicates that flying birds are more stressed than swimming ones, we recommend not forcing birds to fly during observations to reduce their stress.

Background. Long-haul flights have been associated with a two- to four-fold increased risk of aviation-related thrombosis (ART). Several studies have investigated the extent to which hypoxic hypobaric exposure, dehydration and prolonged immobilisation during air travel induce changes in haemostasis. Objective. To investigate the role of high altitude as a risk factor for ART. Methods. Healthy volunteers aged ≥18 years (N=40), without risk factors for venous thromboembolism, were exposed to an exacerbated altitude of 18 000 feet (5 486 m) for 1 hour. During the flight, the oxygen (O2) levels of the participants, who received supplemental O2, were measured by pulse oximetry and maintained at >92%. Venous blood and urine samples were collected prior to departure and immediately after flying in an unpressurised twin-engine airplane. D-dimer levels, thromboelastography (TEG) parameters, von Willebrand factor (VWF) activity and urine osmolality were measured. Results. The participants were 19 men and 21 women, with a mean (standard deviation) age of 46 (14) years. A significant difference in D-dimer levels, VWF activity, urine osmolality and TEG parameters (reaction (R) time, kinetic (K) time and maximum amplitude (MA)) before and after the 1-hour flight was observed (p

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of early air transport (EAT) morbidity after transpleural surgery. We compared our cohort with our patients not requiring air transport. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study, in the Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Department of the University Hospital of Martinique over 40 months. We included all of the files (national and local database, and systematic postoperative consultation) of patients operated on for thoracic surgery or distinguished transpleural surgical intervention, whatever their geographical origin. Patients from another French department benefited from EAT. The complications were classified according to Clavien–Dindo before or after the EAT. Diagnostic criteria were chest pain, dyspnea, and abnormal chest radiograph. Continuous variables are presented as mean, median, and SDs. Discrete variables are presented as n (%). Results: Of 491 patients operated on, 315 were transpleural surgeries, and 99 patients benefited from EAT. There were 55% resections, a percent predicted of forced expiratory volume in 1 second, and an average preoperative Tiffeneau ratio of respectively, 86% and 78. One complication was found: a pneumothorax in an emphysematous patient, 15 days after the flight, who had an index of prolonged air leak >10. The mean time between surgery and flight was 7.2 days (σ = 4.5), and 3.3 days (σ = 2.9) between removal of the last drain and flight. The morbidity of EAT after transpleural surgery was 1%. The 2 cohorts of “EAT” and “Locals” patients were statistically comparable, particularly in morbidity. Conclusions: EAT appears to be safe after transpleural surgery, following usual criteria for hospital discharge. It would be interesting to study, on a larger scale, the effect of IPAL as an independent risk factor (in case of high IPAL > 10) as well as pathologies that modify transpleural pressures restrictive ventilatory defect.

Approach and landing phases take less than 4% of total flight time of a typical flight, but 36% of fatal aircraft accidents occur during this phase. Gust disturbances creating uncertainties during this phase are primary contributors to many unstabilized, high and fast approaches leading to catastrophic ending. This study analyses the effects of gust and resulting responses affecting the handling and flying characteristics of an aircraft during landing. A pilot-in-the-loop flight simulation during landing with the effect of gust was developed using Boeing B747-100 aircraft to analyze the problem. Elevator and throttle inputs through a joystick were used as control inputs to allow the pilot-in-the-loop to control the aircraft glide-path and speed during landing. It was found that the aircraft flight path during the descent is not affected, if the frequency of the gust is higher than the natural frequency of the aircraft, but maintaining the flight glide path becomes difficult for lower frequencies. Likewise, the vertical gust has more prominent effect than the horizontal gust. In both cases, the aircraft susceptibility to gust disturbances increases the pilot workload causing more difficulties for a landing.

Ancient writers, including Socrates and the Upanishads, argued that sibilants are associated with the notions of wind, air and sky. From modern perspectives, these statements can be understood as an assertion about sound symbolism, i.e., systematic connections between sounds and meanings. Inspired by these writers, this article reports on an experiment that tests a sound symbolic value of sibilants. The experiment is a case study situated within the Pokémonastics research paradigm, in which the researchers explore the sound symbolic patterns in natural languages using Pokémon names. The current experiment shows that when presented with pairs of a flying-type Pokémon character and a normal-type Pokémon character, Japanese speakers are more likely to associate the flying-type Pokémons with names that contain sibilants than those names that do not contain sibilants. As was pointed out by Socrates, the sound symbolic connection identified in the experiment is likely to be grounded in the articulatory properties of sibilants – the large amount of oral airflow that accompanies the production of sibilants. Various implications of the current experiment for the sound symbolism research are discussed throughout the article.

Propulsion performance of swimming and flying animals is often evaluated by using dimensionless numbers, such as the Strouhal and Reynolds numbers. They have been shown to allow a better understanding of locomotion efficiency, using relatively simple approaches and avoiding overly complex computational models. Specifically, it has been reported that efficient propulsion is more likely to occur when Strouhal number values – estimated from propulsive frequencies and amplitudes – are within a relatively narrow range, depending on the corresponding Reynolds number, broadly expressing the fluid resistance to the animal motion. We have estimated both Strouhal and Reynolds numbers for seven species of penguins after analysing relevant kinematic data taken from the literature. The obtained values neatly indicate that, as expected, penguins employ efficient propulsion mechanisms. Additionally, by comparing these values with those for alcids – seabirds that can also fly – we have found that penguins swim at least as efficiently as alcids. However, we have also found that the swimming number – proportional to the product of Strouhal and Reynolds numbers – neatly correlates to the diving abilities of the considered species and apparently indicates, in a straightforward hierarchical manner, the gains in diving due to the loss of flying abilities. Within the penguin species, a clear correlation is also observed between diving performance and drag coefficient values.

Sensing plays a vital role in enabling smart cities. The mobile surveillance of different sectors, the retransmission of radio signals, and package delivery are the main applications conducted by unmanned vehicles in smart cities. Multiple unmanned vehicles or miniaturized real-time flying machines with onboard sensors, whether land- or air-based, communicate with each other to form a flying sensor network. Almost all of these machines are battery-operated. Therefore, power preservation is an extremely important factor to be taken into consideration. This paper proposes a power-aware biologically inspired secure autonomous routing protocol (P-BIOSARP) that depends on enhanced ant colony optimization (eACO). eACO autonomously and securely routes the data packet, and the power awareness maintains the power consumption of the flying sensor network. The novel intelligent power-aware routing protocol was implemented in network simulator 2 to perform a number of experiments with different scenarios. The scenarios included varying numbers of total nodes and mobile nodes, different packet rates, mobile source nodes, multiple mobile routing nodes, and, on the side of security, the injection of malicious nodes. The proposed protocol is compared with BIOSARP, E-BIOSARP, and SRTLD in terms of energy consumption, the delivery ratio, and traffic overhead. The analysis shows that the P-BIOSARP remarkably reduces energy consumption compared to other well-known protocols implemented on real testbeds.

The affordance competition hypothesis is an ethologically inspired theory from cognitive neuroscience that provides an integrative neural account of continuous, real-time behavior, and will likely become increasingly relevant to the growing field of neuroergonomics. In the spirit of neuroergonomics in aviation, we designed a three-dimensional, first-person, continuous, and real-time fMRI task during which human subjects maneuvered a simulated airplane in pursuit of a target airplane along constantly changing headings. We introduce a pseudo-event-related, parametric fMRI analysis approach to begin testing the affordance competition hypothesis in neuroergonomic contexts, and attempt to identify regions of the brain that exhibit a linear metabolic relationship with the continuous variables of task performance and distance-from-target. In line with the affordance competition hypothesis, our results implicate the cooperation of the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and cortex in such a task, with greater involvement of the basal ganglia during good performance, and greater involvement of cortex and cerebellum during poor performance and when distance-from-target closes. We briefly review the somatic marker and dysmetria of thought hypotheses, in addition to the affordance competition hypothesis, to speculate on the intricacies of the cooperation of these brain regions in a task such as ours. In doing so, we demonstrate how the affordance competition hypothesis and other cognitive neuroscience theories are ready for testing in continuous, real-time tasks such as ours, and in other neuroergonomic settings more generally.

Air travel has grown steadily in the region of 5–6% every year since 1970 meaning that in the UK alone, around 750,000 people use flying as a means of transport every day. Disability rates are also increasing in the UK, with over 13 million people having at least one. Air travel for the mobility impaired has been relatively unexplored, but with increasing rates of disability and passenger numbers, it is crucial to know what the most severely disabled people think of the current process. This study used qualitative interviews of a semi-structured nature with eight wheelchair-using participants who were invited to discuss their experiences of air travel as well as offering opinions. Key findings showed notable issues when wheelchair users interact with the aircraft. The manual handling, the equipment used, seating, communication and accessing the toilet on the aircraft led to physical pain and discomfort and in turn emotional distress. Recommendations include developing consistency, further disability training and a review of the equipment involved.

The purpose of the present survey was to review the important Non-pharmacologic treatments for fear of flying up to the present. This study is in the same way as some studies. Accordingly, some Non-pharmacologic treatments for fear of flying were assessed through this systematic review article. The general conclusion from the information provided by the former studies, shows that a growing number of treatment facilities offer treatment programs for fear of flying, including combined treatment, Hypnotherapy, EMDR, Relaxation, information Providing, Cognitive-behavioral treatment, cognitive therapy, exposure therapy, Computer-based exposure therapies, Implosion therapy, Flooding, Systematic desensitization and Psychodynamic therapy. Nevertheless, little is known about which specific method or element of treatment programs works best; In addition, Psychological therapy should be employed under unique circumstances and according to the needs of individuals rather than applying identical treatment packages to any case.

Low temperatures play an important role in arthropods because they affect both the individual and population development of all physiological and behavioural activities. Manipulation with low temperatures is a primary nonchemical pest control method. For stored product and food industry practitioners, a knowledge of pest thermal requirements, in particular threshold temperatures at which development and other activities of a particular pest species cease, is of crucial importance. This review presents summary data regarding the lower temperature thresholds of 121 species of stored product and food industry pests from six arthropod taxa (Acari, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Psocoptera, Diptera, and Blattodea). In particular, this review collected and summarized information regarding the lower development thresholds, lower population thresholds, lower acoustic or respiratory thresholds, lower walking and flying thresholds and lower trap capture thresholds for flying and walking arthropods. The average lower development threshold (LDT) differed among orders: the lowest was reported for Acari (6.8 °C) and Diptera (8.1 °C), followed by Lepidoptera (11.3 °C) and Psocoptera (13.8 °C), and the highest was reported for Coleoptera (14 °C) and Blattodea (15 °C). An exclusion-function was established showing the percentage of pest species (n = 112) that were developmentally suppressed (excluded) due to temperatures reaching the LDT in the range of decreasing temperatures from 25 °C to 0 °C. We scaled various temperature thresholds from the lowest to highest temperature as follows: the walking threshold, the trap capture threshold for walking insects, the lower development threshold, lower population threshold, lower flying threshold and the lower trap capture threshold for flying pests. Important pest species were identified for which information regarding the lower temperature threshold is missing, or for which the information is too variable and should be refined in future research.

Foraging behaviour is one of the distinctive behaviours of honey bees, Apis mellifera. This behaviour is the link between the honey bee colony and the ambient environment. Therefore, various in-colony and out-colony factors have an impact on this behaviour, and many studies have been employed to investigate these factors. Foraging behaviour is not advantageous only for the colony and for plant pollination but also has other benefits. In contrast, some disadvantages have also been discovered to be linked with foraging activity. Practically speaking, the control over this behaviour is very important to maximize colony products as well as to increase other agricultural benefits. This paper presents a review on foraging activity including; the regulation of foraging tasks, factors impacting this behaviour, foraging preference, variations between subspecies, monitoring methods as well as the possible methods for controlling this behaviour. As concluded from this review, more work needs to be performed in order to elucidate certain aspects of foraging behaviour.

Introduction: The environmental impact of on-site conferences, with air travel as the primary contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, has prompted a surge in research in recent years. The objective of this report is to raise awareness and stimulate transformation in the organisation of meetings of the European Health Psychology Society (EHPS).Methods: We conducted estimations of travel-related CO2eq emissions of EHPS conferences in 2019, 2022, and 2023, and performed projections for 2024 and 2025. Additionally, we developed hypothetical scenarios for selected European cities as centroids for future conferences.Results: EHPS conferences with an online option result in significant reductions in CO2eq emissions when compared to on-site only conferences. The selected European locations of these conferences enable more delegates to choose alternative forms of transportation instead of flying, such as trains, cars or buses, and consequently lead to significantly lower CO2eq emissions.Discussion: The principal avenues for curbing travel-related emissions while maintaining on-site attendance are the provision of hybrid conferences with enhanced online participation and the optimisation of venue locations.

The insatiable needs of man necessitated his movement from one place to another and one major means by which he has been doing this is by flying in the aeroplane. The article traces the history of civil aviation in South Africa, exploring the various phases of development which the industry has gone through. It concludes that the aviation industry is indispensable to the development of tourism in South Africa and should therefore be given the proper attention it deserves.

Many structures such as bridges, buildings, tunnels and dams had been constructed during the high economic growth period in Japan. The deterioration of these structures has become a big social problem. The maintenance method which finds the minor damages on the structures is important for the life extension of many structures before the progress of deterioration advances. When the inspections become frequent, the huge cost is needed. Robots are said to be useful for the management and maintenance of many old structures because the conventional method will intensify the strains on economy. In this study, we have created a flying robot HORNET with tilt-rotors and two wheels. HORNET can move on a vertical wall keeping a constant distance between the robot and a wall. Then, it is very easy and safe to control the robot manually. In addition, the electric power consumption of HORNET can be smaller than hovering robot like drones because HORNET can hang on wall with claws of the wheels. We have examined the effects of the state of wall surface and the tilt angle of rotor surface on the electric power consumption of HORNET. According to the experimental results, it has been confirmed that the electric power consumption is reduced when the state of wall surface is rougher and the tilt angle of rotors is more parallel to the ground. It is possible to become a practicable wall inspection robot by adding the improvement to HORNET.

The special physical preparation as component of educational-battle to activity of students in the period of flying preparation and its influence on a capacity and safety of flights is shown. A role and value of raid of clock, special physical preparation of students of flying composition in accordance with the specific of military-professional and educational activity is considered. Facilities of the special physical preparation are presented: gymnastics, swimming, ski preparation, track-and-field, special trainings shells. The elements of the system of preparation of students of flying specialities are certain. Components, elements and factors of the special physical preparation in the period of flying preparation of students of different courses, step-up their physical and psychological preparedness are considered. Attention on providing of terms of safety of flights is accented.