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Xugang Tang,1 Qiang Wang,1 Shuang Li,1 Xiuchuan Li,1 Qian Xin,2 Yongjian Yang1 1Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Yongjian Yang, Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86 28 8657 1255, Email yyjcdzyy@sina.comPurpose: The Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) is a widely used and authorized questionnaire for evaluating insomnia symptoms. However, its reliability and validity at high altitudes are uncertain. Therefore, this study aimed to confirm the validity and reliability of AIS during a 3658 m altitude exposure.Patients and Methods: A total of 387 young Chinese males were enlisted in the acute high-altitude exposure group. They flew for about two hours, climbing from 400 m to 3658 m. The high-altitude-acclimated group consisted of 86 young Chinese men who had lived at least six months at 3658 m altitude. The sleep quality of the acute high-altitude exposure group was evaluated using the AIS before the ascent and after exposure to 3658 m for 24 hours, and one week. The sleep quality of the high-altitude-acclimated group was also assessed. The AIS’s internal consistency, reliability, and validity were evaluated.Results: The respondents’ quality of sleep significantly decreased after being exposed to 3658 m as opposed to 400 m. Two factors comprised the AIS, according to an exploratory factor analysis: “sleep problem” (items 1– 5) and “daytime dysfunction” (items 6– 8). The Cronbach’s α internal consistency coefficients exceeded 0.8, and the corrected item-total correlations were all greater than 0.5 when the subjects were exposed to 3658 m. The model fit index was well within the criterion. The average variance extracted and composite reliability were all higher than 0.5 and 0.7, respectively. The interclass correlation coefficient was deemed “fair to good” at 0.482, which is greater than the 0.4 threshold. The AIS has satisfactory discriminant validity, as shown by the Fornell-Larcker criterion and cross-loading results. The daytime dysfunction R-square values (> 0.33) show that the frameworks have considerable predictive accuracy.Conclusion: The AIS exhibits strong consistency, reliability, and validity. The AIS’s features and simplicity make it an essential psychometric tool for high-altitude sleep research.Keywords: athens insomnia scale, high altitude, internal consistency, reliability, sleep, validity

Xugang Tang,1,2 Xiuchuan Li,1 Qian Xin,3 Qiang Wang,1 Shuang Li,1 Yongjian Yang1 1Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Cardiology, The No. 37 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Ya’an, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Yongjian Yang, Department of Cardiology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 28 8657 1255, Fax +86 28 8657 1255, Email yyjcdzyy@sina.comPurpose: We aimed to explore whether anxiety is a risk factor for acute mountain sickness [AMS] in a young Chinese male population.Patients and Methods: A total of 143 young Chinese men with a median age of 23 years (IQR, 21– 25) were employed in the present study, and they were divided into the AMS+ and AMS- groups according to the Lake Louise AMS score [AMS-S] after exposure at 3800 m for two days. Participants’ pulse oximeter saturation [SpO2] and heart rate [HR] were measured. AMS was evaluated using the AMS-S. The anxiety and sleep quality of the subjects were assessed using the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale [SAS] and the Athens Insomnia Scale [AIS], respectively. Outcomes were analysed using Spearman’s partial correlation and logistic regression analysis.Results: After two days of exposure at 3800 m, the overall prevalence of AMS was 54% in the whole group. The HR was significantly higher in the AMS+ group than in the AMS- group, as well as the SAS score and AIS score. A converse pattern was observed for SpO2. A significant difference was observed for the change in SAS and AIS score between the AMS+ and AMS- groups. Correlation analysis showed that AMS-S was positively correlated with SAS score, AIS score, HR, ΔSAS score, ΔAIS score, and ΔHR but negatively correlated with SpO2. AIS score was positively correlated with SAS score. After logistic regression analysis was adjusted for HR, SpO2, ΔAIS and ΔHR, SAS score (OR=1.446, 95% CI 1.200– 1.744, p< 0.001), AIS score (OR=1.216, 95% CI 1.033– 1.432) and ΔSAS score (OR=1.158, 95% CI 1.012– 1.327) were identified as independent risk factors for AMS.Conclusion: The present study suggests that anxiety is a risk factor for AMS among young Chinese men, and poor sleep quality may partially mediate the association.Keywords: anxiety, acute mountain sickness, high altitude, sleep

Qi Xin,1 Tonghui Xie,1 Rui Chen,1 Xing Zhang,1 Yingmu Tong,1 Hai Wang,1 Shufeng Wang,2 Chang Liu,1,3 Jingyao Zhang1,3 1Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of SICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Chang Liu; Jingyao Zhang, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-29-85323900, Fax +86-29-85324642, Email liuchangdoctor@163.com; you12ouy@163.comBackground: Sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (S-AKI) is associated with systemic inflammatory responses and coagulation system dysfunction, and it is associated with an increased risk of mortality. However, there was no study to explore the predictive value of inflammatory and coagulation indicators for S-AKI.Methods: In this retrospective study, 1051 sepsis patients were identified and divided into a training cohort (75%, n = 787) and a validation cohort (25%, n = 264) in chronological order according to the date they were admitted. Univariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the independent predictors of S-AKI. The logistic regression analyses (enter methods) were used to conducted the prediction models. The ROC curves were used to determine the predictive value of the constructed models on S-AKI. To test whether the increase in the AUC is significant, we used a two-sided test for ROC curves available online (http://vassarstats.net/roc_comp.html). The secondary outcome was different AKI stages and major adverse kidney events within 30 days (MAKE30). Stage 3B of S-AKI was defined as both meeting the stage 3 criteria [increase of Cr level by > 300% (≥ 4.0 mg/dL with an acute increase of ≥ 0.5 mg/dL) and/or UO < 0.3 mL/kg/h for > 24 h or anuria for > 12 h and/or acute kidney replacement therapy] and having cystatin C positive. MAKE30 were a composite of death, new renal replacement therapy (RRT), or persistent renal dysfunction (PRD).Results: We discovered that cardiovascular disease, white blood cell (WBC), mean arterial pressure (MAP), platelet (PLT), serum procalcitonin (PCT), prothrombin time activity (PTA), and thrombin time (TT) were independent predictors for S-AKI. The predictive value (AUC = 0.855) of the simplest model 3 (constructed with PLT, PCT, and PTA), with a sensitivity of 77.6% and a specificity of 82.4%, had a similar predictive value comparing with the model 1 (AUC = 0.872) and the model 2 (AUC = 0.864) in the training cohort (P > 0.05). Compared with the model 1 (AUC = 0.888) and the model 2 (AUC = 0.887), the model 3 (AUC = 0.887) had a similar predictive value in the validation cohort. Moreover, model 3 had the best predictive power for predicting S-AKI in the stage 3 (AUC = 0.777), especially in stage 3B (AUC = 0.771). Finally, the model 3 (AUC = 0.843) had perfect predictive power for predicting MAKE30 in sepsis patients.Conclusion: Within 24 hours after admission, the simplest model 3 (constructed with PLT, PCT, and PTA) might be a robust predictor of the S-AKI in sepsis patients, providing information for timely and efficient intervention.Keywords: inflammation, coagulation, prediction model, sepsis, acute kidney injury

Abstract Background Effective screening is a desirable method for the early detection and successful treatment for diabetic retinopathy, and fundus photography is currently the dominant medium for retinal imaging due to its convenience and accessibility. Manual screening using fundus photographs has however involved considerable costs for patients, clinicians and national health systems, which has limited its application particularly in less-developed countries. The advent of artificial intelligence, and in particular deep learning techniques, has however raised the possibility of widespread automated screening. Main text In this review, we first briefly survey major published advances in retinal analysis using artificial intelligence. We take care to separately describe standard multiple-field fundus photography, and the newer modalities of ultra-wide field photography and smartphone-based photography. Finally, we consider several machine learning concepts that have been particularly relevant to the domain and illustrate their usage with extant works. Conclusions In the ophthalmology field, it was demonstrated that deep learning tools for diabetic retinopathy show clinically acceptable diagnostic performance when using colour retinal fundus images. Artificial intelligence models are among the most promising solutions to tackle the burden of diabetic retinopathy management in a comprehensive manner. However, future research is crucial to assess the potential clinical deployment, evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different DL systems in clinical practice and improve clinical acceptance.

Wen-qiang Xin,1 Qi-qiang Xin,2 Xin-yu Yang1 1Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, Peoples Republic of China; 2Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, Peoples Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Xin-yu YangDepartment of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, Peoples Republic of ChinaTel +86-18622766038Fax +86-02260362062Email yangxinyu@tmu.edu.cnBackground: Endovascular coiling and surgical clipping are routinely used to treat unruptured middle cerebral artery aneurysms (MCAAs). However, the optimal treatment for unruptured MCAAs is controversial. We aimed to systematically and comprehensively compare the clinical outcomes between endovascular coiling and surgical clipping for the treatment of MCAAs.Method: This meta-analysis retrieved academic articles comparing the clinical outcomes between endovascular coiling and surgical clipping for unruptured MCAAs from the Cochrane Library, Medline, PubMed, and EMBASE databases. The reference articles of the identified studies were carefully reviewed to ensure that all available articles were represented in the study. The meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the acknowledged the prioritized reported items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines.Results: A total of 6 studies, which enrolled a total of 789 participants, were included in our analysis. Of these 789 patients with MCAAs, 144 were assigned to an endovascular coiling group, and 645 were assigned to a surgical clipping group. Our results demonstrated that endovascular coiling was associated with a higher rate of retreatment (OR = 104.926; 95% CI: 12.931 to 851.379; P2, infarction, or bleeding.Conclusion: Although this study has inherent limitations, surgical clipping of unruptured MCAAs resulted in significantly higher complete aneurysm occlusion and GOS≥4 rates and was associated with a lower incidence of retreatment and complication, especially for postoperative thrombus without infarction. Therefore, the effect induced by surgical clipping of unruptured MCAAs remains superior to that induced by endovascular coiling; surgical clipping should be regarded as the first choice of treatment for unruptured MCAAs.Keywords: endovascular coiling, surgical clipping, unruptured cerebral aneurysms

Ping Xie,1 Qian Xin,2 Sheng-Tao Yang,3 Tiantian He,2,4 Yuanfang Huang,2 Guangfu Zeng,2,4 Maosheng Ran,2,5 Xiaohai Tang2 1State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 2Chongqing Lummy Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Chongqing, 3College of Chemistry & Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest University for Nationalities, 4College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, 5State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China Abstract: Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) have been widely used in tumor drainage lymph node (TDLN) imaging, drug delivery, photothermal therapy, and so on. However, during the theranostic applications, the accumulation efficiency of CNPs in target organs is unknown yet, which largely hinders the extension of CNPs into clinical uses. Herein, we prepared skeleton-labeled 13C-CNPs that had identical properties to commercial CNPs suspension injection (CNSI) for the imaging and quantification in TDLN. 13C-CNPs were prepared by arc discharge method, followed by homogenization with polyvinylpyrrolidone. The size distribution and morphology of 13C-CNPs were nearly the same as those of CNSI under transmission electron microscope. The hydrodynamic radii of both 13C-CNPs and CNSI were similar, too. According to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy analyses, the chemical compositions and chemical states of elements were also nearly identical for both labeled and commercial forms. The skeleton labeling of 13C was reflected by the shift of G-band toward lower frequency in Raman spectra. 13C-CNPs showed competitive performance in TDLN imaging, where the three lymph nodes (popliteal lymph node, common iliac artery lymph node, and paraaortic lymph node) were stained black upon the injection into the hind extremity of mice. The direct quantification of 13C-CNPs indicated that 877 µg/g of 13C-CNPs accumulated in the first station of TDLN (popliteal lymph node). The second station of TDLN (common iliac artery lymph node) had even higher accumulation level (1,062 µg/g), suggesting that 13C-CNPs migrated efficiently along lymphatic vessel. The value decreased to 405 µg/g in the third station of TDLN (paraaortic lymph node). Therefore, the 13C-CNPs provided quantitative approach to image and quantify CNSI in biological systems. The implication in biomedical applications and biosafety evaluations of CNSI is discussed. Keywords: carbon nanoparticles suspension injection, 13C-labeling, isotope ratio mass spectroscopy, quantification, bioeffect of nanomaterials

Summary: Background: Radical measures are required to identify and reduce blindness due to diabetes to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. Therefore, we evaluated the accuracy of an artificial intelligence (AI) model using deep learning in a population-based diabetic retinopathy screening programme in Zambia, a lower-middle-income country. Methods: We adopted an ensemble AI model consisting of a combination of two convolutional neural networks (an adapted VGGNet architecture and a residual neural network architecture) for classifying retinal colour fundus images. We trained our model on 76 370 retinal fundus images from 13 099 patients with diabetes who had participated in the Singapore Integrated Diabetic Retinopathy Program, between 2010 and 2013, which has been published previously. In this clinical validation study, we included all patients with a diagnosis of diabetes that attended a mobile screening unit in five urban centres in the Copperbelt province of Zambia from Feb 1 to June 31, 2012. In our model, referable diabetic retinopathy was defined as moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy or worse, diabetic macular oedema, and ungradable images. Vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy comprised severe non-proliferative and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. We calculated the area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity for referable diabetic retinopathy, and sensitivities of vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular oedema compared with the grading by retinal specialists. We did a multivariate analysis for systemic risk factors and referable diabetic retinopathy between AI and human graders. Findings: A total of 4504 retinal fundus images from 3093 eyes of 1574 Zambians with diabetes were prospectively recruited. Referable diabetic retinopathy was found in 697 (22·5%) eyes, vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy in 171 (5·5%) eyes, and diabetic macular oedema in 249 (8·1%) eyes. The AUC of the AI system for referable diabetic retinopathy was 0·973 (95% CI 0·969–0·978), with corresponding sensitivity of 92·25% (90·10–94·12) and specificity of 89·04% (87·85–90·28). Vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy sensitivity was 99·42% (99·15–99·68) and diabetic macular oedema sensitivity was 97·19% (96·61–97·77). The AI model and human graders showed similar outcomes in referable diabetic retinopathy prevalence detection and systemic risk factors associations. Both the AI model and human graders identified longer duration of diabetes, higher level of glycated haemoglobin, and increased systolic blood pressure as risk factors associated with referable diabetic retinopathy. Interpretation: An AI system shows clinically acceptable performance in detecting referable diabetic retinopathy, vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic macular oedema in population-based diabetic retinopathy screening. This shows the potential application and adoption of such AI technology in an under-resourced African population to reduce the incidence of preventable blindness, even when the model is trained in a different population. Funding: National Medical Research Council Health Service Research Grant, Large Collaborative Grant, Ministry of Health, Singapore; the SingHealth Foundation; and the Tanoto Foundation.

During the past decades, GMZ bentonite has been widely investigated for its use as buffer/backfill materials in China. Based on a comprehensive review of the former studies, achievements on experimental and theoretic works on the hydraulic aspects of compacted GMZ bentonite with consideration of temperature effects are presented in this paper. Water retention property of compacted GMZ bentonite depends on constraint conditions. Temperature effects on water-retention depend on constraint conditions and suction. The hysteresis behaviour is not obvious. Based on the test results, a revised water retention model was developed for considering the temperature effect. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of the densely compacted GMZ bentonite increases as dry density and temperature increases. A revised model, which considers temperature influence on water viscosity and the effective flow cross-sectional area of porous channels, for prediction of saturated hydraulic conductivity have been developed and verified. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of confined densely compacted GMZ bentonite samples decreases first and then increases with suction decrease from an initial value of 80 MPa to zero. With consideration of temperature effects and microstructure changes, a revised model for prediction of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of compacted GMZ01 bentonite was proposed.

Abstract Inferring gene regulatory networks through deep learning and causal inference methods is a crucial task in the field of computational biology and bioinformatics. This study presents a novel approach that uses a Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) guided by causal information to infer Gene Regulatory Networks (GRN). The transfer entropy and reconstruction layer are utilized to achieve causal feature reconstruction, mitigating the information loss problem caused by multiple rounds of neighbor aggregation in GCN, resulting in a causal and integrated representation of node features. Separable features are extracted from gene expression data by the Gaussian-kernel Autoencoder to improve computational efficiency. Experimental results on the DREAM5 and the mDC dataset demonstrate that our method exhibits superior performance compared to existing algorithms, as indicated by the higher values of the AUPRC metrics. Furthermore, the incorporation of causal feature reconstruction enhances the inferred GRN, rendering them more reasonable, accurate, and reliable.

To investigate different irradiation doses of Se-enriched A.Auricularia polysaccharide (SAAP) in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) mice. In this study, extraction of polysaccharides from selenium-enriched fungus was carried out after 60Co-γ-ray irradiation treatment. The optimal extraction conditions of SAAP were optimized by response surface methodology. The optimal irradiation dose was selected for the study of in vivo hypoglycemia by comparing the hypoglycemic effect of SAAP under different irradiation doses. C57BL/6 T1DM mice model was established by injecting streptozotocin (STZ) to evaluate the effects of fasting blood glucose (FBG), oral glucose tolerance (OGTT), and SAAP on the glucolipid metabolism and the regulation of oxidative stress in T1DM mice. The results showed that after response surface optimization, the optimal extraction conditions for SAAP: Material-liquid ratio of 37.98:1 mL/g, extraction temperature of 97.94 ℃, extraction time of 3.42 h. The optimal parameters were as follows: liquid-material ratio of 38:1 mL/g, extraction temperature 98 ℃, extraction time of 3.5 h, and SAAP concentration of 0.73 mg/mL. SAAP could improve the symptoms of polydipsia, polyphagia and weight loss in T1DM mice (P

Abstract Background The spatiotemporal epidemiological evidence supporting joint endoscopic screening for esophageal cancer (EC) and gastric cancer (GC) remains limited. This study aims to identify combined high-risk regions for EC and GC and determine optimal areas for joint and separate endoscopic screening. Methods We analyzed the association of incidence trends between EC and GC in cancer registry areas across China from 2006 to 2016 using spatiotemporal statistical methods. Based on these analyses, we divided different combined risk regions for EC and GC to implement joint endoscopic screening. Results From 2006 to 2016, national incidence trends for both EC and GC showed a decline, with an average annual percentage change of -3.15 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -5.33 to -0.92) for EC and -3.78 (95% CI: -4.98 to -2.56) for GC. A grey comprehensive correlation analysis revealed a strong temporal association between the incidence trends of EC and GC, with correlations of 79.00% (95% CI: 77.85 to 80.14) in males and 77.62% (95% CI: 76.50 to 78.73) in females. Geographic patterns of EC and GC varied, demonstrating both homogeneity and heterogeneity across different regions. The cancer registry areas were classified into seven distinct combined risk regions, with 33 areas identified as high-risk for both EC and GC, highlighting these regions as priorities for joint endoscopic screening. Conclusion This study demonstrates a significant spatiotemporal association between EC and GC. The identified combined risk regions provide a valuable basis for optimizing joint endoscopic screening strategies for these cancers.

Abstract The disposal and management of waste lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastics pose significant environmental challenges. Here we show a synergistic pyrolysis approach that employs spent lithium transition metal oxides and waste LDPE plastics in one sealed reactor to achieve the separation of Li and transition metal. Additionally, we demonstrate the preparation of nanoscale NiCo alloy@carbon nanotubes (CNTs) through co-pyrolysis of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 and LDPE. The NiCo alloy@CNTs exhibits excellent catalytic activity (E onset = ~0.85 V) and the selectivity (~90%) for H2O2 production through the electrochemical reduction of oxygen. This can be attributed to the NiCo nanoalloy core and the presence of CNTs with abundant oxygen-containing functional groups (e.g., –COOH and C–O–C), as confirmed by density function theory calculations. Overall, this work presents a straightforward and green approach for valorizing and upcycling various waste LIBs and LDPE plastics.

Abstract A novel method is proposed for rail fastener detection based on millimetre‐wave (mmWave) radar, mmWave radar fastener counter (MMW‐FC), which can accurately detect and record the fasteners in real‐time as the train traverses its route. Under circumstances where GNSS signals remain unavailable for prolonged durations, precise train localisation can be accomplished by correlating the number of fasteners derived from this method with the corresponding track map. Initially, MMW‐FC utilises fast Fourier transform and adaptive beamforming to focus the energy reflected from fasteners. Subsequently, it applies an adaptive template‐matching algorithm to detect each fastener. Furthermore, by leveraging known fastener spacing and the average time for trains to pass adjacent fasteners, the Kalman filter can execute precise speed tracking, used as a speed reference when adjusting the matching template adaptively. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method can precisely count the fasteners the train encounters in diverse road and speed conditions. The fastener counter maintains the Counting Error less than 0.067%, the speed error stays below 1.8 km/h, and the maximum values of the mean absolute error and root mean square error for speed are 0.7337 and 0.9584 km/h, respectively.

Abstract Mohr–Coulomb (MC) strength criterion has been widely used in many classical analytical expressions and numerical modeling due to its simple physical calculation, but the MC criterion is not suitable for describing the failure envelope of rock masses. In order to directly apply MC parameters to analytical expressions or numerical modeling in rock slope stability analysis, scholars established a criterion for converting Hoek–Brown (HB) parameters to equivalent MC parameters. However, the consistency of HB parameters and equivalent MC parameters in calculating critical acceleration of slope needs to be further explored and confirmed. Therefore, HB parameters are converted into equivalent MC parameters by considering the influence of slope angle (1# case and 2# case when slope angle is not considered and slope angle is considered respectively). Then, the lower-bound of finite element limit analysis is used for numerical modeling, and the results of calculating critical acceleration using HB parameters and equivalent MC parameters are compared, and the influence of related parameters on the calculation of critical acceleration is studied. Finally, the influence of different critical accelerations on the calculation of slope permanent displacement is further analyzed through numerical cases and engineering examples. The results show that: (1) In the 1# case, the critical acceleration obtained by the equivalent MC parameters are significantly larger than that obtained by the 2 #case and the HB parameters, and this difference becomes more obvious with the increase of slope angle. The critical acceleration obtained by the 2# case is very close to the HB parameters; (2) In the 1# case, slope height is inversely proportional to ΔAc (HB(Ac) − 1#(Ac)), and with the increase of slope height, ΔAc decreases, while in the 2# case, the difference of ΔAc (HB(Ac) − 2#(Ac)) is not significant; (3) In the 1# case, the sensitivity of the HB parameters to ΔAc is D > GSI > m i > σ ci , but in the 2# case, there is no sensitivity-related regularity; (4) The application of HB parameters and equivalent MC parameters in slope permanent displacement is studied through numerical cases and engineering examples, and the limitations of equivalent MC parameters in rock slope stability evaluation are revealed.

Background: Zinc finger-containing transcription factor Osterix/Specificity protein-7 (Sp7) is an essential transcription factor for osteoblast differentiation. However, its functions in differentiated osteoblasts remain unclear and the effects of osteoblast-specific Sp7 deletion on osteocytes have not been sufficiently studied. Methods: Sp7floxneo/floxneo mice, in which Sp7 expression was 30 % of that in wild-type mice because of disturbed splicing by neo gene insertion, and osteoblast-specific knockout (Sp7fl/fl;Col1a1−Cre) mice using 2.3-kb Col1a1 enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-Cre were examined by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), bone histomorphometry, serum markers, and histological analyses. The expression of osteoblast and osteocyte marker genes was examined by real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR analysis. Osteoblastogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, and regulation of the expression of collagen type I alpha 1 chain (Col1a1) were examined in primary osteoblasts. Results: Femoral trabecular bone volume was higher in female Sp7floxneo/floxneo and Sp7fl/fl;Col1a1−Cre mice than in the respective controls, but not in males. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive osteoblastic cells were increased in male Sp7fl/fl;Col1a1−Cre mice, and osteoblast number and the bone formation rate were increased in tibial trabecular bone in female Sp7fl/fl;Col1a1−Cre mice, although osteoblast maturation was inhibited in female Sp7fl/fl;Col1a1−Cre mice as shown by the increased expression of an immature osteoblast marker gene, secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1), and reduced expression of a mature osteoblast marker gene, bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein/bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein 2 (Bglap/Bglap2). Furthermore, alkaline phosphatase activity was increased but mineralization was reduced in the culture of primary osteoblasts from Sp7fl/fl;Col1a1−Cre mice. Therefore, the accumulated immature osteoblasts in Sp7fl/fl;Col1a1−Cre mice was likely compensated for the inhibition of osteoblast maturation at different levels in males and females. Vertebral trabecular bone volume was lower in both male and female Sp7fl/fl;Col1a1−Cre mice than in the controls and the osteoblast parameters and bone formation rate in females were lower in Sp7fl/fl;Col1a1−Cre mice than in Sp7fl/fl mice, suggesting differential regulatory mechanisms in long bones and vertebrae. The femoral cortical bone was thin and porous in Sp7floxneo/floxneo and Sp7fl/fl;Col1a1−Cre mice of both sexes, the number of canaliculi was reduced, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL)-positive lacunae and the osteoclasts were increased, whereas the bone formation rate was similar in Sp7fl/fl;Col1a1−Cre and Sp7fl/fl mice. The serum levels of total procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), a marker for bone formation, were similar, while those of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP5b), a marker for bone resorption, were higher in Sp7fl/fl;Col1a1−Cre mice. Osteoblasts were less cuboidal, the expression of Col1a1 and Col1a1-EGFP-Cre was lower in Sp7fl/fl;Col1a1−Cre mice, and overexpression of Sp7 induced Col1a1 expression. Conclusions: Our studies indicated that Sp7 inhibits the proliferation of immature osteoblasts, induces osteoblast maturation and Col1a1 expression, and is required for osteocytes to acquire a sufficient number of processes for their survival, which prevents cortical porosity. The translational potential of this article: This study clarified the roles of Sp7 in differentiated osteoblasts in proliferarion, maturation, Col1a1 expression, and osteocyte process formation, which are required for targeting SP7 in the development of therapies for osteoporosis.

Chronic bioenergetic imbalances and inflammation caused by hyperglycemia are obstacles that delay diabetic wound healing. However, it is difficult to directly deliver energy and metabolites to regulate intracellular energy metabolism using biomaterials. Herein, we propose a light-driven bioenergetic and oxygen-releasing hydrogel (PTKM@HG) that integrates the thylakoid membrane-encapsulated polyphenol nanoparticles (PTKM NPs) to regulate the energy metabolism and inflammatory response in diabetic wounds. Upon red light irradiation, the PTKM NPs exhibited oxygen generation and H2O2 deletion capacity through a photosynthetic effect to restore hypoxia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Meanwhile, the PTKM NPs could produce exogenous ATP and NADPH to enhance mitochondrial function and facilitate cellular anabolism by regulating the leucine-activated mTOR signaling pathway. Furthermore, the PTKM NPs inherited antioxidative and anti-inflammatory ability from polyphenol. Finally, the red light irradiated PTKM@HG hydrogel augmented the survival and migration of cells keratinocytes, and then accelerated angiogenesis and re-epithelialization of diabetic wounds. In short, this study provides possibilities for effectively treating diseases by delivering key metabolites and energy based on such a light-driven bioenergetic hydrogel.

Abstract Psoriasis is an immune-mediated skin disease associated with neurogenic inflammation, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. We demonstrate here that acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3) exacerbates psoriatic inflammation through a sensory neurogenic pathway. Global or nociceptor-specific Asic3 knockout (KO) in female mice alleviates imiquimod-induced psoriatic acanthosis and type 17 inflammation to the same extent as nociceptor ablation. However, ASIC3 is dispensable for IL-23-induced psoriatic inflammation that bypasses the need for nociceptors. Mechanistically, ASIC3 activation induces the activity-dependent release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from sensory neurons to promote neurogenic inflammation. Botulinum neurotoxin A and CGRP antagonists prevent sensory neuron-mediated exacerbation of psoriatic inflammation to similar extents as Asic3 KO. In contrast, replenishing CGRP in the skin of Asic3 KO mice restores the inflammatory response. These findings establish sensory ASIC3 as a critical constituent in psoriatic inflammation, and a promising target for neurogenic inflammation management.

Abstract Objectives To develop an objective method based on texture analysis on MRI for diagnosis of congenital muscular torticollis (CMT). Material and methods The T1- and T2-weighted imaging, Q-dixon, and T1-mapping MRI data of 38 children with CMT were retrospectively analyzed. The region of interest (ROI) was manually drawn at the level of the largest cross-sectional area of the SCM on the affected side. MaZda software was used to obtain the texture features of the T2WI sequences of the ROI in healthy and affected SCM. A radiomics diagnostic model based on muscle texture features was constructed using logistic regression analysis. Fatty infiltration grade was calculated by hematoxylin and eosin staining, and fibrosis ratio by Masson staining. Correlation between the MRI parameters and pathological indicators was analyzed. Results There was positive correlation between fatty infiltration grade and mean value, standard deviation, and maximum value of the Q-dixon sequence of the affected SCM (correlation coefficients, 0.65, 0.59, and 0.58, respectively, P

Grouper, a species of coral reef fish, exhibits a wide geographical distribution within the warm waters of the tropical and subtropical regions across the globe, primarily inhabiting the middle and lower layers of water. Characterized as a substantial marine economic fish, grouper possesses considerable nutritional value, boasts a high market worth, and garners significant consumer demand. Its popularity among consumers is attributed to its inherent attributes, and it holds immense potential for further cultivation and breeding endeavors. This study utilized micro-satellite (MISA) software to investigate the distribution characteristics of microsatellites in the genomes of five grouper species (Epinephelus akaara, E.coioides, E.fuscoguttatus, E.lanceolatus, and E.moara). A custom script was developed to analyze the screening results, and statistical analyses were conducted on the microsatellite repeat types, duplicate copy types, and core copy numbers in the genomes of the five grouper species. Over 280 000 microsatellite sites were identified from the entire genomes of the five grouper species. The relative abundance of microsatellites ranged from 271–296, with a total length ranging from 6.30–7.06 Mb. The average length of the microsatellites was approximately 22 bp, and their proportion in the genomes ranged from 0.59%–0.67%. These results provide insights into the distribution characteristics of microsatellites in the genomes of these five grouper species and can inform future studies on their genomic architecture and evolution. The repetitive types of microsatellites were analyzed in terms of number, proportion, and relative abundance. The number, proportion, and relative abundance of repetitive types followed a consistent pattern, with the highest number of double base repeats, followed by single base repeats. This pattern decreased as the number of repeat units increased. A, AC, AAT, AAG, AGC, AATC, AAAT, AGAT, AATG, AGAGG, AAAAT, AAGAT, ACAGAG, AAANNN, and AANNNN (N represents any of the three bases except A) were the most dominant types of each duplicate copy type. Type A accounted for 90.00% of single base repeats, while type AC was the most dominant in double base repeats, accounting for nearly 80.00%. Interestingly, the content of the CG duplication category was the least, accounting for only 0.04%–0.10% in the five grouper species. This may be owing to the fact that the composition content of the four bases in the different species' genomes is different, and there may be structural problems with different bases. The results of this study provide insight into the distribution characteristics of microsatellites in the genomes of these five grouper species. The high frequency distribution of AGG and AGC in the dominant types of triple base repeats may play a crucial role in regulating genes involved in immunity, disease, and other genes in groupers. Previous studies show that AGG is a well-known binding site for numerous transcription factors involved in early growth and development of various species. Additionally, the change of base repeat polymorphism of the AGC category is directly linked to genetic diseases and holds significant evolutionary and medical research value. AAAN, AAAAN, and AAAAAN are dominant repeat types that are widely distributed in mammals among the four, five, and six base repeat types, respectively. Different types of microsatellites show significant variability in the number of core copy numbers. Nevertheless, the number of duplicate copies of each type of microsatellite exhibit a consistent trend in the five groupers, and the number of microsatellites decrease with an increase in the number of duplicate copies. The analysis of microsatellite distribution revealed several key findings. First, over 95% of single base repeat copies were concentrated in a range of 12 to 25 times. The main number of copies for two base repeats ranged from 6 to 32 times, with a small peak between 11 and 14 copies, and decreasing numbers with increasing copies. The number of copies for four and five base repeats was mainly concentrated in the ranges of 5–16 and 5–17, and 5–14, respectively. Notably, AGAT, AAAG, AAGAG, AATAT, and AGAGG repeats exhibited a large number of copies, even when the number of copies was high. The increase in copy number may represent changes in polymorphism at these loci that may lead to disease or changes in corresponding functions. Overall, these findings provide important insights into the distribution and potential functional significance of microsatellites in the genome of the studied species. The distribution characteristics of microsatellites in the genomes of the five groupers provide a valuable basis to understand the evolutionary mechanisms and functional expression of these species. The distribution of duplicate copy numbers of each type of duplication displays two peaks at 6 and 12 repetitions, with the number of microsatellites decreasing with increasing numbers of core copies. Some duplication types show particularly prominent numbers in specific species, such as T, TA, and AGACAG in E.lanceolatus, copied 502, 803, and 48 times respectively; GAG, CACT, and CCACA in E.moara, copied 205, 652, and 111 times respectively. These variations highlight the importance of exploring the role of microsatellite loci to develop a better understanding of the genetic distance and kinship among the five groupers. This analysis lays the groundwork to develop high-quality microsatellite molecular markers, and facilitates the selection of favorable varieties and the development of new varieties. In general, these research results provide important data to understand the genomic characteristics of the five groupers and helps to conduct advanced genetic research on these species.

Abstract Background The way of testicular tissue fixation directly affects the correlation and structural integrity between connective tissue and seminiferous tubules, which is essential for the study of male reproductive development. This study aimed to find the optimal fixative and fixation time to produce high-quality testicular histopathological sections, and provided a suitable foundation for in-depth study of male reproductive development with digital pathology technology. Methods Testes were removed from both sides of 25 male C57BL/6 mice. Samples were fixed in three different fixatives, 10% neutral buffered formalin (10% NBF), modified Davidson’s fluid (mDF), and Bouin’s Fluid (BF), for 8, 12, and 24 h, respectively. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, periodic acid Schiff-hematoxylin (PAS-h) staining, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to evaluate the testicle morphology, staging of mouse seminiferous tubules, and protein preservation. Aperio ScanScope CS2 panoramic scanning was used to perform quantitative analyses. Results H&E staining showed 10% NBF resulted in an approximately 15–17% reduction in the thickness of seminiferous epithelium. BF and mDF provided excellent results when staining acrosomes with PAS-h. IHC staining of synaptonemal complexes 3 (Sycp3) was superior in mDF compared to BF-fixed samples. Fixation in mDF and BF improved testis tissue morphology compared to 10% NBF. Conclusions Quantitative analysis showed that BF exhibited a very low IHC staining efficiency and revealed that mouse testes fixed for 12 h with mDF, exhibited morphological details, excellent efficiency of PAS-h staining for seminiferous tubule staging, and IHC results. In addition, the morphological damage of testis was prolonged with the duration of fixation time.

The impact velocities of hammer crusher directly affect the crushing effect of rock. In order to study influence of impact velocities of hammer head on the crushing effect and utilization efficiency of fracture energy in green sandstone, macroscopic and microscopic mechanical response relationship of green sandstone was established by combining with physical experiments and microscopic parameter calibration. The characteristics of stress chain, characteristics of damage and degradation, acoustic emission and changes of crack in green sandstone under different impact velocities of hammer crusher were analyzed using particle flow code, and the utilization efficiency of fracture energy was studied. The results show that: ① During the crushing process of green sandstone, the internal part of destructive micro-unit is mainly composed of tension chain, and the edge of failure is mainly composed of pressure chain. In the undamaged micro-unit, the pressure chain and tension chain cross each other to form network. The tension chain cause extension of crack, and the final failure is the result of the combined action of pressure chain and tension chain. ② The failure pattern of green sandstone is divided into the stage of local failure, extended failure, and intensified failure. The number of destructive micro-unit is divided into the stage of rapid increase, gradual slowing, and stabilization. The larger the impact velocities, the greater the stable increase in the number of destructive micro-unit, and the number of destructive micro-unit approximately follows linear distribution with the impact velocities. ③ With the increase of impact velocities, the cumulative number of crack in green sandstone is divided into the stage of rapid increase and stabilization. In the stage of crack initiation, shear crack are the main type, and the initial input energy is mainly used for the generation of shear crack, while the proportion of tensile crack gradually increases, and eventually tensile crack are the main type. ④ During the failure process of green sandstone, the fracture energy can be divided into the stage of rapid increase, gradual slowing, and stabilization. The utilization efficiency of fracture energy can be divided into the stage of rapid increase, slow increase, and slow decrease, with the maximum value of 10.851%, and the quantitative relationship between utilization efficiency of fracture energy and impact velocities is established. The result of the study not only provide preliminary exploration of the crushing effect and utilization efficiency of fracture energy in green sandstone from microscopic perspective, but also provide reference for the reasonable selection of process parameters in the crushing process of hammer crusher.

Abstract Background LACS (long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase) genes are widespread in organisms and have multiple functions in plants, especially in lipid metabolism. However, the origin and evolutionary dynamics of the LACS gene family remain largely unknown. Results Here, we identified 1785 LACS genes in the genomes of 166 diverse plant species and identified the clades (I, II, III, IV, V, VI) of six clades for the LACS gene family of green plants through phylogenetic analysis. Based on the evolutionary history of plant lineages, we found differences in the origins of different clades, with Clade IV originating from chlorophytes and representing the origin of LACS genes in green plants. The structural characteristics of different clades indicate that clade IV is relatively independent, while the relationships between clades (I, II, III) and clades (V, VI) are closer. Dispersed duplication (DSD) and transposed duplication (TRD) are the main forces driving the evolution of plant LACS genes. Network clustering analysis further grouped all LACS genes into six main clusters, with genes within each cluster showing significant co-linearity. Ka/Ks results suggest that LACS family genes underwent purifying selection during evolution. We analyzed the phylogenetic relationships and characteristics of six clades of the LACS gene family to explain the origin, evolutionary history, and phylogenetic relationships of different clades and proposed a hypothetical evolutionary model for the LACS family of genes in plants. Conclusions Our research provides genome-wide insights into the evolutionary history of the LACS gene family in green plants. These insights lay an important foundation for comprehensive functional characterization in future research.

Abstract Objective Sex differences in outcomes of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) remain controversial. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the sex differences in the prognosis of patients with aSAH. Methods This study retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of aSAH patients admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery of General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, from April 2020 to January 2022. The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was used to evaluate outcomes at 3-month post-discharge. Baseline characteristics, in-hospital complications and outcomes were compared after 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM). Results A total of 665 patients were included and the majority (63.8%) were female. Female patients were significantly older than male patients (59.3 ± 10.9 years vs. 55.1 ± 10.9 years, P

The diffusion of chloride ions in reinforced concrete under the seawater environment will affect the physical or mechanical properties and durability. Sulfate ions also influence the diffusion of chloride ions by generating expansion products through physical and chemical reactions. Further research on the effects of chloride binding and sulfate ion attack on chloride ion diffusion will deepen the understanding of concrete failure mechanism. In this paper, a quaternary blend based on calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement was prepared and laboratory immersion tests were conducted in artificial seawater with varying salt concentrations. Initially, chloride ion concentration measurements and XRD tests were conducted at different corrosion ages and salt concentrations. Subsequently, the chloride binding properties of CSA-based materials was quantified through the analysis of chloride ion concentration and the phases of hydration products. Meanwhile, the corrosive effect of sulfate ions on chloride ion diffusion was determined corresponds to the content of expansive hydration products. Furthermore, numerical simulations were employed to evaluate the impact of sulfate ion corrosion, chloride binding, and their combined effects on chloride ion diffusion, and the results were compared with free chloride ion concentration (Cf). The results indicate that the total chloride ion concentration (Ct) exhibits a linear relationship with increasing salt concentrations of seawater in CSA-based materials. Meanwhile, the bound chloride ion concentration (Cb) follows a logarithmic growth pattern. The chloride binding rate experiences a linear decline with the increase of chloride ion concentration in the artificial seawater. Additionally, the relationship between Cf and Cb or Ct can be described using different isothermal adsorption models for the CSA-based materials. Among these models, the Langmuir model is suitable for characterizing the relationship between Cf and Cb, while the Freundlich model is suitable for describing the relationship between Cf and Ct. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that sulfate ion attack and chloride binding exert nearly equivalent effects on the diffusion of chloride ions in CSA-based materials at short corrosion age and low chloride ion concentration. However, the corrosive impact of sulfate ions gradually evolves into the dominant factor in the progression of corrosion over time and the increase in seawater salt concentration.

Abstract This paper proposes a prediction method for the tension force of support ropes in flexible rockfall barriers. The method is based on two full-scale model tests with an impact energy of 3000 kJ, as well as 36 set numerical models featuring varying lengths and impact energies. From the results of full scale tests and numerical models, it is inferred that the tension force at the end of the support rope is significantly less than that at the point of impact, exhibiting an approximate Gaussian attenuation distribution with propagation distance. To account for the attenuation of tensile forces in support ropes, a tensile attenuation coefficient is defined. Through comparative analysis of data obtained from 36 models with varying impact energies and propagation distances, the average attenuation coefficient for the upper support rope is determined to be approximately 0.7, while the average coefficient for the lower support rope is around 0.8. Utilizing the least squares method, a prediction method for the tension force of support ropes in flexible rockfall barriers is established. This method takes into account both the propagation distance and impact energy, enabling accurate predictions of the tensile behavior of the ropes under different conditions. This prediction model provides valuable insights for engineers in the design and optimization of these flexible barriers for rockfall mitigation.

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in widespread disruptions to primary healthcare delivery and shifts to virtual care. Reduced in-person paediatric primary care visit rates have been reported. However, the extent to which access to primary preventative care has been impacted remains unclear. The objective of this scoping review is to characterise the utilisation of preventative primary care and its association with child development for children ages 0–5 years old during the COVID-19 era. In addition, we will determine if specific groups of children are at greater risk for reduced access to care. Methods A systematic search will be conducted for studies published between March 11, 2020, and October 2023 in the following databases: MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), Cochrane Library (CENTRAL and CDSR), Web of Science, and CINAHL (EBSCOhost). This scoping review will follow the methodological framework developed by Arksey and O’Malley and updated by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Studies related to primary preventative care of children aged 0–5 years old conducted in English and in high-income countries will be screened. Studies published before March 11, 2020, in acute care and low–middle-income settings will be excluded. Results will be summarised for appointments attended, delayed, and missed. In addition, we will summarise findings on the impact of COVID-19 on child development. Findings will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Discussion Further investigation is required to better understand the relationship between attendance of preventative primary care for children and its effects on child development. The findings obtained from this review will offer essential context to guide policy-making and healthcare service planning for the period following the pandemic.

Abstract At present, the method for calculating long-term tunnel settlement predictions under metro loading considers only one working condition of passenger loading, which is inconsistent with actual working conditions. To establish a tunnel settlement model that accounts for variations in passenger flow, this study uses data mining methods to categorize metro operation into three working conditions: "peak period, secondary period, and low period." The impact of these passenger flow conditions on the dynamic response of the soil around the tunnel is analyzed. Then, based on the principles of calculus, a calculus-based prediction model is established to consider the changing patterns of metro passenger flow. The model is applied to analyze the long-term settlement characteristics of Shanghai Metro Line 10. The results indicate that, under identical conditions, soil displacement and dynamic deviatoric stress around the tunnel increase with passenger capacity. The calculus prediction model aligns more closely with actual working conditions than the conventional model. The predicted tunnel settlement of Shanghai Metro Line 10 after 20 years of operation is approximately 37.07 mm, with most settlement occurring in the early stages, primarily due to cumulative plastic deformation of the soil.

Abstract Background Fractures of hands and feet are common in children, but relevant epidemiological studies are currently lacking. We aim to study the epidemiological characteristics of hand and foot fractures and growth plate injuries in children and provide a theoretical basis for their prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the data of children with hand and foot fractures who were hospitalized at Shenzhen Children’s Hospital between July 2015 and December 2020. Data on demographic characteristics, fracture site, treatment method, etiology of injury, and accompanying injuries were collected. The children were divided into four age groups: infants, preschool children, school children, and adolescents. The fracture sites were classified as first-level (the first–fifth finger/toe, metacarpal, metatarsal, carpal, and tarsal) and second-level (the first–fifth: proximal phalanx, middle phalanx, distal phalanx, metacarpal, and metatarsal) sites. The changing trends in fracture locations and injury causes among children in each age group were analyzed. Results Overall, 1301 children (1561 fractures; 835 boys and 466 girls) were included. The largest number of fractures occurred in preschool children (n = 549, 42.20%), with the distal phalanx of the third finger being the most common site (n = 73, 15.57%). The number of fractures in adolescents was the lowest (n = 158, 12.14%), and the most common fracture site was the proximal phalanx of the fifth finger (n = 45, 29.61%). Of the 1561 fractures, 1143 occurred in the hands and 418 in the feet. The most and least common first-level fracture sites among hand fractures were the fifth (n = 300, 26.25%) and first (n = 138, 12.07%) fingers, respectively. The most and least common first-level foot fracture locations were the first (n = 83, 19.86%) and fourth (n = 26, 6.22%) toes, respectively. The most common first-level and second level etiologies were life related injuries (n = 1128, 86.70%) and clipping injuries (n = 428, 32.90%), respectively. The incidence of sports injuries gradually increased with age, accounting for the highest proportion in adolescents (26.58%). Hand and foot fractures had many accompanying injuries, with the top three being nail bed injuries (570 cases, 36.52%), growth plate injuries (296 cases, 18.96%), and distal severed fracture (167 cases, 10.70%). Among the 296 growth plate injuries, 246 occurred on the hands and 50 on the feet. Conclusions In contrast to previous epidemiological studies on pediatric hand and foot fractures, we mapped the locations of these fractures, including proximal, shaft, distal, and epiphyseal plate injuries. We analyzed the changing trends in fracture sites and injury etiologies with age. Hand and foot fractures have many accompanying injuries that require attention during diagnosis and treatment. Doctors should formulate accident protection measures for children of different ages, strengthen safety education, and reduce the occurrence of accidental injuries.

Abstract Many learning‐based approaches to image deblurring have received increasing attention in recent years. However, the models trained on existing synthetic datasets do not generalize well to real‐world blur, resulting in undesirable artifacts and residual blur. This work attempts to address this problem from two aspects: training data synthesis and network architecture. To narrow the domain gap between synthetic and real domains, a realistic blur synthesis pipeline to generate high‐quality blurred data is proposed. Since the blur is non‐uniform and has different scales and degrees, a parallel feature complementary module to fully exploit the local and non‐local information, which improves the feature representation and helps the network to perceive the non‐uniform blur, is developed. In addition, a spatial Fourier reconstruction block to facilitate correct detail recovery in the spatial and Fourier domains is introduced. Based on these two designs, an effective encoder–decoder network for deblurring is designed. Extensive experiments demonstrate the validity and superiority of the proposed blur synthesis method and deblurring network. In particular, the proposed deblurring network can achieve superior or comparable performance to Restormer, while saving 70% of network parameters and 53% of floating point operations (FLOPs).

Abstract The integrated design of traffic signal control (TSC) and reversible lane (RL) is an effective way to solve the problem of tidal congestion with uncertainty at isolated intersections, because of its advantage in making full use of temporal‐spatial transportation facilities. Considering the contradiction between the dynamic TSC scheme and the fixed RL scheme in one period, a two‐stage optimization method based on improved mean‐standard deviation (MSD) model for isolated intersections with historical and real‐time uncertain traffic flow is proposed. In the first stage, applying the same‐period historical data of multiple days, a robust optimal traffic signal control model with reversible lane based on MSD model (MSD‐RTR model) is put forward to obtain the fixed RL scheme and the compatible initial TSC scheme. A double‐layer nested genetic algorithm (DN‐GA) is designed to solve this model. In the second stage, applying real‐time period data and multi‐day same‐period historical data, a robust optimal dynamic traffic signal control model based on MSD model (MSD‐RDT model) is put forward to obtain the dynamic TSC scheme. Three modes which reflect the different weights of historical period and real‐time period in this MSD‐RDT model are presented to improve the model stability, and a multi‐mode genetic algorithm (MM‐GA) is designed. Finally, a case study is presented to demonstrate the efficiency and applicability of the proposed models and algorithms.

The light-converting agricultural film is a new high-end functional film that can convert ultraviolet light and yellow-green light, which is harmful or useless to plant photosynthesis, into red-orange light or blue-violet light required for photosynthesis. The potential advantages of light-converting agricultural film in efficiently utilizing solar energy and improving crop yield have attracted more and more attention from researchers and agricultural enterprises.The light-converting function is realized by adding a light-converting agent to the agricultural film. Therefore, the preparation of light-converting agents with excellent performance is the core of the development and utilization of light-converting agricultural films. The paper firstly summarizes the key research and development in the field of agricultural light-converting films in china. Then this paper summarizes the classification of light-converting agents, research progress, and preparation methods. Finally, this paper predicts the future development trend of light-converting agricultural films, in order to provide a reference for the research and development of stable and efficient light-converting agricultural films.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) significantly contributes to sepsis, with patients suffering from both conditions exhibiting greater severity and higher mortality rates compared to those with sepsis alone. Elderly individuals in the intensive care unit (ICU) are particularly prone to these comorbidities. A nomogram prediction model was developed to accurately assess prognosis and guide treatment for elderly patients with sepsis and T2DM. Methods: Data from 1489 patients with sepsis and T2DM in the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) database were analyzed and categorized into 28-days survival ( n = 1156) and 28-days death groups ( n = 333). The dataset’s clinical characteristics were employed to create a nomogram predicting 28-days mortality in elderly ICU patients with sepsis and T2DM. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression identified candidate predictors, followed by a multivariate logistic regression analysis incorporating variables with p < .05 into the final model. A nomogram was then constructed using these significant risk predictors. The model’s discriminatory power was evaluated through a receiver operating curve (ROC) and the area under the curve (AUC). Additionally, model performance was assessed using a calibration plot and the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test (HL test), and clinical utility was examined via decision curve analysis (DCA). Results: Risk factors incorporated into the nomogram included age, ICU length of stay, mean blood pressure (MBP), metastatic solid tumor, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, Logistic Organ Dysfunction System (LODS) score, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and vasopressor use. The predictive model demonstrated robust discrimination, with an AUC of 0.802 (95% CI 0.768–0.835) in the training dataset and 0.753 (95% CI 0.697–0.809) in the validation set. Calibration was confirmed with the HL test ( p > .05), and DCA indicated clinical usefulness. Conclusion: This new nomogram serves as a practical tool for predicting 28-days mortality among elderly ICU patients with sepsis and T2DM. Optimizing treatment strategies based on this model could enhance 28-days survival rates for these patients.

Atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can harm various systems in the human body. Due to limitations in the current understanding of epidemiology and toxicology, the disease types and pathogenic mechanisms induced by PM2.5 in various human systems remain unclear. In this study, the disease types induced by PM2.5 in the respiratory, circulatory, endocrine, and female and male urogenital systems have been investigated and the pathogenic mechanisms identified at molecular level. The results reveal that PM2.5 is highly likely to induce pulmonary emphysema, reperfusion injury, malignant thyroid neoplasm, ovarian endometriosis, and nephritis in each of the above systems respectively. The most important co-existing gene, cellular component, biological process, molecular function, and pathway in the five systems targeted by PM2.5 are Fos proto-oncogene (FOS), extracellular matrix, urogenital system development, extracellular matrix structural constituent conferring tensile strength, and ferroptosis respectively. Differentially expressed genes that are significantly and uniquely targeted by PM2.5 in each system are BTG2 (respiratory), BIRC5 (circulatory), NFE2L2 (endocrine), TBK1 (female urogenital) and STAT1 (male urogenital). Important disease-related cellular components, biological processes, and molecular functions are specifically induced by PM2.5. For example, response to wounding, blood vessel morphogenesis, body morphogenesis, negative regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress, and response to type I interferon are the top uniquely existing biological processes in each system respectively. PM2.5 mainly acts on key disease-related pathways such as the PD-L1 expression and PD-1 checkpoint pathway in cancer (respiratory), cell cycle (circulatory), apoptosis (endocrine), antigen processing and presentation (female urogenital), and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction (male urogenital). This study provides a novel analysis strategy for elucidating PM2.5-related disease types and is an important supplement to epidemiological investigation. It clarifies the risks of PM2.5 exposure, elucidates the pathogenic mechanisms, and provides scientific support for promoting the precise prevention and treatment of PM2.5-related diseases.

IntroductionThe mental health disparities suffered by the English-speaking Afro-Caribbean diaspora living with psychosis in North America and the United Kingdom have been well described for decades, but the root causes of these disparities remain poorly understood. Part of the problem may be that the attitudes and beliefs of Caribbean communities regarding psychosis have never been systematically assessed. Such an inquiry could lay the foundation for changes to how psychiatric services for psychosis are implemented with migrant Caribbean communities. The ideal would be a re-design of services, or cultural adaptation of care, based on input from community members, patients, and their families, with the hope that disparities of care would be reduced or eliminated as clinicians co-create interventions that are more appropriate and acceptable to Caribbean people. To lay the groundwork of such an important endeavor, we investigated the shared attitudes, beliefs, experiences, practices, and traditions of English-speaking Afro-Caribbean people in relation to psychosis and psychiatric care.MethodsWe conducted a scoping review by searching Medline, PsychINFO and Scopus, reviewing 764 articles, and selecting 220 for thematic content analysis.ResultsWe highlighted the heterogeneity in the Caribbean diaspora living in North America and the UK. Five principal themes emerged: (1) The enduring effects of colonialism on the psychiatric care of Afro-Caribbean migrants; (2) The effects of adaptation to migration on the experience of psychosis; (3) Pervasive cultural mistrust of psychiatry and mental health institutions; (4) A collective approach to life; and (5) The role of religion and spirituality in the understanding of psychosis.ConclusionHistorical, sociocultural, and geopolitical themes characterize the English Afro-Caribbean experience of psychosis and inform culturally adapted clinical interventions for patients with psychosis and their families. Careful attention to these adaptations will reduce clinical bias and misdiagnosis, optimize adherence to treatment, engage patients and families in recovery, and ultimately, reduce treatment disparities while empowering Afro-Caribbean people and their communities. By bringing forward the themes in this chapter, individual clinicians will be given tools to change how they work with Caribbean people with psychosis in addition to laying the foundation for higher order changes in the mental health professions and society as a whole.

ObjectivesSubjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) refers to self-reported cognitive decline with normal global cognition. This study aimed to capture SCD among low educated patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) using a newly established indicator.MethodsWe recruited 64 PD patients with low education levels (education ≤12 years) for the study. The presence of SCD was determined based on a Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Part I (1.1) score ≥ 1. Spearman analysis and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate factors associated with the PD-SCD group. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the new combined index.ResultsThe prevalence of SCD in PD patients was 43.75%. Low educated PD-SCD patients had higher scores on the Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS), Parkinson’s Fatigue Scale (PFS), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), as well as higher scores on the UPDRS-I and UPDRS-II, compared to PD patients without SCD. They also demonstrated poorer performance on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), particularly in the domains of executive abilities/attention/language. Multivariate binary regression confirmed the significant association between PD-SCD and MoCA-executive abilities/attention/language. Based on these findings, a combined index was established by summing the scores of MoCA-executive abilities, MoCA-attention, and MoCA-language. ROC analysis showed that the combined index could differentiate PD-SCD patients with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.876. A score of 12 or less on the combined index had a sensitivity of 73.9% and a specificity of 76.2% for diagnosing PD-SCD.ConclusionThese low education patients with PD-SCD may exhibit potential PD-related pathological changes. It is important for clinicians to identify PD-SCD patients as early as possible. The newly combined index can help capture these low educated PD-SCD patients, with an AUC of 0.867, and is expected to assist clinicians in earlier identification and better management of PD patients.

Active front-end converters are part of high power installations for regenerative energy systems, feeding the regenerated energy into the utility. Under the island mode operation of the regenerative energy system, the load characteristics are difficult to detect, and the change of the load characteristics will cause the corresponding resonance. V/f control is usually used to ensure the harmonic quality. At high switching frequency, it has a good control effect. However, high switching frequency causes high switching loss. In order to reduce the switching loss, it will produce more harmonic distortion. Furthermore, the commonly used modulation strategies in this case face the problem of low real-time performance. Therefore, in order to avoid the harm caused by circuit resonance under the condition of reducing the switching frequency, this paper proposes a specific harmonic suppression algorithm with high real-time performance, which can be used as an optional control algorithm in the island operation state of power system. At the same time, aiming at the difficulty of adjusting the weight factors, this paper proposes a weight factor automatic tuner, which automatically adjusts the weight factors according to the harmonic component.

Abstract Somatic mutations related to clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) are risk factors for stroke. The impact of DNMT3A, the most mutated gene in CHIP, on clinical functional outcomes of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) remains unclear. In a well‐characterized cohort of 8524 ischemic stroke patients, we demonstrated that DNMT3A‐driven CHIP was significantly associated with neurological disability in these patients. With a stroke mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO), we demonstrated that DNMT3A protein levels in the brain penumbra increased. The DNMT3A inhibitor RG108 administration amplified neutrophil proliferation in the blood, promoted neutrophil infiltration into the brain penumbra, and exaggerated proinflammatory activation in tMCAO male mice. DNMT3A inhibition also significantly increased infarct volume and worsened neurobehavioral function in tMCAO male mice. In conclusion, DNMT3A somatic mutations are associated with worsened neurological disability in some patients with AIS, potentially through increased neutrophil proliferation and infiltration in the ischemic brain region. These findings suggest a possible mechanism for proinflammatory activation and tissue damage in the affected brain tissue, highlighting the need for further research in this area.

BackgroundThe association between years of non-diabetes status after diagnosis of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and the risk of long-term death and cardiovascular outcomes needed to be clarified.Methods and findingsIn this post hoc analysis, we included 540 individuals with IGT who participated in the original Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study (DQDPS). In the DQDPS, all participants were diagnosed with IGT by a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test and randomized to intervention or control groups with a 6-year lifestyle intervention trial. After the completion of the trial, death, cardiovascular events, and microvascular complications were monitored over a 30-year follow-up. In this post hoc analysis, the Cox analysis assessed the extended risk of these outcomes in individuals who either remained non-diabetes status or progressed to diabetes at the end of 2, 4, and 6 years after diagnosis of IGT. In all participants, the difference in the cumulative incidence rate of the outcomes between the diabetes and non-diabetes group gradually increased over 30 years. Compared with the diabetes group, a significantly lower risk of all-cause death (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.57 to 0.97, p = 0.026), cardiovascular events (HR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.49 to 0.82, p < 0.001), and microvascular complications (HR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.45 to 0.86, p = 0.004) first emerged in individuals who remained non-diabetes at the 4 years visit, whereas the significant risk reduction in cardiovascular death was first observed at the end of 6 years (HR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.39 to 0.81, p = 0.002) after adjustment for age, sex, smoking status, BMI, systolic blood pressure, blood glucose, total cholesterol, intervention, and medications (including insulin plus oral hypoglycaemics, antihypertensives, and lipid-lowering agents). The results in the original intervention group alone were similar to the whole group. The main limitations of our study are the limited number of participants and the sole ethnicity of the Chinese population.ConclusionsIn this study, we observed that maintaining several years of non-diabetes status after IGT diagnosis was associated with a significant reduction in long-term risk of death and vascular complications, and for most of these outcomes, maintaining at least 4 years of non-diabetes status may be needed to achieve a significant risk reduction.

Binary relations (BIRs) have many applications in computer science, graph theory, and rough set theory. This study discusses the combination of BIRs, fuzzy substructures of quantale, and rough fuzzy sets. Approximation of fuzzy subsets of quantale with the help of BIRs is introduced. In quantale, compatible and complete relations in terms of aftersets and foresets with the help of BIRs are defined. Furthermore, we use compatible and complete relations to approximate fuzzy substructures of quantale, and these approximations are interpreted by aftersets and foresets. This concept generalizes the concept of rough fuzzy quantale. Finally, using BIRs, quantale homomorphism is used to build a relationship between the approximations of fuzzy substructures of quantale and the approximations of their homomorphic images.

Abstract The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.9 calls for a substantial reduction in deaths attributable to PM2.5 pollution (DAPP). However, DAPP projections vary greatly and the likelihood of meeting SDG3.9 depends on complex interactions among environmental, socio-economic, and healthcare parameters. We project potential future trends in global DAPP considering the joint effects of each driver (PM2.5 concentration, death rate of diseases, population size, and age structure) and assess the likelihood of achieving SDG3.9 under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) as quantified by the Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) framework with simulated PM2.5 concentrations from 11 models. We find that a substantial reduction in DAPP would not be achieved under all but the most optimistic scenario settings. Even the development aligned with the Sustainability scenario (SSP1-2.6), in which DAPP was reduced by 19%, still falls just short of achieving a substantial (≥20%) reduction by 2030. Meeting SDG3.9 calls for additional efforts in air pollution control and healthcare to more aggressively reduce DAPP.

Objective: To investigate the optimal extraction process and antioxidant and anti-fatigue activities of ginseng adventitious roots total saponins (GARS). Methods: GARS was extracted using ethanol reflux method, and the effects of different factors such as ethanol concentration, solvent-to-solid ratio, extraction temperature, and extraction time on the content of GARS were studied by orthogonal test. The antioxidant and anti-fatigue activities of GARS were determined by measuring the scavenging abilities of DPPH, ABTS+, PTIO, ·OH, and O2−·, as well as the reducing power. The effects of GARS on the swimming and climbing times of mice, the contents of muscle/gallbladder glycogen, lactate (LD), and urea nitrogen (BUN) were determined to evaluate its anti-fatigue ability. Results: The optimal extraction conditions were ethanol concentration of 70%, solvent-to-solid ratio of 1:30 g/mL, extraction temperature of 70 ℃, and extraction time of 40 min, with a GARS content of 107.85 mg/g. GARS showed significant antioxidant and anti-fatigue activities, with its antioxidant and reducing power being positively correlated with its concentration. GARS significantly prolonged the swimming and climbing times of mice (P

Abstract Background Whether iron intake can affect cardiovascular disease (CVD) and dyslipidemia is controversial. However, few studies have focused on reducing the risk of CVD in people at risk for dyslipidemia. This study explored the linear relationship and possible nonlinear relationship between CVD and dyslipidemia. Methods Dietary data were obtained from the China Health and Nutrition Survey between 2004 and 2015. The survey included 8173 participants older than 18 years. CVD risk was estimated by the Framingham risk score (FRS). Logistic regression analysis was used to determine whether iron intake affects CVD incidence and lipid profiles. The nonlinear association was tested with restricted cubic splines (RCSs). Results For males, higher total iron intake [the fifth quintile (Q) vs. Q1 odds ratio (OR): 0.335, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.248–0.453], heme iron intake (OR: 0.679, 95% CI: 0.492–0.937) and non-heme iron intake (OR: 0.362, 95% CI: 0.266–0.492) reduced CVD incidence. Heme iron intake increased high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (OR: 1.786, 95% CI: 1.226–2.602), high total cholesterol (TC) (OR: 2.404, 95% CI: 1.575–3.669), high triglyceride (TG) (OR: 1.895, 95% CI: 1.423–2.523), and low apolipoprotein A1/apolipoprotein B (ApoA-1/ApoB) risk (OR: 1.514, 95% CI: 1.178–1.945). Moderate non-heme iron intake reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) incidence (Q5 vs. Q1 OR: 0.704, 95% CI: 0.507–0.979). For females, higher total iron intake (Q5 vs. Q1 OR: 0.362, 95% CI: 0.266–0.492) and non-heme iron intake (OR: 0.347, 95% CI: 0.154–0.781) reduced CVD incidence. Heme iron intake increased high LDL-C (OR: 1.587, 95% CI: 1.160–2.170) and high TC incidence (OR: 1.655, 95% CI: 1.187–2.309). Conclusions Men, especially those at risk of developing dyslipidemia, should consume non-heme rather than heme iron to reduce CVD incidence. For women, increased heme iron intake did not reduce CVD incidence. Therefore, women should minimize their heme iron intake to prevent dyslipidemia.

The radial-additive friction stir repairing (R-AFSR) process was used to successfully repair the exceeded tolerance hole of 2024-T4 aluminum alloy, and the formation and tensile strength of repaired joint were investigated. The enhanced hybridizing grey wolf optimization algorithm (EHGWOA) was innovatively proposed and had the advantages of strong search ability and large convergence speed. The weights and thresholds of back propagation neural network (BPNN) were optimized by the EHGWOA to enhance its prediction accuracy. Then, the EHGWOA-BPNN system was used to predict the joint strength and optimize the process parameters combination of R-AFSR process. The results showed that the repaired joint had not only the stir zone (SZ) with the thickness almost equal to the plate thickness but also no kissing bond defect in the SZ, thereby leading to the high tensile strength of the repaired joint. The maximum tensile strength of 308 MPa was obtained under the process parameters optimized by the EHGWOA-BPNN system, which was 4.5% higher than the maximum strength before optimization. The R-AFSR has great prospects to repair the exceeded tolerance holes of aluminum alloys, and the EHGWOA-BPNN system can be used to maximize the strength of repaired joint.

This work reports an exceptional reversed yield strength asymmetry at room temperature for a rare-earth free magnesium alloy containing a mass of fine dispersed quasicrystal (I-phase) precipitates. Although exhibiting traditional basal texture, it owns an exceptional CYS/TYS as high as ∼1.17. Electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examinations indicate pyramidal and prismatic dislocations plus tensile twinning being activated after immediate yielding in compression while basal and non-basal dislocations in tension. I-phase particles transferred the concentrated stress by self-twinning to provide the driving force for tensile twin initiating in neighboring grains, thereby significantly increasing the critical resolved shear stress of tensile twinning to possibly the level of pyramidal slip, finally leading to the dominance of pyramidal slip plus tensile twinning in texture grains. This results in a higher contribution on yield strength by ∼55 MPa in compression than in tension, which reasonably agrees with the experimental yield strength difference (∼38 MPa). It can be concluded that I-phase particles influence deformation modes in tension and in compression, finally result in reversed yield strength asymmetry.

Abstract Background This study aims to compare the clinical outcomes and safety of a novel hand-held retractor system-assisted Wiltse TLIF with that P-TLIF and assess whether this hand-held retractor system assisted Wiltse TLIF can yield less paraspinal muscle injury. Methods 56 patients (P-TLIF: 26, Wiltse TLIF: 30) were included in this one year prospective controlled study. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage, mobilization time, and discharge time were recorded. The clinical outcomes were evaluated by ODI, VAS, JOA, and SF-36 scores (7 days, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery). Paraspinal muscle injury was assessed by postoperative MRI (6 months after surgery). CK and C-reaction protein were measured pre and postoperatively, and CT or X-ray (one year postoperatively) was used to assess bony union/non-union. Results The Wiltse (study) group was associated with significantly less estimated blood loss (79.67 ± 28.59 ml vs 192.31 ± 59.48 ml, P = 0.000*), postoperative drainage (43.33 ± 27.89 ml vs 285.57 ± 123.05 ml, P = 0.000*), and shorter mobilization (4.1 ± 1.2 d vs. 3.0 ± 0.9 d, P

Abstract Red flesh apple (Malus pumila var. medzwetzkyana Dieck), purple leaf plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrhar f), and purple leaf peach (Prunus persica ‘Atropurpurea’) are significant ornamental plants within the Rosaceae family. The coloration of their fruits and leaves is crucial in their appearance and nutritional quality. However, qualitative and quantitative studies on flavonoids in the succulent fruits and leaves of multicolored Rosaceae plants are lacking. To unveil the diversity and variety-specificity of flavonoids in these three varieties, we conducted a comparative analysis of flavonoid metabolic components using ultra-high-performance liquid phase mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The results revealed the detection of 311 metabolites, including 47 flavonoids, 105 flavonols, 16 chalcones, 37 dihydroflavonoids, 8 dihydroflavonols, 30 anthocyanins, 14 flavonoid carbon glycosides, 23 flavanols, 8 isoflavones, 11 tannins, and 12 proanthocyanidins. Notably, although the purple plum and peach leaves exhibited distinct anthocyanin compounds, paeoniflorin and corythrin glycosides were common but displayed varying glycosylation levels. While the green purple leaf peach fruit (PEF) and red flesh apple leaf (AL) possessed the lowest anthocyanin content, they exhibited the highest total flavonoid content. Conversely, the red flesh apple fruit (AF) displayed the highest anthocyanin content and a diverse range of anthocyanin glycosylation modifications, indicating that anthocyanins predominantly influenced the fruit's color. Purple PLF, PLL, and PEL showcased varying concentrations of anthocyanins, suggesting that their colors result from the co-color interaction between specific types of anthocyanins and secondary metabolites, such as flavonols, flavonoids, and dihydroflavonoids. This study provides novel insights into the variations in tissue metabolites among Rosaceae plants with distinct fruit and leaf colors.