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The aim of the study was to present the basic principles of ergonomics during a child’s learning and play, taking into account the principles of physiotherapy regarding the positions adopted by the child. Biomechanical and kinesiological aspects of sitting posture and additional support points were described in detail. Correct and incorrect sitting positions were illustrated in the figures, with detailed descriptions provided in the text of the study, supported by legal regulations. The study can serve as a guide for children and parents on the discussed topic, but only for children and adolescents without existing postural abnormalities. In case of any postural defects or spinal deformities, it is advisable to consult a physiotherapist to approach each case individually.

ObjectiveThe objective of the study is to compare and investigate the combined and individual effects of workstation ergonomics, physiotherapy and patient education in improving CgH headaches and work ability in office workers.Methods96 eligible CgH participants were divided into the ergonomics modifications group (EMG; n = 24), physiotherapy group (PTG; n = 24), and ergonomics modifications combined with physiotherapy group (EPG; n = 24) and education control group (CNG; n = 24), the participants received the respective treatment for 4 weeks. Primary (CgH frequency) and secondary (CgH pain intensity, CgH disability, flexion rotation test (right and left), neck disability index and work ability) scores were measured. The effects of treatment at various intervals were analyzed with a 4 × 4 linear mixed model analysis (LMM) between treatment groups and time intervals.ResultsFour weeks following training EPG group showed more significant changes in primary outcome CgH frequency; 4.6 CI 95% 3.63 to 5.56 when compare to control group. The same gradual improvement was noticed at 8 weeks 8.2 CI 95% 7.53 to 8.86 and at 6 months follow up 11.9 CI 95% 11.25 to 12.54 when compare to other groups (p = 0.001) which is statistically 52.97% improvement. Similar improvements can be seen in the secondary outcome measures such as CgH pain intensity, CgH disability, flexion rotation test (right and left), neck disability index and work ability in EPG group than the EMG, PTG, and CNG groups (p = 0.001) at 4 weeks, 8 weeks and at 6 months’ follow-up.ConclusionThis study observed that the workstation ergonomics and physiotherapy group experienced significantly more improvements in cervicogenic headache patients.Clinical trial registrationIdentifier NCT05827185

This paper begins with the medical digital ultrasonic imaging workstations' development history and stages of PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication Systems). We analyze the actual application scenarios and pain points in medical digital ultrasonic imaging and introduce the support of medical digital ultrasonic imaging workstations for the entire business process. At the same time, we explain the role of AI functions in promoting business improvements throughout the process, using Shenzhen Maternal and Child Health Hospital as an application case study. This paper also discusses the difficulties faced by the development of AI in medical digital ultrasonic imaging and provides some solutions and suggestions. We offer a perspective on the future development of artificial intelligence in medical digital ultrasonic imaging. We explore potential application scenarios in areas such as empowering the ultrasound process with intelligent management, ultrasound consultation, cloud-based electronic films, and the Internet of Things (IoT) services.

Open-plan offices have become widely adopted in various industries as a workplace environment. However, this office layout type suffers from speech privacy, which can be represented by the acoustic parameter known as the Speech Transmission Index (STI). ISO 3382-3:2012 provides guidelines for calculating the acoustic parameters of a room tailored explicitly for open-plan offices. However, the existing method in ISO 3382-3:2012 requires a parallel layout of workstations to determine the STI value, which is hardly found in modern office settings. This study presents a technique to predict the ideal values of rP and rD, based on the relationship between %Alcons and the Speech Transmission Index (STI) for a specific workstation, using linear regression and in-situ measurements. The analysis of acoustic conditions in an open-plan office reveals that modified techniques can predict the acoustic quality in a modern office layout. The D2, S values indicate good acoustic quality, but the Lp, A, S,4m values do not meet the required standard. Using %Alcons equations, the study shows how to predict distraction distances and categorize workstations as 'Distracted' or 'Not distracted'. The results indicate only a small percentage of workstations allow for private communication.

Wearables offer a promising solution for simultaneous posture monitoring and/or corrective feedback. The main objective was to identify, synthesise, and characterise the wearables used in the workplace to monitor and postural feedback to workers. The PRISMA-ScR guidelines were followed. Studies were included between 1 January 2000 and 22 March 2023 in Spanish, French, English, and Portuguese without geographical restriction. The databases selected for the research were PubMed®, Web of Science®, Scopus®, and Google Scholar®. Qualitative studies, theses, reviews, and meta-analyses were excluded. Twelve studies were included, involving a total of 304 workers, mostly health professionals (n = 8). The remaining studies covered workers in the industry (n = 2), in the construction (n = 1), and welders (n = 1). For assessment purposes, most studies used one (n = 5) or two sensors (n = 5) characterised as accelerometers (n = 7), sixaxial (n = 2) or nonaxialinertial measurement units (n = 3). The most common source of feedback was the sensor itself (n = 6) or smartphones (n = 4). Haptic feedback was the most prevalent (n = 6), followed by auditory (n = 5) and visual (n = 3). Most studies employed prototype wearables emphasising kinematic variables of human movement. Healthcare professionals were the primary focus of the study along with haptic feedback that proved to be the most common and effective method for correcting posture during work activities.

Silk degumming and dyeing are considered high ergonomics risk procedures for workers because they have to stand working, bent and perk their faces, twist their bodies, and wrists during the processes. These affect the Surface Electromyography (sEMG) especially the lower back which is a significant problem affecting the production efficiency, and workers' health and safety. This study aims at improving the workstation to reduce muscle aches during silk degumming and dyeing in the silk weaving procession in Nakhon Ratchasima province. The data was collected using anthropometric measurements for standing work on 400 workers in silk degumming and dyeing. The data was used to improve the degumming and dyeing aid equipment. The study found that degumming and dyeing using the traditional degumming and dyeing equipment gave a higher sEMG rate and amplitude of upper trapezius muscles than the degumming and dyeing aid equipment. This meant higher tissue load and muscular fatigue. This could reduce the time for the silk degumming and dyeing at the rate of 30.09%.

Without any doubt, we are living in a very modern, sophisticated, and computerized world, in which a great part of the activities done in the past by workers, are now carried out by machines or intelligent devices, capable to communicate with the environment and to make decisions according to the information received from there. The ergonomics science adapted during the time, introducing in its area of study the effects of the human-computer interaction, the new forms of stress, and the new factors which are affecting the work at the workstations. However, there are still workplaces where physical work is prevalent and where it is necessary to analyze the work conditions to improve them and to avoid injuries during the work. This study is based on the research which has used ergonomic analysis, namely the LEST method for the optimization of the work of handler workers at a Romanian company with several working points in different regions of the country. The working points are equipped with different endowments depending on the period when they operate. The study reveals that the handlers are facing different problems at their workstations depending on the technical level of the equipment they use and the organization of the work. The same tasks lead to different perceptions and different levels of fatigue for the workers. The ergonomic analysis offers the possibility to identify the stress factors for each workstation and optimize them to provide optimum work conditions in which the worker can perform in the best way.

Abstract Background As the health risks of sedentary working environments become more clear, greater emphasis on the implementation of walking interventions to reduce sitting time is needed. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we investigate the role of treadmill-desk interventions on energy expenditure, sitting time, and cardiometabolic health in adults with sedentary occupations. Methods Relevant studies published in English were identified using CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases up to December 2020. Random effects meta-analysis models were used to pool study results. Results Thirteen relevant studies (six workplaces and seven laboratories) were found with a total of 351 participants. Pooled analysis of laboratory studies showed a significant increase in energy expenditure (105.23 kcal per hour, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 90.41 to 120.4), as well as metabolic rate (5.0 mL/kg/min, 95% CI: 3.35 to 6.64), among treadmill desk users compared to sitting conditions. No evidence of significant differences in blood pressure were found. In workplace studies, we observed a significant reduction in sitting time over a 24-h period (− 1.73 min per hour, 95% CI: − 3.3 to − 0.17) among users of treadmill desks, compared to a conventional desk. However, there were no evidence of statistically significant changes in other metabolic outcomes. Conclusions Treadmill desks offer a feasible and effective intervention to increase energy expenditure and metabolic rate and reduce sitting time while performing work-related tasks. Future studies are needed to increase generalizability to different workplace settings and further evaluate their impact on cardiometabolic health.

This study evaluated the ergonomic performance of drivers’ workstations in southwest Nigeria. Fifty urban buses selected from ten brands were investigated by direct measurement. The buses were mini-A and midi-B. Vertical and horizontal distances of the seat reference point to the pedal and steering wheel, with the seat dimensions were considered. The anthropometric dimensions of 150 male bus drivers were taken from South-west Nigeria. The results revealed that the values for driver’s seat height from the cabin floor, seat backrest height, seat shoulder level width and low back width were 44.00- 50.00cm, 53.00-58.15cm, 40.00-50.00cm and - 40.15cm respectively as against 39.15- 43.00cm, 38.75-49.49cm, 34.60-43.59cm and 45.73-53.25cm respectively in the urban bus workstations. It is concluded that the drivers’ workstations in the urban buses were not ergonomically fit for the bus drivers since the anthropometric dimension of the Nigerian male bus drivers were not considered in the designing of the buses.

Introduction: Carpet-weaving is one of the hard and harmful jobs, which affect the health of the workforce. Based on the previously conducted research, musculoskeletal disorders in the neck, shoulder, and lower back regions are common among carpet weavers. This study conducted to investigate the muscle activity of the shoulder and lower back regions in carpet weavers during work on traditional and ergonomic workstations by surface electromyography. Material and Methods: 18 experienced male weavers with a mean age of 38 and mean weaving experience of 11.1 years participated in this study. Each weaver took part in two trails of 120 min. Surface EMG signal recordings were done during weaving for four muscles (bilaterally in trapezius and erector spine). The RMS and MPF values were extracted from the raw EMG signal to estimate muscle activity and fatigue. Results: The results obtained from the 5-time intervals indicated the lowered MPF in the ergonomic workstation compared to the traditional one. The result of the mean RMS in most of the recorded times was lower in the ergonomic workstation than that in the traditional one. Conclusion: According to the results of the study, the modified workstation was well-suited for trapezius muscles, and the traditional one had an advantage for the erector spine muscles.

There is considered the elaboration of requirements for the software of automated workplace of the dispatcher of fire and rescue unit. The elaboration of requirements for display format of information on the monitor screen in fire notification transmission systems is also examined. There are proposed variants of information displaying on the monitor of automated workstation, taking into account the presentation of various information attributes, such as: the setup menu, the field for displaying the plan of protected object, the icon field for managing information and its acknowledgment, the field of counter of alarms’ number, the field for changing objects parameters, etc.

Desk-based workers are highly sedentary; this has been identified as an emerging work health and safety issue. To reduce workplace sitting time and promote physical activity it is important to understand what factors are already present within workplaces to inform future interventions. This cross-sectional study examined the prevalence of supportive environmental factors, prior to workplaces taking part in a ‘sit less, move more’ initiative (BeUpstanding). Participants were 291 Australian-based workplace champions (representing 230 organisations) who unlocked the BeUpstanding program’s online toolkit between September 2017 and mid-November 2020, and who completed surveys relating to champion characteristics, organisation and workplace characteristics, and the availability of environmental factors to support sitting less and moving more. Factors were characterized using descriptive statistics and compared across key sectors and factor categories (spatial; resources/initiatives; policy/cultural) using mixed logistic regression models. Of the 42 factors measured, only 11 were present in > 50% of workplaces. Spatial design factors were more likely to be present than resources/initiatives or policy/cultural factors. Centralised printers were the most commonly reported attribute (94%), while prompts to encourage stair use were the least common (4%). Most workplace factors with

Collaborative robots are revolutionising the manufacturing industry and the way workers perform their tasks. When designing shared workspaces between robots and humans, human factors and ergonomics are often overlooked. This study assessed the relationship between cognitive workload, workstation design, user acceptance and trust in collaborative robots. We combined subjective and objective data to evaluate the cognitive workload during an assembly task in three different scenarios in which we manipulated various features of the workstation and interaction modalities. Our results showed that participants experienced a reduction in cognitive workload in each of the three trials, indicating an improvement in cognitive performance. Additionally, we found that user acceptance predicted perceived stress across the trials but did not significantly impact the cognitive workload. Trust was not found to moderate the relationship between cognitive workload and perceived stress. This study has the potential to make a significant contribution to the field of collaborative assembly systems by providing valuable insights and helping to bridge the gap between researchers and practitioners. This study can potentially impact companies looking to improve safety, productivity and efficiency.

Background and Aims: Due to multiple reasons like prolonged sitting and postural demands, software engineers are prone to develop musculoskeletal problems, which can be easily alleviated by practicing proper Ergonomic posture in their workstation. The main objective of the study was to assess the knowledge of Ergonomics Principles and Workplace Practice among the software engineers working in a private firm. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 403 software engineers working in a private firm, Chennai. Results: Among the 403 study participants, 85.6% had musculoskeletal problem in any area of focus. Only 9% had adequate ergonomic knowledge and only fewer among them practice it adequately. Conclusion: The study revealed higher prevalence of musculoskeletal problem, lower prevalence of knowledge about Ergonomic principles and much lower prevalence of appropriate practice of Ergonomic principles. This can be alleviated by a simple primary care like ergonomic education and practising.

Introduction: Computer becomes a highly used and essential tool in daily life. This also applies to occupational level. However, there are risk factors in using the computer within daily life while working, one of them is the posture while working in front of computer. Due to the risk factors, computer workers develop complaint in upper extremities, but they tend to ignore it. The complaint silently decreases their life quality, efficiency, and productivity. This study aimed to find the correlation between human posture and musculoskeletal disorder (MSD). Methods: This was an observational analytic study, using total sampling technique. The subjects were the computer workers in Indonesian State Owned Enterprises in Surabaya. They were given NMQ for mapping the distribution of complaint. Observational sheets were provided to assess the human posture using NERPA Assessment Worksheet. Spearman’s rank method was used to observe the correlation between human posture and MSD. Result: 112 chosen subjects were involved. Human posture showed large correlation with MSD. This was calculated using alpha value 0.05 for the significance. Conclusion: There is a correlation between human posture and MSD among computer workers at Indonesian State Owned Enterprises in Surabaya.

Using the method of synthesis of the information model at the automated workstation of the air traffic control dispatcher, a fragment of the user interface at the automated workstation of the radar control dispatcher of the Minsk district control center was synthesized, which allows to simulate the stages of the dispatcher's activity in the automated air traffic control system at the modern level of air traffic intensity. The verification of the adequacy and effectiveness of the synthesized user interface fragment was carried out directly with the participation of experts and specialists with experience in such systems. The adequacy of the synthesized user interface fragment was evaluated using a known consent criterion. The evaluation of the efficiency of the synthesized fragment of the user interface of the environment at the dispatcher's automated workstation was carried out under conditions of high air traffic intensity, which force the radar control dispatcher to control in critical mode of operation. Shows the advantage of a synthesized user interface fragment over an existing user interface in terms of time and accuracy. In general, the synthesized user interface fragment exceeds the existing one by about thirty percent. The synthesized user interface fragment noted the more stable activities of the subjects, as well as their better learning capability compared to the existing user interface. The developed experiment scheme allows to carry out research of engineering and psychological factors in human-machine systems of special purpose, including analysis of user interfaces at automated workstations of dispatching personnel in existing automated systems of air traffic control for their assessment and further improvement.

Background:Neck disorder is a common complaint in computer users which affects the task performance and fatigue. Several studies confirmed the relation between neck discomfort and working with a computer. But focusing on the root risk factors inducing neck discomfort can be applied for taking preventive measures and improving workstation design. So, the main purpose of this study was the neck posture analysis in computer users and identifying the related risk factors. Methods:This descriptive-analytical study was performed in 2018 on 169 administrative staff in one of the governmental hospitals in Qom. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to investigate neck discomfort and related risk factors. To determine the angle of the neck, photographic analysis method was used. Finally, SPSS software version 22 and appropriate statistical tests including the logistic regression model, two independent t-test, and chi-square test in contingency tables were used to determine the relationship between individual parameters and workstation with neck angles and neck pain. Results:The results showed that two factors of the height (p= 0.023) and the gender (p= 0.012) had a direct statistically significant association with neck disorder statistically. In addition, the anthropometric dimensions, monitor height from desk level was positively correlated with neck discomfort but sitting elbow to eye height was negatively correlated with neck discomfort (p

Abstract Background: There is always an interaction between man and his environment that can be the cause of physical, physiological and psychological stress on people and also cause discomfort, annoyance, and have direct and indirect effects on their performance and productivity, health and safety. People in their workplace are exposed to many factors related to work activities and environmental factors, which can affect their health; So workplace disruptions such as noisy environments can cause safety problems, reduce employee morale and undesirable effects on performance, working memory, and attention; For these reasons, ergonomic designers must be capable of designing the physical environment because the design of the environment not only keep peoplechr('39')s performance high, but also provide a safe and healthy environment for improving employeeschr('39') health. Noise can also negatively affect communication between people. Banks are open plan offices and the financial services provided by bank staff that requires employeechr('39')s mental activity. Different sources of noise production can affect employees and negatively affect their comfortable, functional and communication aspects. Noise also effects on mental activities can cause employees to become tired early and increase their computational errors. In a bank environment where conversations between bank tellers and customers are necessary to conduct banking tasks, interfering with ambient noise, causing annoyance, human error, and ultimately failed to provide banking services. Because of high workload and the bankschr('39') competition to attract customers in order to provide better services, quiet workplace environments are essential for staff comfort and optimum performance; so right designing workplace can have a high impact on peoplechr('39')s comfort and productivity. Speech Interference Level is a simple way to predict or evaluate speech intelligibility where the conversation occurs directly in a noisy environment. At open plan offices, employee and customer communicate face-to-face and information exchange is done in that way. In recent years, many banks in our country have established their own workstations as sited customers and face-to-face with bank tellers, but so far no study has been conducted on the changed employeeschr('39') workstations and its effect on speech interference. A question now arises, is workstation redesign increase the Speech Interference Level and improve Intelligibility ratings for speech communications? Therefore, the purpose of this study was redesigned workstations and make environmental changes and its effect on SIL among bank tellers. Material and method: This study is a descriptive-analytic and Interventional study, this was carried out for one year in three branches of one of the governmental banks of Hamadan province (N= 12). Twelve workstations were redesigned and installed after measuring the sound and calculating Speech Interference Level, and calculating the distance between customer and employee. Bank tellers are those who have a direct relationship with customers and perform banking tasks. They had to sit long during the day and they spent all their time working on computers and they were getting things done and receiving customer financial requests. They used the workstations were constructed in the present study. The tools for data collection in this study were: 1) demographic and occupational questionnaire, 2) sound measuring and frequency analyzer CEL-450، 3) A questionnaire with a question “What noise sources in your workplace do you annoy?” to determine annoying sound sources and 4) ISO 9921-2003 standard to determine speech interference level of the noise at the listenerchr('39')s ear (LSIL), Speech level, Speech Interference Level (SIL) and Intelligibility ratings for speech communications. SIL is a simple way to predict or evaluate speech intelligibility, Speech intelligibility also increases with increasing SIL. speech intelligibility is divided into 5 rating (bad, poor, fair, good and excellent) based on SIL, also in sensitive situations where short messages are sent include important numbers, ability to understand at least "good" is recommended by increasing speech effort; the communication will be “fair” if the difference between LSIL and the speech level (LS, A, L) that both determined at the listener’s position is greater than 10. Measuring the sound within 1 meter of the speakerchr('39')s mouth, according to ISO 9921 (2003) for normal sound (60 dB) was considered. It was measured for 15 minutes at 10 a.m. to 13 p.m. every shift that they had the highest number of customers, and measuring was done twice for each workstation (total 24 times). To calculate LSIL, the sound pressure level was measured in four octave bands with the central frequencies 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz and 4000 Hz at the listener position and during the normal communication period in time-weighting “slow”. the sound pressure level was measured for 15 minutes and the average of these pressure levels was calculated. After collecting the preliminary data, bank teller workstations were redesigned and built. Some actions were taken to reduce speech interference and improve communication between bank tellers and customers; For example, insert a glass between customer and bank teller and create 12 vents (diameter =2 cm) at a customerchr('39')s mouth height to improve communication, changing the workstation so that the operator and customer interact face-to-face and insert chair for customers to sit in, reduce customer gathering in front of the workstations, reducing the distance between the customers and the bank tellers by creating an arc at the table, Enhancing employee privacy by placing the glass between employees in beside workstations, increasing the glass height between the bank teller and the customer to prevent customer standing communicate with the bank teller. The mean distance between bank teller and customer prior to redesigning the workstations was 123 cm which was reduced to 103 cm in redesign; the mean distance between two employees was 95 cm, which increased to 115 cm after the redesign. Environmental interventions also include the installation of perforated acoustic tiles made of plaster as a false ceiling, so that, by installing them the distance between the main and false ceilings was 25 cm and there was an empty space between them which absorbs more sound. The walls of the branches were also covered with wall plugs that made of PVC and MDF, and the floor was improved. Data were collected before and after the interventions and they were compared. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software, version 16. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and analytical statistics. The Paired t-test was used to compare the mean results of the LSIL and SIL. Results: In the present study, all the bank tellers were male. Everyone was married, their mean age was 38.25 (5.62) and work experience was 15.25 (6.87) years. Each bank teller were doing 30-50 customerschr('39') finances task in one shift. All participants stated that their rest time was less than 30 minutes in a shift and they are working 7-8 hours in a sitting position; none of the participants had a history of hearing loss or other hearing problems. Results from annoying sources of noise showed that the most annoying sources of noise in all three branches were the noise of customers (42.85%) and the sound of money counting machine (33.3%); Printer noise was the lowest (4.76%). Before the interventions, mean speech interference level (LSIL) was 59.50 dB (4.07) that was then reduced to 54.98 (5.52) dB and this decrease was statistically significant (p

Objectives. The aim of the study is to develop a set of interconnected information blocks for the formation, subsequent processing and application of data in the preparation of reporting and functional documents.Method. The choice of regularly used templates as a basis for the development of information blocks. Based on the structure and forms of the selected templates, software modules for information block interfaces have been developed.Result. Based on the results of identifying and analyzing problematic issues in the activities of the operational duty shift for the automation and intellectualization of the activities of specialists, the idea of developing and using universal information blocks as part of a database management system for automated workplaces was proposed. Interfaces of information blocks are included in the composition of each workstation and provide for the processes of: entering, changing, searching and filtering data; Previewing, printing and saving documents. In the development of algorithms, original software solutions were applied: combining data prepared by several specialists, generating document details, transferring information between different workstations, monitoring the availability of documents, accessing the necessary reference information.Conclusion. The introduction of the developed information blocks: “Schedule of SLM duty”, “Requisites”, “Journal of Carriage of Duty”, “Control”, “Reference book” into the complex of automated workplaces of operational duty shift in the Crisis Management Center allows you to refuse as a result of automation from manual filling of text templates and, as a result, reduce labor intensity, increase resource and improve the quality of preparation of operational reporting documents in the event of accidents, emergencies, fires and functions national documents in the mode of daily activities in accordance with the regulatory, job and functional duties of specialists.

Introduction and purpose: The most prevalent accidents and injuries occur in industries. Risk assessment and risk management are the basis for planning to provide solutions and control hazards. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify and assess the workplace hazards using the failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) approach in a carpet manufacturing company located in Mazandaran. Methods: The current study utilized FMEA approach to evaluate the potential risk factors. Some units of carpet manufacturing company including 8 different workstations were assessed with 60 employees. Furthermore, failure modes and effects, as well as the causes of the failure of each component, were evaluated in this study. Subsequently, the Risk Priority Number of each workstation was separately calculated and the crisis level of each risk was prioritized. Results: According to the results of the study, out of 55 risk factors identified in 8 different workstations at the factory, 18.2 %, 67.3%, and 14.5% of these risk factors were within acceptable, unacceptable, and emergency level, respectively. Moreover, the units, including painting, dipping, extrusion, and assembly obtained the highest risk frequency in terms of explosion and electric shock. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, workers are highly susceptible to occupational accidents and injuries due to the presence of high risks factors in the above-mentioned unit. Although FMEA approach is applicable to identify the potential failures in work-related accidents, it is recommended using Preliminary Risk Assessment Method in order to conduct a more exact and comprehensive assessment.

Automation liberates scientific staff from repetitive tasks, decreases the probability of human error and consequently enhances the reproducibility of lab experiments. However, the use of laboratory automation in academic laboratories is limited due to high acquisition costs and the inability to customize off-the-shelf hardware. To address these challenges, we present an Open Source Hardware concept, referred to as OpenWorkstation, to build an assembly line-inspired platform consisting of ready-to-use and customizable modules. In contrast to current standalone solutions, the OpenWorkstation concept enables the combination of single hardware modules – each with a specific set of functionalities – to a modular workstation to provide a fully automated setup. The base setup consists of a pipetting and transport module and is designed to execute basic protocol steps for in vitro research applications, including pipetting operations for liquids and viscous substances and transportation of cell culture vessels between the modules. We demonstrate the successful application of this concept within a case study by the development of a storage module to facilitate high-throughput studies and a photo-crosslinker module to initiate photo-induced polymerization of hydrogel solutions. We present a Systems Engineering framework for customized module development, guidance for the design and assembly of the presented modules, and operational instructions on the usage of the workstation. By combining capabilities from various open source instrumentations into a modular technology platform, the OpenWorkstation concept will facilitate efficient and reliable experimentation for in vitro research. Ultimately, this concept will allow academic groups to improve replicability and reproducibility in cell culture process operations towards more economical and innovative research in the future.

As a result of COVID-19, many office buildings around the world have downsized their employees, but the comfort parameters in the building had to be kept. The facilities operation rearranged the workstations to keep physical distance and placed plexiglass sheets on the desks for physical protection. A series of measurements have been carried out with workstation set-ups to examine the fresh air rate in the occupied zone. The effect of plexiglass sheets placed on the desks was also examined to see how it changes the airflow pattern in the occupied zone. As the sheets act as a barrier, the primary air does not reach the occupied zone, therefore, the fresh air rate is less. To modify the properties of the ceiling diffusers a new air-ventilation service element was developed. This attachment allows modifying the properties of the ceiling diffusers. Simulations were made at the relevant zones to validate the measurements. Based on design software, the fresh air ratio for a standard ceiling swirl diffuser is 2.46 v% (volume percentage). A numerical model was used to show the fresh air ratio with the system elements for the two different table arrangements, which were 18.3 v% and 21.4 v%, respectively.

The article deals with the psychological and pedagogical problems of training situational centers (TSC) as a learning environment for group decision-making. TSC have a significant role to play in the process of formation of a new type of managerial personnel, managers for the "digital economy" and "digital state. Emphasizes the importance of workplaces as a Central element for the functioning of TSCs; in this case, the workplace is treated as an element of the educational environment in relation to two related subject areas – social management and education. The script approach at the organization of educational activity in TSC is described; the script of an educational task contains, in particular, characteristics and the description of the principles of work of the corresponding workplaces, and also methods of work of participants of studies (students, teachers, experts, game technicians, producers). The importance of forming a visual information image of the management situation for the collective work of students is emphasized. We consider the models of classes in the TSC (lecture-discussion, case-study, role play), as well as psychological, didactic, technological and organizational factors taken into account in these models. The problem of "Brainstorming" is considered as an example of communicative decision-making technology in the TSC.

Introduction: A large part of the compensation payments is allocated to the musculoskeletal disorders of the injured employees. The economic losses imposed by these disorders affect not only the individuals, but also the organizations and communities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of educational intervention on improving the working conditions of the computer-using employees working in Yazd University of Medical Sciences. Method: This semi-experimental study was conducted among the employees of Yazd University of Medical Sciences. In this regard, 100 computer users were randomly selected and the study was conducted in three stages of investigating the current situation, implementing the educational intervention, and re-investigating the situation. We collected the information one month before and one month after the educational course. For this purpose, we used the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) checklist 1910/0900 (31 questions).We analyzed the data using SPSS version 19 and run Chi-square and descriptive statistics to determine the frequency. The significance level was also considered at 0.05. Results: We found that the postures of the participants were unfavorable before the intervention and they were unconscious about it. However, after the intervention, we observed a significant change in their postures (P 0.05). In other words, we cannot change the inappropriately designed desk or workstation by the training intervention. Conclusion: Interventions based on the ergonomic training had a positive effect on the improvement of participants' posture at work. This improvement one month after the intervention can confirm the sustainable effectiveness of such programs. In addition, educational intervention did not have any effect on the workstations; the training program could not change the workstations that were undesirable in terms of ergonomics.

Background To date, the majority of interventions have implemented classroom-based physical activity (PA) at the elementary level; however, there is both the potential and need to explore student outcomes at high-school level as well, given that very few studies have incorporated classroom-based PA interventions for adolescents. One exception has been the use of bicycle workstations within secondary classrooms. Using bicycle workstations in lieu of traditional chairs in a high school setting shows promise for enhancing adolescents’ physical activity during the school day. Participants and procedure The present study explored the effects of integrating bicycle workstations into a secondary classroom setting for four months in a sample of 115 adolescents using an A-B-A-B withdrawal design. The study took place in one Advanced Placement English classroom across five groups of students. Physical activity outcomes included average heart rate, and caloric expenditure. Behavioural outcomes included percentage of on-task/off-task behaviour and number of teacher prompts in redirecting off-task behaviour. Feasibility and acceptability data of using the bicycle workstations were also collected. Results Findings showed significant improvements in physical activity as measured by heart rate and caloric expenditure, although heart rate percentage remained in the low intensity range when students were on the bicycle workstations. No effects were found on students’ on-task behaviour when using the bicycle workstations. Overall, students found the bikes acceptable to use but noted disadvantages of them as well. Conclusions Using bicycle workstations in high-school settings appears promising for enhancing low-intensity physical activity among adolescents. The limitations of the present study and implications for physical activity interventions in secondary schools are discussed.

Introduction and purpose: Industrial accidents are highly prevalent. Regarding this, identification of the risk factors of occupational accidents can be helpful in preventing the occurrence of this type of accidents. The aim of this study was to assess the risk factors in the incidence of occupational accidents and prioritize the severity of the identified risks in order to prevent their occurrence.Methods: The current study utilized failure mode effects analysis (FMEA) method to evaluate the potential risk factors. All the units of Educational Equipment Manufacturers Company, including 12 different workstations with 55 employees, were assessed; furthermore, failure modes and effects as well as the causes of the failure of each component were recorded. Subsequently, Risk Priority Number (RPN) of each workstation was separately calculated and the crisis level of each risk was prioritized. Results: According to the results of the study, a variety of 51 risk factors were identified among 12 different workstations at the factory. It was demonstrated that 4.25%, 9.54%, and 6.19% of these risk factors were within acceptable, unacceptable, and emergency level, respectively. The highest risk frequency was related to the electric shock caused by working on guillotine, cutter, bending machine, and drilling press. However, the crisis level of these risk factors were found to be average owing to the decrease in the occurrence of these risk factors which was the result of control measures. Conclusion: This study revealed a direct relationship between RPN and the frequency of occupational accidents. Because of the high risks of the aforementioned machines, plant workers are highly prone to occupational accidents and injuries. Although FMEA method is a functional approach in determining the risks of occupational accidents, it is also recommended to use process hazard analysis in order to have a more precise and comprehensive assessment.

This article presents a model describing the functional relationships between information objects and subjects of the tax system and tax information system , using the apparatus of the graph and set theory and the theory of Rostov language algorithms and programs . These algorithms allow skillfully put the problem in the automation of the tax system and the tax information system

Objectives: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders in the neck and shoulder regions are common among carpet weavers. Working for prolonged hours in a static and awkward posture could result in an increased muscle activity and may lead to musculoskeletal disorders. Ergonomic workstation improvements can reduce muscle fatigue and the risk of musculoskeletal disorders. Material and Methods: The aim of this study is to assess and to compare upper trapezius and middle deltoid muscle activity in 2 traditional and improved design carpet weaving workstations. These 2 workstations were simulated in a laboratory and 12 women carpet weavers worked for 3 h. Electromyography (EMG) signals were recorded during work in bilateral upper trapezius and bilateral middle deltoid. The root mean square (RMS) and median frequency (MF) values were calculated and used to assess muscle load and fatigue. Repeated measure ANOVA was performed to assess the effect of independent variables on muscular activity and fatigue. The participants were asked to report shoulder region fatigue on the Borg’s Category-Ratio scale (Borg CR-10). Results: Root mean square values in workstation A are significantly higher than in workstation B. Furthermore, EMG amplitude was higher in bilateral trapezius than in bilateral deltoid. However, muscle fatigue was not observed in any of the workstations. Conclusions: The results of the study revealed that muscle load in a traditional workstation was high, but fatigue was not observed. Further studies investigating other muscles involved in carpet weaving tasks are recommended.

Workstations are organizational units defined in a system, which deter-mine where and when production operations must be performed. Thus, they have de-fined loads, and operations performed thereon are evaluated based on the information to which places, where costs are formed, and to which types of activities they are ascribed. Workstations may include machines, people, production lines etc. The aim of the paper was to define effectiveness of operation of particular working stations which constitute a line for production of bread. The scope of the research covered the production line in a production establishment, namely a bakery. Based on the work schedule developed for particular workstations and documentation provided by the production site, a production capacity of the said line and its use and loading of particular workstations was defined. Analysis showed that the load of workstations was from 80 to 88%. A low level of variability of the load proves high mutual relations between particular workstations which are characteristic for continuous lines.

Background: The present study aimed to evaluate the biomechanical exposure to the trapezius muscle activity in female weavers for a prolonged period in the workstation A (suggested by previous studies) and workstation B (proposed by the present study). Methods: Electromyography data were collected from nine females during four hours for each ergonomically designed workstation at the Ergonomics Laboratory, Hamadan, Iran. The design criteria for ergonomically designed workstations were: 1) weaving height (20 and 3 cm above elbow height for workstations A and B, respectively), and 2) seat type (10° and 0° forwardsloping seat for workstations A and B, respectively). Results: The amplitude probability distribution function (APDF) analysis showed that the left and right upper trapezius muscle activity was almost similar at each workstation. Trapezius muscle activity in the workstation A was significantly greater than workstations B (P

Background and aims : Long term working in a static and awkward posture is known as an important risk factorof work related musculoskeletal disorders in hand carpet weavers. Inappropriate workstation and awkward posture can increase the electrical activity and fatigue in muscles. The aim of this study was the measurement of muscle load and fatigue by surface electromyography and Borg CR-10 scale methods. Methods: Two typical carpet weaving workstations (A: seated with cross legged posture and B: seated on chair) were simulated in the laboratory and 12 women carpet weavers with mean age of 32.5 years, without any musculoskeletal problems in upper limb were invited to this study and they were asked to work in each workstation in separate days for 3 hours. Surface EMG signal recordings were done during these 3 hours for four muscles (bilateral trapezius and bilateral deltoid) andall subjects were asked to report shoulder region fatigue in Borg CR-10 rating scale. The RMS and MF values were extracted form row EMG signal to estimate the muscle activity and fatigue. Results: The result of this study shown that muscle activity in all muscles under the test in workstation A is higher than workstation B (P

Over the years, the conventional anaesthesia machine has evolved into an advanced carestation. The new machines use advanced electronics, software and technology to offer extensive capabilities for ventilation, monitoring, inhaled agent delivery, low-flow anaesthesia and closed-loop anaesthesia. They offer integrated monitoring and recording facilities and seamless integration with anaesthesia information systems. It is possible to deliver tidal volumes accurately and eliminate several hazards associated with the low pressure system and oxygen flush. Appropriate use can result in enhanced safety and ergonomy of anaesthetic delivery and monitoring. However, these workstations have brought in a new set of limitations and potential drawbacks. There are differences in technology and operational principles amongst the new workstations. Understand the principles of operation of these workstations and have a thorough knowledge of the operating manual of the individual machines.

Manual assembly performed at assembly workstations nowadays still has a unique place in different kinds of production. To increase the productivity and quality of manual assembly it is necessary to analyse the existing workplaces and find ways to improve and streamline work done at these workplaces. The article deals with the design of a model for on-line analysis of a manual assembly process. The proposed model is based on the use of sensors or the so-called button-box and the use of software for recording and evaluating data. Based on the obtained data it is then possible to evaluate the time characteristics of the assembly process, aswell as to find sources of delays and mistakes and then take appropriate action to correct them.

Introducción: Está comprobado que el uso frecuente de computadores en trabajos administrativos muestra un aumento de problemas musculoesqueléticos en las personas que los utilizan. Este estudio pretende determinar asociaciones entre puestos de trabajo computacional y presencia de síntomas musculoesqueléticos, con especial énfasis en elementos físicos que componen el diseño. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado sobre una muestra poblacional de 153 sujetos administrativos y usuarios frecuentes de computadores. Se administró cuestionario de síntomas musculoesqueléticos y una evaluación ergonómica de los puestos de trabajo. Posteriormente, se realizó análisis univariado y multivariados. Resultados y Discusión: La proporción de puestos de trabajo con diseño ergonómico inadecuado de la superficie de trabajo fue 62,7%, teclado 53,6%, y portadocumentos 90,8%. La asociación más importante entre los síntomas por región corporal con diseño ergonómico inadecuado fue hombro izquierdo/teclado (valor p: 0,04). Se concluye que la población estudiada tiene alta prevalencia de síntomas musculoesqueléticos y que el diseño no ergonómico del teclado, escritorio y silla podrían estar relacionados con síntomas en extremidades superiores, región dorsal y lumbar, respectivamente. Se sugiere estudiar el uso dado a los puestos de trabajo por parte de los usuarios, ya que podría estar influyendo en los resultados.Introduction: This found that frequent use of computers in administrative work shows an increase of musculoskeletal problems in people who use them. This study evaluated associations between computational jobs and presence of musculoskeletal symptoms, with special emphasis on physical elements that make up the design. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study on a population sample of 153 subjects administrative and frequent users of computers. Questionnaire was administered musculoskeletal symptoms and ergonomic assessment of jobs. Subsequently, we performed univariate and multivariate analysis. Results and Discussion: The proportion of jobs with inadequate ergonomic work surface was 62.7%, 53.6% keyboard, 90.8% and briefcases. The most important association between symptoms by body region was inappropriate ergonomically designed left shoulder / keyboard (p value: 0.04). We conclude that the study population has a high prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms and ergonomic design is not the keyboard, desk and chair might be related to symptoms in upper extremities, thoracic and lumbar region respectively. It is suggested to study the use made of the jobs by the users as it could be influencing the results.

Technical line balancing is a mean of economic efficiency increasing of some industrial activities. Essentially, to balance a technical line means to organize human operator's activity, to establish manufacturing flux, to project the line so to minimize equipments and operators' pause time, having a use of these as good as possible. In this work we'll describe an algorithm of simulation of a technical process, relied on random generation of the main characteristics of working phases, which will be considered in solving balancing problem of a technical line whereon an only model of a product is assembled, operating times are established and line operating rhythm is fixed.

Workstation fotogrammetriche digitali (DPW): una panoramica sulle tecnologie

Workstation fotogrammetriche digitali (DPW): una panoramica sulle tecnologie

Todos los trabajadores tienen derecho a una adaptación de su puesto de trabajo a sus especiales condiciones derivadas de sensibilidades o problemas específicos de salud, llegando al cambio de puesto de trabajo cuando esto no sea posible. El objetivo de este trabajo, es articular un protocolo, con las actividades a realizar por el Servicio de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales encaminadas a la consecución de ese fin, realizar un estudio de todas las adecuaciones realizadas en el periodo que va desde enero de 2001 a junio de 2006 y establecer el perfil de trabajador que más solicitudes de adecuación presenta en nuestro hospital.All the workers are entitled to an adaptation from their workstation to their special derived conditions of sensibilities or specific problems of health, arriving to the workstation change when this is not possible. The objective of this work, is to articulate a protocol, with the activities to carry out for the Service of Prevention of Labor Risks guided to the attainment of that end, to carry out a study of all the adaptations carried out in the period that goes from January of 2001 to June of 2006 and worker's profile that more adaptation applications present in our hospital to settle down.