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Abstract Previous environmental research used a general conceptualization of moral norms (e.g., it is my moral obligation to recycle) without specifying the exact moral underpinning of such a conceptualization. This analysis examined how five basic moral foundations (i.e., harm, fairness, ingroup loyalty, authority, and purity) were associated with Chinese residents’ waste-sorting attitudes and intentions. This analysis used data from a cross-sectional online survey of 459 Chinese residents conducted in 2021. The results revealed that value-expressive attitudes were a fairly strong predictor of waste-sorting intentions, whereas attitudes about inconvenience and time were a weak predictor. Further analysis of direct and total relationships revealed that the moral foundations of ingroup loyalty and authority were the primary moral foundations for the Chinese participants; the effects were both direct and mediated by the value-expressive attitudes. Using detailed attitudinal and moral foundations can provide explanatory adequacy and specificity for environmental research and education efforts.

While universities have been lauded as sanctuaries of peace where students and staff pursue educational goals, there has been a marked increase in the victimisation of students by staff members who have been known to hound students for sexual favours. This increase in unethical conduct continues regardless of "sound" policies regulating university student and staff relationships. Against this background, this study sought to explore the factors shaping the pervasive practice of transactional sex between staff and students at a university in rural South Africa. Underpinned by the sexual exchange theory, the study utilised an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design. The findings categorised into four key themes—academic reasons, impunity and power dynamics, financial constraints, and peer pressure and influence—highlight the entrenched nature of this practice within the university setting. The study recommended implementing and enforcing strict policies with clear consequences for perpetrators and establishing confidential reporting systems and dedicated support units for victims.

With the intensification of population aging, chronic diseases have become one of the major public health problems facing China. Obtaining and using authoritative health information is the foundation of chronic disease management. Currently, the channels for middle-aged and elderly patients with chronic diseases to obtain health information are increasingly diversified, but incorrect and false information is prevalent, and the health information discrimination ability of this population is relatively weak. In order to promote the rational use of health information by middle-aged and elderly patients with chronic diseases, this article systematically summarizes the current research progress on health information authority identification behavior (including behaviors in two aspects: health information trust evaluation and health information adoption evaluation) among middle-aged and elderly patients with chronic diseases at home and abroad based on authority theory.

Overlapping or multiple certificates occur because there are two certificates on the same land and are officially issued by the National Land Office. As a result this overlap raises a dispute between the parties, and then the certificate is no longer valid evidence. The formulation of the problem is the regulation of overlapping dispute resolution according to legislation in Indonesia and how the authority of the Land Office in resolving disputes overlapping land parcels. The research method used is empirical juridical using primary and secondary data. The results showed that there is no specific regulation regarding disputes over double or overlapping certificates, currently the regulations used by the District Land Office still refer to the Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning number 11 of 2016 concerning Settlement of Land Cases. To reinforce the authority of the Land Office in resolving cases of multiple certificates, a special regulation on the settlement of overlapping land cases is needed. The conclusion shows that the Land Office has carried out its role by its duties, principal, and functions, but because the regulations used are general, many obstacles are found in solving the problem of multiple certificates, therefore there is a need for legal reform and education from the government to the public about the importance of officially registering land.

Forests in Indonesia need to continue to be preserved from the activities of companies or companies that use forest areas illegally, and the activities of organized individuals who carry out illegal enforcement activities (illegal logging) that continue to occur every year. Efforts to preserve forests have been realized in Law No. 18 of 2013 on the Prevention and eradication of forest destruction, which has authorized the Institute for the Prevention and Eradication of forest destruction to conduct investigation activities up to the investigation of criminal acts of forest destruction as ketntuan Article 56 paragraph 1, and in the eradication of destruction htuan institute can form a task force as an implementing element. The task force implements the eradication of strategic forest destruction from investigation to prosecution throughout the territory of the unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia, including the customs territory at the command of the head of the institution and or deputy in accordance with Article 55 paragraph 5. Prosecution Authority the task force contains legal implications with other laws and other institutions that have Prosecution Authority.

In essence, the Prosecutor's Office is a judicial institution that carries out the executive function, which is also the guardian of the constitution and the rights of the population and maintains state sovereignty in the field of prosecution which has a central position in the legal system in Indonesia, because in addition to acting as a controller of case handling (dominus litis), the Prosecutor's Office also has the authority as the executor of court decisions that have obtained permanent legal force. Clarity is needed on crimes that cause losses to State Economy, which are handled by the Attorney General's Office, Tax and Customs and Excise Civil Servant Investigators (PPNS), while "In the interest of state revenue, at the request of the Minister of Finance, the Attorney General may stop the investigation of criminal acts in the field of taxation for a maximum period of 6 (six) months from the date of request letter, as well as for excise crimes.

Understanding speech act production in EFL classroom interactions is crucial for enhancing teaching effectiveness and student engagement, as it sheds light on how language is used to convey meaning and manage social interactions in the learning environment. The purpose of this study was to analyze the speech act types and functions that were used by an EFL teacher and their students during classroom interactions. Observational data was collected and analyzed according to Conversation Analysis standards (CA). The findings of the study revealed that the types of speech acts produced by the teacher and students were influenced by their respective roles and statuses. Although the students produced fewer speech acts, they served the same functions as the teacher's speech acts in terms of controlling and managing classroom interactions. As a result, the speech acts of both the students and teacher distributed authority in different ways during turn-taking and commodity exchanges. The practical knowledge and pedagogical use of the teacher-student relationship as a unique social event in the classroom context has the potential to effectively manage classroom interactions.

One of the new points stipulated in Law Number 23 of 2014 Concerning Regional Government is the affirmation of regional rights to establish regional policies in carrying out government affairs that are within their jurisdiction, regional rights. In the development of this regional policy, the joint jurisdictional agreement between the central and regional governments is a fundamental thing that must be considered by regional decision-makers. Regarding the abolition of regional policies, Law Number 23 of 2014 Concerning Regional Government, regulates the cancellation of a regional policy carried out by the central government, while Law Number 30 of 2014 Concerning Government Administration, regulates the cancellation on a form of a regional policy, particularly a decision to cancel local regulations on special regions. The head is canceled by the decision-making officials, either by a higher-ranking decision-making official or by court order. The inconsistency of these two regulations, in practice across regions, can lead to legal uncertainty, especially for regional policymakers.

Introduction: Access to dental services is a challenge for lower to middle-income individuals. Tukang gigi, an alternative to dentists, offers more affordable oral health care. Governed by Ministry of Health Regulation No. 39 of 2014, tukang gigi's authority is limited to acrylic dentures. However, evidence shows unauthorized practices, posing health risks like misdiagnosis and complications. This not only jeopardizes patient health but also undermines the credibility of the dental health profession, eroding public trust. Purposes of the Research: The aim of the research is to find out the legality of dental practices that exceed their authority with a policy approach to the community's need for cheap access to health Methods of the Research: The research employs a literature study method, specifically normative legal research, focusing on legal norms in laws and regulations. Following a systematic process of collecting, reading, recording, and analyzing library data, the study adopts a doctrinal legal research approach. The emphasis is on elaborating and explaining collected data related to the main research topics. Results of the Research: The current law limits tukang gigi to making and installing detachable dentures that meet health standards. However, tukang gigi often put braces, remove tartar, and color braces outside their allowed scope. Therefore, tukang gigi are not accountable for their activities, leaving consumers or service users vulnerable to malpractice. Despite benefiting from dental artisan work, consumers are ignorant of legal protections when these practitioners breach government rules. Tukang gigi often break the law owing to a lack of information or compliance, so they are at risk without legal protection. In contrast to Spain, where denturists cannot practice dentistry. Only dentists and dental technicians are legally recognized in Spain. This is because dentistry skill requires strict requirements. Dental professionals monitor actions closely to reduce misconduct. Dental care is affordable.

This study aims to analyze the legal implications of disharmony of authority between the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) and the Indonesian National Army Military Police Center (Puspom TNI) in investigating corruption perpetrators from military personnel as well as the ideal formulation in the investigation of corruption cases from the perspective of the principle of equality before the law in the future. This research is normative juridical research that uses both the statutory and conceptual approaches. This study concludes two things. First, the resolution of the disharmony of authority between the KPK and Puspom TNI in the 2002 KPK Law, the Military Justice Law, and the TNI Law is that the legislators harmonize the regulatory material, submit a request for judicial review of the law in the Mahkamah Konstitusi, and apply the principle of lex specialis derogat legi generalis. Second, the ideal formulation for the future is to revise the Military Justice Law and the TNI Law, which specifically regulates TNI soldiers who commit military crimes only. If a soldier commits a corruption crime, the Corruption Court will resolve the case without distinguishing the perpetrator's military or civilian status.

This research discusses the authority to adjudicate fisheries criminal cases in the Republic of Indonesia State Fisheries Management area (WPPNRI) and the regulatory concept based on the principle of legal certainty. This research aims to analyze and discover the nature of the authority and regulatory concept for adjudicating fisheries criminal cases in Indonesia based on the principle of legal certainty. The method used in this research is a normative legal method using data collection techniques through literature study which are then analyzed through step-by-step descriptions of legal interpretation, systematization, evaluation, and legal argumentation. The research results show that the authority to adjudicate fisheries criminal cases at WPPNRI is absolute (absolute competence or attribution) to accept and decide fisheries disputes, and has relative authority (distribution or relative) based on the general court area. This regulatory concept is proposed by reconstructing Article 106 of the Fisheries Law so that the fisheries court becomes the only institution adjudicating fisheries cases. Establishing a fisheries court in each province is expected to end the dualism of authority and create legal certainty. Therefore, it's necessary to reconstruct Article 106 of the Fisheries Law by increasing the number of special fisheries courts, practitioners, and law enforcers to increase synergy between investigators and fisheries supervisors to protect fish resources and ensure their benefits for the welfare of the Indonesian people.

In the context of the implementation of the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation regarding the formation of a unified system of public power, the issue of improving the delimitation of powers of public authorities remains relevant. Significant amount of problems has been accumulated over the course of more than twenty-five years. This fact has an impact on the sustainability of regional budgets. The author of the article is considering the authority of regional government bodies in questions of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities. The purpose of the work is to develop recommendations for improving the division of powers of public authorities and financial support this process from the position of increasing the sustainability budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In the course of the work, based on scientific methods such as institutional, retrospective and comparative analyses, it was concluded that there are problems in the mechanism for delimiting regional powers that impede the increase in the sustainability of regional budgets. The main results of the study include suggestions for the harmonization of budget legislation and legislation in the field of delimitation of powers from the position of expanding the rights of regions to participate in the implementation of non-transferred powers, regulation of the process of introducing new powers, inventory count of regional powers established by subordinate legislation or bylaws, introduction of the practice of financial support for certain regional powers in cases and to the extent of receipt of certain non-tax revenues and the development of debt financing instruments for powers, as well as for improving the practice of financial support for delegated powers. The prepared recommendations may be useful when conducting the inventory count of regional powers from the standpoint of increasing the sustainability of regional budgets; introducing a reasonable assessment of the resource provision for new powers proposed for the implementation; shifting the emphasis from the subordinate or by-law regulation of regional powers towards strengthening their legislative regulation.

The Occupational Health and Safety Authority (OHSA) was established in Malta in 2002. Since then, trends indicate that non-fatal accidents have decreased in Malta, while changes in fatal accidents are less clear. Since these trends have not been statistically investigated before, this study aims to do so. The study also aims to analyse the link between specific OHSA deterrent measures and changes in non-fatal accidents. A database compiled by the OHSA on the frequency of accident statistics in Malta and OHSA deterrent measures between 2002 and 2022 was analysed. The study demonstrated that the incidence of fatal and non-fatal accidents decreased significantly during the analysed period. The incidence of non-fatal accidents was more common in the transport and storage sector, the construction sector and the manufacturing sector. Fatal accidents were most frequent within the construction sector. Fatal accidents were common among the self-employed and foreign workers. Deterrents, especially those related to inspections and fines, were significantly associated with a decrease in fatal and non-fatal accidents. The study underscores those accidents have declined significantly since the establishment of the OHSA and demonstrates the benefits of specific deterrent measures. Continued focus is required on specific areas, including the construction sector, self-employed workers and foreign workers.

This research aims to determine the constitutional rights of citizens through constitutional complaints based on the authority of the Constitutional Court from the perspective of Constitutional Law. Types of normative juridical research with a statutory, conceptual, and case approach. The data sources used are primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The research results show that constitutional complaints as the authority of the Constitutional Court have become an urgent need to be enforced in the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. The authority for constitutional complaints to the Constitutional Court is eliminated, the legal implication of which is to create protection for the human rights of Indonesian citizens from actions by government officials or individuals who injure citizens' human rights and recognition of the Constitution. The Court as an institution has the authority to submit constitutional complaints to the Constitutional Court. Authorised institution. Guardian of the Constitution. The Constitutional Court protects the constitutional rights of citizens if their constitutional rights are violated by the provisions of the law so that the law is then declared to be contrary to the Constitution. The possibility of violations of citizens' constitutional rights does not only occur through normative provisions in law. There are many ways and opportunities for citizens' constitutional rights violations, whether by the authorities or other parties. This is where we learn the importance of the Constitutional Complaints mechanism at the Constitutional Court.

Dealing with counter-revolution is a tricky business. For while the word "counter-revolution" signifies opposition to revolution, it is first important to get to grips with the principles of revolution. And while principles are ideas, their application and implementation presuppose a terrain capable of receiving them - in other words, a society ready for revolution. It's in this sense that we need to think about a counter-revolution. It's one thing to know the contours and guiding ideas, but quite another to be able to apply and realize them in a society. This is where a good counter-revolution, like a revolution, must unite the philosopher and the politician, the man of ideas and the man of realizations.

The author addresses the problem of the superior’s authority and its importance in commanding subordinates in uniformed services. Based on the analysis of the source literature and his own experiences, he defines the concept of authority and interprets its types. In the context of reflections on the subject of authority, he also defines the concepts of command and leadership and indicates the positive consequences of liberating authority but also to the negative implications of authoritarian management of subordinates.

The subject of the study is the norms of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the state civil service of the Russian Federation. These norms provide additional guarantees for state civil servants of the Russian Federation for lump-sum subsidy aimed at acquiring accommodation. The purpose of the study is to consider the legal significance of a lump-sum subsidy for buying accommodation, to identify the conditions for the right to this subsidy, to determine whether it is mandatory or optional for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to exercise their powers to provide employees of the subject of the Russian Federation with a lump-sum subsidy for the accommodation, to propose amendments to the legislation. The methodology of the study are such scientific methods as formal legal, structural functional approaches, comparison, research and analysis of studies and regulations. The study uses scientific research in the field of social security law and economic sciences. As a result of the study, the paper substantiates that a lump-sum subsidy for accommodation is provided in order to ensure the social security of civil servants of the Russian Federation. The right to this payment should be assigned only to those civil servants of the Russian Federation who need it and who, without the state support, are not able to change their financial situation and acquire accommodation. The paper proves the need for codifying the conditions for the right to this lump-sum subsidy. Using the analysis of federal and regional legislation that defines the powers of public law entities in the sphere under consideration, the paper proves the obligatory adoption of legal acts aimed at exercising the right of a civil servant of the Russian Federation to a lump-sum subsidy for the accommodation, regardless of the finances of the relevant budget. In order to have a unified legal regulation of the relations under consideration, the study substantiates the need to combine basic and additional state guarantees for civil servants of the Russian Federation, and presents specific proposals for changing federal legislation.

AbstractThis article compares Rousseau’s understanding of gentle means to obtain consent with the modern concept of soft power. Examining the phrase ‘to persuade without convincing’, it explores the nature and purpose of the power Rousseau attaches to his Great Legislator whose enigmatic qualities have been correlated with both democratic and authoritarian tendencies. It explores the power of character, religion, and women—to which Rousseau refers in various contexts in his writings—suggests resemblance with the authority Rousseau assigns to the Legislator, and deems its application as Rousseau’s brand of soft power. Yet while there are surface-level parallels, Rousseau’s thought departs significantly from the prevailing connotations of this concept, particularly in terms of its undisclosed goals. Joseph Nye, who adopted the term soft power and identified the conception, recommends soft power as an outward-directed means that utilises culture, values, and ideology to secure dominance under the notion of influence. For Rousseau, it is a defensive, inward-directed instrument that aims to enable the Legislator to carry out his task of fostering and enhancing a people’s authenticity and autonomy without resorting to force.

Since the 1990s, the number and international authority of regional organizations (ROs) have increased significantly. Former national decisions are increasingly being taken at the regional level, affecting governance in (democratically constituted) member states. Brexit demonstrated that democratic legitimacy could play a central role for ROs. As states have different (power) resources and political cultures and often do not benefit equally from their membership, democratic legitimacy likely varies between RO member states. This contribution provides a measurement of the democratic legitimacy of a RO’s governance in member states in a selected policy field. The newly developed analytical model can be applied to various ROs and is based on input, throughput, and output legitimacy and the empirical acceptance of a RO and its processes. The requirements for democratic legitimacy vary with the authority and intervention of a RO vis-à-vis its member states, and the concept of democracy contained in input legitimacy is oriented towards the normative core of democracy. This analytical approach aims to highlight and compare the democratic legitimacy of various members of a RO in new or established policy fields and contribute to the discussion on why a member state leaves a RO.

The role of BPK is to audit state finance management and accountability in all entities that manage state finances freely and independently. However, the BPK's authority to conduct audits of state finances is debatable and limited when some laws and regulations are inconsistent. This study uses legal doctrinal and comparative legal research to explore improvements/harmonization of regulations and comparisons with SAI in other countries regarding the scope of audit that can be carried out to strengthen BPK's authority further. The results of this study indicate that there is still a conflict of norms regarding the scope of BPK's audit, as well as a conflict of interpretation of what it means to audit the management and accountability of state finances in Indonesia. Improving the legal instruments that regulate the scope of BPK audits can avoid conflicting norms and multiple interpretations of legal norms, allowing BPK's role to be more optimal in the future.

Social work education prioritizes the use of research to inform practice. As university students, prospective social workers have a wealth of research available to them as well as librarians to help them find, evaluate, and use that information. However, access to much of this research ends once the student graduates—at a time when it is most needed to inform their professional practice. To address this challenge, a librarian and a social work faculty member worked with one class of students in their final semester of a bachelor’s degree in social work program to promote awareness of information privilege and barriers to access, to expand their understanding of authority to include marginalized voices, and to utilize an open pedagogy assignment as a means of proactively addressing these challenges. This article describes what was learned from this effort, including the results of surveys conducted with students before and after instruction.

The Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia has issued Circular Letter Number 2 of 2023, stipulating that courts are not permitted to approve requests for the registration of interfaith marriages. However, it is crucial to highlight the principle that Indonesian judges must exercise their duties independently, devoid of external interference. Judges are expected to uphold qualities of independence, impartiality, fairness, and responsibility, refraining from influencing the provision of material to litigants to prevent moral distortion. This article aims to elucidate the role of the aforementioned circular letter concerning the judge's independence within the judicial process in Indonesia. The research methodology employed involves normative legal methods, coupled with a structured analysis of legal norms and principles. The findings of the research underscore two key points. Firstly, the urgency of regulating the determination of marriages involving different religions and beliefs in the judicial process is rooted in the objective of aligning court resolutions with the philosophical underpinnings of the Indonesian nation. Secondly, it is emphasized that the Circular Letter in question does not hold binding authority for judges in the adjudication of cases, particularly those involving interfaith marriages. The autonomy of judicial power, as enshrined in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and further detailed in Law Number 48 of 2009 concerning Judicial Power, affords judges the freedom to independently decide on cases brought before them. This regulatory framework underscores the imperative of preserving the unfettered discretion of judges in their adjudicative functions.

Criminals often escape punishment due to delayed sharing of information with law enforcement agencies. The traditional method of reporting crimes is slow, thus, the need for a faster and modern approach, one that uses modern technology to apprehend perpetrators. It is therefore important to have a well-organized system for reporting criminal activities. This system should be free and easily accessible to the public. With information being delivered promptly and remotely, there is no need for visits to police stations, which can be time-consuming and tedious. This project aims to curb criminal activities by developing a smartphone application that enables victims or witnesses to report real-time information to security agencies, including GPS coordinates. The use of real-time data would prompt quick responses in emergency situations and make reactions proactive rather than reactive. The proposed methodology for the project involves designing and developing a user-friendly mobile app as well as a professional web application for security agencies. The creation of an integration platform allows for the registration of police stations and staff members. Feedback from users would help maintain and improve upon the app. Ultimately, this project aims at increasing public safety and improving crime reporting and management in Ghana by using modern technologies. By enabling citizens to report crimes in real-time, the mobile application has the potential to revolutionize crime reporting and foster a safer and secure environment. By collaborating with law enforcement agencies, the proposed solution can help provide a more efficient and proactive crime reporting system in Ghana.

This essay presents a critical reading of La nuova democrazia diretta, the composition published by Giuseppe Capograssi in 1922, when he was 33 years old, a few months before the march on Rome. We want to reflect on some still corrent issues: on the great leaders, for example, if they are needed or not for the survival of modern democracies. We want to reflect on some concepts: authority and sovereignty. We also intend to analyze the notions of mass and democracy, how they have been placed in the historical-cultural framework, destabilizing the political picture as well as the legal context about the relationship between State and citizens.

Authority is suspect in a democracy. In this article we show what problems this creates in the field of education. Authority is also lost in religion. Religious and educational authority has lost its place, especially in the process of digitalization. The digital environment offers freedom of choice and seemingly democratic use. However, we will show how new forms of authority are also emerging in this environment, which are largely hidden and therefore much more dangerous. The positioning of so-called algorithmic authority leads us to look for appropriate responses for the field of education and proclamation, as it turns out that this is a very similar way of dealing with authority. The approach offered by P. Freire, through the development of a critical consciousness in a concrete environment and the positioning of the teacher as a prophet, combines solutions for the empowerment of modern man in both the religious and educational fields.

This article’s primary aim is to present a highly localised body of evidence from two neighbouring small communities, Garway and Pencoyd, in the Archenfield area of the Welsh March. In Garway’s case, two documents from either end of the long fifteenth century show the local community condemning its parish priest, siding first with one authority and then another, and stressing its Welsh lineage. In Pencoyd, the remarkable survival of the local priest’s manuscripts shows him to have been a diligent pastor and teacher, in tune with diocesan expectations and connected to networks of learning on both sides of the border. Such a local study illuminates evidence of great interest in its own right, but also helps open up the possibility of a wider narrative that attends more fully to local experience in its variety and to the agency of local people.

The aim of this study is to reveal in an interpretive way how computer-mediated communication, the Internet, and social media can be grasped by authority models and how these new types of authority influence religious communities that are (also) present on online platforms. In some cases, computer-mediated communication weakened and made traditional church authorities porous, but in other cases, it specifically helped and strengthened them. In other words, the impact of digital media is not uniform or unidirectional in this respect. Although there is no doubt that the Internet has multiplied it, made it optional, and personalized it from the user’s point of view, it has made religious authority customizable. The power of choice means that, in the digital sphere, the user decides when, what form of network authority they will submit to, for how long, and why they do so. In the classics of the sociology of religion, the concept of authority appears in a hierarchical representation under the concepts of (social) order and rationality. In other words, it cannot be thought of in a way that is contrary to rationality and contrary to social order. In network communication, the concept of authority is subordinated to technology, or as Castells puts it, power can only be interpreted with the logic of the network. Of course, the technological network and its contents are under external (legal) control, but it is precisely the power of the symbolic struggles taking place here that shows how important this issue is in the 21st century. The concept of authority classified under technology will no longer be linked to order or rationality, but to the processes of control, datafication, and attention management on the part of the owners of the platforms, while from the users’ side to concepts such as identity, authenticity, choice, and voluntariness. Its boundaries will be malleable, and the phenomenon itself will multiply. In summary, we cannot talk about one single online religious authority but more types of religious authorities, which are continuously and discursively formed, change, and occasionally hybridize.

Traditionally, the governance of outer space and the regulation of space activities have been State-centred. During the last decade, however, global space governance has been characterized by the influx of private space actors with the capacity to influence the political decision-making and regulatory scenes. This has led to laws and policies that seek to transform the status of outer space from one beyond property and sovereignty to one subject to territorial dynamics, such as through the institution of private property. Within this context, this article investigates the production of authority in modern global space governance and presents the power of private space actors at the root of such authority. At a second level and recognizing the importance of all space actors, including private actors, the article argues for the establishment of a pluralistic legal order for space activities, harmonizing the traditionally State-centred space law framework with the modern needs of the space industry that bring private actors to the fore. The article suggests the Moon Agreement as a tool for inspiration towards the construction of such a framework.

Church fathers were among the most cited authorities in the medieval sermons, right after the Bible. Their quotations were used in different ways – as an exegesis of the reading, as a commentary of a moral les­son, or as a strong argument for a particular statement. Jerome was considered one of the key authorities, and his passages can be found in numerous books of sermons. The paper examines the reception of St. Jerome in the 15th-century sermon collection known as Sermones Discipuli de tempore et de sanctis cum Promptuario exemplorum et de miraculis Beatae Mariae Virginis, written by a German Dominican, Johannes Herolt (†1468). The collection includes quotations from dif­ferent works of Jerome, mostly from his letters. Despite the emphasis on sentences from the texts written by Jerome, the analysis also includes extracts from the so-called Pseudo-Jerome.

According to Shaw et.al. (2018) the constitutional court is one of the forces behind the revival of comparative studies of constitutional law in the last two decades. The establishment of a constitutional court as the main feature of constitutional reform in new democracies. The purpose of this research is to find out the form of the decision Number 49/Puu-IX/2011 regarding the abolition of Article 59 paragraph 2 of Law Number 7 of 2020, and to find out the impact of Number 49/Puu-IX/2011 concerning the abolition of Article 59 paragraph 2 of the Law. - Law number 7 of 2020?. The method used is normative juridical because it discusses a decision of Law number 7 of 2020 concerning article 59 paragraph 2 which is deleted. The results of the study show 1) Decision Number 49/Puu-IX/2011 which deletes the Manuscript Law 7/2020 Article 59 paragraph (2). 2) The provisions in Article 59 Paragraph (2) were deleted in the results of the revision of the Constitutional Court Law or Law Number 7 of 2020 which was ratified by the DPR. This decision has a polemic impact on the community because it is considered a scenario for the DPR and the President to submit the Constitutional Court's decision, so that the DPR and the President no longer have an assessment of the Constitutional Court. The public considers that this decision is related to the work copyright law because with the abolition of article 59th paragraph 2 it can allow everything that is abolished in the work copyright law to be in vain because it is still under the authority of the president and the DPR.

Censorship and self-censorship in translation have been associated with oppressive regimes, although they are encountered in democratic systems as well. The agents and mechanisms behind these phenomena play a key part in spreading a certain ideology, which serves the interests of the ones in positions of power, be it political, economic or religious. The main purposes of this article are to analyse the criteria of censorship in translation, to illustrate the strategies used for censoring the potentially “dangerous” texts, to present case studies inspired by the realities of communist Romania and the contemporary American society, and to give examples of censorship agents, objectives and techniques.

In contemporary times, the acquisition and display of "fancy number plates" have evolved into a source of life satisfaction for specific vehicle owners, particularly when purchasing new vehicles. Consequently, ensuring standardization of number plates has gained significant attention in Malaysia, particularly within the jurisdiction of the Road Transport Department (RTD). The use of non-compliant number plate standards introduces various considerations and can be influenced by an array of factors. Over time, the issue of non-compliance with number plate standardization is poised to become an offense that authorities must address comprehensively to mitigate the misuse of number plates by vehicle owners. This study seeks to identify the variables that influence vehicle owners' decisions to opt for non-compliant number plate standardization in Malaysia. Data for this research was collected through a questionnaire survey distributed across the Kulim, Kedah region. The study identified variables that contribute to the inclination towards non-compliance with number plate standardization. Notably, the research highlights affordability as the most pivotal factor in the selection of a license plate. The findings of this study serve multiple purposes. First and foremost, they offer a valuable reference for the RTD, equipping it to enforce laws pertaining to non-compliance with number plate standardization more effectively. Moreover, the insights gained can lay the groundwork for potential updates to existing regulations, particularly in the Malaysian context. In conclusion, the growing significance of "fancy number plates" as a symbol of personal satisfaction among vehicle owners has led to concerns regarding non-compliance with standardization in Malaysia. By contributing to enhanced law enforcement and policy refinement, this study can aid in better managing the phenomenon of non-compliant number plate standardization in the country.

Abstract Patient‐centred care is commonly framed as a means to guard against the problem of medical paternalism, exemplified in historical attitudes of ‘doctor knows best’. In this sense, patient‐centred care (PCC) is often regarded as a moral imperative. Reviews of its adoption in healthcare settings do not find any consistent improvement in health outcomes; however, these results are generally interpreted as pointing to the need for more or ‘better’ training for staff, rather than raising more fundamental questions. Patient autonomy is generally foregrounded in conceptualizations of PCC, to be actualized through the exercising of choice and control. But examining healthcare interaction in practice shows that when professionals attempt to enact these underpinnings, it often results in the sidelining of medical expertise that patients want or need. The outcome is that patients can feel abandoned to make decisions they feel unqualified to make, or even that care standards may not be met. This helps to explain why PCC has not produced the hoped‐for improvement in health outcomes. It also suggests that, rather than focusing on scoring individual consultations, we need to consider how medical expertise can be rehabilitated for a 21st century public, and how patient expertise can be better incorporated into co‐design and co‐production of services and resources rather than being seen as something to be expressed through a binary notion of control. Patient and Public Contribution This viewpoint draws on research conducted by the author across a range of settings in health and social care, all of which incorporated patient and public involvement when it was conducted.

The purpose of the article was to study and identify linguistic and cultural features of the concepts of “authority” and “politics” in the materials of Kazakh, Russian, and English. Based on the definitions of the term “concept” in linguistic studies, the semantic and structural description of the words “authority” and “politics” was given regarding the relationship between linguistic and conceptual images of the world. To identify the national features of these two concepts, a survey was conducted using the associative experimental method. The survey was attended by 1000 respondents who spoke Kazakh, English, and Russian. After analyzing the results, substantive features of these concepts in the consciousness of owners of these languages were described and distinguished. The scientific value of the research work was determined by complementing the conclusions of the work in the direction of linguoculturology, and its practical value was determined by providing specific materials for comparative analysis.

This study examines the developments in the constitutional authority of the Constitutional Court, revealing four distinct advancements based on its decisions. While the Court's rulings are final and binding, this does not preclude further examination. Utilizing normative research methods, the findings highlight four developments in the Court's authority, categorized into three approaches: passive, active, and passive-active methods. Additionally, the study indicates that development efforts have occurred multiple times within the same issue. Therefore, when the Constitutional Court adjudicates cases concerning its authority in the future, it is crucial to consider the limiting factors established by prior decisions and to reflect on the three fundamental characteristics of constitutional interpretation. In the event of any future developments regarding the Constitutional Court's authority, attention to these interpretive principles remains essential.

The global COVID-19 outbreak has had a major impact on the marine and fisheries industry in Indonesia. This is also felt by fishermen in Lampung Province with the decline in demand for fishery products in the domestic and international markets in Lampung Province. The overall decline in the fisheries production cycle is influenced by the decline in demand from consumers. The local government has an important role to help restore the condition. The problem in this research is how the authority of the local government of Lampung Province in the management of fisheries resources in the era of regional autonomy and how the efforts of the marine and fisheries office of Lampung Province in an effort to achieve fisheries production in the era of regional autonomy. The research method used is normative research with statute approach. The results of this study are in accordance with the Governor's Regulation on the determination of the main tasks and functions of the Lampung Province Maritime and Fisheries Service as an implementing element of local government in the field of marine and fisheries led by a Head of Service who is responsible to the Governor. he goal is to implement the commitment of the Governor and Deputy Governor elected in 2019-2024 on marine and the Berjaya Fishermen Program to prioritize the welfare of the fishing industry, especially fishermen and their families. The Lampung Provincial Maritime and Fisheries Service provides solutions in the form of feed assistance in collaboration with Lampung University, fish nurseries and distribution in four districts and cities as well as Mobilizing registration and licensing to increase the capacity of fishermen and facilitate licensing and shipping documentation.

When talking about the rule of law as a contemporary constitutional and theoretical principle, most of the public usually refers to the period of the emergence of theoretical models that tend to the modern understanding of the organization of the state, legal order, and society, from the period of the Enlightenment to the period of various theoretical concepts of the modern era. However, as it is known in the domain of constitutional theory, ideas concerning the concept and purpose of government, the constitution, laws and legislation, rights and obligations, legality and legitimacy, and all other categories that constitute elements of the principle of the rule of law (as it is understood today) – as a very complex notion, have been the subject of consideration since the earliest times, at the very beginnings of the development of the philosophical-legal thought. The purpose of this paper, by its capacity and scope, is not contained in the elaboration of all theoretical models regarding elements that make the content of the rule of law which appeared during the historical development of human civilization – which would otherwise be an impossible task, but in the elaboration of some characteristic theoretical considerations during ancient and medieval period in which the beginnings of the idea of the rule of law can be found as well as the very beginnings of the development of that idea in contemporary sense.

The dispute over authority between state institutions whose authorities are based on regulations under the 1945 Constitution cannot be resolved through a decision (beschikking), considering that matters involving overlapping authority that has been included in the regulations (regelling) and will remain in effect unless one of the matters has been annulled. This research aims to elaborate the pattern of power restriction on state institutions and find out the resolution of authority disputes between state institutions whose authority is based on regulations under the 1945 Constitution. This research is a legal argumentation using a normative research approach. The results of the research show that each state institution obtains authority by attribution, which originates from the 1945 Constitution or from regulations under the 1945 Constitution. The annulment of material containing authority that is sourced from the regulations under the 1945 Constitution can only be carried out through a material test (judicial review) by the judiciary, namely the Supreme Court.

This article comprehensively examines Donald Trump’s political leadership, arguing that his tenure as the 45th President of the United States exhibited characteristics commonly associated with authoritarian mob bosses. Drawing upon various empirical evidence and theoretical political science frameworks, the study sheds light on the underlying dynamics that shaped Trump’s leadership style and its implications for democratic governance. The analysis begins by contextualizing Trump’s rise to power within the erosion of democratic norms. It explores how his rhetoric, characterized by demagoguery and the demonization of opponents, mirrors the tactics employed by mob bosses to consolidate their power and suppress dissent. Moreover, the study uncovers the striking similarities between Trump’s administration management and the hierarchical structures of organized crime, highlighting his reliance on loyalty, personal connections, and a disregard for institutional checks and balances. Furthermore, this research delves into Trump’s autocratic tendencies, as evidenced by his disdain for the free press, attacks on the judiciary, and attempts to undermine the integrity of democratic processes. It reveals how these actions align with the strategies employed by authoritarian leaders to silence opposition and perpetuate their dominance. By examining Trump’s presidency through process tracing, this study contributes to our understanding of the complex relationship between authoritarianism and the erosion of democratic institutions. The findings underscore the urgent need for continued scholarly and public scrutiny of leaders who exhibit traits akin to authoritarian mob bosses to safeguard the principles of democratic governance and protect the integrity of liberal democracies.

In the twelfth century, certain thinkers in the north of Europe were exalting human reason in a manner that had not been seen since the time of the ancient philosophers. Adelard of Bath, William of Conches, Thierry of Chartres and Peter Abelard all championed ratio in a way that seemed to challenge the hegemony of learning that rested securely with the authority of scripture, the testament of the Fathers and the canons of the established councils. In so doing, it represented a significantly different approach from the firmly established ‘authors’ (auctores) as certain scholars pursued their learning, and indeed even divine ascent, via other avenues. Even the visionary Hildegard von Bingen set enormous stock in rationality. This paper will discuss the use of reason for the anagogic ascent to the divine in order to trace its roots to a Platonic understanding of the universe in tandem with a highly positive anthropology that allowed for a bold reassessment of human capabilities, as well as a new appreciation of nature.

Dante’s articulate and sometimes critical attitude towards the academic community is evident in several of his works, specifically in Paradiso. To understand the actual extent of this ‘anti-academic’ attitude, this study considers the magistri of the higher schools and the holders of university chairs to observe their position regarding the Commedia. The study aims to ascertain whether the poem was regarded as a teaching text in the 14th and 15th centuries, and particularly whether it was referred to in the textual hermeneutics practiced in lectio. The analysis examined the utilization of the Commedia within schools and universities as an authoritative text in the commentary on the canon of the auctores maiores. The inclusion of Dante’s glosses in various manuscripts recalled to provide erudite data, lexical interpretations, exempla, and sententiae, reflects the progressive integration of the poem within the academic community. This integration signifies its acknowledgment among the auctores employed in exegetical practices, a phenomenon observed across various geographical regions as evidenced by the analyzed manuscripts.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the authority of the Regional Government in establishing the Regional Public Service Agency. This research is normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches. The results of this study found that based on Article 346 of Law No.23/2014 in conjunction with Article 205 paragraph (1) PP No.12/2019 Regional Government has attribution authority to form BLUDs with the aim of improving public services. The authority of the Regional Government to form a BLUD is a discretionary authority that gives the choice to the Regional Government whether or not to form a BLUD based on consideration and an assessment of regional needs to improve public services. In forming a BLUD, Regional Governments must meet the requirements as stipulated in Article 29 Permendagri No.79/2018, namely substantive, technical and administrative requirements.

The Criminal Justice System in Indonesia has explained related to the authority of each law enforcement apparatus, including the authority to defend suspects or defendants. However, deviations occurred in 2022 where the police acted as defenders in trials (legal advisors) for other members of the police who were accused in the Kanjuruhan tragedy, this is of course vulnerable to conflicts of interest and is not in line with the criminal justice system. The research method used is empirical juridical, which is related to the implementation of laws and regulations in cases that occur in society, in this case, the question of the authority to defend in the trial of the Kanjuruhan case. In principle, the authority to defend in the context of criminal justice is regulated in the Law No.18/2003, in cases where a police officer is acting as a legal representative for other police officers in criminal cases it is a deviation from the process of the criminal justice system in Indonesia, this also contradicts Article 16 in the Law No.2/2002, which explains that the police do not have the authority to provide legal assistance in criminal trials.

This article explores the degree to which commercial satellite imagery has empowered non-state actors in the politics of transparency in world politics. This question has received renewed attention in the wake of the disclosure of China’s new missile silos in 2021 as well as Russia’s war against Ukraine since 2022. The article contributes to research on this question by teasing out the competition over authority undergirding the politics of transparency. It does so in two steps: it conceptualizes the politics of transparency as involving a combination of state and non-state actors engaging in transparency efforts against another state or other states and it distinguishes four aspects of the empowerment of non-state actors in such constellations of actors: (a) the emergence of new or better disclosure devices that (b) bolster the expertise of some non-state actors, (c) giving them more influence over public debates, and (d) prompting changes in the policies of relevant actors. The article uses this framework to explore the factors that affected the degree of empowerment of non-state actors in the two cases of China’s new missile silos as well as Russia’s war against Ukraine. It highlights three factors: the interplay between state and non-state transparency makers, the polarization of public spheres, and the ability of states targeted by the transparency efforts to fragment public spheres.

This study examines the authority of a tuanku, a leader of the tarekat (mystical teaching) community in West Sumatra, Indonesia—a charismatic figure with a significant role in the region's socio‐ political landscape. He issues political statements or ‘political fatwa’ regarding a certain issue to help determine choices. As such, political leaders seek to win his favor for an advantage in political contests. Data were collected from in-depth interviews with teachers and congregational members of the tarekat community to examine a tuanku's charismatic authority in the socio-political dynamics. The study reveals that a tuanku’s influence is strong, his understanding of politics is closely related to the religious understanding of the tarekat school, and his charisma impacts the political choices of the tarekat community. This study contributes to the literature by providing evidence of a religious figure's charismatic authority in West Sumatra's socio‐political dynamics.

Although the subject of the Przemyśl Fortress has been incessantly popular for years, little space has been devoted so far to the merging of power and entertainment, whereas for the distribution of power the culture of leisure and its development was vital; developing appropriate habits and tastes as well as promoting appropriate (from the point of view of the authorities) forms of spending free time was by no means neutral in terms of content and form. The article discusses the relations between the Przemyśl garrison under Commandant Anton von Galgótzy (i. e., between 1891 and 1905) and the local civilians. Galgótzy used specific practices, abusing his power, compared with the commandants of other garrison towns. Concerts of military bands were supposed to warm up his image of an all-powerful general and, through appropriately selected repertoire, develop loyalty towards the Imperial-Royal Monarchy on its outskirts.

This article aims to provide a philosophical case for the veracity of the doctrine of the papacy. This specific case will be presented as an a priori argument that will be formulated in light of the work of Richard Swinburne and Linda Zagzebski—which, in combination, will provide us with grounds for believing in the veracity of the papacy from a philosophical perspective, and thus help to further bolster up the historical arguments that are usually brought in support of the veracity of the doctrine.

Faced with an increasingly challenging environment, journalists and news organizations are looking to investigative journalism as a symbolic resource to assert their professionalism. However, while the literature recognizes a strong link between authority and professionalism on the one hand, and investigative journalism and professionalism on the other, it has overlooked how investigative journalism itself can be used to establish authority. This paper aims to fill this gap by exploring how investigative pieces contribute to the legitimization of journalists in French-speaking Switzerland. To answer this question, we conducted a thematic and discursive qualitative analysis of 186 investigative pieces to examine identity markers that present journalists as particularly legitimate knowledge producers. Our findings show how print journalists perform an investigative identity throughout their texts. This includes playing a watchdog role, demonstrating an “investigative mindset,” claiming specialized skills, and / or highlighting their thorough verification procedure. By employing these strategies, investigative journalists seek recognition based on their social role, their individual traits, their specialized skills, and / or their incontrovertible knowledge claims. We analyze these four identity markers as strategic devices for claiming special authority within the journalistic profession.

This study aims to investigate the types of impoliteness strategies used in Putin's speech at the annexation ceremony. All of Putin's speeches were intentionally delivered to cause damage to the hearers' negative and positive faces. Culpeper's (2011) classifications of impoliteness, which consist of five strategies that are the opposite of politeness, were adopted. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses have been used to accomplish the study objectives. Putin mostly used the negative impoliteness strategy, directly attacking the West and their policies. Furthermore, he considered his authority to be higher than Kyiv and the West, and for this reason, he insulted, belittled, blamed, and accused them. In several texts, he used "bald on record" in a direct, concise, and clear tone when he talked to the President of Ukraine and his elites. The two remaining strategies, positive impoliteness and mock impoliteness, were rarely used. This work contributes to understanding the messages that Putin tried to convey and analyzes them politically.

The article is devoted to investigating the specific of the information of Kyiv region’s local media to the conducive for authority cases of reaction of ordinary peasants for the grain procurement campaign of 1932–1933 as a key mechanism of the organization of Holodomor in Ukraine. The research strategy is based on the contextual analysis of different media materials against the broad background of the Holodomor, as well as the territorial and chronological representation of the newspaper’s information about the typically similar practices of the peasants. The research focuses on the analyses of the following messages of the local media: freewill execution and over-execution grain procurement plan by farmers and members of collective farmers; appeals to execute this plan and to oblige to additional plans; freewill participation the farmers, which were forced to give own grain, in doing of brigades for searching and expropriation its in another peasants; denunciations, peasant’s statement about advantage of the collective farm system. It was argued most of the newspaper’s information was manipulative. The so-called voluntary initiatives of ordinary peasants, often declared by the local media, actually appeared under the influence of the authorities. The empiric potential of district press gives more background information of documentary materials. Only the materials pertaining to the denunciations of the ordinary peasants and to the activity of the brigades for grain procurement reflected the reality. The local media deepen the notion regarding the motives of the peasants and the measures which were used by authority to enable the emergence the conducive information in local media. It leads to the investigation of the models of peasants’ existential choice, which were developed in the various circumstances during the Holodomor of 1932–1933.