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Objective: to analyze the influence of socioeconomic indicators on the COVID-19 pandemic in the child and youth population. Methods: this is an ecological study, considering all reported cases of COVID-19 infection and deaths in children and adolescents. Secondary data was collected and analyzed using the Global Moran's Index, both univariate and bivariate. Results: the highest incidence rate of COVID-19 in the child and youth population was recorded in the Midwest; the highest mortality rate was found in the North; and the highest lethality rate was reported in the Northeast. There was also a negative correlation between COVID-19 mortality in the child and youth population and the Human Development Index, per capita income, and education level of the head of the household. Conclusion: Socioeconomic indicators related to the Human Development Index (HDI), nominal per capita income, and education level of the head of the family may have influenced the increase in incidence and mortality from COVID-19 in the child and youth population in Brazil. Contributions to practice: knowledge of regional socioeconomic inequalities helps to plan and implement public policies aimed at minimizing Brazil's regional inequalities in the face of health crises such as those experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective: To understand the perception of nurses who work in the School Health Program about mental health in children and adolescents. Method: This was a qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive study carried out between December 2022 and February 2023, with nurses working in Family Health Strategies in a municipality on the western border of Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil. Data collection with semi-structured interviews and Minayo's Thematic Analysis. Results: The concept of mental health was linked to both the traditional concept and the expanded clinic. The risk factors for the mental health of children and adolescents highlighted were family conflicts, prejudice, exposure to violence, digital influence, the use of psychoactive substances, and crime. Conclusion: There is a need to promote care strategies, especially for nurses, enabling them to take a more critical look at risk factors and mental health demands based on the specific characteristics of children and adolescents.

Fortunée Nyirandamutsa,1 Japhet Niyonsenga,1,2 Kethina Lisette Gaju,3 Josias Izabayo,4 Emilienne Kambibi,5 Samuel Munderere,5 Célestin Sebuhoro,1 Assumpta Muhayisa,1 Vincent Sezibera1,4 1Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda; 2Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; 3Global Mental Health MSc Program, King’s College London and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; 4Centre for Mental Health, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda; 5Department of Mental Health, Survivors Fund Rwanda, Kigali, RwandaCorrespondence: Fortunée Nyirandamutsa; Japhet Niyonsenga, Tel +250784010477, Email nyirandamutsaf@gmail.com; niyonsengajaphet74@gmail.comBackground: Birth through genocidal rape has a detrimental impact on the health of the offspring; however, there is scarce literature that focuses on efforts to support and reintegrate people born of this crime due to the lack of needs assessments that can inform policies and interventions.Objective: This study sought to explore perceptions of the intervention utility and effectiveness in supporting and reintegrating offspring born of the 1994 genocidal rape against the Tutsi in Rwanda.Methods: A purposive sample of 16 dyads of non-partnered mothers raped in the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi and their offspring participated in semi-structured qualitative interviews. The transcribed interview verbatims were uploaded to NVivo 12 and analyzed inductively using thematic analysis.Results: The analysis resulted in several subthemes that were grouped into four main themes based on research questions. These themes included the reconstruction of a positive image (ie, hardworking, contribution to the community, supporting vulnerable people, etc.), the benefits of collaborating with peers in a similar situation (ie, a sense of belonging, self-acceptance, relieving distress and emotional pain, etc.), the support obtained from Survivors Fund Rwanda (ie, psychosocial support, financial support for school fees, support to get a job), and the intervention and strategies needed (ie, continuous psychosocial support, catch-up learning programs, accompaniment support, advocacy to get a job, supporting the parents, etc.).Conclusion: Our results highlight how the youth born of genocidal rape are reconstructing a positive image and self-advocacy, their perception of obtained support, and the recommended intervention. These findings will help in initiating or strengthening interventions targeting this population, especially strategies to support and reintegrate them.Plain language summary: The current study was conducted to explore the perceptions of intervention utility and effectiveness in supporting and reintegrating offspring born of the 1994 genocidal rape against the Tutsi in Rwanda, which can inform policies and interventions. To achieve this, a purposive sample of 16 dyads of non-partnered mothers raped in the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi and their offspring were selected to participate in semi-structured qualitative interviews. Our analysis resulted in several subthemes that were grouped into four main themes based on research questions. These themes that emerged included the reconstruction of a positive image and self-advocacy, the benefits of collaborating with peers in a similar situation, the support obtained, and the intervention and strategies needed. These findings will help in initiating or strengthening interventions targeting people born of genocidal rape, especially strategies to support and reintegrate them.Keywords: genocidal rape, born of genocidal rape, needs assessment, intervention utilities, Rwanda, adolescent

ABSTRACT Introduction: In healthy individuals and in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), the curvature of the cervical spine varies greatly, with approximately 36-40% of AIS patients having kyphosis of the cervical spine. Aim: To assess the curvature of the cervical spine in AIS patients and subgroups according to Lenke’s classification (1 to 6). Methods: 107 patients with AIS were assessed for cervical lordosis (C2-C7) using the Cobb method, subdivided into lordosis and cervical kyphosis. The following parameters were assessed and compared between the subgroups: T5-T12 thoracic kyphosis (TK); L1-S1 lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic incidence (PI), sagittal vertical axis (SVA), T1 pelvic angle (TPA), C2-C7 cervical lordosis, C1-C2 cervical lordosis, T1 slope (T1s), neck tilt, thoracic inlet angle (TIA) and cervical sagittal axis (CSVA). Results: Kyphosis of the cervical spine was observed in 48% of patients. The Lenke classification curves (1 to 6) showed no difference with regard to the curvature of the cervical spine. In the subgroup with cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, and T1 slope were significantly higher. Neck tilt was significantly higher in the subgroup with kyphosis. Conclusions: Almost half of the patients have kyphosis of the cervical spine, and the curvature of the cervical spine in AIS patients varies widely. Thoracic kyphosis, T1 slope, and neck tilt are significantly different between the subgroups of patients with lordosis or kyphosis. Level of Evidence III; Observational and Retrospective Study.

Abstract Introductions: In these days, with depression in adolescents levels getting higher in amounts, it should be assessed whether their relationships with their families have an effect on their risk of depression. This study aims to find out the effect of family relations on the risk of depression. Methods: Literature from PubMed that was published in 2015-2019 was searched using specific keywords. Then these literatures were filtered according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the variables used within the studies and then the results of the research were put in a table and the individual results are compared. Results: Four studies were conducted with similar independent and dependent variables to be then assessed and the results were that different family relations refer to different depressive tendencies. Conclusions: This study shows that there are effects to be had from family relations towards the risk of depression in adolescents.

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the level of risk-taking, sensation - seeking and impulsivity of girl and boy adolescents based on the level of influence of peers. Method: The method of the present research was of fundamental type according to the research objective and according to the method of data collection it was of descriptive type and causal-comparative research. In line with the purpose of the study, among all adolescents aged 18-14 years in Tabriz, a sample of 327 people was selected by available sampling method. To collect data used from Peer Influence Resistance Questionnaire (1), Iranian Adolescents Risk-Taking Scale (2), Arent Sensation–Seeking Scale (3) and Barat Impulsivity Questionnaire 11 th edition (4). Also, the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS-26 software. Results: Data analysis using multivariate factor analysis of variance showed that the level of risk-taking of adolescents based on the influence of peers is higher than the peer resistance group. Also, the level of risk-taking of boys is higher than girls based on influence by peers. But there was no difference in the sensation-seeking and impulsivity of girl and boy adolescents based on the level of influence from peers. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present research, it can be concluded that peers have a high impact on risk-taking, excitement and impulsiveness of teenagers. Therefore, it is suggested to hold training classes for teenagers and their families about the importance of friendships during adolescence and the impact of friendship during this period on risky behaviors.

Sistemele naționale de protecție a copilului sunt constituite pentru a proteja copiii împotriva violenței. Ele trebuie să fie ghidate de politicile de protecție a copilului, la fel să dispună de mecanisme de raportare pentru a sprijini schimbul de bune practici în combaterea violenței împotriva copiilor. Să vină cu propuneri legislative de combatere a violenței împotriva copilului cât și protejarea acestuia. La fel un rol important îl are și societatea, fiind educată să acționeze în scopul promovării și protejării drepturilor copiilor în vârstă de până la 18 ani, să susțină și să încurajeze respectarea și promovarea drepturilor copiilor. Nu mai puțin important este și dezvoltarea prin consolidarea cât mai eficientă a sistemelor integrate de protecție a copilului, care va încuraja toate autoritățile și serviciile relevante pentru o colaborare mai bună, într-un sistem în care copilul este plasat în centrul preocupărilor. Drepturile copiilor aflați în conflict cu legea în calitate de delicvenți, victime sau martori ai infracțiunilor nu sunt pe deplin realizate, iar eforturile pentru reintegrarea lor într-un mediu normal necesită încă multă muncă

Introduction: Due to significant social, economic, cultural, and lifestyle changes in Iran during past decades and the relationship among the unstable social and economic status and mental complications the study of psychiatric disorders has become important and necessary, the aim of this study was epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Methods: A total of 1035 children aged 6-18 years from Yazd Province, Iran were enrolled in this cross-sectional study in 2017 using a multistage cluster sampling method. Data were collected using the following inventories for school-age children (6-18 years): Kiddie-SADS-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SAD-SPL). Logistic regression and SPSS version 16 software were used for data analysis. Results: 44.1% of participants were boys and 55.9% were girls. The mean age of the participants was 11.3±3.9 years. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents was 35.5%. Meanwhile, anxiety disorders had the highest prevalence rate (22.2%) and among anxiety disorders, separation anxiety disorder (8.7%) and generalized anxiety (8.6%) were the most prevalent. There was a significant difference in all psychiatric disorders based on gender, more evident in the high rate of obsessive-compulsive disorder, enuresis, tic, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, hyperactivity, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, smoking disorder, and epilepsy were more evident in boys (P-value < 0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence rate of psychiatric disorders in young population of Yazd Province is relatively high and because of its impact on individuals' social and personal function, it could have substantial implications for mental health services.

Objectives: Sleep is essential for musculoskeletal and cognitive recovery. Adolescent athletes tend to sleep poorly compared to adults and it may predispose them to sports injuries. Our aims are to estimate whether the quantity/quality of sleep are associated with sports injuries in adolescent athletes and to compare the quantity/quality of sleep between the training and competition seasons, and the school vacation period. Material and Methods: It was a cohort study with 19 track and field athletes of both sexes, aged between 12 and 21 years. We evaluated their sleep-wake habit through actigraphy during three phases: 1 - mid-season, 2 - competition, and 3 - school vacation. The previous six months injury history and the occurrence of injuries in a six-month follow-up were recorded. Logistic regression and variance analysis were performed. The significance level used was 0.05. Results: Wake after sleep onset (WASO) predicted previous injuries (OR=1.144) and time awake (TA) predicted injury occurrence (OR=0.974). TA decreased from phase 2 to phase 3 (p=0.004), total sleep time (TST) increased from phase 2 to phase 3 (p=0.012), and WASO decreased between phases 1 and 2 (p=0.001) and between phases 1 and 3 (p=0.025). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that the quantity and quality of sleep were associated with musculoskeletal injuries in adolescent track and field athletes. Previous injuries were predicted by WASO and the occurrence of injuries was predicted by TA. Furthermore, during the vacation period they had lower TA and WASO, and higher TST than on school days.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of our study was to determine whether there is a relationship between maternal personality traits and the child's psychiatric disorder. METHODS: The data for this cross-sectional case-control study were collected from mothers of 134 children with a psychiatric disorder who applied to the child psychiatry department of a university hospital between February and June 2021 and the mothers of 92 children without any psychiatric disorders. Participants were evaluated by using Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised-Short Form. RESULTS: A total of 226 mothers participated in our study, 59.29% (134) of whom were the mothers of a child diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder, and 40.71% (92) were the mothers of a healthy child. The neuroticism and psychoticism scores were significantly higher in the mothers of the patient group, and the extraversion score was significantly higher in the mothers of the control group. (p

ABSTRACT Objective: Semantically validate an educational technology with the caregiver of children and adolescents undergoing chemotherapy. Method: Methodological study, with a quantitative approach, guided by the theoretical framework of psychometry, developed between March and April 2022, with nine caregivers of children and adolescents undergoing chemotherapy. Educational technology is a digital animation film about the pediatric chemotherapy treatment process, used as a tool for health education. Results: In the reliability assessment, the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient was 0.936 [95%CI 0.868-0.984] with p < 0.05 and Cronbach’s alpha of 0.943, demonstrating satisfactory internal consistency. Regarding the semantic analysis, the domains related to objectives, organization, language, appearance, and motivation showed an agreement rate above 80%. Conclusion: Educational technology showed satisfactory rates, proving to be a valid, reliable, and important instrument to be used by caregivers of children and adolescents undergoing chemotherapy.

The aim of this paper was to analyze the predictive effect of coping strategies on the risk for suicidal ideation and behavior in 309 adolescents between 11 and 18 years of age (M=13.51; SD=1.9). This was a quantitative study, with a cross-sectional-correlational design. The Suicide Orientation Scale (Iso-30) and the Coping Strategies Inventory (CSI) were used. Findings suggest that 12.9% of the sample reported high risk of suicide. Adolescents at low risk of suicide, compared with those reporting moderate and severe risk, had higher scores on problem solving, cognitive restructuring, social support, emotional expression, and problem avoidance, and lower scores on desiderative thinking, social withdrawal, and self-criticism. Suicidal ideation and behavior were found to correlate negatively with problem solving, cognitive restructuring, social support, emotional expression, problem avoidance, and positively with desiderative thinking, social withdrawal and self-criticism. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that coping strategies explained between 46 % and 56 % of the variance of the risk of suicidal ideation and behavior. Social withdrawal and self-criticism strategies contributed significant effects that increased the probability of high suicide risk. These findings can be used to help guide suicide prevention and intervention strategies in school settings.

Background/purpose – The use of social media has become commonplace among adolescents. However, excessive use of social media causes addiction in some cases. In this context, it is considered important to investigate the factors related to social media addiction. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationships among childhood experiences, happiness, and social media addiction in adolescents. Materials/methods – In the study, correlations between childhood experiences, happiness, and social media addiction among adolescents were tested with the structural equation model. The research involved 314 adolescents, and the Social Media Disorder Scale (SMDS), The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire Short Form (OHQ-SF), and the Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (CEQ) were used as data collection tools. SPSS 21 and AMOS programs were used for data analysis. Results – The results of the path analysis indicated that negative childhood experiences negatively and directly affect happiness, whilst happiness negatively and directly affects social media addictions, negative childhood experiences positively and indirectly affect social media addictions, negative childhood experiences negatively affects happiness, and unhappiness positively affects social media addiction. Conclusion – The current study's results have shown that negative perceived childhood experiences can negatively affect individuals emotionally and behaviorally during adolescence.

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the impact of a health program performed in a school setting on the blood pressure levels of schoolchildren in the public school system in Vitória/ES-Brazil. Methods: a randomized community trial was performed with 237 schoolchildren (6 to 12 years) from two public schools, randomly defined as the intervention and control school. Participants of the intervention group attended 11 education sessions over 4 months (July to October 2014). To test for differences between groups, the chi-square (categorical variables), and the paired t test or Wilcoxon (continuous variables) was used. The rate of variation of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) throughout the follow-up, according to allocation group, was evaluated using linear generalized models for time-repeated measures. Results: there was a reduction in the means of SBP (0.5 mmHg) and DBP (0.6 mmHg) in the intervention group and an increase in the control group, with a significant difference in the BP variation between groups over the follow-up period (p

Aim and Background: Adolescence is an important period of development in which individuals can acquire the skills, attitudes, and abilities they need in adulthood. It seems that one of the factors that can be effective in dealing with adolescent issues is emotional intelligence. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of Choice Theory training on emotional intelligence in adolescent girls. Methods and Materials: This is a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population consists of thirteen-to-eighteen-year-old adolescent girls in the city of Isfahan. The sample consisted of 32 adolescent girls who were selected by multistage cluster sampling and were randomly and equally assigned to control and experimental groups. The experimental group received Choice Theory training in eight ninety-minute sessions. The control group was placed on the wait list. The Emotional Quotient Inventory test was used for data collection purposes and the data were analyzed using the covariance analysis test. Findings: Results showed that Choice Theory training significantly affected Emotional Intelligence and its components (adaptability, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and general mood) (p

Aim and Background: Mind wandering and deviation from attention to work at present is common among adolescents and has negative consequences. The purpose of this study was to compare metacognitive therapy and its techniques (attention training, Situational attention refocusing), and acceptance and commitment therapy on the mind wandering adolescents. Methods and Materials: The research method was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and follow-up design and the statistical population included 20837 adolescent girls in second grade secondary schools of Karaj in the academic year 1396-1397. A randomized multistage cluster sampling method was used to select 70 people who had the lowest score in the amount of wandering mindedness based on the measurement tool of the wandering minds. They were randomly assigned to five groups based on the criteria of the research. they got. Metacognitive Therapy, Attention training, Situational attention refocusing and Acceptance and Commitment therapy during 10 sessions a weekly, 90-minute test was performed individually for experimental groups. The collected data were entered into SPSS-23 software and a statistical method to analyze data from mixed analysis of variance is used. Findings: The results of mixed analysis of variance showed that all four treatments were effective in reducing adolescent mind wandering and the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy was more than other treatments (P

Abstract Background African American adults experience a disproportionate burden and increased mortality for most solid tumor cancers and their adolescent children are negatively impacted by the illness experience. The purpose of this randomized clinical trial is to evaluate the efficacy of a culturally sensitive family-based intervention program developed for African American families coping with solid tumor parental cancer using an intention-to-treat approach. Primary outcome is adolescent depressive symptoms at end of treatment. Methods A sample of 172 African American families will be enrolled from two diverse oncology centers (Helen Graham Cancer Center in Newark, DE, and Kimmel Cancer Center in Philadelphia, PA). Eligible families will be randomized either to a 5-session intervention Families Fighting Cancer Together (FFCT) or a 5-session parent-only psycho-educational (PED) program. Assessments will occur at weeks 0 (baseline), 8 (end-of-treatment), 24, and 52. Discussion Treatments to help African American adolescents cope with the impact of parental cancer are scarce and urgently needed. If successful, this proposed research will change the nature of intervention support options available to African Americans, who are overrepresented and underserved by existing services or programs. Trial registration This project is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (Protocol #: NCT03567330).

Substance-dependent adolescents tend to experience relapses despite the psychological and medical treatment they received. Factors associated with the relapses include ineffective therapy, lack of post-treatment family support, and inability to prevent future relapses. This study investigates the effectiveness of the Family-Cognitive Integrative Therapy (F-CIT) model in preventing relapses of substance abuse among adolescents. There were ten participants randomly allocated into two groups. The experimental group received F-CIT, and the control group received no treatment. The Adolescent Relapse Coping Questionnaire used to measure the effectiveness of F-CIT model. The results showed that F-CIT model improves the adolescent ability to prevent relapses and remain abstinence after treatment. Thus, the additional of F-CIT model is sufficient to prevent relapses and improve abstinence against substance abuse among adolescents.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Although several investigators have evaluated the effects of the dietary glycemic index on obesity and hypertension among adults, few and controversial evidence reported for adolescents. Furthermore, no studies examined the effect of low glycemic index diet (LGI) on obesity and hypertension in comparison to healthy nutritional recommendation (HNR) based diet. This study was run to compare the effects of low glycemic index (LGI) diet on blood pressure and anthropometric measurements to HNR based diet in adolescent girls.METHODS: Fifty mature adolescent girls aged less than 18 participated in this parallel randomized clinical trial. Those whose body mass index (BMI) was between 85th and 95th percentile of BMI for age table provided by WHO were determined as overweight and those whose BMI was higher than 95th percentile were determined as obese. Randomized allocation assigned subjects to LGI diet or healthy nutritional recommendation (HNR) based diet. Macronutrient distribution was similar between two groups. A menu of allowable foods and a list of HNRs were delivered to LGI and HNR group respectively. Nutritional status during the study was evaluated by four dietary records. Measuring of blood pressure and anthropometric variables were conducted at baseline and after intervention. (IRCT: 201109272839N4)FINDINGS: Finally, the information of 41 subjects was analyzed. Those in LGI group had GI lower than 50 (42.67±.067). Significant reductions were observed in weigh (71.40±2.23 vs. 68.97±2.03 in LGI group and 77.95±3.48 vs. 75.81±3.39 in HNR group p=0.0001 for both) and BMI (27.97±0.55 vs. 26.71±0.48 in LGI group and 28.82±1.01 vs. 27.75±0.97 in HNR group p=0.0001 for both) in both groups. Changes in blood pressure (diastolic blood pressure: -0.25±4.46 in LGI group vs. -0.21±2.72 in HNR group p=0.995 and systolic blood pressure: -1.19±2.52 in LGI group vs. -2.36±2.43 in HNR group p=0.743) and anthropometric variables (weight: -3.24±0.78 in LGI group vs. -2.70±0.60 in HNR group p=0.582, waist circumference: -4.99±1.18 in LGI group vs. -1.07±2.08 in HNR group p=0.221, BMI: -4.35±0.92 in LGI group vs. -3.65±0.58 in HNR group p=0.514) were not different between two groups.CONCLUSION: The result of this study showed that low glycemic index diet has no effects on obesity and hypertension.

Background and Objectives: Adolescents are the main audiences of video games. Attractive technologies of these games make virtual faces seem real characters to their audiences. There is a high tendency to show violent and deadly scenes. The present study was done with the purpose of determining the predictors of the amount of aggression in the adolescent users of violent video games in Qom city.Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 100 adolescent users of violent video game referring to game-nets of Qom city were selected by random sampling method and filled out the questionnaires of demographic information, aggression scale, and attitude toward violence scale )ATVS). The data were analyzed using correlation, one-way analysis of variance, and regression analysis tests. The significance level was considered p

This study emphasizes the importance of good assistance and hosting for the parturients, particularly in adolescence, and to understand the adolescent postpartum women’s perceptions about the assistance of the nursing staff in a parturition room after the labor at a public referral hospital in Feira de Santana, Bahia. This is a qualitative descriptive study made through semi-structered interviews with seven puerperals during the first five hours postpartum in october 2008. The data were analyzed using the content analysis methodology. The results showed that the assistance provided to the puerperals was based on the technicist model and thus, the host and humanized care were neglected by the health professionals. It is necessary a reflection about the humanized care and the attitude currently adopted for a better understanding of the condition and human needs.

Objective: To assess the relationship between lipid profile and physical activity level of adolescent students in Rio Verde-GO, Brazil. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectionalstudy, conducted in 2006, with a population comprised by 1,229 adolescent students of both genders, aged 15 to 17 years (X = 15.9 years, SD + 0.81), from public and private schools. The level of physical activity was assessed through the International PhysicalActivity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Later, 48 teenagers underwent a lipidogram (lipid profile). Lipid concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), HDL-c (high density lipoprotein) and LDL (low density lipoprotein) and triglycerides (TGL) were determined and assessed according to cutoff points proposed by the III Brazilian Guidelines on dyslipidemias and Guideline of Atherosclerosis, Department of Atherosclerosis of Brazilian Society of Cardiology. Statisticalanalysis was performed by binomial test for proportions and Pearson’s correlation test, adopting p

The task of tenagger are growth and development that is looking for identity. In the search for identity, many influenced by the positive and negative. One of the negative influences on adolescent is a smoking behavior. Smoking activities undertaken during the learning process lasts may affect motivation to learn a teenager. Teenagers who still has a duty to learn, requires a strong motivation to achieve good learning performance. This study aims to prove the relationship of smoking behavior with adolescent learning motivation. This study was conducted using cross sectional conducted on 51 students of SMK Bina Bangsa Malang. Samples were selected using purposive sampling technique. The statistical test used was the chi-square, with a significance value of 0.238 (p value 0.05), and x2 is 0,287. The research Majalah Kesehatan FKUB results have meaning that there is no relationship between smoking behavior and motivation to learn a teenager. The conclusion from these studies, that most respondents have a mild smoking behavior with high learning motivation.

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal en niños de 12 a 14 años de edad del área de salud perteneciente a la Clínica Estomatológica Docente "Ormani Arenado", en el período comprendido de julio de 2001 a julio de 2003, con el objetivo de describir el comportamiento de las normas cefalométricas del análisis lateral de Ricketts. El universo estuvo constituido por 1 683 niños matriculados en los centros de educación primaria y secundaria de dicha área de salud, de los cuales se obtuvo una muestra por factibilidad de 50 niños (21 masculinos y 29 femeninos) con oclusión normal, sin antecedentes de haber recibido tratamiento ortodóncico. Se examinaron los niños objeto de estudio y se analizaron las variables: edad, sexo, medidas del cefalograma lateral de Ricketts y biotipo facial. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante tablas de distribución de frecuencia, estadígrafos de tendencia central, de dispersión y coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Se obtuvo que existió coincidencia en el comportamiento del crecimiento mandibular con lo propuesto por Ricketts en los grupos de edad de 12 y 14 años, mientras que en el de 13 años, se observó un retrognatismo mandibular. Además, se pusieron de manifiesto las características de protrusión maxilar, mesogresión, vestibuloversión de incisivos y protrusión labial marcadas en la muestra estudiada. Se observó una elevada correlación entre las distintas variables que determinan el biotipo facial. En la distribución biotipológica el patrón más representado fue el mesofacial, seguido por el dolicofacial. Se concluye que existieron variaciones en nuestra población en cuanto a las medidas del cefalograma lateral propuesto por Ricketts que representa el estándar internacional.A descriptive cross-sectional study of 12-14 years-old adolescents from the health care area cared for by "Ormani Arenado" teaching dental clinic was carried out from July 2001 to July 2003, with the objective of describing the behavior of Rickett´s lateral analysis cephalometric standards. The universe of study was composed by 1 683 children studying in elementary and junior high schools of the said health care area, from whom a sample of 50 children (21 males and 29 females) with normal occlusion and no history of prior orthodontic treatment was taken by a feasibility method. The children under study were examined on the basis of the following variables: age, sex, Rickett´s lateral cephalogram measures and facial biotype. The statistical analysis was based on frequency distribution tables, central tendency stadigraph, dispersion tables and Pearson´s correlation coefficient. It was found that the behavior of jaw development matched with Rickett´s standards in 12 y and 14 y age groups whereas the 13-y age group showed mandible retrognathism. Maxillary protrusion, mesogression, vestibuloversion of incisors and lip protrusion were marked characteristics observed in the studied samples. There was high correlation among the variables determining the facial biotype. The mesofacial pattern followed by the dolichofacial pattern prevailed in biotypological distribution. It was concluded that some variations were observed in our population in comparison with Rickett´s lateral cephalogram measures that represent the international standard.