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Wood carving has been an integral part of many ethnic groups in Ghana and worldwide. Currently, Ghanaian wood carvers produce countless varieties of wooden sculptures for tourist trade or export. The wood carving business in Vakpo has provided employment for natives in the production of different wooden objects such as stools, umbrella tops, linguist staffs, walking sticks, human and animal figures/figurines, and many more. Unlike any other wood carving industry, one of the major challenges facing Vakpo traditional wood carving is less recognition by art lovers due to scanty literature in the town and insufficient art enthusiasts in Ghana. The study adopts a qualitative research design with a descriptive research method. The data was gathered through observations and interviews. The results indicate that wood carvers in Vakpo exhibit mastery in creativity, intricate cuts as well as finishing, and their quality wood carvings are by no means inferior to the wooden sculptures of other wood carvers from renowned towns such as Aburi, Ahwiaa, Foase, and others.

Abstract Ceramic cutting inserts are a type of cutting tool commonly used in high-speed metal cutting applications. However, the wear of these inserts caused by friction between the workpiece and cutting inserts limits their overall effectiveness. In order to improve the tool life and reduce wear, this study introduces an emerging method called magnetic field-assisted batch polishing (MABP) for simultaneously polishing multiple ceramic cutting inserts. Several polishing experiments were conducted under different conditions, and the wear characteristics were clarified by cutting S136H steel. The results showed that after 15 min of polishing, the surface roughness at the flank face, edge, and nose of the inserts was reduced to below 2.5 nm, 6.25 nm, and 45.8 nm, respectively. Furthermore, the nose radii of the inserts did not change significantly, and there were no significant changes in the weight percentage of elements before and after polishing. Additionally, the tool life of the batch polished inserts was found to be up to 1.75 times longer than that of unpolished inserts. These findings suggest that the MABP method is an effective way to mass polish ceramic cutting inserts, resulting in significantly reduced tool wear. Furthermore, this novel method offers new possibilities for polishing other tools.

Abstract Incorporating automation into wind turbine blade manufacturing is important for reducing costs to meet current offshore wind energy production goals in the United States. This work proposes a process for automating three operations in wind blade manufacturing: trimming to remove flashing left over after bonding two blade skins together, grinding to produce a desired leading‐edge shape, and sanding to prepare the blade for bonding overlamination or adding paint to the surface. The majority of this work focuses on the toolpath generation. The algorithms were tested on a 5‐m blade section, and the results were analyzed in terms of operation speed and accuracy. Finally, future work is discussed to improve the performance of the system.

ABSTRACT The objective of this review was to identify, synthesize, and characterize, through an integrative approach, the main beef cattle finishing systems used in Brazilian scientific research. A review protocol was developed, and the search terms were based on the PVO strategy to formulate the study's guiding question: study population (P) consists of beef cattle, the variables of interest (V) were the finishing systems adopted in the studies with cattle in Brazil, and the outcomes (O) were the characteristics of the finishing systems. The following guiding question was formulated: What are the major beef cattle finishing systems used in scientific research in Brazil? The databases used were SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Science Direct. 1,388 studies were found, 1,163 of which were scientific articles. However, 33 publications were selected for data extraction. The studies covered different regions of Brazil: Southeast (14), South (10), Midwest (8) and Northeast (1). The confinement finishing system was the strategy used in 63.4% of the experiments and 24.2% of pasture systems with supplementation. In 81.1% of the studies, the pure Nellore breed or crossed with other breeds was used. Scientific research on cattle finishing in Brazil focuses on confinement systems.

The potato harvester’s distinctive specifications include the spatially segregated drive of its units from an external engine, operating under stochastic conditions. This setup complicates the loading of its components, including transmission shafts, and creates the prerequisites for decreased durability, leading to an upsurge in fatigue failures. To counteract this process, transmission shafts undergo a special treatment aimed at mitigating concentrated defects. (Research purpose) The purpose of this research is to formulate an objective function for controlling the finishing treatment of transmission shafts in a potato harvester. This function is designed to maximize potato yield while monitoring concentrated defects. (Materials and methods) The implementation of the method requires equipment capable of being controlled through a technical vision channel. The control scheme employs mathematical tools for describing discrete and continuous random variables, Markov processes with discrete time and continuous state space, the maximum likelihood method, and methods of numerical optimization in multifactor space. (Results and discussion) The research has yielded formulas for calculating the probabilities of successful and unsuccessful outcomes of finishing treatment based on the criterion of concentrated defect presence. The paper provides the results of testing the proposed algorithm for predicting the yield of viable products using the proposed method based on interim measurements of defect characteristics during the treatment process. Additionally, a scheme is proposed for integrating the obtained results into the production process of manufacturing transmission shafts for potato harvesters. (Conclusions) An algorithm has been proposed to control the finishing treatment of the transmission shaft based on a predictive assessment of the probability of manufacturing a product that adheres to the specified technical criteria regarding geometry and surface cleanliness. The predictive probability of achieving a surface with the required cleanliness without exceeding permissible defect limits is considered as the objective function. The solution to the problem is achieved through the selection of appropriate technological parameters.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the yield, morphometric traits, and the primal and sub primal cuts of Santa Inês lamb carcasses and their crossbreds with Dorper rams finished in feedlot. Thirty uncastrated lambs of the following genetic groups were used: 10 Santa Inês, 10 ½Dorper + ½Santa Inês and 10 –Dorper + ¼Santa Inês at 115 days of age averaging 20kg of live body weight. The experiment period was 53 days, preceded by seven days for adaptation. The carcasses of the Dorper crossbred lambs had higher carcass weight and yield, as well as larger thorax and rump width, and larger thorax, rump, and leg perimeter. The carcasses of the Dorper crossbred lambs also showed greater weight for all primal and sub primal carcass cuts, except for the neck. The lamb carcasses of Santa Inês had higher yields of shoulder and neck primal cuts and the carcasses of Dorper crossbred lambs showed higher loin yield. The carcasses of the crossbred lambs had higher yield of sirloin, rump steak, and frenched rack cap. The genetic group influences the linear and circular measures of the lamb carcasses and the weight of primal and sub primal cuts.

We present a review of current research on promising flame retardants using specific methods of applying metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to the highly flammable fibrous surface of cotton fabric. In this review, we initially address the reasons why the search for new flame retardants has becomes critically important in textile finishing, the area responsible for adhering new functionalities to substrates. This addition of characteristics is closely linked to the nature of the fibers, so the reason for the improvement in cotton fabric in relation to flame retardancy is discussed. Furthermore, the development of highly porous nanomaterials that can generate composites with specific functions is described, as well as their application and methods of integration into textile surfaces. Finally, the main candidates for flame retardant functionality in cellulosic materials are identified. It is also hoped that this work will facilitate researchers to develop and formulate new methods of applying nanomaterials to textile substrates, with a view to becoming a reference for new research into the development of adhesion of emerging materials to traditional materials.

The object of the study was to assess the effect of different finishing and polishing systems on the roughness and gloss of a 3D-printed permanent restorative material. One 3D printable Permanent material was selected for the study. Squared-shaped specimens (14 mm2; 5 mm thickness) were obtained by designing and printing. Eighty specimens were produced and randomly assigned (n = 10) to 8 finishing and polishing methods: Sof-Lex™ Spiral Wheels (SW), Sof-Lex™ XT Pop-on Disc (SD), Identoflex Lucent no paste (Ln), Identoflex Lucent + paste (Lp), Resin Nitrogen polymerized (NG), Optiglaze (OG), Opti1Step (OS), and HiLusterPLUS (HL). Surface roughness and gloss were then measured by a roughness meter and a glossmeter, respectively. For roughness, statistically significant differences were found (p < 0.001), with NG(a) > SD(b) = OG(b) = Lp(b); Lp(b) = Ln(bc); Ln(bc) = OS(cd); OS(cd) = SW(de); and SW(de) = HL(e). For gloss, statistically significant differences were also identified (p < 0.001) with NG(a) > SD(b) > Lp(c) = OS(c) = OG(cd); OG(cd) = Ln(d) > HL(e) = SW(e). The nitrogen chamber polymerization showed better results for both roughness and gloss. Multi-step finishing/polishing systems were able to produce smoother surfaces than 1-step and 2-step systems.

Areas like aerospace, solar, medical, electronics, optics widely use nano-finished or high precision aluminium alloys. These nano-finished aluminium alloys are being used as metal mirrors, micro-electronics devices, diaphragm in optical sensors etc. In general, aluminium alloys are finished by conventional processes such as grinding, lapping. However, to achieve nano-level finish on soft material like aluminium alloys which possess high malleability and ductility is difficult for traditional processes without producing high residual stresses, subsurface damage etc. In this work, the surface finish of aluminium 7075 alloy workpiece was improved using a novel finishing technique viz. chemical assisted ball end magnetorheological finishing (CA-BEMRF). To validate the results a comparison of % decrease in surface roughness obtained after ball end magnetorheological finishing (BEMRF) as well as achieved after CA-BEMRF process is carried out. Results showed a 1.84 % improvement in % decrease in surface roughness after CA-BEMRF process as compared to BEMRF without chemical assistance. The statistical and graphical effects of various changing process parameters on % decrease in surface roughness are addressed. Using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the F-test, significant process factors impacting surface roughness during workpiece finishing are identified. Optimum value of % decrease in surface roughness has been found as 55.316 at magnetizing current 3.43amp, tool rotational speed 326.97 rpm and working gap of 0.74 mm. Confirmatory experimental tests have been conducted and results obtained were found very close to the predicted outcome. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the workpiece finished using BEMRF process and CA-BEMRF technique are compared to assess the effects of magnetizing current, tool rotation and working gap on surface topography of machined surface.

This study presents research into the unique method of depositing carbon layers onto processed surfaces, during finishing with abrasive films, on a global basis. The authors of this article are holders of the patent for this method. What makes this technology outstanding is that it integrates processes, whereby micro-finishing and the deposition of a carbon layer onto freshly exposed surface fragments is achieved simultaneously, in a single process. Among the main advantages accruable from this process is the reduction of surface irregularities, while the deposition of a carbon layer is achieved simultaneously. Ultrathin graphite layers can be widely used in conditions where other methods of reducing the coefficient of friction are not possible, such as in regard to micromechanisms. This article illustrates the application of carbon coating, end on, on a surface processed with abrasive film, containing intergranular spaces, saturated with graphite. Thin carbon layers were obtained on two substrates that did not contain carbon in their initial composition: soda–lime glass and a tin–bronze alloy. It was performed through microscopic examinations of the produced surface, roughness analyses of these surfaces, and analysis of the chemical compositions determined by two methods, namely EDS and GDOES, proving the existence of the coatings. The aim of this paper is to prove the possibility and efficiency of using graphite-impregnated lapping films in the deposition process of carbon films, with improved surface smoothness, durability, and wear resistance. The produced coatings will be tested in regard to their operational properties in further research. The authors underline the potential of this method to revolutionize surface treatment processes, due to the significant advantages it offers across various industries.

The paper investigates various methods of microfinishing and arrives at the best technique to produce a very smooth surface. Various setups, with and without oscillation, were developed, together with a microfinishing attachment used on conventional lathes and milling machines. The workpiece material used was an amorphous nickel–phosphorus Ni–P alloy. The surface roughness parameters, such as Sa, Sv, and Sp, were measured with the TalySurf CCI6000 instrument. For the measurement of the surface protrusions, an “analysis of islands” technique was used at various levels of cut-off. The 2BA method—machining below the workpiece axis with oscillation—turned out to be the most effective method applied because it had the highest density of protrusions while having the smallest value of surface roughness. Non-oscillation with the machining zone below the axis also becomes effective, indicating that repositioning can compensate for a lack of oscillation. Already, the very compact surface structure achieved with minimized depths in the valleys by the 2BA method supported the improvement in tribological performance and increase in load-carrying capacity, together with lubricant retention enhancement. These results show that the microfinishing process can be optimized by parameter tuning, and also, non-oscillating methods could come to be a practical alternative, probably reducing the complexity of equipment and cutting costs. Further studies need to be aimed at the scalability of these methods and their application to other materials and fields.

Flame retardants are commonly used to reduce fire risk in various products and environments, including textiles. While many of these additives contain harmful substances, efforts are underway to reduce their usage. Current research aims to minimize flame-retardant quantities and enhance durability against external factors. This involves utilizing anchor peptides or material-binding peptides (MBPs), which are versatile molecules that bind strongly to surfaces like textiles. MBPs can be equipped with functional molecules, e.g., flame-retardant additives, by chemical or enzymatic bioconjugation. In this research, biohybrid flame retardants and an adapted finishing process are developed. Specifically, biobased adhesion promoters, the so-called MBPs, are used to finish textiles with flame-retardant additives. To date, there is no finishing process for treating textiles with MBPs and so a laboratory-scale finishing process based on foulard was developed. Necessary parameters, such as the take-off speed or the contact pressure of the squeezing rollers, are determined experimentally. In order to develop an adapted finishing process, various trials are designed and carried out. Part of the trials is the testing and comparison of different textiles (e.g., glass woven fabrics and aramid woven fabrics) under different conditions (e.g., different ratios of MBPs and flame retardants). The finished textiles are then analysed and validated regarding their flammability and the amount of adhered flame retardants.

In finishing simulations, achieving accurate results can be challenging due to the minimal amount of material removal and the limited measurement range of surface micro-topography instruments. To overcome these limitations, a novel high-fidelity modeling method combining image mosaic and wavelet decomposition technologies is proposed in this paper. We achieve the stitching of narrow field and high pixel micro morphology images through four steps: image feature extraction, overlapped feature matching, feature fusion, and stitching effect evaluation. On this basis, the wavelet decomposition method is employed to separate detection signals based on their respective frequencies, allowing the establishment of a datum plane and a roughness surface. The point cloud model undergoes a transformation into a continuous geometric model via the Poisson reconstruction algorithm. In the case study, four sample images of an aluminum alloy sheet after barrel finishing were collected using the ZeGage Plus optical profiler. Each image has an actual size of 834.37 μm × 834.37 μm. Subsequently, a comparison was carried out between the physical and simulation experiments. The results clearly indicate that the proposed method has the potential to enhance the accuracy of the finishing simulation by over 30%. The error between the resulting model and the actual surface of the part can be controlled within 1 μm.

This study investigates the surface topography of microfinishing abrasive films and their machining capability on the Nimonic 80A superalloy, a high-performance nickel-based alloy commonly used in aerospace and gas turbine engine applications. Surface analysis was conducted on three abrasive films with nominal grain sizes of 30, 15, and 9 μm, exploring wear patterns, contact frequency, and distribution. To assess the distribution of grain apexes, Voronoi cells were employed. Results revealed distinct wear mechanisms, including torn abrasive grains and cracked bond surfaces, highlighting the importance of efficient chip removal mechanisms in microfinishing processes. Larger grain sizes exhibited fewer contacts with the workpiece but provided more storage space for machining products, while smaller grain sizes facilitated smoother surface finishes. The research demonstrated the effectiveness of microfinishing abrasive films in reducing surface irregularities. Additionally, surface analysis of worn abrasive tools provided insights into wear mechanisms and chip formation, with the segmentation of microchips contributing to efficient chip removal. These findings underscore the significance of selecting appropriate abrasive films and implementing effective chip removal mechanisms to optimize microfinishing processes and improve surface finishing quality in advanced material machining applications. It is worth emphasizing that no prior research has investigated the microfinishing of components crafted from Nimonic 80A utilizing abrasive films, rendering this study truly unique in its contribution to the field.

The paper investigates PcBN cutting tools of the BL group developed at the Institute of Superhard Materials, made with the addition of ceramic components TaN, TiC, TiN. Such materials are classified as ceramic-matrix composites (CMC). The hardness of the new modifications of composites for cutting tool purposes ranged from 31,2 to 40,2 GPa. Experimental studies were carried out under the conditions of high-speed cutting of hardened steels ShKh15 and KhVG. The performance of superhard composites was studied based on the criterion of the absence of brittle destruction of the cutting edge of the tool, and the effectiveness of new composites based on the criterion of the minimum intensity of wear of the clearance face of the indexable inserts when machining with cutting modes corresponding to the conditions of finishing. High performance parameters – quality of the finish and minimum intensity of wear have been demonstrated by tools equipped with CMC, which contain a matrix formed by titanium carbide.

Microbes can be carried by and even multiply on textiles, which can act as reservoirs containing infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi and could be vectors of infection in hospitals or communities. Scientific studies demonstrated two scenarios concerning the interrelationships between microorganisms and textiles: textiles can transmit microorganisms and thus infections, and textiles containing antimicrobial agents prevent the transmission of infections. This study aimed to evaluate the behavior in finishing specific knitted textile structures of different fiber compositions, designed, and produced for obtaining antibacterial knitted garments for people with special needs, using a conventional finishing agent and application method to be ready for application on tumbler-type industrial equipment. Different assortments of fibers, yarn compositions, and knitted fabric geometry were used to produce knitted textile materials. For acquiring an antibacterial effect, a bacteriostatic product based on silver chloride and titanium dioxide was used for the finishing of knitted fabrics, which was applied by exhaustion method, on a tumbler-type laboratory apparatus. Antibacterial activity was assessed by agar diffusion plate test on E. Coli and S. Aureus test strains. Higher inhibition zone values are obtained in the case of knits made of conventional fibrous blends (cotton/acrylic fibers), compared to the variants containing Bamboo, Lenpur, and Coolmax fibers.

For polymer-abrasive brush tools (PABT) working on CNC machines it is necessary to correct their wear constantly, since it is much higher compared to the wear of metal tools. Based on the dependence of tool wear on machining parameters for various materials, it is necessary to study the influence of the physical and mechanical properties of the material machined. The purpose of the paper is to study the process of finishing the surfaces of parts made of materials of different types with PABT. The analysis of dimensional wear of disc PABTs during the polishing various materials with certain physical and mechanical properties is provided in the article. The polishing was carried out in rational modes that ensure high quality and productivity of surface treatment. The similarity theory and dimensional analysis were used to assess the influence of the properties of the material machined on the intensity of PABT filament wear. To calculate it, dimensionless complexes were established, which take into account the physical and mechanical properties of the machined materials and evaluate their resistance to the penetration of abrasive grains, the ability of the material to absorb mechanical energy in the process of deformation and destruction under the impact of PABT filaments. The developed model was created for the first time. It made it possible to solve the problem of predicting the degree of dimensional wear of the disc PABT when polishing various materials, including difficult-to-machine ones. Prediction of the intensity of PABT filaments wear allows timely correction of the tool position during machining on CNC machines to ensure a constant pressing of the PABT to the surface being machined. The obtained Км material coefficient takes into account the influence of the physical and mechanical properties of the machined material and then estimates the intensity of PABT filaments wear. The KМ material coefficient can also be used to assess the PABT life and calculate the economic efficiency of the parts finishing treatment at the stage of technology development and the selection of polishing tools.

Post-process finishing of the additively manufactured (AMed) surfaces is still a critical issue, especially for the AMed surfaces with complex surface geometry, which largely limits the application of additive manufacturing. Hence, this paper presents a multi-jet polishing (MJP) method for post processing of AMed surfaces, utilizing a number of pressurized micro/nanometer abrasive water jets. A group of systematic polishing tests are conducted on 316L stainless steel (SS) prepared by powder bed fusion, to test the polishing performance, as well as the effect of key parameters. Moreover, surface integrity characterization and analysis are also carried out to make full evaluation of the MJP process on AMed 316L SS. The results indicate that MJP is effective for the post processing of AMed 316L SS, to obtain nanometric surface roughness on AMed surfaces, shedding the light on wide application of MJP for AMed complex surfaces.

This article presents a comprehensive investigation into pressure rollers utilized in the microfinishing process, covering aspects such as design, experimental properties, compliance, and finite element simulation. Prototype pressure rollers with unconventional elastomer configurations were designed and analyzed to explore their effectiveness in achieving superior surface finishes. Experimental analysis and finite element simulations were conducted to gain insights into the performance and behavior of these pressure rollers under various loading conditions. This study addresses the validation of constitutive material models used in finite element simulations to ensure accuracy and reliability. The results indicate that the applied material model, validated through experimental analysis, accurately predicts pressure roller behavior. Finite element simulations reveal distinct contact zone patterns and stress distributions across the contact surfaces, highlighting the importance of considering deflection-induced variations in contact behavior. Additionally, the investigation evaluates the effectiveness of different pressure rollers in removing surface irregularities during the microfinishing process. Roller R3 demonstrates the highest efficacy in removing surface peaks, suggesting its potential for achieving superior surface finishes. Overall, this research contributes to the advancement of microfinishing techniques by providing insights into pressure roller design, performance, and behavior, thereby optimizing microfinishing processes to produce high-quality components. The urgency of this study arises from the growing need for exceptional surface finishes in various industrial sectors. With manufacturing industries increasingly pursuing high-precision components boasting flawless surface quality, the significance of microfinishing processes is highlighted.

This study introduces innovative designs for abrasive tools aimed at enhancing surface finishing processes. Prototypes consisting of non-continuous abrasive films with discontinuous surface carriers and abrasive layers were developed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the smoothing process. Four distinct abrasive films with varying nominal grain sizes were fabricated to explore the versatility and efficacy of the prototypes. The results indicate that the incorporation of carrier irregularities significantly influences surface finishing processes, leading to improvements in material removal efficiency and surface quality. Longitudinal discontinuities facilitate faster removal of irregularities from workpiece materials, reducing the risk of deep scratches on surfaces. Additionally, this study highlights the importance of tool motion patterns in optimizing material removal processes and ensuring surface quality. The integration of carrier irregularities with additional oscillatory tool motion shows promise for further improving surface quality. These findings advance our understanding of abrasive machining processes and provide valuable insights for optimizing abrasive tool designs and machining strategies for enhanced surface finishing.

Tissue paper is deep-rooted in our daily life because of its different types of products that allow various applications. Tissue paper is a low grammage paper that is mainly characterized by softness, tensile strength, liquid absorption, and elasticity. These characteristics are essential when producing products such as toilet paper, kitchen rolls, hand towels, napkins, and facials. The tissue paper production involves two stages: formation of the tissue paper sheet itself and its converting into different finished products. Converting is characterized by several operations, namely: unwinding, winding, embossing, lamination, perforation, cutting, packaging, and palletizing. The most impacting operation is the embossing, which consists of marking a pattern on the paper sheet by applying pressure, with the intent to produce papers more aesthetically pleasing to the final consumer and/or a way to identify a particular brand. Also, it affects final properties, increasing the liquid absorption capacity and bulk but reducing softness and tensile strength. Converting is complex and has a huge impact on the finished products properties. In this review, the authors explored the different steps of converting and how they impact the different properties of finished tissue products.

Bu çalışmada, finisajın farklı ayakkabı yüzlük derilerin mukavemeti üzerine etkisi ve yüksek mukavemetli, uzun ömürlü ayakkabı üretimi için nasıl bir finisaj işleminin (hafif-ağır) tercih edilmesi gerektiği araştırılmıştır. Araştırmada, üç farklı tabaklama türü (krom, bitkisel, wet-white) ile tabaklanmış derilere standart finisaj işlemi yapılmış ve ayakkabılık derilerin mukavemeti için önemli fiziko-mekanik testler uygulanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, finisaj işlemleri ile tabaklama türlerinin hepsinde çekme mukavemeti ve uzama yüzdesi değerlerinin azaldığı, wet-white tabaklanmış örneklerde tüm yırtılma dayanım değerlerinin arttığı, aprenin yapışmasının bitkisel tabaklanmış örneklerde ortalama 14.85 N/cm ile en yüksek değere sahip olduğu görülmektedir. Sonuç olarak, ayakkabılarda istenen mukavemet özellikleri belirlendikten sonra finisaj işlemi ile mukavemeti azalan derilere hafif, artan derilere ise yoğun finisaj uygulanmasının uygun olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Tissue paper is deep-rooted in our daily life because of its different types of products that allow various applications. Tissue paper is a low grammage paper that is mainly characterized by softness, tensile strength, liquid absorption, and elasticity. These characteristics are essential when producing products such as toilet paper, kitchen rolls, hand towels, napkins, and facials. The tissue paper production involves two stages: formation of the tissue paper sheet itself and its converting into different finished products. Converting is characterized by several operations, namely: unwinding, winding, embossing, lamination, perforation, cutting, packaging, and palletizing. The most impacting operation is the embossing, which consists of marking a pattern on the paper sheet by applying pressure, with the intent to produce papers more aesthetically pleasing to the final consumer and/or a way to identify a particular brand. Also, it affects final properties, increasing the liquid absorption capacity and bulk but reducing softness and tensile strength. Converting is complex and has a huge impact on the finished products properties. In this review, the authors explored the different steps of converting and how they impact the different properties of finished tissue products.

Five different silane coupling agents such as vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS), vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES), trimethoxysilylpropylmethacrylate (TSPM), glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane (GPTES) and aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) were used for the surface finishing of cotton fiber by condensation polymerization in ethanol/water medium. The finished cotton fiber showed improved textile properties like tensile strength, wear comfortness, moisture absorption and wrinkle recovery, but decreased swelling in aqueous solution. The finished cotton fibers were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG). Attachment of silane coupling agents was confirmed and the finished cotton fiber showed increased thermal stability than the unfinished cotton. The finished cotton fiber showed higher reactive dye exhaustion due to silane coupling agent imparts new reactive sites for dye molecule on cotton fiber. The finished cotton fiber showed excellent fastness properties like washing, sunlight and chemical fastness properties. Improved textile properties of the silane finished cotton fiber with higher flexibility due to the presence of Si-O bond between the silane coupling agents and the cotton fiber, causes increased wear comfortness. Possible applications include use of the finished fibers as textile materials and garments.

Objective Our study aimed to investigate the effects of a 2% increase in dietary total digestible nutrients (TDN) value during the growing (7 to 12 mo of age) and fattening (13 to 30 mo of age) period of Hanwoo steers. Methods Two hundred and twenty Hanwoo steers were assigned to one of two treatments: i) a control group (basal TDN, BTDN, n = 111 steers, growing = 70.5%, early fattening = 71.0%, late fattening = 74.0%) or high TDN (HTDN, n = 109 steers, growing = 72.6%, early = 73.1%, late = 76.2%). Growth performance, carcass traits, blood parameters, and gene expression of longissimus dorsi (LD) (7, 18, and 30 mo) were quantified. Results Steers on the BTDN diets had increased (p≤0.02) DMI throughout the feeding trial compared to HTDN, but gain did not differ appreciably. A greater proportion of cattle in HTDN received Korean quality grade 1 (82%) or greater compared to BTDN (77%), while HTDN had a greater yield grade (29%) than BTDN (20%). Redness (a*) of LD muscle was improved (p = 0.021) in steers fed HTDN. Feeding the HTDN diet did not alter blood parameters. Steers fed HTDN diet increased (p = 0.015) the proportion of stearic acid and tended to alter linoleic acid. Overall, saturated, unsaturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids of LD muscle were not impacted by the HTDN treatment. A treatment by age interaction was noted for mRNA expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) IIA, IIX, and stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD) (p≤0.026). No treatment effect was detected on gene expression from LD muscle biopsies at 7, 18, and 30 mo of age; however, an age effect was detected for all variables measured (p≤0.001). Conclusion Our results indicated that feeding HTDN diet could improve overall quality grade while minimum effects were noted in gene expression, blood parameters, and growing performance. Cattle performance prediction in the feedlot is a critical decision-making tool for optimal planning of cattle fattening and these data provide both benchmark physiological parameters and growth performance measures for Hanwoo cattle feeding enterprises.

The present study was carried out with blended fabrics developed from 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 Calotropis/cotton-blended yarns. The cloth count of warp way was significantly different in all the four blends but it was highest in weft way. Shrinkage was higher in calotropis blends than in cotton warp way. Weft-way shrinkage was much lower and less varied between blend cotton fabric had a high degree of crease recovery angle in warp and weft direction. It was observed that the crease recovery angle was less in the weft way in all the four fabric. Calotropis-blended fabric has a less crease recovery angle than the 100% cotton fabric which has increased after dyeing and finishing both warp and weft way. The addition of Calotropis fiber appeared to increase the bending length indicating that the Calotropis fiber was stiffer than cotton fiber which has decreased after dyeing and finishing both warp and weft way.GSM (Grams per square meter) weight, air permeability was highest in 25:75 blended fabric compare to other blended fabrics which have been improved after dyeing and finishing. 75:25 Calotropis/cotton fabrics have a high tensile strength and the Extension of blended fabric are higher in the 50:50 blend compared to other fabric warp way.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of polymorphisms in the diacylglycerol acyltransferase ( DGAT ) and leptin ( LEP ) genes with the performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and lipid profile of Nellore cattle. A total of 100 intact male Nelore cattle were used to analyze the performance, carcass, physicochemical and centesimal composition, and fatty acid profile of beef. To identify the polymorphisms, the PCR–single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) technique was applied to genomic DNA extracted from muscle tissue. The SSCP technique revealed the presence of four band patterns for the DGAT gene (AC, AD, AE and BB) with five alleles (A, B, C, D and E). For the LEP gene, five band patterns (AA, AB, AC, BB and BC) with three alleles (A, B and C) were observed. For the LEP gene, the AB genotype was associated with higher backfat thickness and ribs weight, while the BB genotype was associated with lower ribs yield; higher hindquarter yield was associated with AC and BB genotypes. Higher contents of C17:0, C18:0 and lower contents of C18:2ω6C, total polyunsaturated fatty acids, total ω6 and ratio of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids (PUFA/SFA) were verified for the AC genotype of the LEP gene. The AC and AA genotypes of the LEP gene were associated with higher means of C15:0 and C18:1ω9t. For the DGAT gene, the highest C24:0 content was associated with the AE genotype and the lowest with the AD and BB genotypes. Polymorphisms in the DGAT and LEP genes influence carcass parameters and the lipid profile of the meat of Nellore cattle.

In this study, the surface of new lapping films was analyzed, and the lapping finishing process was applied to RG7 tin bronze alloy. The research focused on examining lapping films with electrocorundum grains of nominal sizes 30, 12, and 9 μm, commonly used for achieving smooth surfaces. The manufacturing process involves placing abrasive grains and binder onto a polyester tape, resulting in a heterogeneous distribution of abrasive grains. The study investigates the impact of this random distribution on the performance of lapping films during material removal. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the surface structure of abrasive films, revealing distinctive structures formed by the specific aggregation of abrasive grains. This study explores the influence of different nominal grain sizes on surface finish and aims to optimize lapping processes for diverse applications. The research also delves into microchip analysis, examining the products of the lapping film finishing process. Microchips were observed directly on the abrasive tool surface, revealing insights into their morphology and distribution. The chip segmentation frequency was determined, and they amounted to approximately 0.8 to 3 MHz; these are very high frequencies, which are unique for known chip-forming processes.

The use of hardened steels and high-hardness alloys provides the necessary mechanical and operational properties of machine parts and mechanisms, as a result of which the demand for the use of such materials is constantly growing. To increase the processing productivity of goods made of modern structural materials, it is advisable to use tools made of polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PcBN) with a low content of boron nitride (BL group), which allows processing with cutting speeds up to 300 m/min. Cutting plates made of such materials should be characterized by high purity of processing of the front and rear surfaces, the quality of sharpening (rounding) of the cutting wedge, which significantly affects the quality of the treated surface, the productivity of the cutting process and the stability of the tool. So far, thorough studies of the processes of mechanical processing of composite materials based on PcBN of various tool compositions have not been carried out. High-speed processing with PcBN-BL tools requires better preparation of the working surfaces of tools compared to standard technology, which will increase the stability of the tool and the efficiency of its use. The paper investigates the machinability of BL group composites based on three main components: CBN, TiC, TiN: cBN-TiC (55-45 Vol.%), cBN-TiN (55-45 Vol.%). Comparison was made with the machinability of a borsinite-type composite (97 Vol.% cBN, 3 Vol. % Si3N4) and a composite of the BH – cBN-TiCN-Al group (90-7– 3 Vol.%). All samples for research were manufactured at V. Bakul Institute for Superhard Materials of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The paper presents the results of studies of finishing with free abrasive of various grain sizes of the working surfaces of cutting plates made of composite of BL group and its effect on the surface topography.

In recent years, many different properties of natural dyestuffs that do not harm the environment and human have been discovered as a result of the search for dyestuffs. Buckthorn based dyes can be considered in this respect, and so they were tested in this study. The berries and leaves of the buckthorn bush trees were used. While dyeing the fabric, along with the dyeing process, other properties that can be added have been investigated. Wool fabrics with no metal salts and with five different metal salts were dyed with natural dye sources at 100°C for 1 hour. After dyeing, all samples were dried at room temperature. Then, the dyed wool samples’ CIE L*a*b* and color efficiency values (K/S) were determined from the obtained colors to show the usability of buckthorn in dyeing. Color fastness to washing, rubbing, perspiration, and light fastness of the samples were also tested, and results were determined in the range of 3–5 points. The T% values between 0.08 and 0.35 for UVA and between 0.09 and 0.18 for UVB were observed in all trials. It has been determined that fabrics treated with buckthorn berries/leaves can provide a protective feature against the harmful rays of the sun.

Non-abrasive iron-based grinding diamond wheels, lacking abrasive particles, negate the concern of detached passivated abrasives scratching the polished surface. During the Electrolytic In-Process Dressing (ELID) polishing process, α-Fe2O3 particles form on the oxide film surface of the iron-based grinding diamond wheel devoid of abrasives. These particles assume the role of the grinding diamond wheel for polishing. Therefore, the ELID electrolytic performance and the oxide film formation performance of the non-abrasive iron-based grinding diamond wheel significantly influence the formation of α-Fe2O3 particles and the subsequent ELID polishing performance. Our studies investigating the ELID dressing behavior of the non-abrasive iron-based grinding diamond wheel have analyzed the influence mechanism of the electric field, flow field, and pulse energy on its ELID dressing. Moreover, the roundness of the ELID dressing grinding diamond wheel, oxide film properties, and α-Fe2O3 particle content were measured, and plate glass was polished using the ELID non-abrasive iron-based grinding diamond wheel. The results illustrate that the non-abrasive iron-based grinding diamond wheel exhibits excellent ELID dressing performance. The diamond wheel’s roundness is less than 0.001 mm, the oxide film uniformly covers the surface, the content of α-Fe2O3 particles is evenly distributed, and the surface accuracy of the polished plate glass is approximately 0.5 nm. These findings provide a compelling case for the continued use and development of grainless iron-based grinding diamond wheels in precision grinding operations.

Finishing coatings used in the wood-based composite industry play a key role in the final appearance of the finished product. However, the use of such coatings is not only for aesthetic purposes, but also to protect the product against surface damage and moisture or to minimize the emission of harmful substances. The latter is an extremely important factor in terms of safety for both the manufacturer and the user, which is why the emissivity test is one of the most important tests conducted in this case. Carbon-rich materials, such as those remaining from the extraction of birch bark, can fulfill the role of minimizing the emission of harmful substances. In this article, an attempt to create coatings in the form of a film by combining a biopolymer with suberinic acid residues (SARs) was made. Two types of biopolymers were used, polylactide (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL), in various polymer–SAR ratios. Suberinic acid as a residue is a raw material that can potentially contribute positively to the fixing of CO2 from the atmosphere, which creates the possibility for further use. As part of this study, the obtained coatings were tested in terms of scratch resistance, relative hardness, cold liquids, total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), formaldehyde emission, surface absorption, etc. Differences between the polymers used and the effect of the SAR additive on selected surface properties were demonstrated. The addition of carbon-rich SAR significantly improves gas barrier properties of the PLA- and PCL-based surface finishing materials. The relative hardness and scratch resistance also increased with rising SAR content. However, the increasing content of SAR filler acts as a limiter in the depth of penetration of the deposited surface finishing materials onto the wood surface. It is possible to state that this innovative approach regarding (1) the utilization of biopolymers as a matrix, instead of conventional, crude oil-based resins, and (2) the incorporation of post-processed carbon-rich waste lignocellulosic materials to produce the surface finishing and/or protective films has been confirmed.

Penelitian ini menggunakan metode riset praktik eksperimental-deskriptif, difokuskan pada perpaduan finishing patina dan cat dekoratif. Patina adalah sebuah proses lapisan film berwarna tipis yang beragam bentuk di permukaan tembaga, kuningan, perunggu dan sejenis logam lainnya, yang terbentuk melalui proses oksidasi atau proses kimia lainnya. Terbentuknya proses patina memerlukan waktu yang sangat lama hingga mencapai puluhan tahun, maka rekayasa percepatan dan penampilan serupa dapat dilakukan melalui patina buatan. Efek karat yang cepat dapat dilakukan menggunakan bahan kimia amonia, cuka, baking soda, garam, tawas dan gula. Penerapan untuk studi kasus pada perhiasan tembaga dengan mengembangkan beragam tekstur yang dapat memaksimalkan hasil finishing patina. Tujuan dari riset ini adalah mengidentifikasi metode perpaduan finishing patina dan cat dekoratif serta peralatan yang diperlukan dalam proses pembentukan tekstur pada tembaga hingga menghasilkan finishing yang maksimal untuk menambah nilai jual; mengetahui tahapan pelaksanaan proses penciptaan perhiasan tembaga mulai dari persiapan, pemilihan bahan, pengerjaan hingga finishing. Metode riset praktik eksperimen deskriptif dipilih karena peneliti terlibat langsung dalam setiap proses pengerjaan untuk mengetahui tingkat kesulitan dan kendala yang ditemui langsung pada prosesnya. Hasil riset ini adalah perhiasan berupa kalung, anting, dan gelang dengan perpaduan finishing patina dan cat dekoratif. Manfaat dari riset ini dapat menambah variasi finishing pada produk seni kriya logam tembaga, seperti perhiasan, furniture, produk lampu, patung, dan lain sebagainya.

In recent years, the development of technologies for "connected factories" based on the Internet of Things (IoT) has become important, and industrial robots are required to operate autonomously based on sensing technologies and their data. In this paper, we focused on the polishing work with a cooperative robot, and discussed a method to integrate the technology of the developed wireless vibration monitoring system with the internal information of the servo. In particular, we attempted to construct a novel finishing system that utilizes the internal information of the force sensor installed in the base of the cooperative robot not only to detect human contact but also to improve the accuracy of machining. We estimated the rough-endmilling state from the in-process monitoring the vibration with a wireless tool holder system and the internal information of the servo obtained during endmilling operation, and also integrated the finishing process using the newly developed system considering rough endmilling information with a cooperative robot.

The aerospace industry still relies on manual processes for finish applications, which can be a tedious task. In recent years, robotic automation has gained interest due to its flexibility and adaptability to provide solutions to this issue. However, these processes are difficult to automate, as the material removal rate can vary due to changes in the process variables. This work proposes an approach for automatically modeling the material removal process based on experimental data in a robotic belt grinding application. The methodology concerns the measurement of the removed mass of a test part during a finishing process using an automatic precision measurement system. Then, experimental models are used to develop a control algorithm for continuous material removal that maintains a uniform finishing process by regulating the robot’s feed rate. Next, the results for various experimental material removal models under different process conditions are presented, showing the process parameter’s influence on the removal capacity. Finally, the proposed control algorithm is validated, achieving a constant material removal rate.

Brushing with bonded abrasives is a flexible finishing process used for the deburring and the rounding of workpiece edges as well as for the reduction of the surface roughness. Although industrially widespread, insufficient knowledge about the contact behavior of the abrasive filaments mainly causes applications to be based on experiential values. Therefore, this article aims to increase the applicability of physical process models by introducing a new prediction method, correlating the contact forces of single abrasive filaments, obtained by means of a multi-body simulation, with the experimentally determined process forces of full brushing tools during the surface finishing of ZrO2. It was concluded that aggressive process parameters may not necessarily lead to maximum productivity due to increased tool wear, whereas less aggressive process parameters might yield equally high contact forces and thus higher productivity.

The article analyzes the research aimed at the use of various materials, additives and additives to oils. It is established that their application is mainly limited to the stages of operation, bench and operational running-in. The use of antifriction materials at the stage of processing the parts of internal combustion engines, limiting the resource, is small, despite the fact that such treatment reduces the running-in time and improves the finish of the friction surfaces. Theoretical calculation of the parameters of the working surface of the engine cylinder liner during their finishing using special antifriction materials showed a 2-fold increase in the bearing surface (from 0.2 to 0.4 of the nominal surface area at the level of the middle line of the profile) and a roughness of 0.27 μm, which is close to the values after the bench run-in. This proves the possibility of using this treatment in order to reduce the time of preparation of CNG and improve the characteristics of the surfaces to be worked. It is established that the finishing of engine cylinder liners with antifriction materials should be carried out at the contact pressure of the working tool (brass bars) on the surface of the sleeve 3 MPa, the speed of the working tool 5.5 m/s, the processing time of the sleeve 20 min. Finishing of sleeves with use of compositions TSK-B100 + SURM-KV, SURM-UO and RVS allows to reduce mechanical losses on friction in TsPG by 5-19% at the beginning of process of running in after processing in comparison with mechanical losses at the end of cold running in without finishing sleeves; to obtain the roughness parameters after finishing the same as after cold running in without additional processing of the sleeves; increase the bearing surface by 2 - 2.5 times (from 0.2 - 0.25 to 0.4 - 0.5 of the nominal surface area at the level of the middle line of the profile), which confirms the calculated data. The final treatment of sleeves with compositions based on antifriction materials TSK-B100 + SURM-KV, SURM-UO and RVS allows to provide values of parameters of a working surface of sleeves (reduction of roughness, increase of a basic surface) approaching their values after cold running in, therefore allows to increase contact loadings. in the connection "sleeve - piston ring" after this treatment and reduce the time of the bench run-in (to the values required for the attachment of other engine connections)

Background. The variety of polishing systems and tools available for finishing direct composite restorations may perplex the dentist.Objectives. An effect evaluation in one- and multi-step composite polishing tools using model specimens of GC Gradia Direct and 3M ESPE Filtek Ultimate restoratives.Methods. The prepared specimens of GC Gradia Direct and 3M ESPE Filtek Ultimate restorative composites were exposed in laboratory to the Kenda Maximus, Dentsply PoGo, Kagayaki RoundFlex, Shofu Super-Snap, Kagayaki Ensmart Pin, EVE Composoft polishing systems and Daiyamondo Kagayaki paste. The polishing systems distinguished by brand, technical and performance characters.Surface microgeometry in all 16 samples was estimated in the Laboratory of Optical Metrology, Institute of Design and Technology for Scientific Instrument Engineering, Novosibirsk, using a MNP-1 light interferometric nanoprofile microscope and at the shared core facilities of the Research and Education Centre “Nanomaterial Diagnostics and Properties” of Kuban State University, Krasnodar, using a JEOL JSM-7500F scanning electron microscope.Results. Optical profilometry and scanning electron microscopy were used to estimate surface roughness in 16 specimens exposed to polishing for one minute. The polishing tools Kenda Maximus, Dentsply PoGo, Kagayaki RoundFlex, Shofu Super-Snap, Kagayaki Ensmart Pin, EVE Composoft, as well as Daiyamondo Kagayaki paste used in instrumental polishing, revealed a varied performance. Optical profilometry exhibited the GC Gradia Direct and Filtek Ultimate specimens to possess the lowest average roughness in two cases: 1) after multi-step polishing with Kagayaki Ensmart Pin tools with Daiyamondo Kagayaki paste (average roughness corresponded to Sa — 0.214 pm in GC Gradia Direct and Sa — 0.248 pm — in Filtek Ultimate), 2) in application of the Kenda Maximus monopolishing tool (roughness values of Sa — 0.211 and Sa — 0.242 pm, respectively). Surface roughness after multi-step machining with EVE Composoft silicone polishers was average Sa — 0.579 and Sa — 0.549 pm in both samples and was reported the highest. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the optical profilometry estimates.Conclusion. The assay showed that the specimen machining with a sole Kenda Maximus diamond abrasive tool and several Kagayaki Ensmart Pin silicone polishing heads followed by a Daiyamondo Kagayaki diamond abrasive paste application produced very similar surface roughness values, which were graded the lowest with GC Gradia Direct and 3M ESPE Filtek Ultimate composite samples using scanning electron microscopy and optical profilometry.

A 3 yr experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of diet and feeding location on animal performance, carcass characteristics, whole blood counts, and internal parasite burden of lambs assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: 1) confinement fed 71% alfalfa, 18% barley pellet, 5% molasses, 0.013% Bovatec, 6.1% vitamin/mineral package diet (CALF), 2) confinement fed 60% barley, 26% alfalfa pellet, 4% molasses, 2.5% soybean-hi pro, 0.016% Bovatec, 7.4% vitamin/mineral package diet (CBAR), 3) field fed 71% alfalfa, 18% barley pellet, 5% molasses, 0.013% Bovatec, 6.1% vitamin/mineral package diet (FALF), and 4) field fed 60% barley, 26% alfalfa pellet, 4% molasses, 2.5% soybean-hi pro, 0.016% Bovatec, 7.4% vitamin/mineral package diet (FBAR). A year × location interaction was detected for ending body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), and dry matter intake (DMI); therefore results are presented by year. In all years, cost of gain and DMI were greater for CALF and FALF than for CBAR and FBAR feed treatments (p ≤ 0.03). In yr 2 and 3 field treatments had greater ending BW and ADG than confinement treatments. For all years, diet did not affect ending BW or ADG. In yr 1 dressing percent and rib eye area were greater for field finished lambs than confinement finished (p ≤ 0.02) and Warner-Bratzler shear force was greater for CALF and FALF (p = 0.03). In yr 2 lambs in FALF and FBAR treatments had greater leg scores and conformation than CALF and CBAR (p = 0.09). In yr 1, FALF had a greater small intestine total worm count than all other treatments. In yr 1, ending Trichostrongyle type egg counts were greater for FALF (p = 0.05). In yr 2, ending Nematodirus spp. egg counts were greater for FALF and lowest for CBAR (p < 0.01). Abomasum Teladorsagia circumcinta worm burden was greater in CALF than all other treatments (p = 0.07) in yr 2. While field finishing lambs with a grain- or forage-based diet we conclude that it is possible to produce a quality lamb product without adverse effects to animal performance, carcass quality or increasing parasite burdens.

The use of CNC equipment that integrates several machining operations allows the elimination of downtime resulting from setup changeovers and the clamping of workpieces in several different machine tools. More and more CNC machines and tools that allow the integration of several machining operations are appearing on the market, but there are only a few examples of these and many solutions that allow such integration for more complex operations are still missing. The aforementioned factors motivated the research work described in this paper. The purpose of the present study was to develop an innovative grinding head with different functional features for use in the process of shaped surfaces face grinding, the use of which will enable complete abrasive machining in a single mounting. The conducted tests of the grinding process showed a reduction in the values of the roughness parameters Sa (5.30, 1.12, 0.63 μm), St (31.8, 14.4, 6.72 μm), Sq (6.39, 1.46, 0.81 μm) and Spk (6.16, 0.77, 0.33 μm) and an increase in the value of the parameter Sds (393, 563, 1203 pks/mm2) on the surface after machining in two stages, first for rough grinding and then for finishing relative to the surface after the shaped milling process.

Additive manufacturing (AM) is used for the fabrication of solid components of complex geometries for customized applications. However, AM-fabricated components frequently require finishing operations such as abrasive grinding, which causes a different surface characteristic compared to the conventionally manufactured components. Thus, it is essential to study the effect of process parameters and the heat treatment on surface quality of the AM components because these may behave differently to the conventional manufactured components. In this study, surface characteristics of AM samples of Ti-6Al-4V with a cryogenically cooled finishing operation is compared with that of conventionally processed samples. The samples under investigation were fabricated by two different methods, namely, Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) and conventional processing. The effect of the two processes on surface characteristics, such as microhardness, surface roughness, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and mechanical properties has been studied. The average surface roughness from cryogenic grinding was reduced by 27.25% and 23.15% for the AM, and 30.08% and 29.13% for conventional samples, as compared to dry and moist conditions, respectively. The finished DMLS and conventional samples showed increase of microhardness by 14.07%, 14.27%, 17.54% and 17.48%, 8.06%, 38.68%, in dry, moist, and cryogenic conditions, respectively. In cryogenic conditions, as the DOC and table feed increased, a greater increase in peak broadening was observed. The peak broadening in XRD of finished DMLS components indicates that a significant level of plastic deformation occurred compared to the finished conventionally manufactured Ti-6Al-4V samples, which suggests that the DMLS samples are more sensitive to the finishing process. Compared to dry and moist grinding, cryogenic grinding was found to have the smallest grains in the layer just below the surface. The impact of cryogenic cooling on surface properties of AM Ti-6Al-4V samples is higher as compared to that on conventionally processed Ti-6Al-4V samples.

This work aims to improve the flame retardancy of jute fabric. Raw and bleached plain weave jute fabric was used in this work. Flame retardants borax, diammonium phosphate and thiourea were applied in different concentrations in a raw and bleached jute fabric with the padding method. The influences of flame retardant finishing on the vertical flammability behaviour and tensile properties as well as wash resistance were inves¬tigated. Flame spread time was found to significantly increase when these simple flame retardant finishing agents were used. It was found that the borax-treated raw and bleached specimens exhibited higher flame spread time among all. The assessment of physical properties such as weight gain percentage and breaking load along warp and weft direction of the control and treated fabrics revealed that the increase of flame retardant finishing weight gain caused a decrease in breaking load. Furthermore, the specimens treated with borax and diammonium phosphate flame retardant showed better results than thiourea for flame retardancy and wash durability. These flame retardant jute fabrics have industrial protective textile applications as brattice cloth in mines and many other potential fields of application, e.g. flame retardant kitchen apron, furnishings for public hall, theatre and hospital, etc.

Diamond spark grinding is known for lower thermo-mechanical stress of mass micro-cutting in the processing zone compared to conventional diamond grinding. This made it possible to propose the organization of the process using the minimum lubrication methodology as an alternative to the conventional jet watering of the treatment zone with water-based lubricating and cooling technological agents. On the example of using an equilibrium mixture of stearin and sebacic acid, it is shown that the introduction of a solid lubricant reduces the energy intensity of diamond spark grinding in comparison with its support with conventional jet watering. The main explanation for this is to reduce the tribological and thermo-mechanical load on the cutting grains and the working surface of the grinding wheel as a whole due to the application of solid lubricant directly to the working contact surface of the tool. The results of the performed experiments make it possible to predict thermo-physically and physic-mechanically intensified schemes of defect-free diamond spark grinding of hard alloys and other difficult-to-machine materials, in particular, with increased contact pressures or cutting speeds. The development of oriented material science practical recommendations in this direction involves additional research with control of the physical quality of the treated surface.

The paper presents experimental results of the research carried out in order to obtain an innovative finishing/protection product for plasterboard surfaces, using sunflower seed husks, waste generated by the edible oils industry. In the form of an addition consisting of one or two-dimensional fractions, sunflower seed hulls have been incorporated into a finishing/protective coating product, the latter acting as a binder. The multilayered application of the resulting products, on gypsum board surfaces, led to a coating having good adhesion to the support as well as good thermal insulation characteristics (between 0.165 W/m.K and 0.095W/m.K), despite the small thicknesses of the coating (between 3.15 mm and 5.10 mm) compared to the traditional products with thermal insulating properties.

There are some scientific papers that verify that the generation of negative ions in the air have positive consequences on people’s mood and health. In this work is intended to increase the generation of negative ions from polyester fabrics to achieve an increase in well-being and comfort through the realize of negative ions. To improve the negative ion release ability on different substrates there have been many studies which have considered silicates as a good particle with these characteristics. Polyester fabrics were treated using padding system with different tourmaline microparticles in order to modify the surface behavior when rubbed and demonstrating that it is possible to modify the number of negative ions generated. Two types of tourmaline microparticles with different size particles, 3 and 30 μm, were studied and applied on the samples with and without an acrylic resin to get a better fixation. To determine the quantity of negative ions released, an ion counter was used, testing each sample. Finally, the results were studied, analyzing the different parameters that influence them, as the concentration, the addition of resin or the kind of the particle. The best results were obtained with the Tourmaline with 30 μm at 50 g/L concentration and without the addition of the acrylic resin.

This work discusses the influence of process variables on antimicrobial properties of cotton single jersey knitted fabrics. The antimicrobial process variables are optimized based on the Box-Benken experimental design using design-expert software 8.0 to predict the optimum process parameter for achieving the required level of antimicrobial properties. The effects of process parameters such as yarn count, loop length, and finishing % of the zone of inhibition (ZOI) against the Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus microbes on cotton knitted fabric have been carried out. Result shows that except yarn count other parameters are not significant toward the ZOI against microbes.

The possibility of improving the surface quality of flat products made of aluminium alloy AMc is considered by using the method of magnetic abrasive processing in the finishing stage of manufacturing. The influence of the main technological parameters of magnetic-abrasive processing, temperature factors and the composition of the cooling lubricant on the quality of the processed surface has been investigated. The results obtained from experimental studies have shown significant improvements in surface quality, which allow us to conclude on the effectiveness of the magnetic abrasive blasting method for finishing products made of the AMc aluminium alloy.

The printing industry has become more development than before, as well as the challenges that related to quality and consistency of colors results, especially with the repetition of printing operations in the packaging field. The using of measurement devices is very important due to the many changes that occur on printing materials in general and on paper and inks in particular. And their were many sources of cellulose plants and other sources of paper manufacturing, as well as the entry of recycling operations in this industry , and also many producing companies are manufacturing paper with different technology in the world.Also there are a several companies producing inks and the development of the manufacture of chemical›s Pigment compounds and sources of oils, resins and other additives.All of that factors made it necessary and to use measurement devices, especially in the production of repeated printing to ensure the stability of results and quality control in each process.In this research we will highlight on the most important types of paper in general and especially the paper that used in this research .And we will print models of the fourteen basic colors of the Pan tone and will make measurements using the spectrophotometer to register and monitor the differences resulting from the different surface finishing of the paper coated - glossy/matt and uncoated.As well as registered the results and values of the difference between the print samples and Pantone.In this research, we will highlight on the colors deviations with the different surface finishing of the paper and fixed the other factors to identify the reasons that lead to the deviation of the results with the use of the same materials and equipment and using of different types of finishing surface of paper.

The use of solid lubricants in anhydrous grinding technologies is consistent in reducing the use of water to serve industrial needs, which is one of the leading global environmental dominants. It is proposed to carry out development and research of ecological anhydrous processes of abrasive finishing forming of difficult-to-process materials by the method of diamond-spark grinding, which is the founder of NTU "KPI" and which has proved its high innovative flexibility and efficiency by wide scientific and industrial practice. The technologically competitive environment and some hypotheses and bases for the development of a complex of patentable technical solutions, as well as scientific and practical recommendations on the choice and technological instructions for the implementation of solid lubricants in diamond-spark grinding operations are presented. The article announces the implementation of the project ID: 62437 (3002-5695) with international cooperation under the auspices of the Ministry of Science and Education of Ukraine.

A high surface quality of tooth flanks can improve the service life and the performance of gears, as well as reduce acoustic emissions. However, high demands on the gear geometry pose a challenge for the finishing of tooth flank surfaces because the dimensional accuracy that can be achieved with modern grinding processes must not be impaired by the finishing process. A preceding study has shown fundamentally that profiled abrasive brushing tools can be used to improve the quality of individual tooth flank surfaces. Due to the integration into the grinding machine, it represents a promising alternative to common finishing applications. Before the process can be used in an industrial environment, process reliability and tool life must be examined. For this purpose, complete reference gearwheels (39 × 10) were finished with the brushing tools. It could be shown that the surface roughness can be reliably reduced by ΔRa ≈ 0.2 µm by using a single brush for an entire gearwheel without changing the gear geometry. In addition to the influence of the tool specifications on the work result, the influence of the initial roughness after grinding was considered in particular. It was found that the achievable surface roughness depends significantly on the depth of the grinding grooves, as these are retained as desired, while the roughness peaks are fully smoothed. Furthermore, a device for the machine-integrated profiling and dressing of brushing tools was successfully designed, implemented, and tested.