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AbstractOne of the earliest forms of cultural and economic support for people worldwide, especially in Ethiopia, is indigenous knowledge-based handcrafting. This study uses exploratory, descriptive research design to understand the indigenous knowledge-based tub and griddle pan handcrafting industry in Dessie, Ethiopia. The required data was gathered through in-depth questionnaires and interviews with 97 business owners and employees, supplemented by first-hand field observation and secondary data from offices. Data from different sources was analyzed using descriptive statistical factors such as percentages and frequencies. Content analysis was also used to examine non-numeric qualitative information. The study revealed that artisans produced various goods for indoor and outdoor functions, mainly unique artisan products such as the tub and griddle pan. Artisans can support themselves using manual tools, equipment, and long-established traditional knowledge and skills. Most artisans had learned their skills through apprenticeships or hands-on training. The manufacturing compound was covered in discarded garbage and scrap. Artisans were at risk of injury because they worked without the proper safety gear. Other production barriers included a lack of appropriate production utilities and facilities, including credit, raw materials, markets, and information for product distribution. Therefore, it is vital to find ways to support the Tub and Griddle Pan handcrafting business, by figuring out how to get better production tools and equipment, access to credit, raw materials, market outlets, and training and skill development through the practical application of the policies and strategies set forth by the government.

Discrimination against women's roles in development must be eliminated because women have equal opportunities in various activities. It is important to conduct research on the roles and participation of women in reproductive and productive activities related to a specific job. This research aims to analyze the roles of women who are craftsmen of Lepironia articulata in reproductive and productive activities. The object of research was the community of L.articulata craftsmen residing in the Pabaungan Hulu village in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Data collection methods include interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) with the respondents. Data analysis regarding involvement in reproductive and productive aspects consists of 2 categories: active (value=1) and inactive (value=0). Role analysis used variables related to reproductive (10 indicators) and productive (13 indicators) activities. The analysis of the participation of L.articulata craftsmen used 3 categories. Women's involvement in reproductive activities have averages value= 86.5%, and in productive activities, it is 88.46%. The average involvement of men in reproductive activities is only 27%, and in productive activities, it is 9.23%. Women's roles in reproductive and productive activities have value= 17.3%, 17,69% respectively. Men have roles in reproductive and productive activities = 5.4%, 1.85% respectively. Women craftsmen's participation in reproductive and productive aspects has a value of 20.15 (high category), while men's participation is only 3.9 (low category). These findings provide important evidence of the significance of women's roles and participation in the management and operational aspects of L.articulata crafts.

For years Tiflis used to be a major economic center of the Caucasus. Its arms were well known and valued outside the region. Arms workshops were located in different areas of Tiflis, but most of them were concentrated in Armoury Row, which, at least since the 1630s, was located in the historic district between Sioni Cathedral and Anchiskhati Basilica, in the western part of King Square. It was probably due to King Rostom that rows of arms workshops were established in the form which remained until the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti was annexed by Russia. He moved the royal palace to the area between Sioni Cathedral and Anchiskhati Basilica and began the formation of the royal quarter. In 1795, after the troops of the Persian Shah Aga Mohammad Khan invaded Tiflis, Armoury Row was completely destroyed but was subsequently rebuilt by the Kartli-Kakheti kings. Armoury Row continued to exist in the western part of King Square until the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom was annexed by the Russian Empire. In the 1800s, various government buildings began to appear around King Square, and therefore Armoury Row was moved a few hundred meters to the south, where it existed until the first quarter of the 20th century. The study of the history of Tiflis Armoury Row allows us to supplement modern views on arms production in the Transcaucasia in the 17th-20th centuries.

This study examined the utilization of a work-based learning program (WBL) to develop the employability skills of craftsmen in the construction industry towards industrial development. Also, it determines the influence of WBL on employability skills of craftsmen challenges militating against effective utilization of WBL, and strategies/techniques for improving utilization of WBL to develop competency and employability skills of craftsmen in construction industries. A descriptive survey research design was used and data was obtained using a structured questionnaire known as the Employability Skill Inventory Checklist. 95 site managers in construction industries and technical instructors in private vocational centers/colleges in Lagos State participated in the study. The analysis was carried out using SPSS version 16.0 for data computation. Mean was used to answer three research questions. Findings revealed that WBL enhances the employability potential of Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) graduates by promoting their soft skills, technical and vocational skills. Challenges against the utilization of WBL include; activities related to WBL programs that do not fit neatly into traditional school and lack healthy collaboration between TVET and industry. Also, recommended techniques/strategies for WBL include maintaining frequent communication between parents and teachers, producing regular reports that track each student’s progress; skill, knowledge, and attitude should be derived from work undertaken.

In comparison with other areas of modern Bosnia and Herzegovina, the area of middle Podrinje had the highest population in Roman Ages. That led to the creation of different social strata. By analyzing the epigraphic and archaeological material, we try to answer the following questions: how did the Roman society look like and what was the social status of some social categories; in what position was the indigenous population compared to immigrants; what marks were left behind by the merchants, craftsmen,miners, and slaves?

Objective: This paper aims to explore how a relational collaboration process is formed among bag and suitcase craftsmen in an Industrial Village in Indonesia. Design/Methods/Approach: The study is a qualitative case study formulated from nine informants interviewed with different roles, from the initiators, actors, and community leaders to local government agencies. Information collected is analyzed using the Gioia method with the three stages of analysis: concepts, themes, and dimensions. Findings: Different from previous research, which stated that three perspectives of the interaction form of the dynamics of business competition, namely rivalry, competitive-cooperation, and relational, can only be manifested mutual-exclusively according to a certain cultural context, this study finds that those perspectives can be manifested as an evolutionary stage. which we label as "relational-collaboration. “Collaboration is an inseparable process following dynamic changes and adjusting the challenges and opportunities in each competitive interaction change. The changing evolution processes begin from rivalry competition to competitive cooperation and turn again into relational collaboration. Rivalry interaction through price wars has had a negative impact on all craftsmen and even on their social environment. The emergence of an awareness of the price-war impact made a small number of craftsmen initiate to work together through the formation of a cooperative to support their capital business. Although initially, only a few craftsmen became members, the commitment of the initiator members led other craftsmen to join in. This process continues to grow until the formation of relational collaboration among craftsmen in response to orders in large quantities within and outside the country. Originality: Limited study found to discuss how relational collaboration is formed, especially those focusing on the business cluster. This study expects to fill the gap by exploring the empirical aspect of forming relational collaboration among competitors.

China is the main technology research and development country in the world’s bamboo industry, as well as the main producer and exporter of bamboo products. It ranks at the international leading level in terms of bamboo forest area, stock volume, bamboo product output and scientific research level. However, through literature review, it is found that the development of bamboo products in the modern social environment still faces many challenges. The author searched the keyword “bamboo product design” through CNKI and SCOPUS database systems, and initially retrieved 562 literatures. According to the screening criteria “Bamboo Product Design Status and Strategies”, and excluding redundant and repetitive studies, 76 papers were finally screened and identified. The author uses the A-type graphical tool of the KJ method to combine, classify and analyze the keywords in the “problem” literature, and use the relationship between these materials to organically combine and summarize these facts. It is found that there is a gap in capability between bamboo product designers and craftsmen. What is the gap between them? How to narrow the gap between them and improve their design capability? This is the research question of this study. To a certain extent, it is one of the key factors for the insufficient design innovation of bamboo products and the inability to meet consumer demands. Therefore, this study constructs a strategic framework of five capability dimensions by reviewing the literature on design capability management, combining product design standards and design capability demand theory, and incorporating the unique relevant factors of bamboo product design. The framework aims to improve the knowledge system and professional capability of craftsmen and designers to enhance the diversification and innovation of bamboo products, help the bamboo industry to clarify the market positioning of products, and meet people’s needs for bamboo products in modern life.

Abstract: This study aims to investigate the regeneration of endek weaving craftsmen in Klungkung, Bali. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research. The research location is in Klungkung, Bali. The technique of collecting data through interviews was conducted on four groups of informants, namely business owners, craftsmen, children of craftsmen, and community leaders. The data analysis technique used is the interactive model of Miles and Huberman, namely: data reduction, data display, and verification. The results showed that regeneration attempts have not yet been successful due to several factors, including: 1) the younger generation’s lack of interest in weaving, 2) the number of promising job alternatives, and 3) the lack of love and pride in the younger generation for endek woven fabric products. The regeneration process functions through outreach carried out by networks of family, friends, and neighbors. Keywords: regeneration, socialization, weaving Mengungkap Regenerasi Pengrajin Tenun Endek di Bali Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui regenerasi pengrajin tenun endek di Klungkung, Bali. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Lokasi penelitian berada di Klungkung, Bali. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara dilakukan terhadap empat kelompok informan yaitu pemilik usaha, pengrajin, anak pengrajin, dan tokoh masyarakat. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah model interaktif Miles dan Huberman yaitu: reduksi data, display data, dan verifikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa upaya regenerasi belum berhasil karena beberapa faktor, antara lain: 1) kurangnya minat generasi muda dalam menenun, 2) banyaknya alternatif pekerjaan yang menjanjikan, dan 3) kurangnya rasa cinta dan bangga pada yang lebih muda. generasi untuk produk kain tenun endek. Proses regenerasi berfungsi melalui sosialisasi yang dilakukan oleh jaringan keluarga, teman, dan tetangga. Kata kunci: regenerasi, sosialisasi, tenun

Craftsmen in post-Islamic Iran history have had a close relationship with religion and its custodians. Among the factors close connection of guilds to religion and its custodians, proximity to the physical space of the mosque and market place, providing effective support to groups and the influential religious scholars in society. Proximity of craftsmen to religious circles in cities consistently emphasized the role of religion in the economic and cultural relations of the pioneers. In such a way that caused the queuing based on the factor of religion among the artisans living in various neighborhoods of cities and led neighborhood conflicts based on religious differences. This has had some dire consequences, especially in the field of economics, for craftsmen. This study is going to answer the question of what was the role of religious conflict in the economic weakness of Baghdad's craftsmen in the fourth and fifth centuries. The results of this study show that sectarian disputes in Baghdad due to the market fires, killing of skilled artisans, looting shops and craftsmen's property caused economic weakness of craftsmen. This research aims to analyse historical data through a descriptive-analytical method to indicate the role of religious conflicts in the economic weakness of Baghdad's craftsmen through the Fourth and Fifth centuries.

Book review, Daniela Tănase, Craftsmen and Jewelers in the Middle and Lower Danube Region (6th to 7th Centuries), BRILL: Leiden/Boston, 2021, 406 pag. done by Sergiu MUSTEAȚĂ

Since 1 January 2020 it is prohibited to build other than nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB) in the EU countries. This introduces more stringent requirements on all professions from architects to crafts. The construction of new buildings brings higher demand for technology but also for life-long education. The information and knowledge we learned at school is hardly sufficient today, therefore CraftEdu project introduced now qualification and training scheme for nZEB. Due to the restrictions in 2020-2021 the education for the craftspeople was transformed into the fully electronic way. The goal of the paper is to introduce new method and approaches of e-learning we used in four countries. Education courses for eight selected crafts were prepared for the winter and autumn 2021. Most of them did not take place in classrooms but were performed online, using online training platform, video content, mock-ups, or a webinar form. Even in the category of craftspeople there is significant demand for e-learning courses. This significantly increased the interactivity and attractiveness of the training courses. The courses took place in the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Bulgaria and Austria. The e-learning showed possibility of upscaling of the training process.

Master mark is one of the main basics for the correct attribution of the European armour. However, on studying the armour suits, manufactured before the second half of the 15th century, scholars are inevitably faced with the problem that no country saving Italy practiced armour marking in that time. The aim of the article is to point out and trace the origin of armour marking outside of Italy, and it can be rightfully considered as a turning point in the history of the European armour manufacturing. The author describes the backstory of existence and interconnections of Italian and German gunsmith schools in the 15th century. On the grounds of the analysis of armour suits, made in the German-speaking lands, he proposes a thesis that the practice of armour marking in the German dukedoms started earlier than in 1460-ies, and this fact supplements the sight presented by Allan Williams. The origin of armour marking practice in the German-speaking lands is naturally and inseparably connected with the technology of iron production and processing due to using high furnaces and water streams. In this vein an Innsbruck master of Italian origin Conrad Treyz the Elder comes to the carpet, as it was he who introduced technological innovations to the German armour manufacturing. Analyzing primary sources, the author links the role of Innsbruck as a lading gunsmith center of that time with the development of iron production technology and the emergence of armour marking practice. At the end of the article A. Bogdanov states that from the middle of the 15th century on in Innsbruck under the duke patronage the work houses and set of craftsmen capable to manufacture high quality armour comparable in their properties with the Italian pieces had appeared. The location of manufacture was probably determined by the felt-need of water energy appliance both for polishing mills and hammers and for the production of high quality metal itself. Thus, the combination of the patronage, nature factors, and adopted Italian hardening technology in Innsbruck laid the basis for the emergence of marked armour, produced of high quality metal in the German-speaking lands.

Entrepreneurship-based business management for doormats craftsmen in Panggungduwet Village. The number of craftsmen who participated in the PKM program was 10 people. PKM collaborates with the Panggungduwet Village government and the Faculty of Management, Ciputra University. Craftsmen problems: (1) Doormats business without innovation; (2) The conventional sales system; (3) The doormat business generates low income (less than 1 million/month); (4) Doormats craftsmen without entrepreneurship-based business management knowledge; (5) Doormats craftsmen are afraid to sell products through an online sales system; (6) The character of the craftsmen did not believe in himself. PKM goals: improve the quality of human resources from craftsmen, business management and reduce the number of poor people in Panggungduwet Village. The PKM activity methods consist of: Business Model Canvas analysis, business management innovation, and business evaluation. PKM Results: (1) Innovation of the entrepreneurship-based doormat business management system by developing customer relationships; (2) Marketing media innovation with social media; (3) Creating jobs for 20 people in Panggungduwet Village who become doormats craftsmen; (4) Increasing 15% income craftsmen; (5) Increase the understanding of craftsmen on the concept of entrepreneurship; (6) Increased self-confidence of craftsmen in running business operations and executing product sales with an online system. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/abdimas.v5i3.4201

Annexation of the Punjab by the British in 1849 brought about major modifications to the local visual culture. Expecting Indian crafts to remain frozen in time (for several reasons), the colonial administrators and art critics disapproved the changes employed by the craftsmen in their wares to cater to the new ruling class. Among the corrective measures adopted by the government to revive the ‘dying’ Indian art and craft, art schools were set up and surveys were conducted to publish illustrated monographs on individual crafts bringing once strictly guarded trade secrets out in the public. By the late nineteenth century, the ‘native craftsmen’ or mistrīs themselves emerged as authors of illustrated craft manuals carrying instructions in all three important vernaculars, Gurmukhi, Urdu and Sanskrit mixed with some English terms and designs. The most interesting among these publications are a few woodcarver’s manuals that laboriously enumerate a wide range of geometric designs for both architecture and furniture. Each shape, its construction methods and titles are given in an interesting mix of the three vernaculars. These terms were also mentioned by John Lockwood Kipling, the first Principal of the Mayo School of Industrial Art (1876-1893) in his essay on wood carving but abandoned by the time Percy Brown (1897-1909) took over. Except for some, today most of these terms and construction methods are unknown even to the traditional craftsmen of the Punjab. This paper aims to trace the history of traditional geometrical patterns going as far back as Mughal times (sixteenth to eighteenth centuries), their references in manuals published by local craftsmen during the colonial rule and the role of British art educators on social memory.

The prosperous and decent to need of both primary and secondary necessaries life are absolutely needed by every family. So they endeavor to increase their abilities to obtain subsist prosperity by entrepreneurship, as handicraft businesses, palm broom, that made by people in Krajan Hamlet, Kanigoro Village, Pagelaran District, Malang Regency. But for reaching the independent business, they meet many obstacles, such as producted quality lower than factory production; low market opportunities, and business governance out of standardized. Constraints faced by palm broom craftsmen in Krajan Hamlet, Kanigoro Village, occur without guidance and attention from the government. So that we as academics/lecturers take the initiative to foster the broom fibers craftsmen through the Community Service Program in order to improve the quality of their products, penetrate the wider market, and home industry management with good governance. This Community Service method used completely ongoing coaching. Based on the results of that implementation, the product can compete with the factory product broom; an increase in the market, and an increase in the welfare of the craftsman family. By this, creating a good governance management of home industry, and making young adults interest to maintain the palm broom. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/abdimas.v5i2.4000

Among the impressive cuneiform documentation found on the site of Mari (Tell Ḥarīrī, Syria) are many texts called “from practice” (letters and accounting documents) that informs on manufacturing gods and their artefacts during the Amorite period (2004-1595 BC). The Royal Archives of Mari show, over a short period of time throughout the history of the Ancient Near East, the production of decorations intended to adorn divine statues. In the light of the archives, it appears that the making of the divine was a proper royal enterprise, which mobilized precious raw materials and skilled craftsmanship. These texts also show, in filigree, different religious manipulations and practices in palatial context. The study of these archives, emanating from a palace and not from a temple, makes also possible to think on the link between temporal power and spiritual power and to bring, in substance, some reflections on royal offerings, as well as on the economy and status of divine objects.

Background: Most tradesmen are trained through traditional apprenticeship system, hence ranked lowest in the labour market. Although, Nigerian artisans contribute significantly to skill acquisition and economic development, their poor training background seem to make them deficient to cope with current technological innovations and practices. For any teaching to be impactful, suitable training needs has to be standard; the survival strategies for entrepreneurship in a declining economy can be vested in training artisans, tradesmen and entrepreneurs who will man the small and medium enterprises for better economy. Objectives: Assess strategies for teaching artisans and craftsmen in Nsukka Industrial Market; evaluate skill transfer process of master craftsmen to their apprentices; and to identify approaches for improving technical and theoretical skills of artisans and craftsmen. Methodology: Descriptive survey design was used, questionnaire data from 544 registered tradesmen at the Nsukka Market was analysed using frequency and simple percentages. Results: Independent learning by apprentice and introduction to visual demonstrations met rejection. The study also found illiteracy as a wedge in embracing new technological practices and equipment thereby slowing down creativity and entrepreneurship in the sector. Conclusion: The training programme of artisans and craftsmen can be greatly enhanced through modern training in seminars, workshops, part-time & full-time and exposure through visits to other environments. Involvement of catalogues and manuals will eliminate waste of time and prevent apprentices learning by chance. Unique Contribution: The traditional approach of tradesmen towards skill impartation was found to be prevalent; therefore, only modern methodologies and strategies can usher in creativity and entrepreneurship in improving the apprenticeship system. Key Recommendation: Basic Education was recommended as benchmark to augment tradesmen’s educational background for better performances.

Background: Most tradesmen are trained through traditional apprenticeship system, hence ranked lowest in the labour market. Although, Nigerian artisans contribute significantly to skill acquisition and economic development, their poor training background seem to make them deficient to cope with current technological innovations and practices. For any teaching to be impactful, suitable training needs has to be standard; the survival strategies for entrepreneurship in a declining economy can be vested in training artisans, tradesmen and entrepreneurs who will man the small and medium enterprises for better economy. Objectives: Assess strategies for teaching artisans and craftsmen in Nsukka Industrial Market; evaluate skill transfer process of master craftsmen to their apprentices; and to identify approaches for improving technical and theoretical skills of artisans and craftsmen. Methodology: Descriptive survey design was used, questionnaire data from 544 registered tradesmen at the Nsukka Market was analysed using frequency and simple percentages. Results: Independent learning by apprentice and introduction to visual demonstrations met rejection. The study also found illiteracy as a wedge in embracing new technological practices and equipment thereby slowing down creativity and entrepreneurship in the sector. Conclusion: The training programme of artisans and craftsmen can be greatly enhanced through modern training in seminars, workshops, part-time & full-time and exposure through visits to other environments. Involvement of catalogues and manuals will eliminate waste of time and prevent apprentices learning by chance. Unique Contribution: The traditional approach of tradesmen towards skill impartation was found to be prevalent; therefore, only modern methodologies and strategies can usher in creativity and entrepreneurship in improving the apprenticeship system. Key Recommendation: Basic Education was recommended as benchmark to augment tradesmen’s educational background for better performances.

Globally, various sectors were adversely affected by the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this study aims to determine the economic condition of bamboo craftsmen in Mandalagiri Village, Leuwisari District, Tasikmalaya Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. This is an in-depth research with data obtained by interviewing 35 bamboo craftsmen with various products and production scales. The results showed that craftsmen were not economically affected by the pandemic rather by the central government-stipulated regulation on social distancing, which led to their inability to transport their product from Tasikmalaya to Jakarta and other regions. However, since the government lifted the ban, their income has increased by an average of 2%. The result further showed that the main factor that keeps craftsmen from being negatively affected by the pandemic is the increasing online market demand supported by the availability of raw materials and the ability to adapt to various new model products. Other factors linked to the national market and products answer the demand of the modern market in the cities. Meanwhile, the main factors that positively affect the craftsmen's income are age and marital status.

A weak bargaining position in product marketing is a serious problem for farmers including those who diversify their livelihood patterns as souvenir craftsmen. Collector traders and retailers are dominant to set prices for souvenirs. Souvenir craftsmen surrender to accept any price level determination. As a consequence, souvenir craftsmen in the villages of Baturaden and Purbalingga Wetan have difficulties in earning profits from micro-souvenir businesses. The results of this study found that a solution to overcome the problem of the weak bargaining position of craftsmen in marketing souvenir products is through the use of a social-capital creation approach. The intensity of network functions of cooperation, mutual trust, values, and norms have different values in each bargaining position activity. Price domination by collectors and retailers is not only due to the dilemma of patron-client relationships. The qualities of souvenir products that are still not qualified turned out to be the cause of the weak bargaining position of craftsmen. The creation of social capital has a real function to strengthen the bargaining position of craftsmen in marketing souvenirs. The intensity of the function of social capital needs to be increased through the development of product quality, bargaining courage, and the ability to make price decisions in an agreement.

Bu çalışmada Kıbrıs Adası Türk Azınlığı Kurumu’nun (KATAK) 1943-1946 yılları arasında, Kıbrıs Türk Toplumu için eğitim, ekonomi ve kültür alanlarında yürüttüğü faaliyetler ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, KATAK’ın Kıbrıslı Türklerin aydın, çağdaş, kalkınmış ve millî bilince sahip bir toplum hâline getirilmesi sürecindeki rolünü göstermektir. İngiliz idaresi hoşgörüsü sonucu her alanda Türklerden daha gelişmiş hâle gelen Rumlar; enosis (Yunanistan’a ilhak) taleplerini daha yüksek sesle dile getirme olanağı bulmuşlardır. Kıbrıslı Türkler ise Yunanistan’a bağlanmayı, kendi gelecekleri ve güvenlikleri açısından tehdit olarak görmüşlerdir. Bir yandan da toplumsal haklarını geri alma kaygısına düşmüşlerdir. Bu sebeple gerek Rumların enosis taleplerine karşı mücadele etmek, gerekse hakları için İngilizler nezdinde çeşitli girişimlerde bulunmak amacıyla kendi örgütlerini kurmuşlardır. 1943 yılında ortaya çıkan KATAK da bu örgütlenme sürecinin bir parçası olmuştur. KATAK; Kıbrıs Türk Toplumunun ekonomik ve kültürel gelişimine önemli katkılarda bulunmuştur.

Industri kecil mempunyai peluang yang sangat besar untuk berkembang, perkembangan ini sangat dihargai apabila dapat berlangsung atas prakarsa dan dengan kekuatan masyarakat itu sendiri, sehingga pemerintah tinggal membantu dengan fasilitas-fasilitas dan kemudahan-kemudahan serta perlindungan yang diperlukan. Adapun tujuan dalam penelitian ini yaitu: untuk mengetahui strategi pengembangan modal, sumber daya manusia, pemasaran dan teknologi, strategi pengembangan pada industri kecil pengrajin karya batok di desa sokawera kecamatan somagede banyumas. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan yang digunakan pendekatan analisis SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threath).Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa analisis SWOT dalam Internal – Eksternal Matrik menunjukkan bahwa titik koordinat terletak pada daerah pertumbuhan V dengan faktor internal 2,969 dan faktor eksternal 2,849 yaitu mendukung strategi integrasi horizontal. Artinya strategi yang diterapkan lebih defensif, yaitu menghindari kehilangan penjualan dan kehilangan profit. Dengan cara mengintegrasikan proses produksi dalam satu tempat, peningkatan dalam promosi melalui media sosial. Saran yang dapat diajukan adalah pemerintah perlu memperhatikan terlebih dahulu sumber daya manusia dengan cara pelatihan dan pembinaan secara kontinu. Saran yang diajukan untuk pengrajin adalah meningkatkan kualitas kerajinan dengan mengadakan studi banding ke daerah penghasil kerajinan batok kelapa guna meningkatkan inovasi produk demi kemajuan usaha. Small industries have a great opportunity to be developed, so that the government can help them by giving facilities and conveniences and protection needed by them.The purposes of the present research aims to: find out the capital developmental strategies, human resources, marketing and technology, and the developmental strategies on small industries of karya batok.The method used in the present research was descriptive qualitative with SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat) analysis.The results of SWOT analysis in Internal-External Matrix show that the coordinate point was located in growth area V with the internal factor 2.969 and the external factor was 2.849 that was supported the horizontal integration strategies. It means that the strategies implemented were more defensive, that was avoiding the loss of selling and profit. By integrating the process of production in one place, it could expand the marketing area in increasing through social media.The suggestions of this research to the government to concern about the human resources by conducting continual training.The suggestion given to the craftsmen is they should improve the quality of their crafts by doing comparative study to the areas of batok crafts in order to improve the innovation of their products for the development of their businesses.

In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, a community of builders and stucco workers from the Valsesia Valley in northern Italy, arrived in Franche-Comté, an area which was under significant reconstruction. Appreciated by the sponsors, they were settled permanently and opened the path for the future generations. The article analyzes this migratory phenomenon, which is still observable in the early nineteenth century, contextualizes it and proposes an initial assessment, while taking into account various artistic, social and geographical aspects.

Presentation made by the editor-director an the guest editors for issue 35. This article deals with the relations between craftwork, material culture and religious devotion in the Nuevo Reino de Granada; explains and defines the role that met the craftsmen at religious festivals and the elaboration of ephemeral art objects for civil parties. His dedication to his work as a “work of God” and the condition of cultural mediators allowed to perform different activities and build economic independence and commercial networks. Carpenters, tailors, silversmiths, blacksmiths, masons and barbers were indigenous shaping, since the second half of the seventeenth century, as a “middle class” with economic power and independence of the hegemonic social groups. The cofradía and the workshop would be the most effective way to build a subculture within the Hispanic world.

This paper looks into the role of craft guilds in the ethnic integration or segregation of labour in the migration fl ows that took place in Latin America during the Colonial period. It analyses the guilds of the capital cities of two viceroyalties, Mexico and Lima, and contrasts them to those in the nearby towns of Puebla de los Ángeles and Cusco. The empirical evidence comprises 1200 mastership charts, which allow us to know which corporate caste regulations came into force. It is also the purpose of this paper to relate the geographical origins of new artisan masters to the broader Latin America’s urbanization process and the ethnic composition of migration fl ows from countryside to the cities and towns.

The activity of farming does not only refer to how much the are of land or how many farmers produce the meal product from plants or animals raised. Farm business has been done from head water namely from pre production to down stream namely the process of post harvest. There are some farming business done by the people of Purbalingga, one of the potential business to develop human resources is Coconut farming is well as its waste business. The business of coconut in Purbalingga Wetan village is one of examples of the down stream farming activity. The products of the coconut shell are irus, ciri, mutu, soled, rice scoup (centong), and other handicraft. The social factors influencing the continuity of cococnut shell handicraft were: the ability of the farmers and crafstmen in providing the material, the networking, goverment’s and family’s supports, skill in heritance from previous generation, the ability to give confidence, and the farmer’s skill to recycle the waste of coconut shell to be handicraft. The economy factors affecting the continuity were: the price determination of the product, the craftsmen’s skill to gain the main revenue, marketing channel used either director indirect system, and the product demand of handicraft the always improving.

Review

In the research of historical evolutions continually has been asserted to the role of groups such as politicians, the military and clergymen; nevertheless, there were groups such as artists and craftsmen in the different periods like Timurids era that they played an important role in shaping of these evolutions. Growth and inclusion of art and craft and efficiency of artists and craftsmen in various areas led to the different status for this group than in other periods. On the one hand, the activity and attention to art and craft among various classes (those with the highest levels or slave origin) prevented from establishing of artists and craftsmen in definite social order. On the other hand, the presence and contribution of artists and craftsmen of different nationalities in artistic and industrial activities, their different social origins, their different levels of welfare and livelihood, different attitudes and moral beliefs, their scientific and technological capabilities, interaction with upper and lower classes of society and their reputations among people led to raising the status of this population in the community. The present study aimed to represent different aspects of individual and social life of Timurid artists and craftsmen. The result of this study is important in recognizing status of these groups and studying social history. In this regard, this article based on analytic – descriptive method and historical, social and artistic documents.

This article focuses on the history of the family and households in eighteenth-century Ukraine. The aim of the article is to observe the demographical characteristics of craftsman guild families and households in the Cossack Hetmanate (an autonomous Cossack territory situated on the Left Bank of the Dnieper River) in the cities of Poltava, Pereiaslav and Nizhyn. Calculations are based on the General Description of the Left-bank Ukraine of 1765–1766. In the article, population size indicators for the artisan households and their families are established. Family household types are defined on the basis of works by Peter Lasslett and Cezary Kuklo. Craft specialization is taken into account for clarifying the influence of the occupation on the size of the households and family household types. The calculations were made separately for the crafts that were the most widespread in all the cities: weaving, blacksmithing, tailoring, shoemaking and butchering.

During the 14th century, Lisbon's city council passed through a deep process of elitization. With the interference of the royal power, knights, great merchants, squires, clerics and literati monopolized the council's positions, creating a real oligarchy. Summoned by public announcement, craftsmen took part in a restrict number of the city council's general reunions, as a way to legitimate its decisions. This paper aims to present, through the documents that remain until today, the main council affairs and how this organization summoned those urban workers, as well as analyse this institutional presence inserted in the social experience and motivations of the craftsmen during the 14th century. We consider that the marginalization of this social group, when compared to its transient, though remarkable, political insertion in the 13th century, is one of the keys to the understanding of the complex rebellion processes that happened between 1370 and 1383 and their active protagonism in the events that constitute the Avis dynastic crisis in 1383-1385.

Objectives: Only a few studies have analyzed the health of self-employed workers. This cross-sectional study is the first to compare health status among craftsmen joiners and paid joiners. Material and Methods: Clinical and paraclinical data for self-employed craftsmen and employees were collected by occupational health doctors according to a standardized protocol and compared. Health data and professional status relationships were analyzed by logistic regression. Results: A total of 171 craftsmen and 196 paid workers were included. Craftsmen had more dermatologic pathologies (odds ratio (OR) = 2.67, p < 0.05), ear/nose/throat symptoms (OR = 3.38, p < 0.001), pulmonary symptoms (OR = 2.46, p < 0.05), musculoskeletal symptoms (OR = 3.09, p < 0.001), and abnormal audiogram (OR = 3.50, p < 0.001). The FEV1 was significantly lower among craftsmen (p < 0.01), independently of tobacco smoke exposure. Conclusions: This survey highlights a high morbidity rate among self-employed craftsmen, suggesting that among woodworkers, professional status can be a risk factor for health. The preventive medical system for craftsmen has to be rethought to guarantee better safety for this population.

Traditional historiography in Colombia has considered the Instrucción General para los Gremios issued in Bogotá in 1777 as the cornerstone on which the professional lives of craftsmen and their guilds were regulated in the Nuevo Reino de Granada and especially in the Province of Antioquia. However, it is necessary to reassess that statement, because archival research shows that not only existed clear regulations on the exercise of the arts and crafts before but the results of the Instrucción were actually precarious.

The practice to mark blockstones with etched signs by craftsmen is a well known method they used to highlight their work, in order to be paid (piecerates marks) or to identify the location of the block (position marks). The Glyptography assists the studies above the craftsmen related to their way to be associated. The Saida sea-castle of Qala’at al-Bahr was erected during the Crusade period, by a group of pilgrim builders from France, England and Spain. The structures of the castle are plenty of blockstone marks, most of these are piecerates marks, with recurring signs. This case-study, also considering the particular construction techniques of bugnato style, could be a reference point for the Crusade archaeology. The quality of the great number of marks confirms the thesis above the nature of land occupation by crusaders. It took place by not only monks, soldiers or merchants, but also by groups of builders, which stabilized at least for the last of construction.

Serbian legal sources show us that in the mediaeval Serbia existed different kinds of craftsmen (blacksmiths, woodworkers, tailors, tanners, potters, sadlers, masons, goldsmiths), but not as a free class, rather as a dependent population, close to meropsi (villagers). Beside their handicraft's duties, they were obliged to exercise different services, but their obligations were lesser. Five Serbian Charters and Dušan's Law Code mention so-called sokalnici, a class of people whose legal status has been the object of many discussions and hypotheses. The examination of legal documents shows that the feudal duties of so-called sokalnici were similar to that of villagers, but quantitatively lesser. According to the latest interpretation it seems that sokalnici were villagers who had some 'more elegant and more honourable' duties, connected with the possession of horses. That is the reason why they were completely or partially exempted from some services. Lesser, parish priests, living in villages, were relatively numerous and heterogeneous class that in entirety did not belong to the commoners. However, the legal status of the majority of parish priests was close or identical to the commoners' and that is the reason why we are speaking of them in this paper. Dušan's Law Code makes clearly difference between three groups of parish priests: 1) priests with patrimonial lands (popovi baštinici), who were free; 2) priests who got from their masters three fields were exempted from the feudal sevices, but not from the tributes; 3) priests who got from their masters more than a three fields. They had to exercise the feudal duties according to the law on that eceeding land.

The article on “The Craft of Relief Carving Relief Art and Its Impact on the 21st Century Jepara Craftsmen's Economic Life” describes the craft of relief carving which has an impact on the economic life of the Jepara craftsmen. The existence of Jepara relief art had been proven historiographical. Relief art has existed since the time of Queen Kalinyamat in the 16th century. The artifacts of relief carving art in Queen Kalinyamat's period are found in Mantingan Mosque in Jepara. The relief of carving craft gets its influences from various fields, including the influence of religion, local culture, Chinese culture, and others. In the 1990s to the beginning of the 21st century, relief craft increasingly innovated by enriching motifs and decorative reliefs in the form of flora, fauna and other motifs. Through various motives in the relief craft, the craftsmen get economic impact in the form of job sustainability.

Towards the end of the 15th century, there was an important dispute between the potters from Triana and Tablada in Seville and the chaplains and convents of Alcocer in the Alcarria in Castile. The root of the problem dated back to 1377 when Enrique II established seven perpetual chaplaincies in the parish church and in the convents of the Poor Clares and the Franciscans in Alcocer. These convents received rents from the taxes paid by the potters of Seville to the Crown. In the 15th century, the potters filed a lawsuit to free themselves of these taxes. This paper studies this litigation, which was eventually won by the chaplains and convents.

Proponemos un recorrido acerca de las "puestas en valor" de las producciones artesanales en el contexto de la ciudad de Rosario. Entendiendo que el valor nunca es una propiedad inherente de los objetos, sino un juicio acerca de ellos enunciado por los sujetos, cuyos significados implícitos están conferidos por las transacciones, las atribuciones y las motivaciones humanas (Appadurai 1991). Pondremos en consideración: por un lado, las percepciones acerca de la artesanía por parte de sus productores y por otro, el discurso y accionar del Estado municipal mediante decretos y ordenanzas que regulan la actividad y que nos permiten ir desgranando distintas concepciones patrimoniales subyacentes en las mismas. Presentamos un análisis de lo que ha ocurrido con la producción artesanal como aspecto importante dentro de la vida política y económica de la ciudad de Rosario, en tanto recurso estratégico en la gestión y promoción de su patrimonio cultural.We intent a reading over the "setting in value" of handcraft in the context of Rosario City . Meaning that the value is not a property innate to the objects but a judgment named by the persons which implied meanings are given by the human transactions, attributes and significance (Appadurai 1991). Taking into consideration: on the one hand, the producers´ points of view and on the other, the Council speech and action by means of rules and edicts that govern the activity and let us examinate different patrimonial consumptions. We expose an analysis of the handcraft production as an important aspect inside the economic and politic activity (life) of Rosario City , at the same time as a strategic resource in the management and supporting of cultural patrimony.

Análisis del trabajo de la piel y del cueroen la Murcia bajomedieval, que trata: La organización del espacio urbano y periurbano para dichas actividades, además de la identidad dex los artesanos; la evolución y desarrollo corporativos de los oficios de la industria del cuero y sus efectos sociales y medioambientales; y, finalmente, los usos de la piel y el cuero en la indumentaria, representativa de estructura social.

El estudio de los artesanos del libro es uno de los aspectos del estudio del comercio librario medieval. En este artículo analizamos el trabajo de los fabricantes y vendedores de pergaminos en Castilla entre los siglos XII y XV cuando fueron un grupo profesional identificable de artesanos laicos, tanto cristianos como judíos. Estudiamos también su perfil según los textos, su función en la producción del libro medieval, la organización del trabajo o sus papel en las ciudades castellanas.

La Calabria, estremità del Regno delle Due Sicilie, conserva ancora un ingente patrimonio di architetture industriali; tra queste, il piccolo paese di Mongiana, fondato dagli operai intorno alla Reale Fabbrica di Armi borbonica. Ancora oggi il borgo presenta le sue caratteristiche originarie, frutto di particolari dinamiche evolutive.Calabria, extreme extension of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, still maintains an enormous wealth of industrial architecture, among them, the small country of Mongiana, founded by workers around the establishment of the Royal Arms Factory Bourbon. Even today the small country presents its original characteristics, fruit of particular evolutionary dynamics.

Poor productivity of construction workers is one of the causes of cost and time overruns in construction projects. The productivity of labour is particularly important especially in developing countries, where most of the building construction work is still on manual basis. This paper reports on a survey made on project managers of building projects in Uganda, where an increase in productivity is being sought. Respondents were required to rate using their experience how 36 factors affect productivity with respect to time, cost and quality. The survey was carried out by a questionnaire and responses received over a period of 3 months. The ten most significant problems affecting labour productivity were identified as incompetent supervisors; lack of skills from the workers; rework; lack of tools/equipment; poor construction methods; poor communication; inaccurate drawings; stoppages because of work being rejected by consultants; political insecurity; tools/equipment breakdown; and harsh weather conditions. Although lack of materials is ranked highest with regard to average rating on loss of time, it was not ranked among the top ten using the importance index that takes into account time, cost as well as work quality. The policy makers and researchers should focus on the identified major factors in order to improve productivity. Veiksniai, lemiantys statybos darbininkų darbo našumą (Ugandos pavyzdys) Santrauka Menkas statybos įmonių darbininkų darbo našumas yra viena iš priežasčių, lemiančių statybos projektų pinigų ir laiko nuostolius. Darbo jėgos našumas yra ypač svarbus besivystančiose šalyse, kur dauguma statybos darbų atliekama rankomis. Šiame straipsnyje pateikiama pastatų projektų darbų vadovų apklausa Ugandoje, kur ypač siekiama didinti darbininkų našumą. Respondentų buvo prašoma, naudojantis savo patirtimi, pateikti 36 veiksnius, kurie lemia našumą atsižvelgiant į laiką, išlaidas bei kokybę. Ši apklausa buvo daroma anketomis, ir visi atsakymai buvo gauti per 3 mėnesius. Buvo išskirta dešimt pagrindinių veiksnių, lemiančių darbo jėgos našumą, t. y. nekompetentingas vadovavimas, darbininkų įgūdžių stoka, klaidų taisymas, įrankių (įrangos) trūkumas, pasenę statybos metodai, bloga informacijos perdavimo sistema, netikslūs brėžiniai, darbų stabdymas dėl konsultantų, politinis nesaugumas, įrankių (įrangos) gedimas, prastos oro sąlygos. Nors medžiagų stoka yra vienas iš labiausiai gaišatį lemiančių veiksnių, tačiau, naudojant reikšmingumo indeksą, į kurį įeina laikas, išlaidos bei darbo kokybė, tarp dešimties išvardytų veiksnių nepateko. Politikai ir mokslininkai turėtų daugiau dėmesio skirti nustatytiems veiksniams, kad gerėtų statyboje dirbančių darbininkų darbo našumas. Reikšminiai žodžiai: darbo jėga, našumas, veiksniai, besivystančios šalys, statybos sektorius, darbininkas. First Published Online: 14 Oct 2010

The topic of this paper is a series of architectural models of the holy sites of Jerusalem made by Conrad Schick, a German missionary and craftsman who lived in the Holy Land for the latter half of the nineteenth century.The focus of the analysis is twofold: On the one hand, it traces the life and career of Conrad Schick, from central Europe to the Middle East, and from craftsman-missionary to distinguished model-maker, archeologist, and architect. And on the other, it concerns the models he constructed (particularly those of the Holy Sepulchre and the Temple Mount). They are considered as objects and artifacts of their specific context, and compared with the multitude of other miniature objects produced in the nineteenth century - from decorative knick-knacks to educational toys, and from cuckoo clocks to battlefield maps.Similarly, the aims of the analysis are twofold. On the one hand, it shall be demonstrated that Schick’s original training as a craftsman in southern Germany and Switzerland affected the way he dealt with the task of constructing scaled models of highly contested religious sites in Jerusalem. Secondly, it shall be pointed out that his models were objects at the intersection of radically different discourses, from folk art to architecture, and from pedagogy to geopolitics.

This article examines the creation of three distinct porcelain cabinets, today preserved at Naples, Aranjuez and Madrid. These interiors, created in the second half of the 18th century for Charles Sebastian of Bourbon and Farnese (1716-1788), respectively his wife Maria Amelia of Saxony (1724-1760), are the only ones in the world to have been made entirely from this precious material. By highlighting the specificity of the Mediterranean context in which they were created, an important facet will be added to their history, allowing not only a better understanding of their successive creations, but also of the multifaceted influence they exerted on contemporary artistic production in Spain.