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Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a severe side effect of antiresorptive drugs – Bisphosphonates (BPs) and RANKL inhibitor (denosumab) – prescribed for treatment of bone malignancies and severe osteoporosis. Non-surgical treatment may be a valid option for MRONJ in patients ineligible for surgery. Published observational studies have demonstrated that a common purine derivative – pentoxifylline in combination with tocopherol are potentially useful in the nonsurgical management of MRONJ. The aim of this study was to assess the therapeutic impact and possible side effects of treatment with pentoxifylline in combination with tocopherol in patients with MRONJ. Patients were subdivided into two groups: the test group, comprising of 20 patients, underwent treatment with 800 mg pentoxifylline in combination with 1000 IU of tocopherol, whereas the other patients formed the control group. After the 6-month treatment course, the statistically significant results of our study show that treatment with pentoxifylline in association with tocopherol is efficacious for managing MRONJ nonsurgically. However, larger clinical studies are needed to optimize dose and duration. No serious adverse effects occurred.

The pharmacological protocol using pentoxifylline and tocopherol (PENTO-E) seems to be a promoter according to some authors and is becoming a possible therapeutic proposal in the management of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ), though studies have shown its benefit in the management of osteoradionecrosis. The purine derivatives as is pentoxifylline aims to overcome the oxidative stress associated with the rebound effect by improving local circulation. In this study, the therapeutic approach based on the pharmacological association pentoxifylline and tocopherol showed a high cure rate, regardless of the stage of the disease. Thus, PENTO-E therapy could be a safe and effective additional strategy in the management of MRONJ.

Abstract Background The rate of germination and other physiological characteristics of seeds that are germinating are impacted by deep sowing. Based on the results of earlier studies, conclusions were drawn that deep sowing altered the physio-biochemical and agronomic characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Results In this study, seeds of wheat were sown at 2 (control) and 6 cm depth and the impact of exogenously applied salicylic acid and tocopherol (Vitamin-E) on its physio-biochemical and agronomic features was assessed. As a result, seeds grown at 2 cm depth witnessed an increase in mean germination time, germination percentage, germination rate index, germination energy, and seed vigor index. In contrast, 6 cm deep sowing resulted in negatively affecting all the aforementioned agronomic characteristics. In addition, deep planting led to a rise in MDA, glutathione reductase, and antioxidants enzymes including APX, POD, and SOD concentration. Moreover, the concentration of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, proline, protein, sugar, hydrogen peroxide, and agronomic attributes was boosted significantly with exogenously applied salicylic acid and tocopherol under deep sowing stress. Conclusions The results of the study showed that the depth of seed sowing has an impact on agronomic and physio-biochemical characteristics and that the negative effects of deep sowing stress can be reduced by applying salicylic acid and tocopherol to the leaves.

Abstract Soybean seeds are excellent sources of tocopherols, B vitamins, and isoflavones, which are well known for their health benefits. This study investigated the influence of environment and genotype on these constituents across 13 Korean soybean varieties cultivated in three locations during the 2017–2019 growing seasons. Statistical analyses, employing both univariate and multivariate methods, revealed significant impacts of genetic and environmental factors on the composition of tocopherols, B vitamins, and isoflavones. Through permutational univariate analysis of variance, the primary contributors to each measured component were identified. Genotype strongly influenced the levels of β- and δ-tocopherols, whereas the interaction between location and year predominantly affected α- and γ-tocopherols. Vitamin B1 content was predominantly determined by genotype, whereas B3 and B6 were influenced by annual variations. Vitamin B2 level was primarily affected by the interplay between environmental and genotypic effects. Genotype had a significant effect on isoflavone components, with the exception of daidzein. Furthermore, early maturing varieties and those with black seed coats exhibited low levels of isoflavone components and total isoflavones, suggesting a relationship between maturity group and seed coat color in isoflavone variation. These findings can be used as reference values for compositional equivalence assessment of genetically modified soybeans.

Vitamin E, encompassing tocopherols and tocotrienols is celebrated for its powerful antioxidant properties, which help neutralize free radicals and protect cells from oxidative damage. Over the years, research has shown that both tocopherols and tocotrienols offer significant benefits, including protection against radiation damage, cholesterol regulation, cardiovascular health, and neurological disorders. This wide range of benefits highlights the need for further exploration of vitamin E’s role in managing various diseases. One particularly promising area is its potential application in treating ocular diseases like glaucoma. Despite advances in treatment, current options have limitations, making the investigation of alternative approaches crucial. Omics technologies, which allow for a detailed examination of biological systems, could provide valuable insights into how tocopherols and tocotrienols work at a molecular level. Their neuroprotective and antioxidative properties make them promising candidates for glaucoma management. Additionally, the sustainability of vitamin E is noteworthy, as by-products from its production can be repurposed into valuable resources for nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. As research continues, integrating omics technologies with the study of vitamin E derivatives could unveil new therapeutic possibilities, further enhancing our understanding of its diverse health benefits and its potential role in preventing and managing diseases.

The article is devoted to the influence of natural antioxidants on the quality parameters of meat semi-finished products from horse meat and the microbiological stability of the product during its storage. In solving the set tasks, the standard, generally accepted methods of research were used. Statistical processing of the obtained results and assessment of data reliability were carried out by statistical methods using Microsoft Excel and Statistica (version 12.0). A new antioxidant of natural origin, dihydroquercetin, has been proposed and tested. Effective doses of its application have been established: 0.05 - 0.075% for raw horse fat and 0.075% for semi-finished meat products from horse meat produced with its addition. It has been shown that the administration of dihydroquercetin (Dx) together with ascorbic acid (AA) and tocopherol (Tp) is 10-30% more effective. The effect of dihydroquercetin on the indicators of oxidative spoilage in the technological process, from the production of horse meat to finished products using the latter, has been studied. The organoleptic parameters (appearance, odour, colour) of the control sample and the sample with 0.025% Dx by fat weight corresponded in their characteristics to the experimental samples with 0.05%, 0.075% and 0.1% by 45 days of storage. The introduction of dihydroquercetin, ascorbic acid, and tocopherol also makes it possible to slow down the microbiological spoilage of the semi-finished products that have been obtained during storage.

IntroductionThe African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is the predominant oil crop in the world. In addition to triacylglycerols, crude palm oil (CPO) extracted from the mesocarp of the fruits, contains high amounts of provitamin A (carotenes) and vitamin E (tocochromanols). Because of their unsaturated nature, the carotenes are prone to oxidation and therefore are in part limiting for the shelf life of CPO.MethodsA tree with unusual toochromanol composition was identified by HPLC screening of the mesocarp of wild trees. Polymorphisms in a candidate gene were identified by DNA sequencing. The candidate protein was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli coli and Arabidopsis thaliana to test for enzyme activity. Oxidative stability of the CPO was studied by following carotene degradation over time.ResultsIn the present study, a wild Oil Palm tree (C59) from Cameroon was identified that lacks α-tocopherol and α-tocotrienol and instead accumulates the respective γ forms, suggesting that the activity of γ-tocopherol methyltransferase (VTE4) was affected. Sequencing of the VTE4 locus in the genome of plant C59 identified a G/C polymorphism that causes the exchange of a highly conserved tryptophan at position 290 with serine. The W290S exchange renders the VTE4 enzyme inactive, as shown after expression in Escherichia coli and Arabidopsis thaliana. The oxidative stability of carotenes in the mesocarp of the wild palm C59 was enhanced compared with control accessions. Furthermore, supplementation of commercial palm oil with different tocochromanols showed that γ-tocotrienol exerts a stronger effect during the protection of carotenes against oxidation than α-tocotrienol.DiscussionTherefore, the introduction of the high γ-tocotrienol trait into elite breeding lines represents a potent strategy to protect carotenes against oxidation and extend the shelf life of CPO, hence allowing the development of a value added high-carotene CPO to be used to fight against vitamin A deficiency.

Palm oil is an edible oil derived from the mesocarp of oil palm fruit (Elaeis guineensis), which has a high content of carotenoids and tocopherol components. This research aimed to study the effects of light intensity on the photo-oxidation stability of a red and yellow palm olein mixture. The red and yellow palm oleins were mixed into 100, 200, and 350 ppm carotene content. The photo-oxidation stability of the palm olein mixture was investigated under fluorescent light intensities of 5,000 and 10,000 lux at 31 ±2 °C for 7 days. Changes in the content of chlorophyll, carotene, tocopherols, and peroxide value (PV) were evaluated daily. The results showed that an increase in carotene and tocopherol contents effectively improved the photo-oxidative stability of the palm olein mixture. Degradation of chlorophyll, tocopherols, and increased PV were proportional to light intensity during photo-oxidation. There were no significant changes in carotene content at 5,000 lux light intensity exposure. The degradation rates of chlorophyll and tocopherols can be described as first-order reaction kinetics. In contrast, the increase rate of PV can be described as a zero-order kinetics model with k-values of 6.6 x 10-2, 4.9 x 10-2, 3.7 x 10-2 mequiv.kg-1.h-1, and 8.3 x 10-2, 6.8 x 10-2, and 5.6 x 10-2 mequiv.kg-1.h-1 in palm olein mixture, which contains 100, 200, and 350 ppm carotene at 5,000 and 10,000 lux light intensity exposure, respectively. These results suggested that carotene protected tocopherol in palm olein and that tocopherol and carotene synergistically acted as singlet oxygen quenchers during photo-oxidation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of different pulp drying processes and extracting methods of avocado oil (Margarida), determined by quality indices, bioactive compounds and fatty acid profile. The avocado pulp was dried in air circulation oven at 40 °C and 60 °C, and in vacuum oven at 60 °C. The oil was extracted by mechanical press or by Soxhlet method. The acidity, peroxide value, iodine, refractive indices; phenolic compounds; carotenoids; chlorophyll; tocopherols; antioxidant activity; fatty acid profiles; ratio between hypocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic fatty acids (h/H); atherogenic and thrombogenic indices, besides avocado pulp characteristics were evaluated. The best oil quality was found for pulp dried at 60 °C under vacuum combined with Soxhlet extraction. The content of bioactive compounds was higher when the pulp was dried at 60 °C in an oven with air circulation combined with mechanical pressing. No significant effect was observed on the fatty acid profile. The atherogenic and thrombogenic indices showed low values and h/H ratio, within the desirable. The results showed advantage in drying the pulp at 60 °C. The oil evidenced being a good source of bioactive compounds, presenting an interesting fatty acid profile, h/h ratio, atherogenic and thrombogenic indices.

Background Tocopherol is known to have an anti-inflammatory effect, thereby reducing erythema, edema, and skin irritation, which are the main pathologies observed in diaper dermatitis. Objective To compare the effect of local application of a combination of 10% zinc oxide and tocopherol in the treatment of infant diaper dermatitis with plain 10% zinc oxide. Methods A single-centric, prospective interventional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital for 18 months where all children aged

Abstract Background Heat stress has severe negative consequences on performance and health of pigs, leading to significant economic losses. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplemental vitamin E and a botanical extract in feed or drinking water on growth performance, intestinal health, and oxidative and immune status in growing pigs housed under heat stress conditions. Methods Duplicate experiments were conducted, each using 64 crossbred pigs with an initial body weight of 50.7 ± 3.8 and 43.9 ± 3.6 kg and age of 13-week and 12-week, respectively. Pigs (n = 128) were housed individually and assigned within weight blocks and sex to a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement consisting of 2 environments (thermo-neutral (21.2 °C) or heat-stressed (30.9 °C)) and 4 supplementation treatments (control diet; control + 100 IU/L of D-α-tocopherol in water; control + 200 IU/kg of DL-α-tocopheryl-acetate in feed; or control + 400 mg/kg of a botanical extract in feed). Results Heat stress for 28 d reduced (P ≤ 0.001) final body weight, average daily gain, and average daily feed intake (−7.4 kg, −26.7%, and −25.4%, respectively) but no effects of supplementation were detected (P > 0.05). Serum vitamin E increased (P

Objective This study was realized to evaluate the effects of supplementation with blends of water and fat-soluble vitamins on animal performance and carcass traits of young Nellore bulls. Methods Forty-three Nellore bulls, with an initial weight of 261±27.3 kg and a mean age of 8±1.0 months, were used. Five animals were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment (reference group), to determine the initial empty body weight of the bulls that remained in the experiment. The remaining 38 bulls were fed ad libitum and distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2×2 factorial scheme, with or without supplementation of water-soluble (B-blend+ or B-blend−) and fat-soluble (ADE+ or ADE−) vitamin blends. Diets were isonitrogenous (120 g of crude protein/kg dry matter [DM] of total mixed ration) and consisted of a roughage:concentrate rate of 30:70 based on total DM of diet. The experiment lasted 170 days, with 30 days of adaptation and 140 days for data collection. At the beginning and end of the experimental period, the bulls were weighed to determine the average daily gain. To estimate the apparent digestibility of nutrients and microbial efficiency, spot collections of feces and urine were performed for five consecutive days. Results DM, ashes, organic matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, neutral detergent fiber corrected for residual ash and residual nitrogenous, and N intake and apparent digestibility were not influenced by vitamin supplementation, but total digestible nutrients intake and non-fibrous carbohydrates digestibility were influenced by B complex vitamin supplementation. Nitrogen balance, microbial efficiency, and performance data were not influenced (p>0.05) by vitamin supplementation. Conclusion Vitamin supplementation (a blend of water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins or their combinations) does not influence the animal performance and carcass traits of young Nellore bulls.

Retinaldehyde (RAL), or retinal, is a vitamin A derivative that is widely used for several skin conditions. However, it is light sensitive and has low water solubility, limiting its efficiency in transdermal delivery. This study developed a novel delivery system for retinal (RAL) using flexible liposomes (FLPs) infused with α-tocopherol succinate (α-TS) to improve stability, and enhance skin permeability. The RAL-FLPs were embedded in pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) hydrogels, creating a delivery platform that supports prolonged skin residence and efficient permeation of RAL. The stability and skin permeation as well as human skin irritation and adhesion capabilities were assessed to determine the formulation’s safety and efficacy. Our findings suggested that the addition of α-TS could improve liposomal stability and RAL chemical stability. Moreover, the skin permeation and fluorescence microscopic-based studies suggested that the addition of α-TS could enhance skin permeability of RAL through hair follicles. The RAL-FLP was embedded in PSA hydrogels fabricated from 25% GantrezTM S-97 (GT) and 1% hyaluronic acid (Hya) with aluminum as a crosslinker. The PSA hydrogel exhibited desirable peeling and tacking strengths. The developed hydrogels also demonstrated greater skin deposition of RAL compared with its aqueous formulation. Additionally, the RAL-FLP-embedded PSA hydrogels showed no skin irritation and maintained better adhesion for up to 24 h compared to commercial patches. Hence, the developed hydrogels could serve as a beneficial platform for delivering RAL in treating skin conditions.

Planar catechin (PCat), a natural antioxidant with a fixed 3D catechin structure on a plane, exhibits radical-scavenging activity approximately five times stronger than the conventional catechin. We synthesized a compound, PCat-TrOH, by binding Trolox (TrOH), an α-tocopherol analog, to PCat to enhance its antioxidant effect against oxidative stress, such as lipid peroxidation. TrOH shows radical-scavenging activity about 6.5 times greater than PCat, and PCat-TrOH exhibited a similar level of radical-scavenging activity to TrOH. Additionally, PCat-TrOH demonstrated twice the radical-scavenging activity against reactive oxygen species compared to PCat or TrOH. This compound is also expected to exhibit an excellent antioxidant effect against lipid peroxidation caused by radical chain reactions, through interactions with vitamin C, similar to that in the case of α-tocopherol.

This study investigated whether pre-treating sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seeds with a combination of acid-soaking and microwave-heating could significantly enhance the quality of the resulting sesame oil, particularly by increasing its content of functional compounds such as lignans, tocopherol, phytosterol, and squalene. The study revealed that soaking the sesame seeds in a solution of HCl and citric acid, along with microwave-heating, significantly increased the content of these compounds. The detected ranges were sesamin (1365–6927 µg g−1), sesamolin (605–3493 µg g−1), tocopherol (69.31–282.76 µg g−1), asarinin (ND–383.52 µg g−1), sesamol (ND–49.59 µg g−1), phytosterol (3690–6201 µg g−1), and squalene (532−1628 µg g−1). Additionally, the study found that the pre-treatment of sesame seeds had a minimal effect on the fatty acid composition, antioxidant activity (92.94–95.08% DPPH scavenging activity), and oxidative stability (2.13–2.90 mg MDA kg−1 oil). This is the first study to demonstrate that using acid-soaking and microwave-heating to prepare sesame seeds can produce sesame oil enriched with functional compounds, potentially benefiting cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and health applications.

旨在为大豆油的精准适度加工以保留微量营养成分提供参考，对巴西和美国大豆原油、中和油、脱色油、脱臭油、脱臭馏出物的生育酚含量及其异构体占比进行了分析，探讨和研究生育酚在精炼各工段的变化及生育酚异构体的占比规律。结果表明：大豆油中生育酚在精炼各工段均有损失，脱臭工段损失最多,生育酚和α-、γ-、δ-生育酚异构体损失率分别为11.68%~19.37%、6.10%~1764%、11.56%~19.68%、17.29%~25.51%，在脱臭和整个精炼过程中3种生育酚异构体的损失率均表现为δ-生育酚>γ-生育酚>α-生育酚；与原油相比较，精炼后大豆油中α-、γ-生育酚占比分别增加了0.4~2.1百分点和0.1~1.2百分点，δ-生育酚占比减少了1.3~2.7百分点，说明大豆油中的δ-生育酚更容易被高温分解或挥发而被汽提蒸汽夹带进脱臭馏出物中；美国大豆原油酸值（KOH）在1.5 mg/g以下，其脱臭馏出物中生育酚含量在97 419~109 123 mg/kg，为原油的80~89倍，巴西大豆原油酸值（KOH）在1.5 ~3.3 mg/g，其脱臭馏出物中生育酚含量在34 678~83 803 mg/kg，为原油的59~84倍，美国和巴西的大豆油脱臭馏出物中α-、γ-、δ-生育酚占比分别为6.5%~9.3%、61.0%~62.4%、26.7%~31.4%和8.4%~9.9%，58.0~61.8%，28.0%~304%，与对应脱臭油相比较，美国和巴西的大豆油脱臭馏出物中α-、γ-生育酚占比分别减少了0.1~2.5百分点、4.5~6.7百分点和0.5~2.9百分点、2.9~69百分点，δ-生育酚占比分别增加了5.5~8.2百分点和5.6~7.8百分点，说明脱臭工段生育酚因挥发而被汽提蒸汽夹带的速率大小为δ-生育酚>α-生育酚>γ-生育酚。因此,应该优化脱臭工段的工艺条件，以最大程度避免生育酚的过度损失。Aiming to provide a reference for accurate and moderate processing of soybean oil to retain micronutrients, the content of tocopherol and its isomers proportion in crude oil, neutralized oil, decolorized oil, deodorized oil, and deodorized distillate processed with the soybean from Brazil and the United States was determined to study the changes rule of tocopherol in various refining stages and the proportion rule of tocopherols isomers. The results showed that tocopherol was lost in all refining stages, and the loss in deodorization stage was the largest with the loss rates of tocopherol and α-, γ-,δ- tocopherol were 11.68%-19.37%, 610%-1764%, 11.56%-19.68%, and 17.29%-2551%, respectively, and 3 isomers in deodorization stage and the whole refining both showed the following loss rates: δ- tocopherol>γ- tocopherol>α- tocopherol. Compared with crude oil, the proportion of α-,γ-tocopherol in refined soybean oil increased by 0.4-2.1 percentage points and 0.1-1.2 percentage points, respectively, and the proportion of δ-tocopherol decreased by 1.3-2.7 percentage points, indicating that δ- tocopherol was more easily decomposed or volatilized at high temperatures, and was carried into the deodorized distillate by the stripping steam. The acid value of US crude soybean oil was below 1.5 mgKOH/g, and the content of tocopherol in deodorized distillate was 97 419-109 123 mg/kg, which was 80-89 times that of crude oil. The acid value of Brazilian crude soybean oil was 1.5-3.3 mgKOH/g, and the content of tocopherol in deodorized distillate was 34 678-83 803 mg/kg, which was 59-84 times that of crude oil. The proportion of α-,γ-,δ- tocopherol in US and Brazilian deodorized distillate were 6.5%-9.3%,61.0%-62.4%,26.7%-31.4% and 84%-9.9%，58.0-61.8%，28.0%-30.4%, respectively. Compared with the corresponding deodorized oil, the proportion of α- tocopherol and γ-tocopherol decreased by 0.1-2.5 percentage points，4.5-6.7 percentage points and 05-2.9 percentage points，2.9-6.9 percentage points, respectively, and the proportion of δ- tocopherol increased by 5.5-8.2 percentage points and 5.6-78 percentage points,indicating that the rate of tocopherol trapped by stripping vapor was δ -tocopherol> α -tocopherol> γ -tocopherol. Therefore, the process conditions of the deodorization stage should be optimized to avoid excessive loss of tocopherol to the greatest extent possible.

Cholesterol analysis by derivatization technique is a time consuming, costly, and complex process while analyzing cholesterol without derivation is a simple, and quick method.Researchers analyzed cholesterol using both derivatization and non-derivatization techniques successfully. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of derivatization in cholesterol analysis particularly on bakery goods.The retention time of non-derivatized cholesterol (11.62 min) and non-derivatized α-tocopherol standard (11.60 min) was very close in HP-5 capillary GC column andthey eluted together while injected as mixed standard. As a result, cholesterol content determined by non-derivatized technique could be overestimated due to the presence of α-tocopherol inbakery products. The peak resolution (Rs) between derivatized cholesterol and derivatized α-tocopherol standard using the appliedgradient GC condition was 3.1 which is well separated (>1.5) based on AOAC guidelines. The derivatized gas chromatographic cholesterol analysis method was verified by limit of detection (LOD; 0.03 mg/100 g), limit of quantification (LOQ; 0.08 mg/100 g), linearity (R2; 0.999),precision (repeatability: relative standard deviation (RSD) 1.5 %; reproducibility: RSD 1.9 %), and accuracy (102.1 % recovery). The verified cholesterol analysis method was subsequently applied to determine cholesterol content in selected bakery items, yielding a range of 2.76 ± 0.06 mg/100 g (chrysanthemum bread) to 114.26 ± 4.72 mg/100 g (castella).

Tocopherols are fat soluble substances with antioxidant properties. The α-Tocopherol (T) is the major form of Tocopherols and can decrease the risk of cancer. F127-based and Lignin-based oil-in-water microemulsions seem to increase the bioavailability of T and cause better release of this therapeutic agent. Thus, T-loaded microemulsions were designed by means of density functional theory (DFT) and semi-empirical methods. Atoms in molecules (AIM), natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses, localized molecular orbital energy decomposition analysis (LMO-EDA), and density of states plots were employed to explore the effective factors on the strength of the interactions between surfactants and T. Results indicate that F127-T complexes are more stable than Lignin-T ones. Furthermore, the stable release of T in microemulsions is due to the electrostatic interactions between surfactants and T. Formation of hydrogen bond (HB) interactions between surfactants and T stabilizes the microemulsion system. These interplays are suggested to take part in the better function of T in microemulsions compared to free T. The semi-empirical study reveals that the heats of formation (ΔHf values) of the F127-T complexes are less negative than those for the Lignin-T ones.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of metabolic changes including hypertriglyceridemia, elevated glucose tolerance and fatty liver. The aim of this research was to study the bioactivity of petroleum ether extracts prepared from quinoa 1 and Hualhuas quinoa in a MS rat model. Fatty acids and α-tocopherol were assessed in the extracts. MS was induced by feeding a high fructose-high fat diet (HFFD). Four groups of rats were assigned: the control group, fed a balanced diet; the control group, fed a HFFD diet; and two test groups, fed on a HFFD diet and treated by either quinoa 1 or hualhuas extract. The Glucose tolerance, plasma lipids, oxidative stress biomarkers, liver lipids and histopathology of the liver and heart were assessed. The results showed that extracts from both quinoa varieties had the potential to prevent MS; although quinoa 1 was more effective. In both varieties, the major fatty acid was linoleic. Hualhuas showed a higher percentage of linolenic acid than quinoa 1; while more alpha-tocopherol was present in quinoa1.

Current evidence suggests that dietary vitamin E (as α-tocopherol) intake has a beneficial role in preventing certain chronic diseases. In contrast, there is no clear evidence for the benefit of α-tocopherol supplements in a generally healthy population. Deficiency symptoms are rare and mainly occur due to genetic or other factors affecting α-tocopherol absorption and/or metabolism, rather than a low α-tocopherol intake. No qualified systematic review was identified by the NNR2023 project for updating the dietary reference values (DRV).

The aim was to apply a cassava starch/carboxymethyl cellulose blend-based edible coating added to a tocopherol mix to Brazil nuts and evaluate oxidative levels during storage. The edible coatings were prepared from a cassava starch/carboxymethyl cellulose blend and identified as control B (no soy lecithin and no tocopherol mix), L (with soy lecithin and no tocopherol mix), and LT and LT2 (with soy lecithin and tocopherol mix). In the forming solutions of the coatings, stability, viscosity, pH, and color were analyzed. The Brazil nuts were immersed in the solutions for 30 s, dried at 45 °C, and placed in an incubator at 25 °C. At 1, 7, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 days of storage, mass loss, the browning index, conjugated dienes and trienes, the oxidative state by official methods, and the accelerated oxidation index were evaluated. The blend-forming solutions B, L, LT, and LT2 showed non-Newtonian and pseudoplastic behavior, excellent resistance to flow, and stability. The diene, triene, iodine value, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, and total oxidation indices showed that the application of the cassava starch/carboxymethyl cellulose blend-based edible coating added tocopherol mix, LT, and LT2 preserved the Brazil nuts up to 90 days of storage at 25 °C. PCA shows that all coatings applied to Brazil nuts promoted oil preservation in some evaluation periods, especially those added with a tocopherol mix. It is concluded that cassava starch/CMC added tocopherol mix edible coatings have a potential application as active packaging for foods, especially nuts.

Brain alpha-tocopherol (αT) concentration was previously reported to be inversely associated with neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) counts in specific brain structures from centenarians. However, the contribution of natural or synthetic αT stereoisomers to this relationship is unknown. In this study, αT stereoisomers were quantified in the temporal cortex (TC) of 47 centenarians in the Georgia Centenarian Study (age: 102.2 ± 2.5 years, BMI: 22.1 ± 3.9 kg/m2) and then correlated with amyloid plaques (diffuse and neuritic plaques; DPs, NPs) and NFTs in seven brain regions. The natural stereoisomer, RRR-αT, was the primary stereoisomer in all subjects, accounting for >50% of total αT in all but five subjects. %RRR was inversely correlated with DPs in the frontal cortex (FC) (ρ = −0.35, p = 0.032) and TC (ρ = −0.34, p = 0.038). %RSS (a synthetic αT stereoisomer) was positively correlated with DPs in the TC (ρ = 0.39, p = 0.017) and with NFTs in the FC (ρ = 0.37, p = 0.024), TC (ρ = 0.42, p = 0.009), and amygdala (ρ = 0.43, p = 0.008) after controlling for covariates. Neither RRR- nor RSS-αT were associated with premortem global cognition. Even with the narrow and normal range of BMIs, BMI was correlated with %RRR-αT (ρ = 0.34, p = 0.021) and %RSS-αT (ρ = −0.45, p = 0.002). These results providing the first characterization of TC αT stereoisomer profiles in centenarians suggest that DP and NFT counts, but not premortem global cognition, are influenced by the brain accumulation of specific αT stereoisomers. Further study is needed to confirm these findings and to determine the potential role of BMI in mediating this relationship.

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin with several forms. Among these, α-tocopherol (TOC) is preferentially absorbed and accumulated in humans. In the body, it acts as an antioxidant, helping to protect cells from the damage caused by free radicals. It is an organic chemical compound that undergoes degradation upon irradiation with UV light. To protect this bioactive chemical compound from UV light degradation, encapsulation was carried out using zein as a shell material. Due to the unique phase diagram of TOC in aqueous ethanol, the encapsulation efficiency was >99%. The size of encapsulated particles was ~300 nm or smaller, and the thickness of the shell wall was ~30 nm. The presented procedure offers the most simple and efficient encapsulation process that yields edible products. The investigation of the irradiation effect of UV on TOC revealed that the encapsulation effectively blocks UV light and prevents TOC from being degraded. The presented procedure offers an instantaneous and highly efficient encapsulation process, which yields edible products.

为了在脱酸的同时尽可能保留米糠油中的营养成分，采用乙醇萃取脱酸结合碱性微晶纤维素吸附脱酸的低温物理脱酸技术对米糠油进行脱酸。以乙醇萃取脱酸米糠油为原料，以脱酸率为考察指标，采用单因素实验和正交实验对米糠油的吸附脱酸工艺条件进行了优化，同时对比了碱炼脱酸与乙醇萃取脱酸结合吸附脱酸对米糠油品质的影响。结果表明：最佳吸附脱酸工艺条件为碱性微晶纤维素添加量3.0%、吸附时间2.0 h、吸附温度40 ℃，在此条件下米糠原油经乙醇萃取脱酸结合吸附脱酸处理后，酸值（KOH）由35.04 mg/g降到0.92 mg/g，谷维素的保留率为73.0%，总甾醇保留率为74.3%，总生育酚保留率为56.5%；而米糠原油经碱炼脱酸处理后，酸值（KOH）由35.04 mg/g降到1.16 mg/g，谷维素的保留率为60.1%，总甾醇保留率为65.6%，总生育酚保留率为44.6%。可见，与传统碱炼脱酸相比，萃取脱酸结合吸附脱酸的方法对米糠油中谷维素、甾醇、生育酚的保留率更高，对游离脂肪酸的脱除效果更好。In order to retain nutrients in rice bran oil as much as possible while deacidifying, a low-temperature physical deacidification technology of ethanol extraction deacidification combined with alkaline microcrystalline cellulose adsorption deacidification was used to the deacidification of rice bran oil. The rice bran oil deacidified with ethanol extraction method was used as material, and the deacidification process of alkaline microcrystalline cellulose adsorption method was optimized by single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment using deacidification rate as the index. At the same time, the effects of alkali refining and ethanol extraction combined with adsorption deacidification on the quality of rice bran oil were compared. The results showed that the optimal conditions for adsorption deacidification method were as follows: alkaline microcrystalline cellulose amount 3.0%, adsorption time 2.0 h, and adsorption temperature 40 ℃. Under the optimal conditions, the acid value of rice bran oil decreased from 35.04 mgKOH/g (crude oil) to 0.92 mgKOH/g, the retention rate of oryzanol was 73.0%, the total phytosterol retention rate was 74.3%, and the total tocopherol retention rate was 56.5%. The acid value of rice bran oil with alkali refining decreased from 35.04 mgKOH/g(crude oil) to 1.16 mgKOH/g, and the retention rates of oryzanol, total phytosterol and total tocopherol were 60.1%, 65.6% and 44.6%, respectively. In conclusion, compared with traditional alkali refining, extraction combined with adsorption deacidification method has higher retention rate of oryzanol, phytosterol and tocopherol in rice bran oil, and better removal effect of free fatty acids.

Camelina oil is highly unsaturated and is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids. Camelina oil contains high amounts of tocopherol which confers a reasonable shelf life without the need for special storage conditions. Generally crud oils contain many unwanted matters which must be removed to yield a stable product with a bland or pleasant taste. Chemical refining includes degumming, neutralization, bleaching and deodorization as separate process. In this study, the qualitative (FFA and PV) and compositional characteristics of camelina oil obtained from four regions of Ilam, Kermanshah, Hamedan and Fars were investigated after chemical refining operations. Changes in composional specifications were also evaluated before and after the final stage of refining, deodorization.Oils were extracted from camelina seeds from above region by soxhlet method, The extracted oils were refined. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), tocopherols FFA and PV were determined. Collected data was subjected to a one- way analysis of variance and Duncan's posthoc at the P

Samples of oils from seven types of Ficus carica L. fruits from Algeria were investigated through determinations of their chemical characteristics, quantifying sterols and tocopherols, and analysis of the fatty acids profiles using gas chromatography, and evaluation of antioxidant activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and total antioxidant activity (TAA) using phosphomolybdenum methods. The results show that acid values ranged from 3.14 to 6.95 mg KOH/g indicating on the high amount of free fatty acids in the figs oils. Neutral lipids occupy a very important proportion of the crude figs oils (NL: 60.30–98.40%) compared to glycolipids (GL: 0.58–28.00%) and phospholipids (PL: 0.40-11.70%). Linoleic (11.70–34.74%) and linolenic (1.15–35.27%) were the major unsaturated fatty acids found in lipid fractions, while the main fraction of saturated fatty acid was palmitic. The tocopherols and sterols contents in fig oils ranged from 14.27 to 108.55 mg α-TE/g lipids and from 0.36 to 2.80 mg CE/g lipids respectively. The best inhibition concentration (IC50) of DPPH antioxidant activity was marked by GL (0.23–1.06 g/L) and PL (0.67–1.23 g/L). The strongest TAA was also marked by GL (IC50: 2.84 to 10.08 g/L) and PL (IC50: 3.73–11.30 g/L). This finding demonstrated for the first time that the studied figs oils possessed good antioxidant activity which may be associated with their alleged health benefits.

为提高牡丹籽油乳液的氧化稳定性，将叔丁基对苯二酚（TBHQ）与天然抗氧化剂（生育酚、抗坏血酸）进行复配，测定不同抗氧化剂对牡丹籽油乳液的抗氧化作用，并分析了不同复配抗氧化剂的相互作用机制。结果表明：在贮藏30 d时，添加和未添加抗氧化剂牡丹籽油乳液的粒径相较于0 d 均略有增加，200 mg/kg TBHQ与800 mg/kg抗坏血酸复配时乳液的Zeta电位绝对值最大，且抗氧化作用最强；TBHQ与抗坏血酸表现出较好的协同抗氧化作用，与生育酚表现出拮抗作用；TBHQ与生育酚之间拮抗作用的原因主要是TBHQ减少了生育酚在牡丹籽油乳液中油水界面的含量，而TBHQ与抗坏血酸之间协同作用主要是由于抗坏血酸增加了TBHQ在牡丹籽油乳液中油水界面的含量。综上，TBHQ与抗坏血酸复配能提高牡丹籽油乳液的氧化稳定性。In order to improve the oxidative stability of peony seed oil emulsion, tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) was complexed with natural antioxidants (tocopherol and ascorbic acid), and the antioxidant effects of different antioxidants on the peony seed oil emulsion were determined and the mechanism of interaction between the different complexed antioxidants was analyzed. The results showed that the particle size of peony seed oil emulsion with and without antioxidants increased slightly at the 30 d of storage compared with that at the 0 d of storage. The absolute value of the Zeta potential of the emulsion added with 200 mg/kg TBHQ and 800 mg/kg ascorbic acid was the largest and the antioxidant effect was the strongest. TBHQ showed better synergistic antioxidant effect with ascorbic acid, and antagonistic effect with tocopherol. The antagonistic effect between TBHQ and tocopherol was mainly due to the fact that TBHQ reduced the content of tocopherol in the oil-water interface in peony seed oil emulsion, while the synergistic effect between TBHQ and ascorbic acid was mainly due to the fact that ascorbic acid increased the content of TBHQ in the oil-water interface in peony seed oil emulsion. In conclusion, the combination of TBHQ and ascorbic acid can effectively improve the oxidation stability of peony seed oil emulsion.

Homogentisate Phytyltransferase (HPT) catalyzes condensation of homogentisate (HGA) and phytyl diphosphate (PDP) to produce tocopherols, but can also synthesize tocotrienols using geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP) in plants engineered for deregulated HGA synthesis. In contrast to prior tocotrienol biofortification efforts, engineering enhanced tocopherol concentrations in green oilseeds has proven more challenging due to the integral role of chlorophyll metabolism in supplying the PDP substrate. This study show that RNAi suppression of CHLSYN coupled with HPT overexpression increases tocopherol concentrations by >two-fold in Arabidopsis seeds. We obtained additional increases in seed tocopherol concentrations by engineering increased HGA production via overexpression of bacterial TyrA that encodes chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydrogenase activities. In overexpression lines, seed tocopherol concentrations increased nearly three-fold, and resulted in modest tocotrienol accumulation. We further increased total tocochromanol concentrations by enhancing production of HGA and GGDP by overexpression of the gene for hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD). This shifted metabolism towards increased amounts of tocotrienols relative to tocopherols, which was reflected in corresponding increases in ratios of GGDP/PDP in these seeds. Overall, our results provide a theoretical basis for genetic improvement of total tocopherol concentrations in green oilseeds (e.g., rapeseed, soybean) through strategies that include seed-suppression of CHLSYN coupled with increased HGA production.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of different harvest times of hazelnuts on their lipid profiles and bioactive compound accumulations. Tombul hazelnut cultivar was harvested at four different harvest stages, namely in PH (pre-harvest time), EH (early harvest time), NH (normal harvest time) and LH (late harvest time). According to the results of the study, oil accumulation continued up to NH but did not further increase into LH (from 49.58 to 58.54 mg/100 g). Oxidative stability indices changed positively due to decreased poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from 9.87 to 7.70% in LH. The highest total sterol amount was reached in LH (122.32 mg/100 g). Although the change in the tocopherol content in the oil was irregular with the progression of the harvest time, its amount in the nuts increased continuously. Total carotenoid, phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS) peaked in EH and decreased to a minimum in LH.

The cause and trend of color change and their links to oxidative properties were investigated by simulating shelf storage conditions for fragrant rapeseed oils (FROs). Under illumination, the L* value gradually increased with the storage time. The a* and b* values showed different trends depending on brands. The photodegradation rates of chlorophylls were 8.6 ∼ 15 times higher than those of carotenoids. The change in color of FROs was mainly caused by the light-induced photodegradation of chlorophyll. Compared with the hydroperoxides, the contents of some secondary oxidation products [i.e., 2-butenal, octane, (Z)-2-octene, 2,4-octadiene, (Z)-2-heptenal, (E, E)-2,4-heptadienal, and (E)-2-decenal] were more closely associated with the color variation with correlation coefficients of 0.6 ∼ 0.94. Significant negative correlation was found between α-tocopherol content and oil color difference. Therefore, illumination was the main reason for the color degradation of the FROs. The varying degree of color difference was strongly linked to the quality deterioration caused by oxidation.

为明确元宝枫种仁的营养成分，对元宝枫种仁含油率、粗蛋白质含量，元宝枫种仁粕中氨基酸组成及含量、矿质元素组成及元宝枫种仁油的总脂肪酸、Sn-2位脂肪酸组成及含量、生育酚含量进行测定。结果表明：元宝枫种仁的含油率为43.7%，粗蛋白质含量为35.13%；元宝枫种仁粕中含有17种氨基酸，其中7种人体必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的33.78%，是理想的蛋白质资源；元宝枫种仁粕中含有丰富的矿质元素，常量元素中K含量为6 372.8 μg/g，Na含量仅为346.5 μg/g，属于高钾低钠食品，微量元素中Mn含量较高，为68.1 μg/g，且未检出重金属元素；元宝枫种仁油主要由12种脂肪酸组成，神经酸含量达到5.89%，以亚油酸和α-亚麻酸为主的多不饱和脂肪酸主要分布在Sn-2位；元宝枫种仁油中生育酚总量为1 230.70 mg/kg，以γ-生育酚含量最高，达到792.62 mg/kg。元宝枫种仁营养丰富，可作为神经酸、生育酚和氨基酸的重要来源，其油脂可作为富含神经酸的保健食用油。 To clarify the nutritional components of Acer truncatum seed kernel, the contents of oil and crude protein in Acer truncatum seed kernel, the amino acid composition and mineral element composition of Acer truncatum seed kernel meal, the composition of total fatty acids, Sn-2 fatty acids and tocopherol content in Acer truncatum seed kernel oil were analyzed. The results showed that the contents of oil and crude protein in Acer truncatum seed kernel were 43.7% and 35.13% respectively. Acer truncatum seed kernel meal contained 17 kinds of amino acids, of which 7 kinds of essential amino acids accounted for 33.78%, and it was an ideal protein resource. Acer truncatum seed kernel meal was rich in mineral elements, with K content in major elements of 6 372.8 μg/g, and Na content of 346.5 μg/g, belonging to high potassium and low sodium food. The Mn content in trace elements was higher(68.1 μg/g), and no heavy metal element was detected. Acer truncatum seed kernel oil was mainly composed of 12 kinds of fatty acids, and the content of nervonic acid reached 5.89%. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, were mainly distributed in Sn-2 position. The total contents of tocopherols in Acer truncatum seed kernel oil was 1 230.70 mg/kg, in which γ- tocopherol content was the highest, reaching 792.62 mg/kg. Acer truncatum seed kernel is rich in nutrition and can be used as an important source of nervonic acid, tocopherol and amino acids. Acer truncatum seed kernel oil can be used as a health edible oil.

The effect of microwave pretreatment of sesame seeds on the flavor, sensory quality, nutrition, and safety of sesame oil was systematically studied to provide a theoretical foundation for the application of microwave for aroma enhancement in sesame oil. Sesame oil samples were hydraulically pressed from sesame seeds microwaved at different powers (0, 180, 360, 540, 720 and 900 W) for 6 min. A total of 91 aroma active compounds were identified in sesame oil by solvent-assisted flavor evaporation and headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry. The total concentration of heterocyclic compounds including pyrazines, pyrroles, pyridines, thiazoles, thiophenes, and furans in sesame oil were positively correlated with microwave power, while the total concentration of carbonyl compounds including aldehydes, ketones, and esters increased initially and decreased later with an increase in microwave power. The intensities of roasted sesame-like, nutty, burnt and smoky aromas, and the bitter taste of sesame oil gradually increased, while the intensities of earthy, woody, and green odors decreased. The oil yield of microwave-pretreated sesame seeds (30.02%–31.93%), which was higher than that of raw sesame seeds (24.89%), was positively correlated with microwave power. Microwave pretreatment increased the nitrogen solubility index (NSI, from 11.7% to 18.07%) of sesame meal and the concentration of tocopherol in sesame oil (from 392.18 to 462.92 mg/kg). The highest NSI and tocopherol content appeared after 540 and 700 W microwave pretreatment, respectively. The concentrations of sesamin (13.01–15.78 mg/100 g), heterocyclic amines (HCAs, 33.19–143.88 ng/g), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, 0.40–9.03 ng/g) in sesame oil were positively correlated with microwave power. The concentrations of PAHs and HCAs in sesame oil did not exceed the Chinese national standard limit. In summary, appropriate microwave pretreatment can provide sesame oil with a rich flavor, improve its nutritional value and oxidation stability, and increase the utilization value of sesame meal protein. Therefore, microwave pretreatment is highly advantageous and promising for application in aroma enhancement in sesame oil l and high-value utilization of sesame meal protein.

Despite routine supplementation of dairy cattle with vitamins with antioxidant functions, such as α-tocopherol, the high energy demand of the transition period creates a pro-oxidant state that can overcome antioxidant defenses and damage macromolecules. Known as oxidative stress, this condition impairs host immune defenses, predisposing cattle to disease and causing dysfunctional inflammation through a dysregulated production of lipid inflammatory mediators known as oxylipids. Non-α-tocopherol analogs of vitamin E have functions in other species that limit oxidative stress and dysfunctional inflammation but have largely remained unstudied in cattle. As non-α-tocopherol analogs of vitamin E have functions similar to α-tocopherol yet are more rapidly metabolized, they may provide further antioxidative functions with a reduced risk for adverse effects. Indeed, in vitro and in vivo evidence in cattle show a strong safety profile of most non-α-tocopherol analogs, and by several measures, non-α-tocopherol analogs present equally or more potent antioxidative activities than α-tocopherol alone. Further, vitamin E analogs are shown to compete with certain fatty acids for enzymatic metabolism, which may impact proinflammatory mediator production. Given that non-α-tocopherol analogs of vitamin E reduce the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and act as potent antioxidants, their safety and efficacy for these purposes should be further evaluated in cattle.

Dragon fruit is gaining its popularity in all over the world. The seed of the dragon fruit is highly nutritious in terms of essential fatty acid. The utilization of seed oils is getting increasingly common these days. In this work, a comparative analysis was undertaken for control and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) samples, using the RSM-CCD (Response Surface Methodology – Central composite Design) design, to determine the influences power and time on dragon fruit seed oil's Yield, PV, DPPH, and polyphenol content. The optimization was done, where the extraction yield (34.30 %), PV (3.23 me quiiv O2/kg), DPPH (69.65 %), and polyphenol (96.71 mg GAE/g) was observed. While comparing with the control sample the antioxidant activity of the seed oil in terms of (%DPPH, FRAP and ORAC) was better in microwave treated sample. The saturated fatty acid is 25 % with a monounsaturated fatty acid 20 % and Polyunsaturated fatty acid of 55 %. High amount of tocopherol content was determined having 93 % of γ -tocopherol. Dragon fruit seed oil has the possibility to be a good source for the functional components in the near future due to the presence of antioxidant compounds and essential fats.

Background: Nano-vitamins and minerals are used in animal nutrition to improve performance and health of broiler chickens as a potential alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. Objective: To evaluate the effect of several levels of a dietary nano α-tocopherol acetate plus selenium compound (NTS) on growth, intestinal histomorphometry, carcass traits, and immune status of broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 240 one-day-old Ross 308 chickens were randomly divided into four groups, each one with three pens (n=20 per pen). Four doses of nano α-tocopherol acetate and selenium (0, 5, 7, and 10 mg/kg) were included in the basal diet for 42 days. Results: Final body weight, cumulative body weight gain, and final conversion ratio significantly improved with increasing NTS levels (p

Peony seed oil, known for its high nutritional value and low production yield, has become a crucial component in high-quality health products. Consequently, enhancing the extraction efficiency of peony seed oil has become an industry objective. Pulse electric field (PEF) technology, as a non-thermal extraction method, has shown promising advancements in improving plant oil yield by enhancing cell permeability. In this study, we designed a static parallel plate PEF treatment unit to process peony seed particles. By manipulating pulse voltage parameters, we investigated the effects of particle size and PEF strength on the oil yield. We also analyzed and evaluated tocopherol in the oil before and after treatment. The results demonstrated that PEF significantly increased the oil yield. Both treated and control groups exhibited gradually increased oil yields with decreasing particle size until reaching saturation at a certain particle size. Increasing voltage frequency did not have a significant impact on the oil yield; however, increasing voltage amplitude resulted in an optimal point for maximum oil yield. Analysis of oil composition indicated that PEF appropriately increased tocopherol content. These findings provide a foundation for further optimization of PEF parameters to assist in extracting peony seed oil and facilitate its industrial application.

Cationic dendritic amphiphiles were prepared through the linkage of interesting hydrophobic molecules such as cholesterol or vitamin E to the focal point of carbosilane dendrons. These new dendritic systems self-assembled in saline, producing micellar aggregates with hydrodynamic diameters ranging from 6.5 to 9.2 nm, and critical micelle concentrations of approximately 5 and 10 μM for second- and third-generation systems, respectively. The assemblies were able to encapsulate drugs of different charges (anionic, neutral, and cationic). Surprisingly, a 92% encapsulation efficiency for diclofenac was achieved in micelles prepared from second-generation dendrons. Toxicity measurements on peripheral blood mononuclear cells indicated different behavior depending on the generation, corresponding to the micellar regime. In contrast to the third-generation system, the second-generation system was non-toxic up to 20 μM, opening a window for its use in a micellar regimen, thereby operating as a drug delivery system for different biomedical applications.

High-oleic palm oil is a food-grade oil with desirable properties, as it is characterised by having an oleic acid concentration above 50 % and a high vitamin E and provitamin A content. This study investigated the effect of different combinations of two wall materials (whey protein (WP) and Capsul®, a commercial octenyl succinic anhydride modified starch (OSA-MS)) on the concentration of provitamin A, vitamin E and oleic acid, and the physical properties of high oleic palm oil emulsions encapsulated by Refractance Window drying technology. Wall material composition significantly affected (p

Lipid oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids is the main cause of quality reduction in nuts. To protect the quality of walnut kernels, edible coatings play an important role. Fresh kernels were coated with sodium alginate added with α-tocopherol at concentrations 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75% (w/v) and assessed for moisture content, weight loss percentage, firmness, oxidative stability, nutraceutical potential, color and microbial stability. The results showed that coatings significantly reduced weight loss percentage (20.17 to 11.88 %), peroxide value (2.5 to 1.84 meq o2 /kg), free fatty acid content (1.4 to 0.9 % oleic acid) and microbial count (3.2 to 1.9 log cfu/g) compared to control. In addition, coatings effectively retained total phenolic content (0.88 to 1.07 GAE g−1), DPPH radical scavenging activity (60.13 to 75.12%) and maintained firmness (1.8 to 2.5 N). Alginate enriched emulsion coatings preserved the kernel pellicle color (L* and b*) value and presented high overall acceptable score than the control. Therefore, it is determined that sodium alginate enriched with antioxidants coating could be used as a natural preservative coating material to maintain the postharvest quality of fresh walnut kernels.

BackgroundTocotrienols and tocopherols, which are synthesized in plastids of plant cells with similar functionalities, comprise vitamin E to serve as a potent lipid-soluble antioxidant in plants. The synthesis of tocopherols involves the condensation of homogentisic acid (HGA) and phytyl diphosphate (PDP) under the catalysis of homogentisate phytyltransferase (HPT). Tocotrienol synthesis is initiated by the condensation of HGA and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP) mediated by homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase (HGGT). As one of the most important oil crops, canola seed is regarded as an ideal plant to efficiently improve the production of vitamin E tocochromanols through genetic engineering approaches. However, only a modest increase in tocopherol content has been achieved in canola seed to date.MethodsIn this study, we transformed barley HGGT (HvHGGT) into canola to improve total tocochromanol content in canola seeds.Results and discussionThe results showed that the total tocochromanol content in the transgenic canola seeds could be maximally increased by fourfold relative to that in wild-type canola seeds. Notably, no negative impact on important agronomic traits was observed in transgenic canola plants, indicating great application potential of the HvHGGT gene in enhancing tocochromanol content in canola in the future. Moreover, the oil extracted from the transgenic canola seeds exhibited significantly enhanced oxidative stability under high temperature in addition to the increase in total tocochromanol content, demonstrating multiple desirable properties of HvHGGT.

Active forms of oxygen are formed in the course of the organism's vital activity in biochemical reactions. These forms, when the pro/antioxidant balance is disturbed, trigger a cascade of lipid peroxidation, which can be the cause of the development of various pathological conditions. To prevent the negative influence of lipid peroxidation products in the body, a powerful antioxidant system is activated. This system consists of an enzymatic and a non-enzymatic link. An important aspect of the normal functioning of this system is the provision of the body with important trace elements. A number of minerals are included in the active center of antioxidant enzymes or have an effect on the reactions of non-enzymatic antioxidants. Research was conducted on fattening bulls of the Ukrainian meat breed. During the monitoring of microelements in feed, it was found that the vast majority of farm feed was deficient in copper, selenium and manganese and for this reason the animals consumed an insufficient amount of these minerals. These data were confirmed by the low content of these trace elements in blood serum. The addition of inorganic salts of microelements to the basic diet led to an increase in the concentration of copper, manganese and selenium in the blood serum by 20.5%, 37.3% and 23.9%. The study of the content of lipid peroxidation products showed that during the 30 days of the experiment, the level of lipid hydroperoxide increased by 25.5%, diene conjugates by 22.8%, and malonic dialdehyde by 22.0%. This indicates that against the background of increased age-related metabolism in the body of young animals, the oxidation-reduction reactions that are a predictor of the start of peroxidation processes increase. It was also noted that with a deficiency of certain trace elements, the activity of both the enzymatic and non-enzymatic links of the antioxidant system was reduced. Thus, in 30 days, the level of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase decreased by 9.4%, 15.3%, and 13.0%, respectively. During this time, the content of tocopherol and ceruloplasmin decreased by 16.8% and 9.8%. Additives also had a positive effect on the activity of the antioxidant system by increasing its components. Additives of trace elements had different effects on the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The greatest effect on the level of catalase and superoxide dismutase was observed when copper salts were added, when the increase of these enzymes was noted by 1.11 and 1.23 times, respectively. Accordingly, the level of glutathione peroxidase was the highest in animals that received additional selenium – 1.21 times. The addition of copper also had the greatest biological effect on the important non-enzymatic component of antioxidant protection – ceruloplasmin. Its level increased by 1.24 times under the action of copper sulfate. The level of tocopherol was higher under the action of manganese, when its concentration was 1.11 times higher than the control. Against this background, there was a decrease in the products of lipid peroxidation: lipid hydroperoxides – 1.19 times under the action of selenium; diene conjugates – by 1.22 times and malonіс dialdehyde – by 1.11 times under the influence of copper and manganese compounds, respectively.

Abstract Since a 2014 meta-analysis, several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effect of vitamin E intake on glycemic indices and insulin resistance in adults with diabetes have reached inconsistent conclusions. Therefore, we updated the previous meta-analysis to summarize the current evidence in this regard. Online databases including PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched to identify relevant studies published up to September 30, 2021, using relevant keywords. Random-effects models were used to obtain overall mean difference (MD) comparing vitamin E intake with a control group. In total, 38 RCTs with a total sample size of 2171 diabetic patients (1110 in vitamin E groups and 1061 in control groups) were included. Combining the results from 28 RCTs on fasting blood glucose, 32 RCTs on HbA1c, 13 RCTs on fasting insulin, and 9 studies on homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) showed a summary MD of -3.35 mg/dL (95% CI: -8.10 to 1.40, P = 0.16), -0.21% (95% CI: -0.33 to -0.09, P = 0.001), -1.05 µIU/mL (95% CI: -1.53 to -0.58, P

Polyethylene (PE) liners are a common bearing surface of orthopaedic prostheses. Wear particles of ultra-high molecular weight PE (UHMWPE) contribute to periprosthetic osteolysis, a major cause of aseptic loosening. Vitamin E is added to some PE liners to prevent oxidative degradation. Osteocytes, an important cell type for controlling both bone mineralisation and bone resorption, have been shown to respond UHMWPE particles by upregulating pro-osteoclastogenic and osteocytic osteolysis. Here, we examined the effects of the vitamin E analogues α-tocopherol and γ-tocotrienol alone or in the context of UHMWPE particles on human osteocyte gene expression and mineralisation behaviour. Human osteoblasts differentiated to an osteocyte-like stage were exposed to UHMWPE wear particles in the presence or absence of either α-Tocopherol or γ-Tocotrienol. Both α-Tocopherol and γ-Tocotrienol induced antioxidant-related gene expression. UHMWPE particles independently upregulated antioxidant gene expression, suggesting an effect of wear particles on oxidative stress. Both vitamin E analogues strongly induced OPG mRNA expression and γ-Tocotrienol also inhibited RANKL mRNA expression, resulting in a significantly reduced RANKL:OPG mRNA ratio (p < 0.01) overall. UHMWPE particles reversed the suppressive effect of α-Tocopherol but not of γ-Tocotrienol on this pro-osteoclastogenic index. UHMWPE particles also upregulated osteocytic-osteolysis related gene expression. Vitamin E analogues alone or in combination with UHMWPE particles also resulted in upregulation of these genes. Consistent with this, both vitamin E analogues promoted calcium release from mineralised cultures of osteocyte-like cells. Our findings suggest that while vitamin E may suppress osteocyte support of osteoclastogenesis in the presence of UHMWPE particles, the antioxidant effect may induce osteocytic osteolysis, which could promote periprosthetic osteolysis. It will be important to conduct further studies of vitamin E to determine the long-term effects of its inclusion in prosthetic materials.

The quality of food has a significant impact on human health and longevity. Antioxidants are found in large quantities in herbaceous plants. Therefore, foods with high antioxidant activity can be considered one aspect of their quality. Antioxidants, in turn, are a form of activity that inhibits the free-radical oxidative processes that occur in living organisms. Consumption of foods high in antioxidants helps maintain normal human health. Antioxidants are used as food supplements or in prepared meals. Therefore, this article discusses the preparation of food using herbs with high antioxidant activity, based on which the antioxidant content of the finished food, vitamin E indicators. Especially in terms of antioxidant content, it is contained in higher amounts in sweet mint bread products than in dill.

Purification of extracts from the etiolated seedlings of runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus), coupled with mass spectrometry analysis of proteins revealed that the enzyme responsible for tocopherol oxidation activity is lipoxygenase, an enzyme known for enzymatic lipid peroxidation of unsaturated lipids. Biochemical analysis of the activity, along with the expression profile of three LOX isoforms (LOX1, LOX2, LOX3) in various parts of the etiolated seedlings, revealed that LOX3 was the major isoform expressed in the epicotyls, indicating that this isoform was responsible for the tocopherol oxidation activity; in the primary leaves, besides LOX3, the other two isoforms might have also contributed to the activity. The experiments performed in the model systems showed that unsaturated lipids were not required for the tocopherol oxidase activity, but that lipids were necessary to provide an optimal, hydrophobic environment of the substrate for the reaction. The experiments on lipoxygenase and tocopherol oxidase activities in the leaves of light-grown P. coccineus plants during aging and during storage of the extracts from etiolated seedlings showed that the activity of the first reaction decreased considerably faster than the latter, indicating different mechanisms of both reactions performed by the same enzyme. As LOX3 was shown to occur in the apoplast of the related species P. vulgaris, the question as to the physiological function of LOX3 in the tocopherol oxidation activity in P. coccineus is discussed.

Gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase (γ-TMT), a key gene in the vitamin E biosynthesis pathway, significantly influences the accumulation of tocochromanols, thereby determining rice nutritional quality. In our study, we analyzed the γ-TMT gene in 475 Korean rice accessions, uncovering 177 genetic variants, including 138 SNPs and 39 InDels. Notably, two functional SNPs, tmt-E2-28,895,665-G/A and tmt-E4-28,896,689-A/G, were identified, causing substitutions from valine to isoleucine and arginine to glycine, respectively, across 93 accessions. A positive Tajima’s D value in the indica group suggests a signature of balancing selection. Haplotype analysis revealed 27 haplotypes, with two shared between cultivated and wild accessions, seven specific to cultivated accessions, and 18 unique to wild types. Further, profiling of vitamin E isomers in 240 accessions and their association with haplotypes revealed that Hap_2, distinguished by an SNP in the 3′ UTR (tmt-3UTR-28,897,360-T/A) exhibited significantly lower α-tocopherol (AT), α-tocotrienol (AT3), total tocopherol, and total tocotrienol, but higher γ-tocopherol (GT) in the japonica group. Additionally, in the indica group, Hap_2 showed significantly higher AT, AT3, and total tocopherol, along with lower GT and γ-tocotrienol, compared to Hap_19, Hap_20, and Hap_21. Overall, this study highlights the genetic landscape of γ-TMT and provides a valuable genetic resource for haplotype-based breeding programs aimed at enhancing nutritional profiles.

Salmorejo, a Mediterranean tomato-oil puree, is considered a dietary source of antioxidant vitamins C and E and carotenoids lycopene and β-carotene, the latter endowed with provitamin A activity. However, these antioxidants can be degraded in oxidation reactions catalysed or not by enzymes during pasteurisation and storage treatments used to stabilise the salmorejo before consumption. Due to its better penetration, the use of dielectric heating by radiofrequency (RF) may improve results of pasteurisation in this product. The objective was to assess the effects of pasteurisation temperature (70–100 °C, at 5 °C intervals) and storage time (0–5 months, at one-month intervals) on levels of ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol and carotenoids and antioxidant capacity (AC) in salmorejo pasteurised (over 10 s) by conventional (CH) or RF continuous heating. Two successive experiments were conducted to select an adequate pasteurisation temperature for use in the shelf-life study. Pasteurisation upon tested conditions allows a good retention of salmorejo antioxidants. Either CH or RF pasteurisers can be used with similar results. Vitamin C (L-ascorbic + dehydroascorbic acids) was more abundant (15–19 mg 100 g−1) than carotenoids (0.9–2.6 mg 100 g−1) (all-trans + cis lycopene and β-carotene) and α-tocopherol (0.8–1.2 mg 100 g−1) in the pasteurised product. Using excessively low temperatures (70 °C) resulted in partial losses of the three antioxidants, possibly due to oxidase residual activities. Intensifying thermal treatment improved this issue with minor losses of the thermolabile vitamin C and increased carotenoid content. Using a suitable temperature (80 °C) did not prevent most vitamin C from being degraded by the first month, while α-tocopherol, and, to a lesser extent, carotenoids, showed good retention levels during shelf life under refrigeration. Vitamins C and E and carotenoids, either by degradation, regeneration or releasing, likely contribute to the AC in salmorejo. Phenolic antioxidant response, radical-scavenging activities and redox potential values confirmed this finding. The pasteurised-chilled salmorejo shows good antioxidant properties with potential health implications, a positive nutritional aspect for consumers of this tomato-oil homogenate. The losses of antioxidants and AC due to pasteurization would be of little relevance compared to the losses accumulated during shelf life.

Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of blindness in the elderly. Oxidative stress contributes to retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) dysfunction and cell death thereby leading to AMD. Using improved RPE cell model systems, such as human telomerase transcriptase-overexpressing (hTERT) RPE cells (hTERT-RPE), pathophysiological changes in RPE during oxidative stress can be better understood. Using this model system, we identified changes in the expression of proteins involved in the cellular antioxidant responses after induction of oxidative stress. Some antioxidants such as vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols) are powerful antioxidants that can reduce oxidative damage in cells. Alpha-tocopherol (α-Toc or αT) and gamma-tocopherol (γ-Toc or γT) are well-studied tocopherols, but signaling mechanisms underlying their respective cytoprotective properties may be distinct. Here, we determined what effect oxidative stress, induced by extracellularly applied tBHP in the presence and absence of αT and/or γT, has on the expression of antioxidant proteins and related signaling networks. Using proteomics approaches, we identified differential protein expression in cellular antioxidant response pathways during oxidative stress and after tocopherol treatment. We identified three groups of proteins based on biochemical function: glutathione metabolism/transfer, peroxidases and redox-sensitive proteins involved in cytoprotective signaling. We found that oxidative stress and tocopherol treatment resulted in unique changes in these three groups of antioxidant proteins indicate that αT and γT independently and by themselves can induce the expression of antioxidant proteins in RPE cells. These results provide novel rationales for potential therapeutic strategies to protect RPE cells from oxidative stress.

In humans and animals, offspring of allergic mothers have increased responsiveness to allergens. This is blocked in mice by maternal supplementation with α-tocopherol (αT). Also, adults and children with allergic asthma have airway microbiome dysbiosis with increased Proteobacteria and may have decreased Bacteroidota. It is not known whether αT alters neonate development of lung microbiome dysbiosis or whether neonate lung dysbiosis modifies development of allergy. To address this, the bronchoalveolar lavage was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene analysis (bacterial microbiome) from pups of allergic and non-allergic mothers with a basal diet or αT-supplemented diet. Before and after allergen challenge, pups of allergic mothers had dysbiosis in lung microbial composition with increased Proteobacteria and decreased Bacteroidota and this was blocked by αT supplementation. We determined whether intratracheal transfer of pup lung dysbiotic microbial communities modifies the development of allergy in recipient pups early in life. Interestingly, transfer of dysbiotic lung microbial communities from neonates of allergic mothers to neonates of non-allergic mothers was sufficient to confer responsiveness to allergen in the recipient pups. In contrast, neonates of allergic mothers were not protected from development of allergy by transfer of donor lung microbial communities from either neonates of non-allergic mothers or neonates of αT-supplemented allergic mothers. These data suggest that the dysbiotic lung microbiota is dominant and sufficient for enhanced neonate responsiveness to allergen. Importantly, infants within the INHANCE cohort with an anti-inflammatory profile of tocopherol isoforms had an altered microbiome composition compared to infants with a pro-inflammatory profile of tocopherol isoforms. These data may inform design of future studies for approaches in the prevention or intervention in asthma and allergic disease early in life.