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Abstract Article pays attention to the impact of using the trailer on driving performances of a studied vehicle combination.The research was performed via extensive experimental measurements. A new methodology of determining a technical condition of the trailer’ brakes was proposed and verified, which can be also applied during the regular technical inspection. Various load distributions in the trailer caused the centre of gravity’s position of the vehicle was changed, which may increase the risk of skidding or disconnection of the trailer from the towing vehicle. Also, the vehicle’s ability to accelerate and decelerate decreased considerably due to the loading up. There were assessed the braking characteristics of the combination of vehicles as well, depending on the technical condition of the trailer’s brakes. The importance of this article lies in the quantification of selected factors on road safety in relation to driving with a combination of vehicles.

A correlation between economic development and road freight is demonstrated in the literature review provided in this paper. This relationship was studied in relation to the global gross domestic product (GDP) of the countries under review. Therefore, this paper presents the validation of this correlation in the Colombian case, based not only on global GDP, but also on the GDP for each of the main economic sectors of the country. The correlation was analyzed using several of the following statistical methods: correlation using the non-parametric method (Spearman), the causality relationship using the Granger test, the relationship between variables using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and multivariate correlation to establish the level of significance of each economic sector by means of the p-value. The study concludes that the best correlation is between the GDP of some economic sectors and the amount of freight transported one year later.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools and techniques has provided a significant advance in drone technology. Besides the military applications, drones are being increasingly used for logistics and cargo transportation, agriculture, construction, security and surveillance, exploration, and mobile wireless communication. The synergy between drones and AI has led to notable progress in the autonomy of drones, which have become capable of completing complex missions without direct human supervision. This study of the state of the art examines the impact of AI on improving drone autonomous behavior, covering from automation to complex real-time decision making. The paper provides detailed examples of the latest developments and applications. Ethical and regulatory challenges are also considered for the future evolution of this field of research, because drones with AI have the potential to greatly change our socioeconomic landscape.

Deleterious variants of more than one hundred genes are associated with hearing loss including MYO3A, MYO6, MYO7A and MYO15A and two conventional myosins MYH9 and MYH14. Variants of MYO7A also manifest as Usher syndrome associated with dysfunction of the retina and vestibule as well as hearing loss. While the functions of MYH9 and MYH14 in the inner ear are debated, MYO3A, MYO6, MYO7A and MYO15A are expressed in inner ear hair cells along with class-I myosin MYO1C and are essential for developing and maintaining functional stereocilia on the apical surface of hair cells. Stereocilia are large, cylindrical, actin-rich protrusions functioning as biological mechanosensors to detect sound, acceleration and posture. The rigidity of stereocilia is sustained by highly crosslinked unidirectionally-oriented F-actin, which also provides a scaffold for various proteins including unconventional myosins and their cargo. Typical myosin molecules consist of an ATPase head motor domain to transmit forces to F-actin, a neck containing IQ-motifs that bind regulatory light chains and a tail region with motifs recognizing partners. Instead of long coiled-coil domains characterizing conventional myosins, the tails of unconventional myosins have various motifs to anchor or transport proteins and phospholipids along the F-actin core of a stereocilium. For these myosins, decades of studies have elucidated their biochemical properties, interacting partners in hair cells and variants associated with hearing loss. However, less is known about how myosins traffic in a stereocilium using their motor function, and how each variant correlates with a clinical condition including the severity and onset of hearing loss, mode of inheritance and presence of symptoms other than hearing loss. Here, we cover the domain structures and functions of myosins associated with hearing loss together with advances, open questions about trafficking of myosins in stereocilia and correlations between hundreds of variants in myosins annotated in ClinVar and the corresponding deafness phenotypes.

The manchette is a transient and unique structure present in elongating spermatids and required for proper differentiation of the germ cells during spermatogenesis. Previous work indicated that the MEIG1/PACRG complex locates in the manchette and is involved in the transport of cargos, such as SPAG16L, to build the sperm flagellum. Here, using co-immunoprecipitation and pull-down approaches in various cell systems, we established that DNALI1, an axonemal component originally cloned from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, recruits and stabilizes PACRG and we confirm in vivo, the co-localization of DNALI1 and PACRG in the manchette by immunofluorescence of elongating murine spermatids. We next generated mice with a specific deficiency of DNALI1 in male germ cells, and observed a dramatic reduction of the sperm cells, which results in male infertility. In addition, we observed that the majority of the sperm cells exhibited abnormal morphology including misshapen heads, bent tails, enlarged midpiece, discontinuous accessory structure, emphasizing the importance of DNALI1 in sperm differentiation. Examination of testis histology confirmed impaired spermiogenesis in the mutant mice. Importantly, while testicular levels of MEIG1, PACRG, and SPAG16L proteins were unchanged in the Dnali1 mutant mice, their localization within the manchette was greatly affected, indicating that DNALI1 is required for the formation of the MEIG1/PACRG complex within the manchette. Interestingly, in contrast to MEIG1 and PACRG-deficient mice, the DNALI1-deficient mice also showed impaired sperm spermiation/individualization, suggesting additional functions beyond its involvement in the manchette structure. Overall, our work identifies DNALI1 as a protein required for sperm development.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) encompass a diverse set of membrane-derived particles released from cells and are found in numerous biological matrices and the extracellular space. Specific classes of EVs include apoptotic bodies, exosomes, and microvesicles, which vary in their size, origin, membrane protein expression, and interior cargo. EVs provide a mechanism for shuttling cargo between cells, which can influence cell physiology by transporting proteins, DNA, and RNA. EVs are an abundant component of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and are proposed to drive tumor growth and progression by communicating between fibroblasts, macrophages, and tumor cells in the TME. The cargo, source, and type of EV influences the pro- or anti-tumoral role of these molecules. Therefore, robust EV isolation and characterization techniques are required to ensure accurate elucidation of their association with disease. Here, we summarize different EV subclasses, methods for EV isolation and characterization, and a selection of current clinical trials studying EVs. We also review key studies exploring the role and impact of EVs in the TME, including how EVs mediate intercellular communication, drive cancer progression, and remodel the TME.

Abstract Electrically powered micro‐ and nanomotors are promising tools for in vitro single‐cell analysis. In particular, single cells can be trapped, transported, and electroporated by a Janus particle (JP) using an externally applied electric field. However, while dielectrophoretic (DEP)‐based cargo manipulation can be achieved at high‐solution conductivity, electrical propulsion of these micromotors becomes ineffective at solution conductivities exceeding ≈0.3 mS cm−1. Here, JP cargo manipulation and transport capabilities to conductive near‐physiological (

In the modern world, transport as an integral part of social life is important. The development of all modes of transport requires continuous efficient management of the transport process, as well as the use of tools to optimise this process. This article aims to analyse international road cargo transport in EU countries and Poland from 2008-2018. The first part of this article analyses the number of employees and the trade of transport companies in EU countries. Then, the share of individual modes of transport in the transport of cargo in Poland from 2008 and 2018 is presented. The next section presents the results of the forecast of the volume of cargo transported by road in Poland from 2019-2021. The forecast values of the volume of cargo transport in Poland for 2019-2021, which were determined from the additive and multiplicative model, are at a similar level to the values for 2008-2018.

High-resolution experiments revealed that a single myosin-Va motor can transport micron-sized cargo on actin filaments in a stepwise manner. However, intracellular cargo transport is mediated through the dense actin meshwork by a team of myosin Va motors. The mechanism of how motors interact mechanically to bring about efficient cargo transport is still poorly understood. This study describes a stochastic model where a quantitative understanding of the collective behaviors of myosin Va motors is developed based on cargo stiffness. To understand how cargo properties affect the overall cargo transport, we have designed a model in which two myosin Va motors were coupled by wormlike chain tethers with persistence length ranging from 10 to 80 nm and contour length from 100 to 200 nm, and predicted distributions of velocity, run length, and tether force. Our analysis showed that these parameters are sensitive to both the contour and persistence length of cargo. While the velocity of two couple motors is decreased compared to a single motor (from 531 ± 251 nm/s to as low as 318 ± 287 nm/s), the run length (716 ± 563 nm for a single motor) decreased for short, rigid tethers (to as low as 377 ± 187 μm) and increased for long, flexible tethers (to as high as 1.74 ± 1.50 μm). The sensitivity of processive properties to tether rigidity (persistence length) was greatest for short tethers, which caused the motors to exhibit close, yet anti-cooperative coordination. Motors coupled by longer tethers stepped more independently regardless of tether rigidity. Therefore, the properties of the cargo or linkage must play an essential role in motor-motor communication and cargo transport.

Since “Belt and Road initiative” (BRI) has been launched, the major volume of academic studies focus on the consideration of Eurasian land and maritime transport routes. Experts on Chinese foreign policy and geopolitical strategy emphasize possible positive and negative aspects of the initiative for the states involved. The business and political circles from Eastern Baltic Sea region are looking for possible ways to attract cargo to its ports. Yet, the possible transformations of Chinese foreign trade flows in the context of BRI are now under academic consideration. We focus on the evaluation of ports’ possibilities to handle Chinese cargo. The key issues of our study include the choice of cargo transportation routes and opportunities to attract Chinese investment to expand port and logistics infrastructure. The methodology of the research is based on statistical data analysis for the further comparison of transport routes. Our empirical results demonstrate that Eastern Baltic Sea ports can attract little part of Chinese trade flows.

Transport is one of the final stages in the sales of the produced batch. Manufacturing enterprises each time face a dilemma whether to hire a carrier to transport finished goods or invest in their own transportation fleet. The aim of the article is to look at transport through the prism of finished goods. The discussed transport relates to road transport of metal products. The authors conducted research on the basis of the comparative analysis based on selected manufacturing companies. The analysis concerns the actual cost of transport when choosing the option of an external carrier and the carriage by own means of transport, as well as occurring transport damages.

This article presents the location of Łódź in the transport network of Poland and the Łódź region. It focuses on the centre’s location in reference to the main elements of road, rail and air networks on a national and regional scale. Due to physical and geographical location of Łódź, the three branches of transport exhaust the city’s transport possibilities. Besides that, transport relations of Łódź are characterized as far as the functioning public transport is concerned, considering all the aforementioned modes of transport. The study also includes information on the significance of Łódź as a transport node for cargo transport. All these analyses precede reflections on the location of Łódź against the background of trans-European transport corridors as well as an overview of historical conditioning of transport connections of the area of today’s Łódź.

Intraflagellar transport sub-complex A (IFT-A) is known to regulate retrograde IFT in the cilium. To rigorously assess its other possible roles, we knocked out an IFT-A subunit, IFT121/WDR35, in mammalian cells and screened the localization of more than 50 proteins. We found that Wdr35 regulates cilium assembly by selectively regulating transport of distinct cargoes. Beyond its role in retrograde transport, we show that Wdr35 functions in fusion of Rab8 vesicles at the nascent cilium, protein exit from the cilium, and centriolar satellite organization. Furthermore, we show that Wdr35 is essential for entry of many membrane proteins into the cilium through robust interactions with cargoes and other IFT-A subunits, but the actin network functions to dampen this transport. Wdr35 is mutated in several ciliopathies, and we find that certain disease mutations impair interactions with cargo and other IFT-A subunits. Together, our data link defects in IFT-A mediated cargo transport with disease.

Future development of traffic assumes its growth with increasedenergy consumption, greater environmental pollutionthrough hannful components, and noise, as well as overload oftraffic routes. The same development has been burdened by twoopposing tendencies. One is subjected to short-tenn interestsand oriented exclusively to profit, the other is a long-term careof environmental protection and energy savings which often excludesimmediate profit. Giving priority to this second tendencyis a must, and it requires joint efforts invested by scientists, trafficentrepreneurs and government institutions within legal regulations.This paper analyses the advantages of railway traffic comparedto other modes of traffic and indicates its potentials in thefuture development of traffic primarily from the aspect of environmentalprotection. The emphasis lies on the comparison ofharmful emissions and consumption of specific energy in cargotransport by railways and other traffic modes. The directives arealso given of the desirable future development of railways in orderto optimally use all its potentials.

Tariffs are considered the basic instrument of selling servicesin railway cargo transport.The work identifies prices of transport services from the aspectof interactive elements by redesigning the tariff system or byintervention into the tariff system through certain conditions fortariff implementation in the cargo transport in local and internationaltransport through various existing models by: determiningthe starting (tariff) price, determining the expenses anddetermining the selling price.Then the tariff system is modified according to the conditionswhich are present in the environment and accordingly regardingstimulation of rational usage of the capacities and correctionof the horizontal and vertical digression in tariff tables.Since international federal tariffs feature no adequate functionality,their phaseout would eliminate substantial expenses,and the orientation is turning increasingly towards instrumentsof selling transport services in international transport.