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Ablative Rayleigh–Taylor instability (ARTI) and nonlocal heat transport are the critical problems in laser-driven inertial confinement fusion, while their coupling with each other is not completely understood yet. Here the ARTI in the presence of nonlocal heat transport is studied self-consistently for the first time theoretically and by using radiation hydrodynamic simulations. It is found that the nonlocal heat flux generated by the hot electron transport tends to attenuate the growth of instability, especially for short wavelength perturbations. A linear theory of the ARTI coupled with the nonlocal heat flux is developed, and a prominent stabilization of the ablation front via the nonlocal heat flux is found, in good agreement with numerical simulations. This effect becomes more significant as the laser intensity increases. Our results should have important references for the target designing for inertial confinement fusion.

In the present study, quantitative real-time PCR was employed to investigate expression profiling and expression difference of ESR1 and ESR2 in ovaries of Shaoxing duck and Jingjiang duck during three laying stages. Results showed the expression levels of ESR1 and ESR2 in ovaries were increased from the age of the first egg to the age of 500 days in both duck breeds. The expression of ESR1 in Shaoxing duck was lower than that in Jingjiang duck for the age of the first egg and of 180 days, and for the age of 500 days it was higher in Shaoxing duck than in Jingjiang duck. The ESR2 showed converse expression profiling in the two duck breeds. The results suggest that ESR1 and ESR2 mediate the process of egg laying in ducks, and that ESR2 may play a more important role for the ovary during egg-laying stages and may be closely related to the laying performance of the ducks.

The effects of tillage and residue input amounts on soil phosphatase (alkaline phosphomonoesterase ALP, acid phosphomonoesterase ACP, phosphodiesterase PD, and inorganic pyrophosphatase IPP) activities and soil phosphorus (P) forms (total P, organic P, and available P) were evaluated using soils collected from a three-year experiment. The results showed that no-till increased soil total and organic P, but not available P as compared to conventional tillage treatments. Total P was increased as inputs of crop residue increased for no-till treatment. There were higher ALP and IPP activities in no-till treatments, while higher PD activity was found in tillage treatments and tillage had no significant effect on ACP activity. Overall phosphatase activities increased with an increase of crop residue amounts. Soil total P was correlated negatively with PD activity and positively with other phosphatase activities. Organic P had a positive correlation with ACP activity, but a negative correlation with PD activity. Available P had no significant correlation with phosphatase activities. Our data suggests that no-till and residue input could increase soil P contents and enhance the activities of phosphatase.

One Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and two stacked Bt and cowpea trypsin inhibitor (Bt + CpTI) cottons and their non-transgenic isolines were consecutively cultivated to investigate the soil persistence of Cry1Ac and CpTI proteins and their effects on microbial properties and enzyme activities involving C, N, P, and S cycling in soil. Results showed that there were the persistence of Cry1Ac and CpTI proteins in soil under 4-year consecutive cultivation of transgenic cottons. Cry1Ac proteins varied from 6.75 ng/g to 12.01 ng/g and CpTI proteins varied from 30.65 to 43.60 ng/g. However, neither of these two proteins was detected in soil under non-transgenic cottons. Soil microbial biomass carbon, microbial activities, and soil enzyme activities (except urease and phosphodiesterase) significantly decreased in soil under transgenic cottons. Correlation analysis showed that most of microbial properties and enzyme activities in soil had a negative relationship with Cry1Ac content, while most of them had a positive relationship with CpTI content. Our data indicate that consecutive cultivation by genetically modified cottons with Bt and CpTI genes can result in persistence of Cry1Ac and CpTI proteins and negatively affect soil microbial and biochemical properties.

Agricultural practices that reduce soil degradation and improve agriculture sustainability are important particularly for dry hilly land of Chaoyang County in the Liaoning Province, North-east China, where cinnamon soils are widely distributed and mainly for wheat production. The impacts of 10-year cropping systems (wheat-cabbage sequential cropping, wheat-corn intercrop, wheat-sunflower rotation, wheat-soybean rotation) on soil enzyme properties of surface-soil (0-20 cm) were studied. Total carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur, and nine soil hydrolases related to nutrient availabilities (β-galactosidase, α-galactosidase, β-glucosidase, α-glucosidase, urease, protease, phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase, arylsulphatase) and five enzymes kinetic characters were examined. Wheat-corn intercrop systems had higher total C, total N, total P and total S concentrations than wheat-soybean and wheat-sunflower rotation systems. Most test enzyme activities (α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, urease, protease, phosphomonoesterase and arylsulphatase) showed the highest activities under wheat-corn intercropping system. Urease, protease and phosphodiesterase activities of wheat-cabbage sequential cropping system were significantly higher than two rotation systems. The maximum reaction rates of enzymes (Vmax) were higher than apparent enzyme activity, which suggests larger potential activity of enzymes, while not all kinetic parameters were adaptive as soil quality indicators in dry hilly cinnamon soil.

With both three-nucleon force and continuum coupling included, we have developed a self-consistent ab initio Gamow shell model within the Gamow Hartree-Fock (GHF) basis obtained by the realistic interaction itself. With the chiral two-nucleon N3LO and three-nucleon N2LO interactions, the Gamow shell model has been applied to the mirror systems of Z=8 neutron-rich isotopes and N=8 proton-rich isotones, giving good agreements with data in binding energies, dripline positions and excitation spectra. The GHF calculated that the 0d3/2, 1s1/2 and 1p3/2 orbitals are resonances. The resonance states and their interplay with nonresonant continua play a crucial role in the descriptions of nuclei around driplines. Excitation spectra and Thomas-Ehrman shifts observed can be better described when both three-nucleon force and continuum coupling are considered in calculations. The three-nucleon force and continuum coupling produce a combined effect on the Thomas-Ehrman shift, e.g., for the 1/2+ resonance level of 19Na. The calculations help the understandings of related nuclear astrophysical processes.