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The terms “race" and "racism" originated in Europe and were imported into the vocabulary of modern Japanese. How did Meiji Japanese intellectuals react to the classification of the Japanese people as the “yellow race”? Was Japanese identity constructed through the appropriation of white civilization, including colonialism? To what extent are the notions of "race" and "racism" applicable to the analysis of discrimination of various kinds in Japanese society?

This study was an initial qualitative exploration to (a) capture varied experiences of racial microaggressions directed at Chinese immigrant women before and during Covid and (b) investigate different forms and levels of microaggressions based on socioeconomic status, age, and other characteristics. Racial microaggressions were examined by interviewing 12 foreign‐born, Chinese immigrant women aged 23 to 80 years old, with most of the participants identified as middle class or above. Building upon previous scholarship on racial and gendered microaggressions, an analytical framework was developed using 12 major themes to identify and interpret discriminatory behaviors. Our main findings suggest that the research sample encountered more blatant hate incidents and expressed heightened concern over their physical safety in the post‐Covid period. Young women, compared to their older counterparts, were more inclined to report microaggression episodes and distinguish more subtle forms of discrimination. These findings could serve as preliminary evidence for future research.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar una revisión del tema del “peligro amarillo” (yellow peril) en la literatura de ficción distópica de principios del siglo XX. Para ello se hará una contextualización histórica de los acontecimientos que a finales del siglo XIX fueron representando progresivamente a China y a Japón como una amenaza en el imaginario europeo y norteamericano. A continuación, se analizará el tratamiento del peligro amarillo en los escritos de Matthew Phipps Shiel y Jack London, para comprobar cómo ya desde aquellos años se fue entretejiendo un relato que hacía viable y “aceptable” el recurso de una “solución final” contra la plaga amarilla. Cabe preguntarse si estos relatos, acompañados de la propaganda que aparecería conforme el siglo XX avanzase, sentaron las bases de aquella otra solución final que acabó finalmente materializándose en las detonaciones atómicas de Hiroshima y Nagasaki en 1945. This article aims to examine the topic of the Yellow Peril in the dystopian fiction literature ranging from the end of the 19th century to the early 20th century. In order to do so, a historical contextualization of the late 19th century events leading to the representation of China and Japan as a threat in the European and North American consciousness is first presented. This is followed by an analysis of the treatment of the topic in writings by M. P. Shiel and Jack London. The construction of a narrative justifying the viability and "acceptability" of a "final solution" to the yellow plague shows back then already. It is thus possible to consider whether this narrative, together with the propaganda that would emerge as the century progressed, led to the eventual final solution in the shape of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.

This paper discussed the discrimination that occurs in the life of Asian immigrants. Yellow Peril phenomenon occurs in 1882 in Europe and America which resulted in racial discrimination toward immigrants from China and Japan. In this study, the author uses data sources from a series drama entitled Tenno No Ryouriban (2015). This series drama showed the life of two immigrants from Japan named Tokuzo Akiyama and Shintaro Matsui who migrated to France. In their daily life, Tokuzo and Shintaro would frequently receive discrimination from white people. This study uses literal sociology. To obtain descriptions regarding discrimination, the author would analyze data in the form of scenes and dialogue excerpts are taken from the series drama Tenno No Ryouriban. Furthermore, there was also support theory Mise-En-Scene to help to explain the reason why a scene was shown in a particular manner by the film director. Result of this study showed that there were several scenes and dialogues excerpt which describe discrimination in various forms, such as Explicit Discrimination and Implicit Discrimination, and Institutional Discrimination and Cultural Discrimination. The author found the cause of discrimination described in the series drama Tenno No Ryouriban, which related to race differences such as differences in skin color, the nation of origin, and body height.

From 1912 and for numerous decades, Sax Rohmer contributed to create, and recreate, an archvillain of tremendous vigour, Fu Manchu, whose routing lives, appallingly magnetic powers, subterranean connections made him a global star. In this paper I peruse this multi-faceted serial icon, formulaic and yet also changing over time, and see its presence and apparent disappearance from the cultural panorama of the Anglophone world. This multimedial serial figure has been let loose, like Frankenstein's creature, and its progeny may still be detected in film, cartoons and global popular culture.

The first Chinese immigrants arrived in the United States in the 1820s and initially their presence did not result in improving the American perception of China. On the contrary – intense immigration from China led to the development of racist and xenophobic attitudes towards the Chinese (Yellow Peril), which culminated in the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. During the Second World War, China became an important ally of the United States, which triggered a succession of changes to laws barring Chinese immigration (Magnuson Act). Contemporary Chinese Americans – particularly Taiwanese Americans – can be located in the upper spheres of immigrant population: they are considered to be a well-educated and affluent group. This paper presents the historical and contemporary socio-economic characteristics of the Sino-American population set against a historical and legal background.

Nietzsche’s Zarathustra has exerted a great influence in literature, having consecrated a type of epics that could be named prophetic, where the hero is a wise man who presents his doctrines and his visions of the future. One the works inspired by Nietzsche’s literary masterpiece is Jonas (1900), by Belgian Iwan Gilkin, where a new Jonah warns a New Nineveh against the economic “yellow danger”. The myth of Jonah is updated with an intense emotional effect thanks to the vehemence of the biblical verse. A broad recourse to irony introduces an interesting ambiguity in this work by Gilkin. Le Zarathoustra de Nietzsche a exercé une grande influence sur la littérature, en consacrant un type d’épopée qu’on pourrait appeler prophétique, dans laquelle le héros est un sage qui expose ses doctrines et ses visions de l’avenir. Parmi les ouvrages inspirés par le chef-d’œuvre littéraire de Nietzsche, on peut mentionner Jonas (1900), du Belge Iwan Gilkin. Celui-ci présente un nouveau Jonas qui s’adresse à la Nouvelle Ninive moderne pour l’avertir du « péril jaune » économique. Le mythe de Jonas est mis à jour avec une grande intensité émotionnelle grâce à la véhémence du verset de style biblique. Un ample recours à l’ironie introduit une intéressante ambiguïté dans cet ouvrage de Gilkin.