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The evolving fifth generation new radio cellular standardization efforts at the third generation partnership project brings into focus a number of questions on relevant research problems in physical-layer communications for study by both academia and industry. To address this question, we show that the peak download data rates for both WiFi and cellular systems have been scaling exponentially with time over the last 25 years. While keeping up with the historic cellular trends will be possible in the near-term with a modest bandwidth and hardware complexity expansion, even a reasonable stretching of this road-map into the far future would require significant bandwidth accretion, perhaps possible at the millimeter wave, sub-millimeter wave, or terahertz regimes. The consequent increase in focus on systems at higher carrier frequencies necessitates a paradigm shift from the reuse of over-simplified (yet mathematically elegant) models, often inherited from sub-6 GHz systems to a more holistic view, where real measurements guide, motivate, and refine the building of relevant but possibly complicated models, solution space(s), and good solutions. To motivate the need for this shift, we illustrate how the traditional abstraction fails to correctly estimate the delay spread of millimeter wave wireless channels and hand blockage losses at higher carrier frequencies. We conclude this paper with a broad set of implications for future research prospects at the physical-layer, including key use-cases, possible research policy initiatives, and structural changes needed in telecommunications departments at universities.

Polysorbates (PSs) are synthetic nonionic surfactants consisting of polyethoxy sorbitan fatty acid esters. PSs have been widely employed as emulsifiers and stabilizers in various drug formulations and food additives. Recently, various PS-based formulations have been developed for safe and efficient drug delivery. This review introduces the general features of PSs and PS-based drug carriers, summarizes recent progress in the development of PS-based drug formulations, and discusses the physicochemical properties, biological safety, P-glycoprotein inhibitory properties, and therapeutic applications of PS-based drug formulations. Additionally, recent advances in brain-targeted drug delivery using PS-based drug formulations have been highlighted. This review will help researchers understand the potential of PSs as effective drug formulation agents.

Introduction After a stroke, 55% of survivors do not regain the ability to completely use their arm in daily life functioning. Currently, evidence-based guidelines recommend functional training for improving the affected hand after stroke. However, promoting an optimal quantity and quality of functional training is influenced by personal and environmental contextual factors. Studies that comprehensively target multiple factors regulating arm use are limited. This study compares the effects of functional training to multifactorial context-enhancing functional training program for improving functional arm use and recovery after stroke.Methods and analysis This is a protocol for an observer-blinded, two parallel groups, randomised controlled trial. A total of 126 community-dwelling subacute and chronic stroke survivors will be included in the study. A tailor-made multifactorial context-enhancing intervention-incorporating education, environmental enrichment and behaviour change techniques to reinforce functional training will be provided to the experimental group. The functional training group will be provided with functional exercises. The intervention will be delivered for 2 months. The primary outcomes of functional arm use and recovery will be measured using Motor Activity Log, Goal Attainment Scale and Rating of Everyday Arm-use in the Community and Home scale. The secondary outcomes of arm motor impairment and function will be measured using Fugl-Meyer upper limb score, Action Research Arm Test, ABILHAND questionnaire and Stroke Impact Scale. These will be measured at three points in time: before, after 2 months and after 1-month follow-up. The outcome measures will be analysed using one-way analysis of variance and regression analysis will be performed to identify factors limiting optimal task practice.Ethics and dissemination The study has been approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Kasturba Hospital, Manipal, India. Participants will sign a written informed consent prior to participation. The results will be published on completion of the trial and communicated to community-dwelling stroke survivors.Trial registration number CTRI/2017/10/010108