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This article introduces the concept of functional foods derived from underutilized crops, emphasizing the manifold benefits they bring to farmers, communities, and health. Economically, these crops present a valuable opportunity for farmers, offering increased income and diversification of agricultural practices. Furthermore, underutilized crops are lauded for their environmental sustainability, contributing to reduced ecological strain and promoting biodiversity. In the realm of health and nutrition, underutilized crop superfoods have a pivotal role to play. They are known for their disease prevention properties, with certain crops possessing anti-inflammatory and anticancer attributes. Additionally, these crops aid in improving digestion, offering relief to those with gastrointestinal issues. Their high levels of antioxidants bolster cellular health and combat free radicals. Enhanced immune function is another notable benefit, providing better resilience against diseases. Moreover, the superfoods aid in weight management by offering a nutrient-rich, calorie-efficient alternative. Specific examples of underutilized crops, including amaranth, black rice, quinoa, and more, are thoroughly examined for nutritional richness and culinary versatility, underlining suitability for daily dietary incorporation. The article also delves into the impact of microbiological innovations in developing functional foods, shedding light on the technological advancements that create healthier, more accessible food products. An essential aspect of this exploration is the consideration of policy interventions to promote underutilized crops. This article underscores the necessity of government support and awareness campaigns to harness the full potential of these crops. This article advocates for the broader recognition and integration of underutilized crop superfoods into everyday diets and agricultural practices. By doing so, it aspires to pave the way for a healthier, more sustainable, and empowered future where these 'gastronomic goldmines' form a cornerstone in promoting wellness and nutrition.

Understanding the vertical distribution of elasmobranch species and associated ecological dynamics can be a crucial component of developing effective conservation strategies, particularly in light of their global population decline. Previous studies have primarily focused on horizontal extent and movement patterns of elasmobranchs, with limited knowledge about their vertical distribution. This knowledge gap stems from limited access to technological advancements and reliance on surface data from fisheries operations. Today, advancements in observing platforms such as electronic tracking, remotely operated vehicles and submersibles, and reductions in costs for drop cameras and BRUVs, allow for direct observation of animals at great depths, facilitating improved understanding of their ecological and trophic niches. This study reports new global depth records for three elasmobranch species observed in the Saudi Arabian Red Sea (Carcharhinus altimus, Rhinobatos punctifer, Iago omanensis), also presenting ethological evidence on Iago omanensis feeding behavior. Our findings have significant implications for conservation strategies and the development of targeted conservation measures. The provisioning of data on new depth ranges allows places like NEOM to better manage and protect deep sea habitats, due to the presence of species occurring at those depths.

This article analyzes Álvaro da Costa’s return trip from the Estado da Índia to Lisbon in 1611. The constraints of Costa’s travel allow us to discuss some common assumptions about the character and spirit of early modern travelers and to illustrate some of the limits of travelers’ observations and the peculiar modes of knowledge they displayed. Reading through the many misunderstandings and apparent mistakes that Costa introduced in his Tratado da viagem, the article also explores the complex dynamics of “discovery” and argues that early modern globalization must be understood as a manyfold process. Individuals not only disposed of different information, but they also used very diverse frameworks to interpret and make sense of such information. The article contrasts Costa’s use of older but resilient interpretative frameworks with more modern and more accurate interpretations and shows that very different perceptions about world connections coexisted during the early modern age. In particular, the article focuses on how Costa actively combined his observations of the ruins of Babylon and other cities he found on his route with previous paradigms of universal history, such as biblical theories on the historical succession of empires.

In the lights of geocriticism, this study analyzes the trajectory of nostalgic characters in Onitsha and L’Africain by J.M.G Le Clézio. Fleeing existential discomfort in their place of origin, the characters leave for somewhere else (Africa). Originally designed as a travel with the idea of returning, the journey turns into a quest for oneself. Influenced by encounters with African otherness that have fascinated and shaped their identity, travelers find it difficult to divest themselves of this space. An itinerary of the journey is then drawn by which the characters express their nostalgia for the lost paradise.

The article analyzes the promotional activity of outstanding Russian encyclopedist Michail Lomonosov who founded the fundamentals of science in Russia and tried to make scientific knowledge available for the wide range of readers in the XVIII century. Also, different forms of dissemination of scientific knowledge that Lomonosov used in the academic and educational activities were examined in the article.

It is common knowledge that history repeats itself! Maybe not literally, but patterns of behaviour likely dependent of the human nature, are probably prone to repeat themselves. So, one may wonder if looking back could help us prepare for a better future. Moreover, by looking back at the history of people and societies, we should all be able to have a better understanding of why things happen the way they do. This seldom happens, and when it does, it is happening within very limited circle of the society such as scholars and some politician circles, rarely overflowing to the whole society. The point is that, what we see today is not very different from what has happened in the past. Let us go back to November 13, 1460, the day Prince Henry the Navigator, passed away in Sagres, leaving Portugal with an enormous debt. Despite that fact, Prince Henry was the “guiding force behind Portugal’s assimilation of nautical knowledge and its vast extension of maritime exploration for nearly four decades” (Kock, 2003, p.59). It is interesting that by that time intellectual property was already being managed. (...)

On the initiative of the Department for Studies on the Origins of the Polish State established in 1949 extensive archaeological excavations were undertaken throughout the country. Sandomierz with the whole its region was an important spot on the map of these research. Both historical places of worship and early urban centres dating back to the beginnings of the Polish State are located in the area. In the case of Sandomierz there are also written sources that prove the centre’s exceptional significance at the dawn of the State of the First Piasts. It is not surprising that the expectations of both historians and archaeologists towards excavations conducted in the town area and the entire region were high from the very beginning. In the paper the most significant results of archaeological research that took place in the Sandomierz region in the years 1958-1968 were discussed.

In obituary the main milestones of scientific creativity of Dr. habil. professor Niyaz A. Mazhitov are marked by the archaeologists of Bashkortostan Republic. A significant contribution of the scientists in archaeology of the South Ural region during the early medieval period as well as the high medieval one is defined.

In the 16th century, positions defending the use of the Portuguese language in all areas of writing, not only in literary production, emerged. Latin, as a highly scientific and legal language, proved to be inadequate for some spheres of knowledge and especially for the transmission of the information of new realities. The discoveries that came from the East demonstrated the relevance of the exclusive use of the vernacular, the Portuguese language, for such purposes.

This work explains the acquisition process of neologism referred to the New World realities, incorporated to the Italian and Spanish languages during the XVIth century. As a significant example, it shows the route of the words caimán and tiburón.

In our present globalized world, an attempt to reflect on the “Archeology of Globalization” confronts us with a decisive question: Globality seems to be a singular phenomenon, the inevitable outcome of a teleological history which conforms our present. But can we think it as a plurality? Can we retrace this history in other form as a linear progression? By exploring European discussions that took place between the last third of the eighteenth and the mid-nineteenth centuries and which reflected on globalization, I will try to expose another development of this phenomenon. My focus emphasizes the very specific dynamics, modes of representation, and reflections that set up not an archeology but archaeologies of globalization: a world-consciousness that recognizes the patterns of movement and relationality that constitutes it, transforming itself into knowledge about how to live together in difference.

At the turn of the seventeenth century, the arrival of French, English and Dutch ships on three oceans and the breaking of the Iberian monopoly over the East and West Indies, was accompanied by a shift in the notion discovery. To understand the issues related to the appropriation of the concept by the European rivals of Portugal and Spain, this article focuses on the writings of the Huguenot historian Henry Lancelot Voisin de La Popeliniere (1541-1608). According to him, the idea of "discovery" should become the alpha and omega of a new writing of history, superior in all points from what historians, be they Ancient or Modern, had previously proposed. In the meantime, the notion was endowed with a significance that went far beyond the single issue of historical writing: the narratives of the discoveries would now play the role of guarantor for claiming possessions overseas.

Due to the great transoceanic voyages and geographical discoveries, the Iberian monarchies carried out the institutionalization of cosmography and they created the 'official cartography' of the Crown, a science at the full disposal of the imperial interests of the Court ; for the maintenance of large overseas empires, and by extension, the validity of official cartographic representations. In this article the author analyzes those maps used as testimonials during trials or in the resolution of a geographical dispute, namely 'litigant cartography’. The aim of this article is to show, through the study of maps and charts, how mapping was decisive for the resolution of the 'querella de las Moluccas’. In other words, why can we say that the Spanish and Portuguese maps were good instruments to describe and to explain the economic, political and scientific prominence of the two great conquerors power of the Renaissance? This dispute over control of the Spice Islands between Castile and Portugal took place within the authoritarian system of the monarchy, a political form bureaucratized where cartography, in many cases, was considered a state secret.