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The paper is devoted to investigation of spectral parameters of constricted arc plasma, as a foundation for further development of basic approaches to intellectual controlling of plasma-arc technologies of material treatment and welding. The relevance of application of spectrometric analysis of the welding arc consists in obtaining the possibility of sufficiently accurate control of its temperature and energy input into the product being welded, recording initiation of weld defects (including internal pores), determination of atmospheric oxygen ingress into the weld pool, etc. The spectral composition, temperature and concentration of the constricted welding arc plasma were determined in the paper to more precisely define its physical characteristics at 80 and 100 A currents, in order to establish the further applicability of dynamic spectral analysis of a constricted plasma arc in control of welding processes. As modern spectrometers with CCD-detectors of the spectral range of 200÷1100 nm have the resolution of the order of 0.35 nm, which 2-3 times exceeds the quantization step by the measured wavelength, and may lead to considerable errors, an approach is proposed to increase the accuracy of spectrometric measurements to acceptable values. Radiation spectra of the constricted welding arc measured in the wavelength range of 650÷1000 nm allowed within the model of local thermodynamic equilibrium calculating the excitation temperature of the main spectral range components: Ar I and O I. It was established that the excitation temperature of electron levels of Ar atoms in the welding arc plasma only weakly depends on the discharge current, and it is equal to 13500 ± 500 K. Excitation temperature of O I electron levels was equal to 10000 ± 500 К at arc current of 100 A and to 7200 ± 500 К at 80 A current. Electron density of high-current welding arc plasma was measured by Stark broadening of Ar I lines (696.543; 772.4; 912.3 nm). It was found that with the rise of current of the constricted welding arc by 20%, an increase of charge concentration in the arc plasma by 1.5 times and of its temperature by 1.2 times are observed.

the most effective types of control over competitive activities is expert evaluation. Purpose of the study is to develop a methodology for expert assessment of competitive activities of highly qualified field hockey players. Material and methods. The study involved 16 highly qualified field hockey players, aged from 19 to 37 years. The average age of the players is 27.3±5.06 years. Sports Qualification: Master of sports of Ukraine. All players were given informed consent to participate in the study. The study was conducted in 2024 during the 2024 Olympic field hockey qualification competition (the city of Valencia, Spain). The research was carried out on the basis of the following methods: theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature; pedagogical observation; video recording of competitive activities; method of expert assessments; methods of Mathematical Statistics. Results. The author's methodology for expert assessment of competitive activity of field hockey players has been developed based on a 10-point scale, consisting of 5 criteria in the ball ownership phase and 5 criteria in the ball picking up phase. Each of the criteria is rated from 1 to 10 points. The fluctuation of the average values of the expert assessment of players of the national team of Ukraine in the matches of the Olympic qualification 2024 is in the range from 4.2±0.45 to 6.6±0.49 points. Conclusions. The developed methodology of expert assessment of competitive activity of highly qualified field hockey players is appropriate for effective management influences in the process of competitive activity of club and national teams in the Olympic sport – field hockey.

The article presents theoretical and experimental studies of the patterns of repeatability of seismic waves excited by man-made explosions to assess the earthquake resistance of critical infrastructure objects. The nature of propagation of wave perturbations at the boundary of an elastic half-space during its local excitation is theoretically considered. These studies are based on the integral Laplace and Fourier transformations, the numerical solution of which makes it possible to obtain the values of the repetition periods of elastic wave perturbations at the half-space boundary. On the basis of theoretical studies, the regularity of periods of repetition of perturbations of elastic waves is established, which under certain conditions can create resonant phenomena in protected objects, in particular at a harmonic close to the frequency of natural vibrations of the structure. Confirmation of these results in practice was obtained when critical infrastructure was hit by missile strikes (Kyiv TV tower tower) and in the conditions of blasting operations at quarries, as an example at the Koshchiivske granite quarry of LLC "SIPAN" when assessing the earthquake resistance of critical infrastructure objects, in particular the supports of 330 kW power lines, which are located in the zone of influence of elastic waves. They are based on the formation of patterns of excitation and propagation of elastic waves and determination of their parameters at a distance from the source of excitation (mass explosions at the quarry) using a hardware complex of standard seismic sensors SM-3, a 16-channel analog-to-digital converter (ADC E14-440) of L-Card and a personal computer (PC). Assessment of the influence of the intensity of seismic explosion waves was carried out at the frequency of the amplitude of the maximum speed of vibrations both at the base of the support, which is the norm of seismic safety in accordance with DSTU 4704:2008 and in the structure of the support itself (which is not mandatory in accordance with DSTU 4704:2008). But the presence of harmonics in the explosive spectrum that is close to the natural vibrations of the structure leads to the formation of resonant phenomena in it, which leads to an increase in the speed of vibrations in the structure itself than in the base of the support. Therefore, the maximum speed at a frequency close to its own vibrations or at the base of the support or on its structure is taken as a criterion of seismic safety. Such a wave parameter will best correlate with damage or harm to this structure and was proposed as the norm of its earthquake resistance. The research results obtained in this way prompted the authors to propose a supplement to the current DSTU.

Abstract Purpose. Generalization of the results of the author's research on the influence of the shape of the liner on the mass-kinetic characteristics of the jets, the determination of the ways of the final optimization of the design of the charge, the analysis of the combined effect of the shape and liners materials on the efficiency of the charges Method. The methodological basis of research is a systematic approach to the problem of increasing the efficiency of a cumulative explosion. In accordance with the specifics of research aimed at achieving the set goals and obtaining technological dependencies, physical and mathematical modeling were used in the work. Findings. The results of a comparison of the parameters of the functioning of shaped charges with three forms of liners are presented: conical with an angle at the top of 2α=42º of constant thickness, progressive thickness with an angle at the top of 42º/43º, biconical with angles at the top and base of 38º/50º and 35º/50º and semi-elliptical. In some cases, different detonation excitation schemes were simulated. From a point on the axis of symmetry and around a circle with a diameter equal to the caliber of the charge. A comparison of the simulation results with the data of experimental studies for a short semi-elliptical liner. The results of the penetration depth of shaped charges jets into the barrier according to the A-V model (Allison and Vitali) were compared for a standard charge (2α=42º), biconical and semi-elliptical liners. Originality. Bi-conical and elliptical liners are promising forms of liners of shaped charges of deep penetration, which make it possible to form shaped charges jets that move at velocity greater than the velocity of the jet when detonating a standard shaped charges blow up with a conical liner. As the angle at the top of the conical liner decreases, the instability of the functioning of industrial charges increases and the spread of the penetration depth of the target increases Practical implications. The obtained results are important and useful for the design of equipment and technologies in various fields where the energy of a directed explosion is used: for the disposal and disposal of ammunition, for the opening of oil and gas reservoirs, for the reconstruction of construction facilities, in military affairs.

The subject of the study is the segmental manifestation of the rule of law principle and its elements in the activities of justice authorities, courts and public associations, taking into account the economic basis of its influence. The purpose of the study is to examine the forms of manifestation of the rule of law principle and its individual elements in the activities of justice and court authorities, to clarify the role of the public in its practical application, and to identify opportunities for its economic support. Methodology. The study used general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge: the method of system analysis, the dialectical method, the formal logical method, the structural and functional method, as well as a number of empirical methods. In particular, the method of comparison was used to determine the transformation of penitentiary bodies and their transformation into penitentiary justice bodies. The results of the study demonstrated the need for: qualitative consideration of the aspect of ensuring the correction of a convicted person after serving his or her sentence; involvement of representatives of civil society institutions in the resocialisation processes; and identification of potential ways to implement effective reforms that can increase the efficiency and fairness of the judiciary. Conclusion. The article reveals the relationship between the transformation of the penal system into the penitentiary system and the implementation of the rule of law in this area and its comprehensive enforcement. It is noted that the criminal executive system takes into account the aspect of ensuring the serving of sentences, and in the penitentiary system, which operates under the rule of law, the authors additionally identifies such a qualitative component as ensuring the correction of a convicted person after serving his/her sentence and his/her resocialisation. It was found that the economic rationale for the transformation of the judiciary based on the rule of law consists in reducing the costs of: court functioning due to the possibility of digitalization of the preparatory stages before the court hearing and the holding of court hearings in videoconference mode; reducing costs for the court apparatus through optimization of its functions; reducing the number of court cases due to active mediation and other possible options for resolving disputes peacefully, etc. It is noted that justice in judicial proceedings means not only formal compliance with the law, but also the exercise of rights and freedoms of individuals with due regard for equality, objectivity and impartiality. The authors prove that non-governmental organisations are an important institution capable of promoting the principle of justice as an integral element of the rule of law, since they ensure the right to apply to court and the right to protection of members and third parties. The role of the public in shaping the economic basis for reforms and the proper functioning of state bodies was also highlighted. It is noted that national legislation needs to be amended in terms of granting NGOs the right to apply to court in the interests of third parties, in particular, in cases where a person is unable to protect his or her rights for valid reasons. The study analyses the fundamental provisions on economic support for the implementation of the rule of law in various spheres of public relations.

Abstract Background The aim of the study was to develop a technique for quantitative determination of rat urine metabolites by HPLC–MS/MS, which can be used to search for biomarkers of acute intoxication with organophosphates (OPs). Results The content of metabolites in the urine of rats exposed to a single dose of paraoxon (POX1x); interval, twice daily administration of paraoxon (POX2x); exposure to 2-(o-cresyl)-4H-1, 3, 2-benzodioxaphosphorin-2-oxide and paraoxon (CBPOX) was investigated. New data were obtained on the content in the urine of intact rats as well as rats in 3 models of OP poisoning: 3-methylhistidine, threonine, creatine, creatinine, lactic acid, acetylcarnitine, inosine, hypoxanthine, adenine, 3-hydroxymethyl-butyrate and 2-hydroxymethyl-butyrate. Conclusions The proposed assay procedure is a simple and reliable tool for urine metabolomic studies. Within 1–3 days after OP exposure in all three models of acute intoxication, the concentration of metabolites in rat urine, with the exception of adenine, changes similarly and symmetrically, regardless of the method of poisoning modeling, in all three models of acute intoxication. Further studies are needed to determine the specificity and reliability of using urinary metabolite concentration changes as potential biomarkers of acute organophosphate intoxication. Graphical Abstract

Despite playing diverse physiological roles, the area surrounding the central canal, lamina X, remains one of the least studied spinal cord regions. Technical challenges and limitations of the commonly used experimental approaches are the main difficulties that hamper lamina X research. In the current protocol, we describe a reliable method for functional investigation of lamina X neurons that requires neither time-consuming slicing nor sophisticated in vivo experiments. Our approach relies on ex vivo hemisected spinal cord preparation that preserves the rostrocaudal and mediolateral spinal architecture as well as the dorsal roots, and infrared LED oblique illumination for visually guided patch clamp in thick blocks of tissue. When coupled with electric stimulation of the spared dorsal roots, electrophysiological recordings provide information on primary afferent inputs to lamina X neurons from myelinated and non-myelinated fibers and allow estimating primary afferent–driven presynaptic inhibition. Overall, we describe a simple, time-efficient, inexpensive, and versatile approach for lamina X research.

The article presents the results of investigations of the decay coefficients of dense plasma in impulse discharges in water initiated by an electric explosion of an iron conductor. An analysis of time-resolved and spatial emission spectra of the discharges was performed, along with the study of absorption spectra dynamics with a 5 μs interval. The electron concentration of the dense plasma was determined at different time points, allowing the determination of its decay coefficients at electron concentrations ranging from 1020 to 1021 cm-3. It was found that under equal electron concentrations in the plasma, the decay coefficients of plasma with iron impurities are consistent with the decay coefficients of plasma with tungsten impurities.

The study of drugs of natural origin that increase endurance and/or accelerate recovery is an integral part of sports medicine and physiology. In this paper, decaffeinated green tea extract (GTE) and two ammonium salts—chloride (ACL) and carbonate (ACR)—were tested individually and in combination with GTE as stimulants of physical performance in a forced swimming rat experimental model. The determined parameters can be divided into seven blocks: functional (swimming duration); biochemistry of blood plasma; biochemistry of erythrocytes; hematology; immunology; gene expression of slow- and fast-twitch muscles (m. soleus, SOL, and m. extensor digitorum longus, EDL, respectively); and morphometric indicators of slow- and fast-twitch muscles. Regarding the negative control (intact animals), the maximum number of changes in all blocks of indicators was recorded in the GTE + ACR group, whose animals showed the maximum functional result and minimum lactate values on the last day of the experiment. Next, in terms of the number of changes, were the groups ACR, ACL, GTE + ACL, GTE and NaCl (positive control). In general, the number of identified adaptive changes was proportional to the functional state of the animals of the corresponding groups, in terms of the duration of the swimming load in the last four days of the experiment. However, not only the total number but also the qualitative composition of the identified changes is of interest. The results of a comparative analysis suggest that, in the model of forced swimming we developed, GTE promotes restoration of the body and moderate mobilization of the immune system, while small doses of ammonium salts, especially ammonium carbonate, contribute to an increase in physical performance, which is associated with satisfactory restoration of skeletal muscles and the entire body. The combined use of GTE with ammonium salts does not give a clearly positive effect.

The purpose of the study was to experimentally substantiate the methodological approach to the development of a comprehensive assessment of the preparedness of highly qualified field hockey players at the stage of direct preparation for the main competitions. Materials and methods. Highly qualified players, members of the national field hockey team of Ukraine (n=21) participated in the study. The average age of the players was (х ± S) 24.9 ± 5.76 years, their sports qualification was masters of sports of Ukraine. The study was conducted over the first and second competitive periods of the two-cycle planning of the training process of highly qualified field hockey players of the 2020-2021 sports season. During the first competitive period, a methodical approach to comprehensive assessment of the preparedness of highly qualified field hockey players was developed. Within the second competition period, which included the stage of direct preparation for the main competitions indicators of a comprehensive assessment of readiness of the players were determined. In order to develop a comprehensive assessment of fitness, tests and criteria were used to assess the level of physical, functional fitness, physical fitness in relation to technique and competitive activity of hockey players. Results. A methodical approach has been developed for the comprehensive assessment of the preparedness of highly qualified field hockey players according to the following algorithm: determination of criteria for the manifestation of physical and functional preparedness, physical preparedness in relation to technique, competitive activity; development of a 10-point rating scale; establishment of a comprehensive assessment of players’ readiness during the stage of direct preparation for the main competitions. Conclusions. The structure of the stage of direct preparation for the main competitions consisted of a basic and a special preparatory mesocycles. The volume of direct motor activity was 38 hours, in particular, the ratio of means: general preparatory exercises – 55.4%, special preparatory exercises – 19.5%, lead exercises – 10.9%, competitive exercises – 15.2%; ratio of training loads: aerobic – 56.5%, aerobic-anaerobic – 32.7%, anaerobic-lactate – 7.6%, anaerobic-glycolytic – 3.2%. A statistically probable positive change (р

The objective of this study was the additive microplasma powder deposition of 3D metal products. The regularities of the influence of technological parameters of additive microplasma deposition of spatial objects using the powder filler material of a Fe–Cr–Ni–B–Si system on the formation of the microstructure and stress–strain state of 3D product material were studied in this work. Product walls with a layered metal structure with a deposited layer height of about 650 µm and 3.0–3.5 mm thickness were formed as a result of additive microplasma deposition of the HYF–103 powder of a Fe–Cr–Ni–B–Si system. The deposited metal ensured a high ultimate strength (above 600 MPa). The finite element method was used to derive the solution of the thermomechanical problem of additive deposition of 3D prototypes («cylinder», «triangular prism», «square prism», «reverse cone», «straight cone») with HYF–103 powder. The equivalent stresses of the highest magnitude (565 MPa) were predicted in the model sample of the “reverse cone” type, and the lowest stresses (552 MPa) were present in the sample of the “straight cone” type. For all the models, the maximal values of radial movements corresponded to the range of 0.22–0.28 mm. The respective technological mode of deposition was selected to minimize the stress–strain state of the produced 3D objects.

The relevance of the topic is determined by the importance of the principle of political neutrality as a preventive factor in the professional activity of the prosecutor, which calls for ensuring him from the external influence of any political force and the appearance of personal illegal interests in social cataclysms). The purpose of the article – to consider the professional activity of the prosecutor through the understanding of its principles as indicative characteristics of professional skills and professionalism. To confirm this, the author chose functionalism as the main methodological approach, which gave him reasons to claim that the functions of activity determine professional skills (the profession of a prosecutor), and the principles define professionalism (level of mastery of this profession). As auxiliary methods were used: formal-logical (for an argumentative presentation of the research material), formal-dogmatic (for the analysis of current regulatory documents) and comparative-legal (for comparison of the analyzed material). The main results of the study are shown the principle of political neutrality as a requirement in the field of professional activity of civil servants not only in Ukraine, but also in the European Union, the integration with which is defined as the main vector of further development of our state. A substantive distinction is made between political neutrality and synonymously similar concepts of political impartiality and independence, apoliticality and non-partisanship. At the same time, political neutrality is shown as one of the most important criteria in the formation of requirements for professional selection, professional training, professional development and professional activities of prosecutors. The practical value of the study is a warning to prosecutors against political ignorance, which can arise from a misunderstanding of political neutrality. In order to avoid or overcome this negative aspect, a number of factors are proposed for the prosecutor to achieve professional skills, which is described through a peculiar formula: the prosecutor's professional skills can be considered the sum of political, media and informational and environmental literacy, divided by political neutrality

Introduction. Strenuous aerobic work inherent to cyclical sports requires adequate oxygenation of the athletes’ working muscles. One of the ways to improve the oxygen transport function of blood is to optimize the structural and functional state of erythrocytes, for example, by using succinic acid in the form of the medical drug Armadin Long. This pharmacological drug is widespread in clinical practice for treating hypoxic and ischemic conditions, and very little is known about its use for improving the condition of the erythrocytes in the blood of athletes, which determined the relevance of this study. The objective of the study was to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of using the medical drug Armadine Long to improve the state of the erythrocyte link of the blood oxygen transport system during aerobic exercise. Materials and Methods. A randomized blinded placebo-controlled trial included 40 male middle-distance runners (aerobic discipline of athletics). The subjects were divided into two subgroups matched for number, age, and anthropometric characteristics (strats). In this work, laboratory methods were used, including hematological tests (in particular, hemoglobin and erythrocytes level measurement and erythrocyte characteristics evaluation), as well as biochemical method: the study of prooxidant and antioxidant balance (activity of lipid peroxidation according to changes in the content of maloniс dialdehyde and antioxidant protection according to changes in the concentration of reduced glutathione) and functional characteristics of erythrocyte membranes (permeability, sorption capacity, sorption capacity of the glycocalyx) as well as evaluation of the main components of lipid and protein composition of red blood cell membranes. Pedagogical research methods were based on the determination of relative aerobic capacity using the generally accepted PWC170 test. Results of the study. During 21 days of intensive loads, an almost two-fold increase in contents of malonic dialdehyde was observed with a parallel decrease in reduced glutathione content by 23.5 % during aerobic loads. At the same time, there was a deterioration of the functional characteristics of erythrocytes and a decrease in the relative aerobic capacity in comparison with the baseline data. The use of the medical drug Armadine Long at a dose of 600 mg per day improved the indicated characteristics of erythrocytes. At the same time, there were positive changes in the protein and lipid state of the erythrocyte membranes, and the athletes’ aerobic power increased by 38.7%. It substantiates the high ergogenic ability of succinic acid, which is based on the normalization of the lipoperoxidation process and the improvement of the structural and functional characteristics of erythrocyte membranes.

The process of aging is accompanied by a dynamic restructuring of the immune response, a phenomenon known as immunosenescence. Further, damage to the endothelium can be both a cause and a consequence of many diseases, especially in elderly people. The purpose of this study was to carry out immunological and biochemical profiling of elderly people with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), chronic cerebral circulation insufficiency (CCCI), prediabetes or newly diagnosed type II diabetes mellitus (DM), and subcortical ischemic vascular dementia (SIVD). Socio-demographic, lifestyle, and cognitive data were obtained. Biochemical, hematological, and immunological analyses were carried out, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) with endothelial CD markers were assessed. The greatest number of significant deviations from conditionally healthy donors (HDs) of the same age were registered in the SIVD group, a total of 20, of which 12 were specific and six were non-specific but with maximal differences (as compared to the other three groups) from the HDs group. The non-specific deviations were for the MOCA (Montreal Cognitive Impairment Scale), the MMSE (Mini Mental State Examination) and life satisfaction self-assessment scores, a decrease of albumin levels, and ADAMTS13 (a Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with a Thrombospondin Type 1 motif, member 13) activity, and an increase of the VWF (von Willebrand factor) level. Considering the significant changes in immunological parameters (mostly Th17-like cells) and endothelial CD markers (CD144 and CD34), vascular repair was impaired to the greatest extent in the DM group. The AIS patients showed 12 significant deviations from the HD controls, including three specific to this group. These were high NEFAs (non-esterified fatty acids) and CD31 and CD147 markers of EVs. The lowest number of deviations were registered in the CCCI group, nine in total. There were significant changes from the HD controls with no specifics to this group, and just one non-specific with a maximal difference from the control parameters, which was α1-AGP (alpha 1 acid glycoprotein, orosomucoid). Besides the DM patients, impairments of vascular repair were also registered in the CCCI and AIS patients, with a complete absence of such in patients with dementia (SIVD group). On the other hand, microvascular damage seemed to be maximal in the latter group, considering the biochemical indicators VWF and ADAMTS13. In the DM patients, a maximum immune response was registered, mainly with Th17-like cells. In the CCCI group, the reaction was not as pronounced compared to other groups of patients, which may indicate the initial stages and/or compensatory nature of organic changes (remodeling). At the same time, immunological and biochemical deviations in SIVD patients indicated a persistent remodeling in microvessels, chronic inflammation, and a significant decrease in the anabolic function of the liver and other tissues. The data obtained support two interrelated assumptions. Taking into account the primary biochemical factors that trigger the pathological processes associated with vascular pathology and related diseases, the first assumption is that purine degradation in skeletal muscle may be a major factor in the production of uric acid, followed by its production by non-muscle cells, the main of which are endothelial cells. Another assumption is that therapeutic factors that increase the levels of endothelial progenitor cells may have a therapeutic effect in reducing the risk of cerebrovascular disease and related neurodegenerative diseases.

During the initial diagnosis of urgent medical conditions, which include acute infectious diseases, it is important to assess the severity of the patient’s clinical state as quickly as possible. Unlike individual biochemical or physiological indicators, derived indices make it possible to better characterize a complex syndrome as a set of symptoms, and therefore quickly take a set of adequate measures. Recently, we reported on novel diagnostic indices containing butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity, which is decreased in COVID-19 patients. Also, in these patients, the secretion of von Willebrand factor (vWF) increases, which leads to thrombosis in the microvascular bed. The objective of this study was the determination of the concentration and activity of vWF in patients with COVID-19, and the search for new diagnostic indices. One of the main objectives was to compare the prognostic values of some individual and newly derived indices. Patients with COVID-19 were retrospectively divided into two groups: survivors (n = 77) and deceased (n = 24). According to clinical symptoms and computed tomography (CT) results, the course of disease was predominantly moderate in severity. The first blood sample (first point) was taken upon admission to the hospital, the second sample (second point)—within 4–6 days after admission. Along with the standard spectrum of biochemical indicators, BChE activity (BChEa or BChEb for acetylthiocholin or butyrylthiocholin, respectively), malondialdehyde (MDA), and vWF analysis (its antigen level, AGFW, and its activity, ActWF) were determined and new diagnostic indices were derived. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating curve (AUC), as well as Likelihood ratio (LR) and Odds ratio (OR) were calculated. The level of vWF antigen in the deceased group was 1.5-fold higher than the level in the group of survivors. Indices that include vWF antigen levels are superior to indices using vWF activity. It was found that the index [Urea] × [AGWF] × 1000/(BChEb × [ALB]) had the best discriminatory power to predict COVID-19 mortality (AUC = 0.91 [0.83, 1.00], p < 0.0001; OR = 72.0 [7.5, 689], p = 0.0002). In addition, [Urea] × 1000/(BChEb × [ALB]) was a good predictor of mortality (AUC = 0.95 [0.89, 1.00], p < 0.0001; OR = 31.5 [3.4, 293], p = 0.0024). The index [Urea] × [AGWF] × 1000/(BChEb × [ALB]) was the best predictor of mortality associated with COVID-19 infection, followed by [Urea] × 1000/(BChEb × [ALB]). After validation in a subsequent cohort, these two indices could be recommended for diagnostic laboratories.

Introduction. The outbreak of coronavirus infection (COVID-19) continues to be one of the most serious problems of the mankind. Patients who develop pneumonia as a result of coronavirus infection require rehabilitation measures to restore the functional capacity of the body and to prevent the negative consequences of the disease. For patients with COVID‑19, rehabilitation should be aimed at alleviating symptoms (shortness of breath), improving psychological condition, physical form and quality of life. This can be achieved by improving the organization and methodology of pulmonary rehabilitation of patients with COVID-19. Purpose is to justify the use of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COVID-19. Materials and methods: analysis and systematization of data from modern scientific and methodological literature and Internet sources. Results. The emergence and spread of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is a major public health issue. Post-COVID syndrome has already become a massive phenomenon and part of our lives. Recovery from coronavirus infection is necessary for all, regardless of the severity of the disease. Physical therapy can be used at various stages of treatment for COVID-19 patients. However, the decision to use it, the nature, scope and purpose of the interventions should be based on clinical evidence, the safety of patients and staff. Pulmonary rehabilitation, the main component of which is physical exercise (aerobic and/or resistance training), can play a vital role in the recovery of patients, improving physical fitness, muscle strength and quality of life of those infected with severe acute respiratory coronavirus syndrome. Moreover, under quarantine conditions, it was important for many patients to have access to home-based rehabilitation, which was provided by tele-rehabilitation facilities using telecommunications technology. Conclusions. Thus, pulmonary rehabilitation is an important part of recovery from COVID-19. The development of complications and the increase in the number of pulmonological patients who have suffered a severe or moderate coronary infection are updating the issues of adaptation of traditional rehabilitation programs to new conditions.

The study purpose is to establish differences in the joint activities of soccer teams of different age. Materials and methods. Psychological methods for indicators of joint activity of sports teams were used. Statistical analysis was performed using non-parametric analysis of variance (Kruskal-Wallis H-test). The study involved 105 soccer players, including 37 boys aged 15–18, 45 juniors aged 19–21 and 23 adult athletes aged 22 and over. Results. In the young soccer players, group interaction, intellectual communication, psychological compatibility, as well as indicators of real and reflective group subjectivity are higher than in the adult and junior teams. The levels of group organization, diligence and success in performing sports tasks are dominant in the adult teams. At the same time, the integrative characteristic of joint sports activities is group efficiency, which is presumably the most pronounced in adults, thus characterizing the processes within the mental organization of joint activities of soccer players. It is the result of their cooperation, a transformed form of external teamwork. Conclusions. The organization of joint mental activity differs in different age groups. This affects the formation and development of intra-group position of the athletes, influencing their optimal involvement in the team in the performance of designed or creative functions. Keywords: soccer players, efficiency, interaction, subjectivity, organization.

One of the main tasks of contemporary plant physiology is regulation of growth and development of cultivated plants in order to optimize the productive process. The scientific community focuses its attention on the use of natural activators and growth inhibitors. We investigated the effect of foliar treatment with 0.005% solution of gibberellic acid and 0.025% solution of the anti-gibberellic preparation tebuconazole on morphogenesis, leaf mesostructure, content of photosynthetic pigments, balance of endogenous phytobrybrides and lymphocyte B and productivity of tomatoes. The vegetation experiment was carried out in the conditions of soil-sand culture in vessels with a 10-liter volume. The treatment was carried out in the budding phase. Morphometric parameters were measured every 10 days. The mesostructure of the middle tier leaves was studied in the fruit formation phase, and the chlorophyll content was determined in the raw material by spectrophotometric method. Analytical determination of endogenous phytohormones – indolyl-3-acetic (IAA), gibberellic acid and abscisic (ABA) acids and cytokinins – zeatin (Z), zeatin-O-glucoside (ZG), zeatinribozide (Znila) and isopentenyladenosine (iPA) was performed by high performance liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). With gibberellic acid treatment plant height increased significantly, while with tebuconazole it decreased. Gibberellic acid increased the number of leaves per plant, and tebuconazole did not change it. The preparations increased the number of leaf blades per leaf, the total number of leaf blades per plant, the weight of the raw material of leaves, the area of leaf blades and the area of the leaves at the end of the study period. The dry matter weight of stems and roots under the action of gibberellic acid increased, and during the treatment of tebuconazole decreased. Gibberellic acid increased the dry matter of the whole plant, and tebuconazole did not change it. Under the action of tebuconazole the content of chlorophyll in the leaves increased, while under the action of gibberellic acid it decreased. Both regulators increased the volume of columnar parenchyma cells. Gibberellic acid increased the size of spongy parenchyma cells, while tebuconazole did not change them. It is revealed that the action of exogenous gibberellic acid in stems and leaves increased the content of endogenous IAA and gibberellic acid, and tebuconazole decreased their content. The ABA content in stems and leaves increased with tebuconazole treatments and decreased with exogenous gibberellic acid. The total cytokinin content in the leaves was higher than in the stems in both the control and the experiment samples. Growth regulators induced an increase in the cytokinin pool in leaves and a decrease in stems. Gibberellic acid increased the content of all five forms of cytokinins in the leaves, and tebuconazole increased only two isoforms. In the stems under the action of both growth regulators the content of Z decreased and iP increased. The content of ZR and iPA in stems increased after the application of the retardant and decreased under the action of growth stimulant. The ZG content exceeded the control after gibberellic acid treatment and was in trace concentrations under the action of tebuconazole. Growth regulators optimized the productivity of tomato plants: under the action of gibberellic acid there was a considerable increase in the number of fruits per plant, and after the use of tebuconazole the average weight of one fruit significantly increased. The obtained results demonstrated that anatomical-morphological and structural-functional rearrangements in tomato plants under the action of exogenous gibberellic acid and tebuconazole occurred against the background of changes in the balance and distribution of endogenous hormones. Increased photosynthetic activity, stimulation of growth processes of some plant organs and inhibition of others increased the biological crop capacity.

• Spared nerve injury (SNI) altered the action potential (AP) output of lamina I spino-parabrachial neurons (SPNs) without affecting their resting potential or membrane resistance.• In one-third of SPNs, high-threshold dorsal root stimulation elicited persistent AP firing which was never observed in cells from naïve animals.• 38% of SPNs from SNI rats showed spontaneous persistent AP firing.• After SNI low- and high-output SPNs were no longer nociceptive-specific as part of them responded with APs to low-threshold stimulation.• These SNI-induced changes of SPN output might represent cellular mechanisms for neuropathy-associated allodynia, hyperalgesia, and spontaneous pain.

Although spinal processing of sensory information greatly relies on afferent-driven (AD) presynaptic inhibition (PI), our knowledge about how it shapes peripheral input to different types of nociceptive neurons remains insufficient. Here we examined the AD-PI of primary afferent input to spinal neurons in the marginal layer, lamina I, and the layer surrounding the central canal, lamina X; two nociceptive-processing regions with similar patterns of direct supply by Aδ- and C-afferents. Unmyelinated C-fibers were selectively activated by electrical stimuli of negative polarity that induced an anodal block of myelinated Aβ/δ-fibers. Combining this approach with the patch-clamp recording in an ex vivo spinal cord preparation, we found that attenuation of the AD-PI by the anodal block of Aβ/δ-fibers resulted in the appearance of new mono- and polysynaptic C-fiber-mediated excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) components. Such homosegmental Aβ/δ-AD-PI affected neurons in the segment of the dorsal root entrance as well as in the adjacent rostral segment. In their turn, C-fibers from the L5 dorsal root induced heterosegmental AD-PI of the inputs from the L4 Aδ- and C-afferents to the neurons in the L4 segment. The heterosegmental C-AD-PI was reciprocal since the L4 C-afferents inhibited the L5 Aδ- and C-fiber inputs, as well as some direct L5 Aβ-fiber inputs. Moreover, the C-AD-PI was found to control the spike discharge in spinal neurons. Given that the homosegmental Aβ/δ-AD-PI and heterosegmental C-AD-PI affected a substantial percentage of lamina I and X neurons, we suggest that these basic mechanisms are important for shaping primary afferent input to the neurons in the spinal nociceptive-processing network.

restoration of the spinal cord function presents a most severe biomedical issue nowadays. The aim of the study was to detect the macroporous poly(N-[2-hydroxypropyl]-methacrylamide hydrogel (PHPMA-hydrogel, HG) restorative effect dependence on the severity of the laceration spinal cord injury in young organisms. The male rats sample (~1-month-old, ~50 g, inbred Wistar line) was represented with 4 experimental groups: 1) spinal cord lateral hemisection at the level of ~Т12–Т13 segments (Sect; n=11); 2) spinal cord lateral hemiexcision ~1 mm long at the similar level (Exc; n=8); 3) spinal cord lateral hemisection at the similar level with immediate implantation of the hydrogel fragment into the trauma region (HGsect; n=11); 4) spinal cord lateral hemiexcision at the similar level with immediate implantation of the hydrogel fragment into the affected region (HGexс; n=6). The motor function and spasticity of the paretic hindlimb was estimated respectively by the technically modified Basso–Beattie–Bresnahan (ВВВ) and Ashworth, conditionally blinded to individual characteristics of all operated animals and previous study results. The observation lasted for ~5 months. The criteria of non-inclusion were as follows: the ipsilateral hindlimb function level in a week after the injury >9 points ВВВ, and the contralateral hindlimb function level during prolonged period ≤14 points ВВВ. The results were interpreted and presented according to the standardized time scale with interpolatory representation of the motor function and spasticity individual level in certain cases. Asymptotic stage differences between the studied groups and subgroups were stated during the first three weeks as well as in 8 weeks and 3 months after the injury. We found out that in a week after injury the motor function level in group Exc made up 0.9±0.5 points ВВВ, in group HGexc — 3.6±1.2 points, in group Sect — 5.9±1.1 points, in group HGsect — 6.0±1.0 points. In 5 months the motor function level in group Sect made up 9.5±1.0 points ВВВ, in group HGsect — 9.5±1.1 points, in group Exc — 0.8±0.3 points, in group HGexc — 4.5±1.8 points. At the same study stage the spasticity level in groups Sect and HGsect was, respectively, 0.8±0.2 and 0.8±0.3 points Ashworth, in group HGexc — 1.8±0.7 points, in group Exc — 3.6±0.3 points. Throughout the study no significant differences in groups Sect and HGsect have been detected, and in groups Exc і HGexc such differences were detected only in 5 weeks after the injury. The considerable difference of spasticity in groups Sect and HGsect was noted in 1 week after the injury, in groups HGexc and Exc — during first 2 months of the experiment. In groups Sect and Exc reliable difference of both motor function and spasticity level was found at all study stages. In groups HGsect and HGexc considerable difference of the motor function level was characteristic at all stages, except for the end of the 1st and 7th weeks, whereas spasticity level differences throughout the study remained insignificant. So, the tested hydrogel in young organisms shows positive effect only with severe trauma stages accompanied with extensive spinal cord defect.

Background: Most societies have a negative attitude toward gossip and managers are concerned about the impact of gossips on the communication in an organizational environment. Our study examined the perception of gossip, and the context of gossip at different levels of a hospital, a case of organization with high communicational relation among staff. Also, the differences between the gossip context within the organizational context and within the social environment have been considered.

The article substantiates the essence of dysfunctions as a key phenomenon that leads to deformation or partial failure to perform functions by the subjects of the internal consumer market. The features of the influence of socio-economic factors investigated within the functioning efficiency of the regional food market. The evaluation of the influence for the food market factors in the region carried out by classifying the factors by the influence sphere and the regulation degree, assessing the influence of the food market factors on the main indicator models. These models contain indicators, despite the existing system of statistical observation in the region, studying the relationships between factors and indicators characterizing food market and identifying the results of dysfunctions. A block of socio-economic determinants of realizing the potential of the consumer (food) market in the region is proposed. Correlation analysis of factors affecting the food market and the volume of products sold (agriculture, food production, beverages) has been carried out. The authors built a system of correlation between the socio-economic factors of the food market and the export of agricultural products and the food industry in the region. A system of interrelation of socio-economic factors and their influence on the wholesale turnover of food products in the region proposed, as well as a system of interrelation of socio-economic factors with the resulting "gross regional product". The nature of the emergence and the essence of dysfunctions in the regulation of the consumer market development are concretized. The consequences of state regulation dysfunctions for the development of the consumer goods internal market are determined and characterized. The main dysfunctional factors of influence on the regulators of the regional market development grouped in the aspect of competitive markets.

Purpose. To test the model of spinal cord lateral hemiexcision in young rats. Materials and methods. Animals ‒ male rats (age about 1 month, body weight about 50 g, inbred derivatives of the Wistar line); the number of experimental groups is: 1) lateral spinal cord hemisection at the level of segments about T12–T13 (Sect; n=11); 2) lateral spinal cord hemiexcision about 1 mm long at the similar level (Exc; n=8). Assessment of motor Function Index (FI) and the Spasticity Index (SI) of the paretic hindlimb was carried out using the Basso–Beattie–Bresnahan (BBB) scale and Ashworth scale, respectively, in our technical modifications. The non-inclusion criteria: the BBB score above 9 points of FI for the ipsilateral hindlimb in a week after injury ‒and / or BBB score less than or equal to 14 points of FI of the contralateral hindlimb during a long follow-up period (in general, 2 animals in the Sect group, 3 animals ‒ in the Exc group). Asymptotic differences in the timing of testing between subgroups and groups were revealed during the first three weeks of follow-up. Interpolation reproduction of individual values of FI and SI was used in exceptional cases. The total follow-up period was 5 months. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U Test, Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test, Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation. For pathomorphological study, the method of silver impregnation of the spinal cord longitudinal sections of the Exc group animals obtained in 5 months after the simulation of injury was used. Results. One week after injury, the FI in the Sect group was 5.9±1.1 according to BBB points, a statistically significant increase in the FI lasted for the first 3 weeks (p

The study purpose was to carry out a comparative analysis of special indicators of the integral assessment of the technical and tactical football activity of the national team of Ukraine and national teams of various European countries. Materials and methods. The study included pedagogical observation and video recording of the competitive activity of highly qualified football players of the national team of Ukraine and national teams of European countries within the framework of the 2021 (2020) European Football Championship. In total, the Ukrainian team played 5 matches at the European Championship. The integral assessment reflects the quantitative (coefficients of intensity, mobility, aggressiveness) and qualitative (coefficients of effectiveness, efficiency of single combat, creativity) indicators of the technical and tactical activity of the football team. Results. In the course of the European Football Championship, the average value of the integral assessment of the technical and tactical activity of the Ukrainian team was 5.34±0.24 points, which was not statistically different (p=0.875) from the indicator of the rival national teams, i.e. 5.36±0.31 points. In the national team of Ukraine, in relation to the European champion of the national team of Italy, lower indicators were observed ​​not only for the integral assessment – by 1.09 points (16.6%), but also for almost all specific indicators: for intensity coefficient – by 0.36 points (26.9%), for mobility coefficient – by 0.49 points (21.6%), for aggressiveness coefficient – by 0.14 points (15.5%), for effectiveness coefficient – by 0.02 points (2.3%), for creativity coefficient – by 0.12 points (25.0%). Conclusions. The developed integrated assessment of the technical and tactical activity of a football team comprises six special coefficients: intensity coefficient, mobility coefficient, aggressiveness coefficient, effectiveness coefficient, coefficient of efficiency of single combat, and creativity coefficient. The established values ​​of the specific coefficients of the integral assessment of the technical and tactical activity of the national football team of Ukraine can be considered as models and be the basis for correcting the training and competition processes.

The present paper substantiates the government transparency issue's importance as a fundamental principle of management and exercise of power on the local level. It must become a dominant one for Ukrainian urban territorial communities’ socio-economic development regulation under the condition of further steps implementation aimed at strengthening administrative and financial decentralization processes. We elucidate specific characteristics of government transparency measuring global practice, in particular, by applying a methodological approach to the city transparency index calculation, which has been conducted since the end of the 20th century by the NGO "Transparency International". We formulated and tested hypotheses about the relationship presence between government transparency level, income from the payment of personal income tax and local tax by the population, as well as the number of people who voted for public budget projects. We chose Ukrainian cities with different ranking positions by the government transparency level to conduct a measurement. The study proved that the local government transparency level is an important factor in Ukraine’s urban territorial communities’ socio and economic development. We defined that cities’ industrial specialization and their economic diversification level do not influence significantly the correlation density between government transparency level and local budgets' revenues. Additionally, most cities, regardless of their size, are characterized by a high correlation between indicators of transparency and the public activity of residents. Also, we observed a tendency for citizens’ activity to rise in the most investigated communities. The obtained results demonstrated the need to choose a longer time lag to test the proposed hypotheses. Nevertheless, the proven hypotheses made it possible to identify problems in ensuring the transparency of territorial communities’ authorities and to formulate proposals for improving public administration efficiency.

The housing fund, as a concept, is a complex of interrelated indicators characterizing its condition. First of all, it is the availability of housing, that is, the amount of living space per person of the population. This also includes the total living area, the number of houses and apartments, and the equipment of the housing stock by types of terrain. It is known that Ukraine has almost the lowest rate of housing security among European countries. It is about 29 m2/person. While other countries have much higher housing affordability, ranging from 31,2m2/person (Estonia) to 66,3m2/person (Luxembourg). The reasons for this state of affairs in our country are the inefficient use of land within categories, the inaccessibility of housing for many segments of the population, the lack of state programs for financing construction and lending housing, low wages, etc. The goal of our research was to study the housing stock of the Zhytomyr region with further analysis of its condition. Based on the results of the research, maps of the provision of housing for the urban and rural population in the sections of Zhytomyr regiont were constructed. The largest amount of living space per person was observed in Brusylivskiy, Ruzhynskiy, Popilnyanskiy and Narodytskiy districts (30–40 m2). Moreover, security in rural areas is somewhat higher than in urban areas. In our opinion, the reason for this is the lower population concentration in small settlements. Therefore, population size as a factor influencing the condition of the housing stock of Zhytomyr region is one of the main, but not the only factors. It was also established that over the past 15 years, the average housing supply in the region increased from 23,3 m2 to 28,3 m2 per person, while the number of apartments and houses actually remained at the same level (968,1 thousand in 2005 and 974,4 thousand in 2020), and the population has decreased significantly. Therefore, the reason for the increase in the housing supply indicator is not the improvement of the quantitative and qualitative condition of the housing stock of the Zhytomyr region, but rather the decrease in the number of residents. Along with the quantitative analysis, a qualitative analysis of the housing stock was also conducted. It has been established that housing equipment with plumbing, sewage, and hot water has increased by almost 50% over the past fifteen years, especially in rural areas. And in general, the qualitative characteristics of the housing stock in the Zhytomyr region are somewhat inferior to similar ones in Ukraine.

The use of regional analgesic techniques as part of multimodal analgesia regimens provides better control of acute pain. Effective anesthesia is one of the key tasks in the treatment of the wounded at all stages of medical care. Three clinical cases of the use of prolonged regional analgesic blockades as part of a multimodal analgesia regimen in the treatment of patients with gunshot wounds of the extremities are presented. Catheterizations of the perineural space of the peripheral nerves were performed using ultrasound imaging. Clinical case 1 - a patient with a gunshot shrapnel through wound of the left tibia with gunshot comminuted fractures of both bones of the lower third of the left tibia and the upper third of the fibula of the left tibia, was admitted two days after the injury. Performed catheterization of the perineural space of the left sciatic nerve in the popliteal fossa, constant infusion of 0.25 % bupivacaine solution at a rate of 5 ml per hour using a perfusor. A satisfactory analgesic effect was observed, narcotic analgesics were not prescribed. Clinical case 2 - a patient with a gunshot shrapnel through wound of the left shoulder with a gunshot comminuted fracture of the left humerus in the middle third and with damage to the neurovascular bundle, was admitted more than 6 weeks after the injury. Performed catheterization of the perineural space of the left brachial plexus interscalene access, continuous infusion of 0.25 % bupivacaine solution at a rate of 5 ml per hour using a perfusor. However, in the absence of complaints of soreness at the fracture sites and postoperative wounds, the patient began to be disturbed by neuropathic pain.Satisfactory analgesic effect was observed sporadically, narcotic analgesics were prescribed. On the second day of observation, dislocation of the catheter was detected.Considering that the patient was more concerned about pain in the distal part of the limb, catheterization of the perineural space of the left brachial plexus was performed by supraclavicular access, and a constant infusion of 0.25 % bupivacaine solution was started at a rate of 5 ml per hour using a perfusor. Satisfactory analgesic effect was observed sporadically, narcotic analgesics were prescribed. Clinical case 3 - a patient with a gunshot shrapnel through wound of the left thigh with a gunshot comminuted fracture of the left femur in the lower third and with damage to the popliteal artery, was admitted three weeks after the injury. Performed paravertebral catheterization of the left lumbar plexus, constant infusion of 0.25 % bupivacaine solution at a rate of 5 ml per hour using a perfusor. In combination with oral analgesic adjuvants (effect on neuropathic pain), a satisfactory analgesic effect was observed without the prescription of narcotic analgesics.After repeated surgical treatment with the installation of the VAC-system on the posterior surface of the thigh, an unsatisfactory effect of non-opiate analgesia was observed, and narcotic analgesics were additionally prescribed.

The development of pain symptoms in peripheral diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is associated with the upregulation of T-type Ca2+ channels (T-channels) in the soma of nociceptive DRG neurons. Moreover, a block of these channels in DRG neurons effectively reversed mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in animal diabetic models, indicating that T-channel functioning in these neurons is causally linked to PDN. However, no particular mechanisms relating the upregulation of T-channels in the soma of nociceptive DRG neurons to the pathological pain processing in PDN have been suggested. Here we have electrophysiologically identified voltage-gated currents expressed in nociceptive DRG neurons and developed a computation model of the neurons, including peripheral and central axons. Simulations showed substantially stronger sensitivity of neuronal excitability to diabetes-induced T-channel upregulation at the normal body temperature compared to the ambient one. We also found that upregulation of somatic T-channels, observed in these neurons under diabetic conditions, amplifies a single action potential invading the soma from the periphery into a burst of multiple action potentials further propagated to the end of the central axon. We have concluded that the somatic T-channel-dependent amplification of the peripheral nociceptive input to the spinal cord demonstrated in this work may underlie abnormal nociception at different stages of diabetes development.

The esterase status of blood plasma can claim to be one of the universal markers of various diseases; therefore, it deserves attention when searching for markers of the severity of COVID-19 and other infectious and non-infectious pathologies. When analyzing the esterase status of blood plasma, the esterase activity of serum albumin, which is the major protein in the blood of mammals, should not be ignored. The purpose of this study is to expand understanding of the esterase status of blood plasma and to evaluate the relationship of the esterase status, which includes information on the amount and enzymatic activity of human serum albumin (HSA), with other biochemical parameters of human blood, using the example of surviving and deceased patients with confirmed COVID-19. In experiments in vitro and in silico, the activity of human plasma and pure HSA towards various substrates was studied, and the effect of various inhibitors on this activity was tested. Then, a comparative analysis of the esterase status and a number of basic biochemical parameters of the blood plasma of healthy subjects and patients with confirmed COVID-19 was performed. Statistically significant differences have been found in esterase status and biochemical indices (including albumin levels) between healthy subjects and patients with COVID-19, as well as between surviving and deceased patients. Additional evidence has been obtained for the importance of albumin as a diagnostic marker. Of particular interest is a new index, [Urea] × [MDA] × 1000/(BChEb × [ALB]), which in the group of deceased patients was 10 times higher than in the group of survivors and 26 times higher than the value in the group of apparently healthy elderly subjects.

The purpose of the publication is to study the concept and forms of realization of voting rights of citizens in local elections in Ukraine, in order to understand the legal category and further improve the electoral legislation of Ukraine. Methodology. During the research of the scientific article the general and special-legal methods were used: system analysis, comparative-legal, dialectical approach, system-structural, applied methods of scientific knowledge, which provides the purpose and objectives of scientific research. Scientific novelty. The novelty of the study lies in a comprehensive analysis of the concept and forms of realization of voting rights of citizens in local elections. The article examines the concept of realization of voting rights of citizens in local elections, taking into account theoretical scientific approaches to understanding the implementation of the right. Based on the analysis of the Laws of Ukraine, which regulate the issue of citizens 'suffrage in local elections, it is determined that the exercise of citizens' suffrage is the most influential form of democracy in the country. The study proved that it is the legal forms of exercising the voting rights of citizens in local elections that have practical consequences, which in turn are the realization of the will of the people and are universally binding on public authorities. It is noted that the residency requirement is one of the most serious obstacles to the exercise of citizens' voting rights in local elections. Conclusions. The realization of the voting rights of citizens in local elections is a process during which the subject of suffrage, aware of their actions (inaction), guided by regulations, enters into legal relations, which are the legal expression of political relations. The legislative requirement for a person to belong to a certain territorial community as a condition for exercising the right to vote in local elections is the biggest obstacle to exercising their right to vote. The main forms of exercising the right to vote by citizens in local elections are: implementation, use and observance, through which direct suffrage is exercised

The world has been in a pandemic for more than a year. During this time, 155 million people worldwide fell ill, including 3,24 million people who died. In Ukraine, 2,15 million cases were recorded, including 47 thousand deaths. Establishing the biosocial characteristics of patients will make it possible to predict the probability of infection and the subsequent course of COVID-19. The aim of the study was to establish correlations of social, biological and medical characteristics of patients with severity of COVID-19. The study was based on information and analytical database, which contained personal data of 294 students of the Pharmacy Department of National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya and members of their families who were ill with COVID-19 for the period March 2020–March 2021. The questionnaire contained 24 questions related to gender and age structure, compliance with quarantine norms, frequency of visits to public places, the size of the work or training team, the course of the disease and the presence of comorbidities, blood groups of patients with COVID-19. The study used sociological and medical-statistical methods. According to the survey, it can be concluded that the patient with COVID-19 is in the vast majority of cases a woman (75%) with the second blood group (50%), who attends work or study groups (74%) or has family members who attend them (17%). The patient with severe and very severe course or complications after COVID-19, according to our study, is mainly a woman over 50 years old, with second (44%) or third (31%) group of blood. She is actively attends small social groups or has members families who visit them (74% and 17%, respectively, have concomitant pathologies of the cardiovascular system (59%) or metabolic disorders (22.7%). Students of the Pharmacy Department of National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya were infected with SARS-CoV-2, are mostly boys and girls aged 19–23 (89%); they are studying in the second (19%), third (36%) and fourth (34%) course, have a second (41%) or the third (31%) blood group. Usually with mild (39%) and moderate (47%) course of coronavirus disease, socially active (74%) or have family members who frequently visit public places, work or study groups (17%).

One of the main tasks of modern plant physiology is regulation of growth and development of cultivated plants in order to optimize the productive process. The attention of the scientific community is focused on the use of natural activators and growth inhibitors. We investigated the effect of foliar treatment with 0.005% solution of gibberellic acid (GA3) and 0.025% solution of the antigibberellic preparation tebuconazole (EW-250) on morphogenesis, leaf mesostructure, the content of photosynthetic pigments, the balance of endogenous phytohormones and productivity of Capsicum annuum L., Antey variety. The vegetation experiment was carried out in the conditions of soil-sand culture in vessels with a volume of 10 L. Treatment of plants was carried out in the budding phase. Morphometric parameters were determined every 10 days. The mesostructure of the middle tier leaves was studied in the fruit formation phase, and the chlorophyll content was determined in the raw material by spectrophotometric method. Analytical determination of endogenous phytohormones – indolyl-3-acetic (IAA), gibberellic (GA3) and abscisic (ABA) acids and cytokinins – zeatin (Z), zeatin-O-glucoside (ZG), zeatinribozide (ZR), isopentenyladenine (iP) and isopentenyladenosine (iPA) were performed by high performance liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). With GA3 treatment, plant height increased considerably, while with EW-250, it decreased. Both regulators led to an increase in the number of leaves on the plant, the leaf raw biomass, stems and roots and the dry matter of the whole plant, the area of a single leaf blade and the total area of leaves on the plant. Under the action of EW-250, the chlorophyll content in the leaves surged, while under the action of GA3 it tended to decrease or did not change at all. Both regulators thickened the chlorenchyma and boosted the volume of the columnar parenchyma cells. GA3 treatment induced a rise in the thickness of the upper and lower epidermis, and EW-250 led, on the contrary, to a decrease. It is shown that after treatment with exogenous GA3, the content of endogenous IAA and ABA decreased and GA3 in plant stems increased. Instead, EW-250 caused a decrease in the levels of GA3, IAA and ABA in the stems. Exogenous GA3 enhanced the accumulation of endogenous GA3 and IAA and inhibited ABA in the leaves. Under the action of the retardant, the level of ABA in the leaves did not change, while GA3 and IAA decreased. Treatment of plants with the studied growth regulators caused a decrease in the pool of cytokinins (CK) in stems. EW-250 showed a significant rise in the hormone content in the leaves. After spraying with GA3 solution, the level of ZG, Z and ZR grew. Under the action of the retardant, the increase in the CK pool occurred exclusively due to the iP. Growth regulators optimized the productivity of sweet pepper plants: under the action of GA3 there was an increase in the number of fruits per plant, and after the use of EW-250 there was a rise in the average weight of one fruit. The obtained results showed that anatomical-morphological and structural-functional rearrangements of sweet pepper plants under the action of exogenous gibberellic acid and EW-250 took place against the background of changes in the balance and distribution of endogenous hormones. Increased photosynthetic activity, stimulation of growth processes of some plant organs and inhibition of others enlarged biological productivity of the culture.

The publication examines the elements of the structure, the scale effect, the type of stress-strain state and their effect on the strength of the rock. The influence of saturating fluids and the type of stress-strain state on the rock strength and dispersion was also studied. The influence of dynamic impact on strength and structural changes is determined. Energy dissipation in a solid occurs only when shear stresses occur with the formation of a deformed state. In this case, the energy relaxation time is determined by the sum of the action times and the deformation aftereffect after the passage of the pulse, and the pulse relaxation time is proportional to the action time of the dynamic load. Therefore, the energy relaxation time is much longer than the pulse relaxation time. In the absence of external influence on rocks in the vicinity of the development, the state of the geological environment is determined by the value of the rock and formational pressure, in particular, the ratio of the stress tensor components, and in the presence of liquid in the working (well) also the value of its pressure. The dispersion of rock strength and the condition of its ultimate equilibrium – the ratio «the size of the working – the size of a macro-crack or a set of cracks in its vicinity», the type of saturating fluid and the type of stress-strain state in the mountain range. When the external dynamic impact on brittle and quasi – brittle rocks (explosion, impact, penetration) is weak compared to the potential energy of the formational one, depending on the impact parameters, dissipative structures are formed in the vicinity of the workings or the punched hole, in addition to macro-cracks, in the form of tiny cracks at the micro-and meso-level, which subsequently form dispersion zones and channels for the flow of formational fluids to the well, increasing the permeability of the rock and providing a nonlinear, gradual increase in well productivity over time.

It has been highlighted the data of researches as for the influence of natural and climatic zones of Ukraine on display of economically useful signs of the most numerous cattle in the country like Ukrainian black-spotted dairy breed. It was the grounds to assert the efficiency of resources use in those conditions to which they are most adapted and have genetically determined potential. It was found that cowsof lactation breeding herds in the Forest-steppe zone produced 7344 kg of milk, which is 242 kg and 1125 kg more than in the Steppe and Polissya regions due to significant variation of the characteristic within each climatic zone (Cv = 11.6– 27,5%). The Polissya zone, where the animals' yieldwere 5764 kg, while in other climates 6982–6992 kg, does not contribute to the high productivity of the first lactation cows. It is proved that the duration of the service period in cows of three natural and climatic zones of Ukraine varied from 106 days in Polissya to 126 days – Forest-steppe, but it did not agree with the output of calves per 100 cows, which in 81 Polissya amounted to 82 and Forest-steppe – 79. The heifers of the Steppe zone are inseminated with live weight of 391 kg at the age of 477 days, and the Forest-steppe and Polissya with slightly less 385 kg and 387 kg, respectively, at the age of 493 days and 517 days. There is no significant difference in live weight at the ages of 6, 12 and 18 months between heifers of different natural and climatic zones of Ukraine, but the degree of development of the trait after 6 months was slightly better in cattle of the Steppe zone. A positive correlation was found between milk yield of first lactation cows of all natural climatic zones and their live weight at 6, 12 and 18 months of age, as well as negative calf age at first insemination (-0.587 ... -0.810) with significant correlation from the cattle of the Steppe zone. A high correlation coefficient (+0.703) was found in cows between live weight of heifers at first insemination and first lactation in the Polissya region.

The article continues the author’s series of works on the application of synergetic theory to understand and describe the processes and phenomena that accompany the search and development of mineral resources. The research results show that the synergetic theory is universal and allows to understand and describe a wide range of phenomena and processes that occur in geological exploration and mining: dynamic phenomena in mines (outbursts of rocks and coal), spontaneous сombustion of сoal in coal mines, emergency outbursts of oil and gas from exploration wells, destruction of high-pressure pipelines, geodynamic phenomena in quaternary deposits, sedimentary rocks, and in the geological structures of the crystalline basement. One of the signs of processes and phenomena that have a synergistic nature is the nonlinear nature of the system’s response to weak perturbations. Minor disturbances slightly change the structure of geological material, in some cases change the mechanical and physical properties of formation fiuids. This creates the conditions for disturbing the unstable equilibrium of the system at the bifurcation points and its transition to another equilibrium state with other thermodynamic parameters that characterize the new state of the system. Such transitions are characterized by kinetic and phase transitions. In particular, in the reservoir rock, in coal, micro- and macrocrack systems are formed and developed. The shape of dissipative structures is described using fractal theory. The duration of self-organization of dissipative structures and the transition of the system to a new equilibrium state depends on the type of dissipative structures, the properties of the environment in which they are formed, and the speed of physicochemical processes. The article considers the behavior of the system “well – rock formation” as an open thermodynamic system. The internal energy of the formation is compared with the energy of external explosive action from the well. Specific examples show that the behavior of such a system is subject to the laws of synergetics and as a result of weak action on the formation from the well there are significant nonlinear effects of productivity growth due to the internal energy of the formation. This energy is generated by reservoir and rock pressures.

Aim. To evaluate the results of the voice disorders correction in unilateral abduction paralysis of larynx by the anastomosis “ansa cervicalis – recurrent laryngeal nerve” during primary and repeated thyroid surgery. Materials and methods. Surgical non-selective laryngeal reinnervation (primary, delayed) by anastomosis “ansa cervicalis – recurrent laryngeal nerve” was performed in 49 patients with abduction paralysis of larynx, 45 of whom had ipsilateral and 4 contralateral anastomosis. In the pre- and postoperative periods, all patients underwent indirect laryngoscopy, video laryngoscopy using a Karl Storz fibrolaryngoscope with archiving in the original database, voice spectral analysis and survey using the VHI-30 questionnaire (a modified version).The follow-up period was from 1 to 3 years, an average of 12–18 months. Results. Analysis of the videolaryngoscopic picture results in the postoperative period in the main group showed a significant improvement in spatial location of moving elements of the larynx both within the group (P < 0.01) and in comparison with patients who underwent conservative treatment of laryngeal phonatory dysfunction. Voice spectral analysis and VHI-30 score also improved significantly (P < 0.01) and did not statistically differ from patients with normal laryngeal phonatory function (P > 0.05). With the successful non-selective laryngeal reinnervation, a medialization of paralyzed vocal cord was noted, which significantly improved the phonatory function of larynx, but did not restore its mobility. Conclusions. The method of non-selective laryngeal reinnervation by the anastomosis “ansa cervicalis – recurrent laryngeal nerve” is an effective method for correcting phonatory disorders in unilateral abduction paralysis of the larynx during primary and repeated thyroid surgery and can improve the voice function of the larynx to almost normal state without negative changes in the external respiration function.

It is determined that, first of all, financial control implies an obligatory existence of subordination relations and rules that must be monitored irrespective of the sphere of financial relations (public financial relations, private financial relations, household finances, etc.); secondly, finance, as an economic category, in the performance of their functions involves the creation of rules that would regulate the processes of formation, distribution and use of financial resources, as well as determine the possibility of influencing the behavior of business entities by the owner of these resources. Since these rules are not objective and human-created, compliance with them must be monitored, their executors have the ability not to comply with these rules, to change them for their own benefit, etc. It is stated that financial control is a multiform and complicated financial category, the essence of which cannot be limited with practical activity or information system. It permeates all aspects of financial relationships. The purpose, objectives and methods of exercising financial control may vary depending on the will of the owners of financial resources, but the nature and functions of financial control remain unchanged. Therefore, financial control as a financial category must be considered through a set of characteristics that should reveal all the diversity of its essence, comprehensively reflect and comprehensively cover all aspects of its manifestation. It is substantiated that the essence of financial control as a category of financial relations in the system of public administration is revealed through a set of its characteristics, which represent financial control as an area of scientific and specialized knowledge, as an element of the management system, as a special type of practical activity and as an information system used for the purpose of management.

Abstract. The article investigates the theoretical and practical principles of using digital technologies in the management of agricultural enterprises. The dynamics of Ukraine’s position in the world ranking of digital competitiveness is analyzed, the leading countries in digital transformation of economic systems are identified in order to study the progressive experience of digitalization of the economy, its spheres, agriculture in particular. The evolution of technologies and business ideas in agriculture, which can be represented as a two — factor model of development, is studied. The comparative analysis of approaches to conducting agrarian business is carried out. It is noted that almost all large holdings in Ukraine are now actively investing and implementing digital solutions, it can also be seen that at all levels of agricultural production the country already has its leaders with extensive experience in implementing digital technologies. It is hypothesized that an important indicator of the development of digitalization are digital technologies formed with world experience. They can be divided into eight main areas of activity: FMS (farm management systems); data collection and aggregation (for precision farming), forecasting; marketplaces; robotic equipment and drones; sensors; reasonable irrigation; animal husbandry; next generation farms. Based on world experience, the peculiarities of the application of certain digital technologies in certain areas of agriculture are considered and assumptions are made about the possibility of their use in the realities of domestic agricultural production. It is concluded that the path or vector of digitalization in agriculture can be represented as three stages for agricultural holdings and two stages (without the last) for relatively small farmers: the first stage characterizes the agricultural company with efficient business processes (here must be implemented and fully integrated internal accounting systems). and a single digital back office); the second stage of development is a digital technology company (it uses innovative technologies such as precision farming, artificial intelligence (AI), computer vision (CV), machine learning (ML), etc.); the third stage is the ecosystem of the agricultural holding (a whole infrastructure of innovations has already been built here). Keywords: digitalization, digital technologies, agriculture, digitalization of agricultural production, digital infrastructure of agricultural enterprise. JEL Classification Q16 Formulas: 0; fig.: 3; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 13.

The dorsal horn (DH) neurons of the spinal cord play a critical role in nociceptive input integration and processing in the central nervous system. Engaged neuronal classes and cell-specific excitability shape nociceptive computation within the DH. The DH hyperexcitability (central sensitisation) has been considered a fundamental mechanism in mediating nociceptive hypersensitivity, with the proven role of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors (AMPARs). However, whether and how the DH hyperexcitability relates to changes in action potential (AP) parameters in DH neurons and if Ca2+-permeable AMPARs contribute to these changes remain unknown. We examined the cell-class heterogeneity of APs generated by DH neurons in inflammatory pain conditions to address these. Inflammatory-induced peripheral hypersensitivity increased DH neuronal excitability. We found changes in the AP threshold and amplitude but not kinetics (spike waveform) in DH neurons generating sustained or initial bursts of firing patterns. In contrast, there were no changes in AP parameters in the DH neurons displaying a single spike firing pattern. Genetic knockdown of the molecular mechanism responsible for the upregulation of Ca2+-permeable AMPARs allowed the recovery of cell-specific AP changes in peripheral inflammation. Selective inhibition of Ca2+-permeable AMPARs in the spinal cord alleviated nociceptive hypersensitivity, both thermal and mechanical modalities, in animals with peripheral inflammation. Thus, Ca2+-permeable AMPARs contribute to shaping APs in DH neurons and nociceptive hypersensitivity. This may represent a neuropathological mechanism in the DH circuits, leading to aberrant signal transfer to other nociceptive pathways.

The paper aims to determine the strategic directions of forming the competition policy of Ukraine through analyzing the aspects of divergence between Ukraine and the EU in public regulation of the domestic market development. Materials and methods: historical-logical method, methods of theoretical generalization, system and historical-economic analysis, system approach, and methods of analysis and synthesis are used to substantiate the conceptual foundations of the domestic market development on the competition policy grounds. The paper substantiates that the factors of foreign economic cooperation and trade and implementation of public competition policy on goods and capital flows distribution have a decisive impact on the development of the Ukrainian domestic market in conditions of globalization and European integration. The paper proves that the competition policy is the system of optimal and innovative methods, tools, and measures initiated by authorities and implemented to develop and expand the socio-economic capacity of the domestic market of consumer goods that are equal to and better than the competition policies of other countries by quality and efficiency.

Previously, we have characterized the capsaicin-insensitive low pH-sensitive (caps−lpH+) subtype of small-sized nociceptive dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons that express acid-sensing ion channels, T-type Ca2+ channels, and have isolectin B4-negative phenotype. These neurons demonstrated increased excitability in a model of long-term diabetes, contributing to chronic pain sensation. Here we studied changes in the excitability of the caps−lpH+ neurons and underlying changes in the functional expression and gating properties of ion channels under complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced peripheral inflammation. We have found that, under these pathological conditions, the functional expression of the acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) and voltage-gated Na+ channels, was increased. In addition, T-type Ca2+ current was significantly increased in the neurons at the membrane potentials close to its resting value. Altogether, the observed changes in the channel functioning shifted a pH level evoking an action potential (AP) toward its physiological value and led to an increase of evoked and spontaneous excitability of the caps−lpH+ neurons that may contribute to hyperalgesia and chronic inflammatory pain.

Метою статті є подальший розвиток теорії оцінки статичних похибок електромеханічних засобів вимірювальної техніки (ЕмЗВТ) для ефективного їх застосування під час МОб ВТ та контролі функціонування перед застосуванням. Для цього необхідно послідовне вирішення низки теоретичних і прикладних питань, головним з яких є розробка узагальненої математичної моделі статичної похибки ЕмЗВТ, а потім з подальшим її використанням конкретної оцінки статичних похибок для різних структурних схем побудови ЕмЗВТ. Результати. В статті розглядаються прикладні аспекти оцінки статичної похибки електромеханічних засобів вимірювальної техніки визначену через чутливість або статичні коефіцієнти передачі вимірювальних перетворювачів. За результатами аналізу отримана узагальнена математична модель відносної статичної похибки ЕмЗВТ для структурних схем з’єднання вимірювальних перетворювачів (ВП). Висновки. Підтверджено за результатами аналізу, можливість застосування узагальненої математичної моделі для оцінки відносної статичної похибки ЕмЗВТ побудованих за різними структурними схемами при їх експлуатації. Використання уточненої статичної похибки надає можливість уточнювати калібрувальну характеристику електромеханічних засобів вимірювальної техніки, що в свою чергу призведе до отримання достовірної інформації про стан військової техніки під час проведення метрологічного обслуговування та безпосередньо при застосуванні.

The mechanisms of joint influence of mountain and reservoir pressures, saturating fluid, structure elements of rocks and external dynamic effects on their behavior in natural conditions, in particular near of the well, are investigated. With specific examples, it is shown that the behavior of rocks with such a set of influencing factors is determined by the laws of synergetics and the combined action of external influences, uneven stress-strain state of the rocks, the pore pressure and chemo mechanical effects. Examples are the results of gas-flow and gas-metric studies of closed wells, as well as the results of explosive perforation and intensification of producing wellbores at different depths. Defects occurrence in minerals with a high modulus of elasticity is initiated by an external dynamic effect and independently under the action of the saturating fluid. Then, under volumetric non-uniform compression and reservoir pressure, gradual fracturing of terrigenous rocks occurs at the micro and macro level. The result of these processes is the formation of areas of the improved permeability near the wells during drilling, production and suspending. When drilling on traditional technology they will impair formation reservoir properties via infiltration of water and solid phase. In oil and gas wells and in closed wells - improve these properties. Analysis of the behavior of rocks from the synergetic position shows that the best mode of loading on the reservoir during wells drilling, wells completion and oil and gas production is depression (reduced pressure) on the reservoir. The known and new promising technologies for the intensification of oil and gas production are determined.

Objective. To estimate the possibility of performance of selective reinnervation of larynx in its abductionaal unilateral paralysis in thyroidal surgery. Маterials and methods. There were analyzed the results of selective laryngeal reinnervation in 2 patients, suffering thyroidal cancer. Visual inspection of the larynx was conducted (fibrolaryngoscopy with archiving of the data) in preoperative and postoperative periods, аs well as in 2, 4, 6, 12, 18 and 24 mo postoperatively, spectral vocal analysis, estimation of vocal quality in accordance to the VHI-30 sсale reporting, using questionnaires ЕАТ-10 for determination of the dysphagia degree. Results. Selective reinnervation was performed in 2 patients with extralaryngeal branching of nervus recurrence: in one - the postponed selective reinnervation of larynx (аutoplasty of the adduction branch of nervus recurrence) for correction of its postoperative abductional paralysis, and in the second - primary selective laryngeal reinnervation (аnastomosis of the adductional branch of nervus recurrence in the “end-to-end” style). In the first patient the tone and stretching of the paralyzed vocal cord free edge was registered in 15 mo after reinnervation, the coordinated move signs - in 2 yrs. In a second patient the restoration of tone and mobility of a vocal cord was registered in 4 mo after reinnervation. In both patients the main indices of the voice spectral analysis and of the self-estimation in accordance to the VHI-30 and ЕАТ-10 scales were restored up to normal values. Conclusion. Selective reinnervation of larynx may be applied not for correction of respiratory disorders due to its bilateral paralysis only, but for restoration of a vocal function and elimination of aspiration symptoms in a case of unilateral paralysis of larynx as well.

Motor disability is a common outcome of spinal cord injury (SCI). The recovery of motor function after injury depends on the severity of neurotrauma; motor deficit can be reversible, at least partially, due to the innate tissue capability to recover, which, however, deteriorates with age. Pain is often a comorbidity of injury, although its prediction remains poor. It is largely unknown whether pain can attend motor dysfunction. Here, we implemented SCI for modelling severe and moderate neurotrauma and monitored SCI rats for up to 5 months post-injury to determine the profiles of both motor deficit and nociceptive sensitivity. Our data showed that motor dysfunction remained persistent after a moderate SCI in older animals (5-month-old); however, there were two populations among young SCI rats (1 month-old) whose motor deficit either declined or exacerbated even more over 4–5 weeks after identical injury. All young SCI rats displayed changed nociceptive sensitivity in thermal and mechanical modalities. The regression analysis of the changes revealed a population trend with respect to hyper- or hyposensitivity/motor deficit. Together, our data describe the phenotypes of motor deficit and pain, the two severe complications of neurotrauma. Our findings also suggest the predictability of motor dysfunction and pain syndromes following SCI that can be a hallmark for long-term rehabilitation and recovery after injury.

Corrections to the article: https://doi.org/10.25305/unj.234154 In the article by V.V. Medvedev et al., published in UNJ № 3 in 2021, the source number 92 from the reference list does not support the statement given in the appropriate place in the text. Instead, we offer the reader two other works that mention the presence of posterior median spinal artery in the adult rat - D. Mazensky et al. (2017) and O.U. Scremin (G. Paxinos, ed.; 2015, p. 1003, 1005). In most works on this topic (Z. Zhang et al., 2001; Y. Cao et al., 2015; P. Li et al., 2020) the dorsal median vein is considered as the median vessel of the posterior surface of the rat spinal cord, and as in humans, describe 2 parallel dorsal spinal arteries. At the same time, D. Mazensky et al. (2017), sharing the opinion of O.U. Scremin (2015), mention 3 dorsal spinal arteries of the rat, in particular the median one. Taking into account that, from our experience, damage to the median vessel of the posterior surface of the spinal cord is accompanied by its rapid edema and irrepversible deep deficit in the motor function of both hind limbs of the animal, we consider it necessary to draw the reader's attention to this feature of the anatomy of the spinal arteries of an adult rat. Medvediev VV, Abdallah IM, Draguntsova NG, Savosko SI, Vaslovych VV, Tsymbaliuk VI, Voitenko NV. [Model of spinal cord lateral hemi-excision at the lower thoracic level for the tasks of reconstructive and experimental neurosurgery]. Ukr Neurosurg J [Internet]. 2021 Sep 27 [cited 2021 Oct 11];27(3):33-5. Available from: http://theunj.org/article/view/234154 Cao Y, Wu T, Yuan Z, Li D, Ni S, Hu J, Lu H. Three-dimensional imaging of microvasculature in the rat spinal cord following injury. Sci Rep. 2015 Jul 29;5:12643. doi: 10.1038/srep12643. PMID: 26220842; PMCID: PMC4518284. Li P, Xu Y, Cao Y, Wu T. 3D Digital Anatomic Angioarchitecture of the Rat Spinal Cord: A Synchrotron Radiation Micro-CT Study. Front Neuroanat. 2020 Jul 22;14:41. doi: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00041. PMID: 32792915; PMCID: PMC7387706. Mazensky D, Flesarova S, Sulla I. Arterial Blood Supply to the Spinal Cord in Animal Models of Spinal Cord Injury. A Review. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2017 Dec;300(12):2091-2106. doi: 10.1002/ar.23694. Epub 2017 Oct 13. PMID: 28972696. Paxinos G, editor. The rat nervous system. 4th ed., London: Elsevier; 2015. Scremin OU. Capter 31, Cerebral Vascular System; p. 985‒1011. Zhang Z, Nonaka H, Nagayama T, Hatori T, Ihara F, Zhang L, Akima M. Circulatory disturbance of rat spinal cord induced by occluding ligation of the dorsal spinal vein. Acta Neuropathol. 2001 Oct;102(4):335-8. doi: 10.1007/s004010100377. PMID: 11603808.

The paper presents the results of research in the working conditions of an agricultural enterprise that studies the efficiency of double, triple and triple partly milking of cows in connection with their transfer from a fixed content to a tieless box and the addition of some green mass into the contents of the feed mix. The purpose of our research was to determine the efficiency of different ratios of green and conserved feeds in the ration of dairy cows during summer period; to study the effect of the frequency of milking on the milk productivity of the Black-and-White breed cows in the conditions of cows’ transfer to the tieless maintenance at the intensive technology of milk production. The investigation was carried out in the conditions of the agro-firm № 10 of the state enterprise “Illich Agro-Donbas”, Mariupol district, Donetsk region. The dairy cows of the Ukrainian Black-and-White breed were used in our experiment that was conducted in accordance with the generally accepted methods of the research on cattle feeding. Before the beginning of the research the cows were kept on a leash all- year- round. The experiment was carried out and during the experiment the technology of maintenance and milking of the cows in the control group remained unchanged, the cows-analogues of the second group were transferred to the new, reconstructed livestock house for the tieless maintenance, for the first hundred days of lactation the cows were milked three times a day and they were milked twice a day till the end of the lactation. The cows of the third group were under tieless conditions of maintenance and they were milked three times a day throughout the lactation period. The feeding conditions for the cows were the same, that is, the animals were fed with the balanced feed mixtures at the silage-concentrate type of feeding. The partial replacement of the brought up (mown) green feeds of the field forage production in the ration of dairy cows in stalls and under unleashed pen maintenance by high quality silage met the physiological requirement of the cows in dry matter and at the same time it increased the concentration of energy in 1 kg of the ration. The following results were obtained. When keeping the cows tied and tieless at the partial replacement of the brought up (mown) green feeds of the field forage production in the ration of lactating cows by the high quality silage better provides their physiological requirements in dry matter and at the same time it increases the energy concentration in 1 kg of the ration. The use of partly both three-time milking (for the first hundred days of lactation) and three-time milking (during the whole period of lactation) increased the milk productivity of the cows by 7.0 and 11.4%, with the simultaneous decrease in the feed costs per a unit of produce by 7.2 and 11.8%, respectively. The lactation activity of the cows that were milked twice a day was more fluent and uniform and the intensity of milk yield was significantly higher as compared with the cows of groups 2 and 3 by 29.4% and 26.5%, respectively. The economic efficiency of milk production was higher in group 2 and 3, the profit in the above groups exceeded the profit of group 1 by 4.7% and 5.4%, respectively.

The paper aims to examine the suitability of A. S. Balankin brittle fracture criterion in predicting the of large-scale coal and gas outbursts in underground coal mines under compression load. Formation of dissipative structures as cracks and clusters of local microcracking occurs under the influence of the rock pressure. The formation of microdefects in dissipative structures occurs mainly on local anisotropic inclusions. Mechanism of pre-outburst spalling of gas-saturated coal is analyzed. Destruction (primary outburst) occurs when the brittle fracture conditions are met. And also in the case of such a ratio of “coal seam thickness – the size of micro defects aggregations”, which provides reduction in coal strength to a minimum. Further destruction occurs by known scenario.

Аналізуються проблеми стандартної моделі, пов'язані з введенням електромагнітного поля як лінійної комбінації полів, на яких реалізуються представлення різних калібрувальних груп. В роботі звертається увага на те що в будь-якій моделі із калібрувальними полями, генератори, які входять до коваріантних похідних, можуть бути задані лише з точністю до переходу до еквівалентного представлення. Пропонується вважати що динамічні моделі з еквівалентними представленнями генераторів повинні бути фізично еквівалентними. Це означає вимогу симетрії лагранжіану відносно переходу від одного з еквівалентних представлень генераторів до іншого. Зокрема в лагранжіані стандартної моделі маємо підвищуючий і понижуючий генератори групи SU(2). Закон групового множення визначає лише модулі матричних елементів цих генераторів, в той час як аргументи залишаються невизначеними. В роботі така невизначеність розглядається як локальна. В різних точках простору-часу генератори можуть задаватися в різних еквівалентних представленнях. Компенсація невизначених аргументів матричних елементів генераторів групи SU(2) може бути проведена за допомогою локального U(1) - перетворення з введенням відповідного калібрувального поля, яке може розглядатися як електромагнітне. Аналізуються переваги такого введення електромагнітного поля у порівнянні з методом, використаним в стандартній моделі.