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Abstract In the paper, an optical fiber sensor based on a seven-core fiber composite structure is presented, which enables dual-parameter sensing of bending and temperature. The proposed structure is fabricated by combining the strongly-coupled seven-core fibers (SC-SCFs) and a weakly-coupled seven-core fiber (WC-SCF). The SC-SCF acts as a beam coupler and enhances the Mach-Zehnder interference, while the WC-SCF serves as the enhanced section of another Mach-Zehnder interference. Therefore, the spectrum response of the fiber structure mentioned above exhibits a superposition effect of two Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs). Among them, two dips corresponding to different MZIs are used to measure bending and temperature. The experimental results show the bending sensitivity and temperature sensitivity of the two MZIs are −4.238 nm/m−1, −2.263 nm/m−1, 0.047 nm/°C, and 0.064 nm/°C, respectively. It proves that our sensor is very sensitive to bending. Through the dual-wavelength matrix method, the bending and temperature can be measured simultaneously. With the benefit of the composite structure, low cost, and ease of fabrication, the proposed sensor can be used in harsh environments.

Abstract Extreme short-duration rainfall is intensifying with climate warming, and growing evidence suggests that subhourly rainfall extremes are increasing faster than more widely studied durations at hourly and daily timescales. In this case study, we used 55 years (1968–2022) of 5-min precipitation data from Mahantango Creek, a long-term experimental agricultural watershed in east-central Pennsylvania, United States, to examine annual and seasonal changes in subhourly (15-min), hourly, and daily rainfall extremes. Specifically, we evaluated temporal trends in the magnitude and frequency of subhourly, hourly, and daily rainfall extremes. We then estimated apparent scaling rates between rainfall extremes and dew point temperature (Td) and compared these rates to the Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) rate (∼ 7% per °C). We also determined the coincidence of extreme rainfall trends with indicators of atmospheric instability and convective-type precipitation. Overall, we found the most significant changes in rainfall extremes at 15-min durations during the spring, with magnitudes of these subhourly extremes increasing by 0.6 to 0.9% per year, and frequencies rising by 3.4% per year. Apparent scaling rates in the spring showed that 15-min rainfall extremes transitioned from sub-CC scaling to greater than 2CC scaling when Td reached 11° C, implying a possible shift from stratiform rains to more intense convective rains above this Td threshold. Notably, trends in maximum hourly convective available potential energy (CAPE) increased during spring, as did the ratio of 15-min rainfall extremes to their corresponding daily rainfall totals. Findings indicate that convective-type precipitation may be playing an increasing role in the intensification of springtime 15-min rainfall extremes in Mahantango Creek.

Abstract Objective Maintaining normothermia is crucial for neonatal survival, especially in preterm infants prone to temperature instability. This study evaluates the correlation and variability between axillary and rectal temperatures at Neonatal Intensive Care (NICU) admission across gestational age ranges of 23–28, 29–32, 33–36, and ≥ 37 weeks, aiming to inform improved neonatal thermal management strategies. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, from October 2023 to April 2024, involving 160 infants. Admission temperatures were measured using digital thermometers. Data analysis included ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis for continuous variables, Chi-square tests for categorical data, Bland-Altman method for agreement assessment, and Pearson correlation coefficients to evaluate temperature correlations. Results Mean axillary temperature increased from 36.4 °C in the 23–28 weeks gestational group, to 36.5 °C in the 29–32 weeks group, and to 36.7 °C in the 33–36 weeks and ≥ 37 weeks groups, (p = 0.033). Rectal temperature increased from 36.5 °C in the 23–28 weeks group, to 36.6 °C in the 29–32 weeks group, and reached 36.8 °C in both the 33–36 weeks and ≥ 37 weeks groups (p = 0.006). Notable differences between measurement methods were observed in the 33–36 and ≥ 37 weeks groups (p

Abstract Background The study focuses on the effect of temperature and relative humidity on hospitalization for acute lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in children, respectively. Methods In this study, the Distributed Lag Nonlinear Model (DLNM) based on quasi-Poisson distribution was used to investigate the effect of temperature and relative humidity on LRTI hospitalization in children, and subgroup analyses were conducted to identify sensitive populations by gender and age. Results A total of 43,951 children were hospitalized for LRTI from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2019 in Lanzhou. The mean temperature during the study period was 11.34 °C and the mean relative humidity was 51.03%. With reference to the median temperature of 12.7 °C during the study period, both low (-4.1 °C) and high (25.43 °C) temperature had a detrimental effect on LRTI hospitalization, and the maximum effect was reached at lag0-10 and lag0-9, respectively, with RR values of 1.645 (95%CI: 1.533, 1.764) and 1.098 (95%CI: 1.018, 1.184). With a reference to the median relative humidity of 51.17% during the study period, both low relative humidity (26.71%) and high relative humidity (76.70%, P95) had a detrimental effect on LRTI hospitalization, and the maximum effect was reached at lag0-21 and lag21, respectively, with RR values of 1.235 (95% CI: 1.163, 1.311) and 1.044 (95% CI: 1.036, 1.051). The results of subgroup analyses showed that changes in meteorological factors had a stronger effect on Female and children aged 5–14 years. Conclusions The meteorological factors all have different degrees of influence on LRTI hospitalization in children. Girls and the children aged 5–14 years are more sensitive. Attention to these meteorological risks can inform targeted interventions.

In order to study the influence of temperature on the gas seepage law in loose coal bodies in goaf, gas seepage characteristics experiments were conducted on three types of coal samples, namely anthracite, bituminous coal, and lignite, under different temperature conditions using a self-developed loose coal temperature seepage comprehensive experimental platform, and COMSOL Multiphysics was used to simulate the gas seepage process through bituminous coal under constant temperature and continuous heating conditions. By studying the gas seepage law when there is a local heat source in the loose coal body in the goaf, a temperature based on gas seepage model for the loose coal body was established. Under constant temperature conditions ranging from 30 ℃ to 80 ℃, when air passes through loose and broken anthracite, bituminous coal, and lignite at a speed of less than 1.0 cm/s, it follows the linear Darcy flow law, and the pressure gradient gradually increases with the increase of specific flow rate; the permeability of coal decreases with increasing temperature, and the permeability changes of different coal samples vary with increasing temperature, and brown coal>bituminous coal>anthracite; as the temperature increases, the temperature distribution and permeability distribution inside the coal pillar can be approximated as an “ellipsoidal shell” near the gas outlet.

Abstract Low temperatures are a key factor affecting the growth, development, and geographical distribution of prickly ash. This study investigated the impact of ecological and geographical factors on the freezing tolerance of prickly ash germplasm. Thirty-seven germplasm samples from 18 different origins were collected, and their freezing tolerance was comprehensively evaluated. The correlation between freezing tolerance and the ecological and geographical factors of their origins was also analyzed. Significant differences in freezing tolerance were observed among germplasm from different origins. The semi-lethal temperature of the germplasm ranged from − 12.37 to 1.08 °C. As temperatures decreased, the relative conductivity (REC) and catalase (CAT) activity of the germplasm gradually increased, while soluble sugar (SS), soluble protein (SP), free proline (Pro), and Peroxidase (POD) activities decreased and then increased. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity initially increased and then decreased. A comprehensive evaluation of freezing tolerance was conducted using a logistic equation, membership function, and cluster analysis. Germplasm from Tongchuan and Hancheng (Shaanxi Province, China), Asakura (Japan), and Yuncheng (Shanxi Province, China) exhibited the highest freezing tolerance, whereas those from Rongchang (Chongqing Municipality, China), Qujing (Yunnan Province, China), and Honghe (Yunnan Province, China) had the lowest. The correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between freezing tolerance and latitude, and a significant negative correlation with the temperature of origin. Germplasm from higher latitudes showed higher SS content, SOD and CAT activities, stronger antioxidant enzyme activity, and better freezing tolerance compared to those from lower latitudes. REC was lower in germplasm originating from low-temperature areas than in those from high-temperature areas. Additionally, SP, Pro content, SOD, and POD activities were higher, indicating effective scavenging of active oxygen free radicals. No significant correlation was found between altitude and longitude of origin and freezing tolerance. However, at similar latitudes, prickly ash from higher altitudes displayed higher antioxidant enzyme activity and stronger freezing tolerance compared to those from lower altitudes. These findings provide a scientific basis for breeding prickly ash cultivars suited to different ecological regions.

ZW61 magnesium alloy has a wide range of application prospects as a lightweight green engineering material. In this paper, the temperature field and microstructure of gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) for ZW61 magnesium alloy are simulated by the finite element method and the cellular automata (CA) method. The results show that the microstructure in the center of the fusion zone (FZ) is all equiaxed grains affected by compositional supercooling. While at the edge of the molten pool, the crystals produced by associative crystallization evolve into columnar grains after undergoing competitive growth. Furthermore, the temperature field of the molten pool alters as the welding heat input increases. Especially, the temperature gradient behind the molten pool slows down. Thus, the cooling rate during solidification of the molten pool decreases, increasing the size of the weld microstructure. Meanwhile, solute concentration plays an essential role in the weld microstructure evolution. The rise in Zn content both refines the size of the equiaxed grains and inhibits the growth of the columnar crystals. Moreover, the experimental results of the thermal cycling curves and the FZ microstructure exhibit minimal error with the simulation results, verifying the reliability of the model.

Abstract Large‐eddy simulation (LES) has been adopted to study wind turbine wakes because it can capture fine‐scale details of turbulent wind flows and interactions with wind turbines. Here, we use the LES version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with an actuator disk model to gain insights on several wake effects that have been traditionally difficult to measure. The first finding is that the wake has a “dual nature,” meaning that the wind speed deficit behaves differently from the added turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and the two are not co‐located in space. For example, the wind speed deficit peaks at hub height and reaches the ground within 8D (D is the rotor diameter), but added TKE peaks near the rotor tip and generally remains aloft. Second, temperature changes near the ground are driven by the added TKE in the rotor area and by atmospheric stability. The combination of these two factors determines the sign and intensity of the vertical heat flux divergence below the rotor, with convergence and warming associated with stable conditions and weak divergence and modest cooling with unstable conditions. Third, wakes do not expand indefinitely, as suggested by similarity theory applied to the wind speed deficit, but eventually stop expanding and actually contract, at different rates depending on atmospheric stability. The implication of these findings is that, in order to study wakes, it is not sufficient to focus on wind speed deficit alone, because TKE is also important and yet behaves differently from the wind speed deficit.

Climate change negatively affects arthropod biodiversity worldwide. Mitigating the resulting arthropod decline is a great challenge. Dwarf shrubs in open areas might buffer microclimatic extremities by reducing the solar radiation reaching the ground and weakening air circulation near the soil surface. Forest steppes are mosaics of forests and grasslands covering a vast area in Eurasia. This heterogeneous ecosystem offers the opportunity to study the effect of small habitat features, i.e. dwarf shrubs, in dry grasslands and compare the fauna of rosemary-leaved willow (Salix rosmarinifolia) shrubs with forest patch interiors, open grasslands and their edges. We hypothesized that the dwarf shrub microhabitat has a wetter and cooler microclimate than open grassland and a different spider community composition than other forest-steppe microhabitats. We recorded microclimatic parameters with data loggers, measured soil moisture with TDR and collected ground-dwelling spiders with pitfall traps. We detected the highest soil moisture (6.26 ± 1.21%, mean ± 95% confidence interval) and air humidity (80.19 ± 3.19%) in forests and the lowest in grasslands (4.36 ± 0.65%; 66.59 ± 2.53%, respectively). The warmest microhabitats were grasslands (23.23 ± 0.51°C), whereas the coolest microhabitats were forests (18.92 ± 0.41°C). The distinct microclimate of dwarf shrubs was cooler (21.46 ± 0.41°C) and moister (5.43 ± 0.53%) than the surrounding semi-desert like grassland. Furthermore, we found a different spider community composition and trait state composition of spiders in forests, edges, grasslands and dwarf shrub microhabitats. Forests (9.90 ± 0.95) and edges (11.44 ± 1.27) hosted a higher species richness than grasslands (7.08 ± 4.27) and dwarf shrubs (5.09 ± 1.33). We collected larger spiders on the edges than in dwarf shrub microhabitats. The dwarf shrubs hosted a different microclimate and spider community composition from the grassland. Climate change in the forest-steppe region is assumed to be driven by a combination of warming and drying. In the coming decades, drought frequency and severity are predicted to increase. Woody vegetation, even dwarf shrubs, creates a thermal and moisture heterogeneity that might aid arthropods in buffering macroclimatic warming through behavioural thermoregulation. Therefore, their presence on grasslands can benefit the conservation of specialised grassland arthropods.

Extended Abstract Background: Climate changes can significantly affect socioeconomic activities and quality of life, especially in countries that are currently facing water tensions. Climate models play a key role in assessing the impact of climate change and developing adaptation and resilience strategies. Considering the importance of food security and then water security in resilience against climate change, as well as the significant contribution of Mazandaran province in the production of agricultural products and food supply of the country, it is very important to examine the drought situation of this province and its climate change process. In this study, therefore, the wet and dry durations in the 20-year base period of Mazandaran province were evaluated using the standardized standard precipitation index. Then, projections of temperature and precipitation at the local scale were made in future periods using the five global circulation models (GCM) available in phase 6 of the climate output project (CMIP6) under three scenarios SSP2.6, SSP4.5, and SSP8.5. Methods: In this research, six meteorological stations, viz. Ramsar, Noshahr, Siyabisheh, Babolsar, and Qarakhil, were selected due to the coverage of the most statistical years and suitable spatial distribution in the region. Time series of precipitation and daily maximum/minimum temperatures were collected for six selected stations in the region with a base statistical period of 20 years (January 1999 to December 2018). After ensuring the quality of the data, the trend of their changes was analyzed using Mann-Kendall and age slope tests. Standard precipitation index values were calculated and evaluated in different intervals. Finally, large-scale data from five general circulation models (ACCESS-CM2, CanESM2, CNRM-CM-6-1, MRI-ESM2-0, and NESM3) were downscaled by the LARS-WG6 climate generator. Thus, predictions of seasonal and annual changes for Tmax, Tmin, and precipitation in two future periods (2040-2060 and 2080-2100) were made using the average of selected GCMs. Results: As a result of the statistical analysis of the above data, minimum and maximum temperatures increased and precipitation decreased during the standard period, but no significant trend was found at the 0.05 level. The analysis also shows that the state's worst droughts occurred in 2007, 2009, late 2011, early 2012, and 2018, with SPI values below-1.0 at stations. The wettest years in the region are 2004-2006 and 2017. The frequency of wet periods is higher than dry periods for all seasons in the region. In the microscale aspect, the results confirmed the ability of the LARS-WG6 model to simulate temperature more accurately than local precipitation, with more precipitation errors in wet seasons. Among these results, the lowest value of the correlation coefficient (0.941) was obtained for maximum and minimum monthly temperatures, which means that the squared error value is between 1.05 and 3.82°C. The largest differences between modeled precipitation and observations occurred during the rainy season when GCMs underestimated precipitation. The analysis of future climate changes revealed that all five GCMs indicated a continued increase in temperature in the study area. However, differences in the magnitude of signal changes were observed in different GCMs and SSPs. These predicted temperature changes are significant and reliable because all models agree on the direction of temperature change across the province. Overall, the increase in average Tmax and Tmin is significant in SSP8.5 compared to SSP4.5 because of no reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, the largest mean changes in the SSP8.5 scenario for 2050 and 2090 at the provincial level for maximum temperature are increases of 2.64 and 4.72 °C during spring, and the largest mean changes in minimum temperature were calculated to rise to 2.97 and 4.83 °C during autumn. Future changes in precipitation proved to be more complex and unpredictable than temperature. The largest incremental changes in local precipitation in 2090 under the SSP4.5 (40.5%) and SSP8.5 (51.9%)scenarios were shown by the Ramsar station. In the study area, it is projected 38.86% and 43.95% on average in the feature period (2040-2060) and 45.11% and 65.94% in the feature period (2080-2100) under SSP4.5 and SSP8.5. Thus, the results of this study show that the shift toward wetter seasons at the provincial level in the future will cause more precipitation in the western part of the province. Conclusion: Examining the drought situation in the base period shows the occurrence of periods with near-normal rainfall in longer intervals, and Sari and Qarakhail stations report more drought than stations in the west of the province. All GCM forecasting models presented the same results in significant warming trends in this province. For precipitation, however, it is suggested to investigate other models in this regard due to the sensitivity of the issue and the uncertainties involved in the issue. Considering the effect of changes in temperature parameters and precipitation on water resources and floods in the region, it is necessary to adopt suitable management strategies for the future to be resilient against climate change.

BackgroundInjury is a major public health issue, and studying the correlation between temperature and injury in the context of climate change is of great significance for injury prevention and control.ObjectiveTo analyze the association between temperature and the volume of emergency medical service response due to injury in Chengdu. MethodsUsing a retrospective ecological study design, weather data in Chengdu were collected from 1 January 2022 to 31 December 2023 from Chengdu Meteorological Office, including daily average temperature, daily average relative humidity, average wind speed, average pressure, sunshine, and rainfall. Emergency medical service data were collected from an emergency medical service center in Chengdu. A distributional lag non-linear model was conducted to calculate the association between temperature and volume of emergency medical service response due to injury, and gender- and age-stratified analyses were followed to identify susceptible groups. ResultsOverall 219685 incidents of emergency medical service dispatching due to injury were collected during the study period. The top three injury causes were traffic accident (90765, 41.32%), poisoning (44101, 20.07%), and falling (44046, 20.05%). When daily average temperature exceeded 17.9 ℃, as the temperature rised, the volume of emergency medical service response for injury increased. In terms of the single-day lag effect, the risk of emergency medical service response for injury elevated on lag1 and persisted until lag6, the maximum daily effectwas observed on lag2, lag3 and lag4, and their relative risks associated with every 1℃ higher above 17.9 ℃ were both 1.08 times, 95%CIs were (1.03, 1.14), (1.04, 1.12), and (1.04, 1.16) respectively. Both men and women were susceptible to temperature, but on the same lag day, the men's RR value was higher than the women's. There was no statistical difference in the lag effect of temperature on the 0-17 age group; the lag effect on the 18-44 age group appeared on lag1, and lasted to lag6; that for the 45-64 age group appeared on lag1, and lasted to lag4; that for the 65 age group and over was only on lag 3 (RR: 1.05, 95%CI: 1.00, 1.10). ConclusionAs the temperature rises, the volume of emergency medical service response due to injury is increased in Chengdu. In particular, the associated impact is significant on males and people aged 18-44 years old.

Water pollution has become a worldwide issue, particularly in developing countries. This study aimed to cleanse water contaminated with reactive red (RR-198) and reactive blue (RB-19) dyes via adsorption onto nonliving white rot fungal biomass Phanerochaete chrysosporium under different operational conditions. It was found that P. chrysosporium removed more of RB-19 than RB-198. The conditions of pH 3, temperature 50 °C, adsorbent dosage 0.6 g, particle sizes of adsorbent (0.25 mm), and contact time (30 min) were optimum for removal of the dyes. RR-198 and RB-19 were removed with levels of 78.4% and 86.4%, respectively at pH 3; 79.6% and 90.0%, respectively using 0.6 g of adsorbent dosage; 82.0% and 87.0%, respectively at 30 min; and 82.0% and 87.2%, respectively at 50 °C. Thus, dead P. chrysosporium biomass was shown to be a biosorbent for the uptake of RB-19 and RR-198 dyes.

Abstract Due to their complex life cycles geophytes are often neglected in conservation programs, despite they are important elements of early spring communities. Their life cycle is strongly affected by weather parameters, i.e. temperature, precipitation, and light, but the effects of these parameters are often contradictory and show high intra-annual variability even within species. Deeper knowledge about the abiotic factors affecting the population dynamics of geophytes is needed to support the designation of effective conservation plans. We aimed to explore the link between weather parameters and population dynamics of Colchicum bulbocodium, an endangered and strictly protected geophyte. We monitored three life cycle stages (flowering, growing, fruiting) of 1069 individuals in permanent plots for six consecutive years. Our results showed that life cycle of C. bulbocodium was strongly related to the actual weather parameters; the lagged effect of the previous year was weaker. Increasing temperature and lack of cold periods had negative effect on all life stages. We highlighted that population estimation based on the number of flowering individuals in a single year can underestimate population size by 40–83%. Monitoring in years following wet and cold springs and cold winters could increase the accuracy of population estimations of the flowering individuals.

Abstract This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the degradation behavior of 3D printed polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) dental materials, with a specific focus on the influential factors of temperature and moisture, by employing molecular dynamics simulations. Owing to their aesthetic properties, 3D-printed PMMA dental materials play a pivotal role in dental applications. However, understanding their degradation mechanisms, particularly in the context of temperature and moisture variations, is crucial for their long-term durability. A Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS) was utilized for the molecular dynamics simulations. The simulation setup included temperature variations from 300 to 600 K and relative humidity (RH) levels ranging from 20 to 100%. Various mechanical properties and structural changes were analyzed to determine the degradation behavior. Energetic profiling during equilibration and the subsequent temperature variations were studied. The spatial distribution of the mean squared displacement, non-bond energy, Young’s modulus, bending stress, and volume expansion coefficient of the particles were quantitatively analyzed, revealing temperature- and moisture-dependent trends. The study concluded that temperature and moisture significantly affected the degradation behavior of 3D-printed PMMA dental materials. Higher temperatures and increased humidity levels contribute to reduced mechanical strength and altered structural properties, emphasizing the importance of controlling environmental conditions during fabrication.

Mango (Mangifera indica) is extremely perishable with a short shelf life that limits its marketability. Chitosan may extend mango storage by preventing moisture loss and gaseous exchange while preserving the nutritional quality. Therefore, the current study was designed to assess the effect of chitosan on the shelf life and quality of fresh-cut mangoes. Manually cubed mango was dipped into 0 (control), 10, 15, 20, 30, and 50 ppm chitosan solution in airtight jar and stored at ambient (25-28 °C) and refrigeration (4 °C) condition. Changes in various microbial, physical, and chemical characteristics were documented to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments in prolonging and sustaining the freshness and quality of mango. Treated mangoes significantly retarded growth of total mold and bacterial counts compared to the control sample in both storage conditions and found it lower under refrigeration. Likewise, chitosan also preserved various fruit quality attributes to a significant extent by retaining vitamin C, fat, titratable acidity, soluble sugar, and protein. However, the refrigerator stored mangoes have better ability to retard moisture loss and drop in sensory quality. Among the other solutions, 10 ppm chitosan solution exhibited better performance in reducing perishability of mango while maintaining prolonged shelf life and quality attributes. Overall, the findings revealed that chitosan solution at low temperature effectively preserves mango quality during storage and offers promising approach for the successful commercialisation of chitosan as a natural preserver for mango sellers and consumers to prolong shelf life.

Karl Aharonian,1 Henry Krasner,1 Jeffrey Martin,1 Kavita Batra,1,2 Meher Yepremyan1 1Department of Medical Education, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, Las Vegas, NV, USA; 2Office of Research, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, Las Vegas, NV, USACorrespondence: Karl Aharonian, Email Aharonia@unlv.nevada.eduPurpose: Does weather affect the rate of developing rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD)? This comprehensive review investigates the findings of the most recent studies on the relationship between RRD and climatic or seasonal factors.Methods: An extensive search across PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar databases resulted in 112 initial results, from which 18 studies published between 1980 and 2024 were selected. The selection criteria were based on the studies’ relevance to our topic. We analyzed their methodology, geographic scope, and key findings. Data extraction encompassed study design, sample size, sex ratio, incidence rates, results, and identified limitations.Results: Eight studies found no statistically significant relationship between seasonal variations and the incidence of RRD. Conversely, seven studies reported an increased incidence of RRD during the summer months. Additionally, secondary analyses of factors, such as ambient temperature, atmospheric pressure, and daylight hours, showed varied and sometimes conflicting results. A summary of common limitations and biases was synthesized into a table, providing guidelines for future research exploring this topic.Conclusion: This comprehensive review highlights the complex interaction between environmental factors and RRD incidence. The conflicting results across different studies suggest a need for further research in this area. Future studies should address the identified limitations and biases to provide a clearer understanding of the relationship between climate and RRD. By utilizing the guidelines from our review, future research could aim to minimize confounding factors and improve the robustness of their findings. Understanding these interactions can be used to develop preventive strategies and enhance clinical practices to reduce the burden of RRD.Keywords: rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), climate, seasonality, temperature

Abstract Recovering energy from biomass and treating organic waste can be done effectively through a biogas digester system. However, monitoring the performance and control of the system to produce biogas is possible through the online process. Therefore, this study developed a novel low-cost gas and temperature profiling system (GTPS) and data acquisition system (DAS) used in biogas digester. The GTPS is designed to monitor and record the amount of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), the main constituent of biogas, from 0 to 100% and to measure the slurry temperature in the digester using a K-type thermocouple. To test the developed monitoring system, the biogas yield (%) and temperature were monitored, and the result obtained agreed with that reported and obtained in the literature (50–70% and 30−40%) for CH4 and CO2, respectively, followed by the desired mesophilic temperature condition for biogas production (20–35 °C). The study employed an RS-232/RS-485 converter for data communication and a low-cost thermocouple module (isolated analog input) that was installed in the data acquisition system. Interestingly, the application of the converter equipment has never been used in any study on monitoring a biogas digester.

Abstract 18 Participants were randomized to receive 30 ml/kg bodyweight Ringer’s Lactate at 37° or 15 °C over 30 min. In a second session, participants were crossed over. Over a 120 min period after starting the fluid bolus we measured mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, and catecholamine levels. After infusion with cold fluids, the absolute increase in MAP at 45 min was significantly higher at + 6.5 mmHg (95% CI 4.8–8.2) compared with warm fluids (+ 0.6 mmHg, 95% CI, − 1.6 to 2.8; p

Abstract This study was performed on Micropterus salmoides to determine growth-linked gene and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers under carbohydrate diet and varying temperature through RNA-seq and whole-genome re-sequencing. The results showed that growth-related genes were primarily enriched in the fat digestion and absorption signaling pathway, playing a role in lipid transport and metabolism. Fatty acid binding protein 6, bile salt-activated lipase-like, lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 2, phospholipase A2, minor isoenzyme-like, and phospholipase A2, group IB (pancreas) were identified as the crucial genes. The differentially expressed genes between high and low temperatures were enriched in the pentose phosphate pathway, with carbohydrate transport and metabolism were most affected by temperature. Major facilitator superfamily domain containing 10, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1a, and spinster homolog 3 transcript variant X1(spns3) were the shared genes affected by temperature. From all the common genes, 10 growth-associated SNP markers were identified. The TT genotype at rs7781 was associated with lower body weight, while AA genotype at rs31434173 and CC genotype at rs31435313 showed positive correlation with body weight. Analogously, the GG genotype at rs31436887 and AA genotype at rs31438769 also found to characterize better growth performance. At low temperature, individuals with the AA genotype at rs11506587 and rs31435313 exhibited the slowest growth. For the genotypes labeled with rs11510589, the GG individual grew faster than the AA individual, whereas the opposite phenomenon occurred in these genotypes when labeled with rs11511314. The genotypes at rs32970704 and rs32967921 showed no growth correlation. The AA genotype at rs31435313 in spns3 had the slowest growth under a carbohydrate-rich diet regardless of the temperature. Our study presents candidate genes and SNP markers associated with growth influenced by carbohydrate and temperature, providing basis for the development of M. salmoides strain that better accepts carbohydrate diets at varying temperature.

Abstract Severe friction on wheel/rail contact interface in the process of a train emergency braking can cause significant thermal and mechanical phenomena. Obvious friction heat and serious material damage will appear on the contact surface. In this article, the variation law of temperature and surface damage during a wheel sliding contact process are investigated. To achieve the research objective, a three-dimensional (3D) thermo-mechanical coupling contact finite element model (FEM) is established, and the temperature-dependent material parameters are used. The FEM is adopted to analyze the temperature distribution law on the contact surface. At the same time, a sliding contact testing machine is used to study the damage of materials in the contact area during the sliding contact. The study results indicate, the highest temperature of wheel and rail material is respectively 1014 ℃ and 461.8 ℃ during sliding contact. High temperatures are located at the subsurface and surface areas of contact region. When the distance to contact surface exceeds 1.4 mm, the temperature changes slightly. The types of damage on wheel surface are grooves and material peeling, while the flaky spalling, corrosive pitting, adhesion and grooves appear on the rail surface. Meanwhile, many cracks can be found on the contact surface, which is a major factor leading to material damage. The research results of this article are of great significance for understanding the thermal and mechanical damage of wheel/rail materials.

Abstract Temperature plays an important impact on rock mechanical properties. In this paper, the mechanical properties, fracture mechanism and constitutive model of marble under 20–120 °C and 15 MPa are studied. The results show marble deformation can be divided into four stages: compaction, linear elasticity, crack propagation and post-peak failure. Stress–strain curve is not obviously affected by temperature. Macroscopic fracture characteristics change from shear failure to tensile mixed failure with temperature increasing. With the increase of temperature, the strength of marble tends to decrease, indicating that temperature increase has a weakening effect on marble, and there are temperature-sensitive areas of 20–60 °C and temperature sub-sensitive areas of 60–120 °C. The elastic modulus of marble decreases and Poisson’s ratio increases with increasing temperature. The energy evolution law of marble under different temperature is basically the same, which shows that before crack initiation, the energy dissipation is less, and after the damage and yielding occurs, the energy dissipation increases quickly. The energy dissipation in the failure process is mainly used for crack initiation-connection-penetration, as well as plastic deformation caused by friction and slip of cracks, and the plastic deformation and energy dissipation have good linear characteristics. The statistical damage constitutive model based on three-parameter Weibull distribution function can effectively reflect the characteristics of post-peak plastic deformation and strain softening. The weakening effect of marble at 20–120 °C is related to its internal moisture excitation. With the increase of temperature, water is stimulated to absorb and attach to the original relatively dry interface, which plays a role in lubrication. The relative motion friction resistance between solid particles or crack surfaces decreases, which leads to crack initiation and friction energy consumption reduction, changes the specific surface energy of rocks and weakens the strength of marble. The results provide a theoretical basis for predicting and evaluating the long-term stability and safety of surrounding rock of underground deep engineering in complex environment with high ground temperature and high geo-stress.

Objective. The purpose of the study is to develop the design of a thermoelectric installation for lifting objects from shallow reservoirs using the freezing method, as well as its calculation, analysis of parameters and electrical and thermophysical characteristics. Method. The research is based on the use of methods of thermodynamic analysis, full-scale and computational modeling of cryogenic equipment in order to find optimal solutions for the reliability and service life of low-temperature installations. Result. The installation includes a waterproof probe, on the end surface of which, facing the bottom of the reservoir, thermoelectric modules are installed, heat is removed from the hot junctions of which by means of a heat removal system made in the form of an all-metal heat pipe or in the form of a thermal thermosiphon. The connection between the object lifted from the reservoir and the thermoelectric installation is carried out through a cold wall by freezing. The thermoelectric installation was calculated and its parameters were determined. Graphs were constructed and dependencies were obtained describing the main characteristics of TEMs included in the thermoelectric installation. The graphs are presented at a temperature of the hot junctions of the TEM of 300 K and the achievement of such values of the thickness of frozen water ice on the cold wall of the technical device that would allow lifting objects from a reservoir up to 4 m deep. Conclusion. The installation parameters have been determined: the number of TEMs of the DRIFT-1.2 type is 8, the operating power range of a single TEM of the DRIFT-1.2 type is from 14 to 40 W with an average temperature difference between the junctions of 45 K, the supply current is from 3.8 to 7 .6 A with power consumption from 50 to 200 W, coefficient of performance - from 0.1 to 0.45, minimum temperature of the cold wall of the TU - 248 K, a domestically produced thermal thermosyphon is used as a heat removal system from the hot junctions of the TEM.

Thermodynamic behaviour of the low­-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEM FC) was under investigation. Different types of behaviour were observed depending on the thermal treatment of the FC. In the case of the relatively slow heating of reactant gases, the thermodynamic behaviour of the FC resembles the behaviour of the reversible FC, with an inverse proportionality between the open­-circuit voltage and temperature during the heating­-cooling cycle. In contrast, heating of the whole FC frame leads to predominantly direct proportionality during the heating­-cooling cycle and, in addition, to hysteresis.

Abstract This paper introduces a community‐accessible dataset comprising daily hydroclimatic variables (precipitation, temperature, and streamflow) observed in 50 catchments in Sweden (median size of 1019 km2). The dataset covers a 60‐year period (1961–2020) and includes information on geographical location, landcover, soil classes, hydrologic signatures, and regulation for each catchment. Data were collected from various sources, such as the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, the Swedish Geological Survey, and several Copernicus products provided by the European Environment Agency. The compiled, spatially‐matched, and processed data are publicly available online through the Swedish National Data Service (https://snd.se/en), contributing a new region to the collection of existing CAMELS (Catchment Attributes and Meteorology for Large‐sample Studies) datasets. The CAMELS‐SE dataset spans a wide range of hydroclimatic, topographic, and environmental catchment properties, making it a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners to study hydrological processes, climate dynamics, environmental impacts, and sustainable water management strategies in Nordic regions.

Abstract Despite the frequent occurrence of heat waves in the Middle East, there is a lack of evidence regarding the overall estimates for the effect of heat waves on mortality in this region. This study aimed to review the effect of exposure to heat and cold waves and daily cause-specific mortality. Four electronic databases were searched. The titles, abstracts, and full-texts of the articles were carefully reviewed by two researchers. Once eligible studies were identified, the required data were extracted. Separate meta-analyses were conducted based on gender, age group, and health endpoint combinations. According to the meta-analysis, heat waves had a statistically significant effect on all-cause mortality with an RR of 1.23 (CI 95%: 1.08, 1.39). Cardiovascular mortality significantly increased in heat waves with an RR of 1.08 (CI 95%: 1.05, 1.10). However, the increase in respiratory mortality was not statistically significant. Compared to young people (age

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the behavior of smart bilayer films under various temperature and relative humidity (RH). Smart bilayer films were fabricated using sodium alginate with incorporated butterfly pea anthocyanin and agar containing catechin–lysozyme. Cellulose nanospheres were added at concentrations of 0% and 10% w/w of the film and subjected to test at 4 °C and 25 °C, considering different RHs (0%, 50%, and 80%). The results showed that RH had a greater impact on the mechanical properties than temperature, leading to a decrease in tensile strength and an increase in elongation at break with higher RH. The films displayed increased strength but reduced flexibility at low temperatures. Oxygen permeability was negatively affected by increasing RH, while water vapor barrier properties were better at 25 °C than at 4 °C. In terms of color stability, the temperature played a more important role, with both types of smart bilayer films retaining their color stability throughout 14-day storage at 4 °C, even maintaining their ability to change color with pH. However, the films stored at 25 °C exhibited lower color stability and showed potential for color change with varying pH levels, but with lower intensity. The findings of this study demonstrate the significant impact of temperature and RH on the functional properties of smart bilayer films, with and without the addition of cellulose nanospheres. Such smart bilayer films have great potential for various applications, particularly in food packaging, where maintaining color, mechanical, and barrier properties under varying environmental conditions is crucial.

Abstract Transfer of laboratory-scale experiments to production-scale ethanol fermentation is time-consuming and involves expensive prototype systems from complex experimental designs that determine optimal operating conditions for minimal substrate and product inhibitions. The study developed and validated a Simulink-based model for optimal pH and temperature control using fuzzy logic and PID controllers respectively and taking advantage of 2D and 1D substrate and product inhibition models from which suitable ethanol fermentation reaction rates models were selected. Temperature and pH levels and substrate, product, and biomass concentrations were measured. Selected inhibition models were linear-product, linear substrate-sudden stop product, and linear substrate for cassava, maize, and sorghum, respectively. Fuzzy logic controller ascertained optimal flow rate of acid and base as 0.000196 ml/s and 0.000204 ml/s, respectively, and pH error and rate of pH error as 0.00334 and 0.00368, respectively. F-test two-sample for variances showed no significant difference between model and experimental curves (cassava: F critical = 0.9704, F calculated = 0.1905; maize: F critical 0.9704, F calculated = 0.2149; sorghum: F critical = 0.9704, F calculated = 0.2488). PID logic controller showed model curves and experimental curves with good fit. F-test two-sample for variances showed no significant difference between model and experimental curves (cassava: F critical = 0.9704, F calculated = 0.1288; maize: F critical = 0.9704, F calculated = 0.2083; sorghum: F critical = 0.9704, F calculated = 0.2016). The study provided an improved approach as solution for optimal pH and temperature conditions in order to mitigate substrate and product inhibitions during ethanol fermentation. It illustrated that the application of artificial intelligence-based controllers provides satisfactory outcomes that are desirable for implementation in the industrial space. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Temperature changes during the chemical corrosion of stone cultural relics affect the condensation and evaporation of water and chemical reactions between soluble substances and corrosive solutions. This ultimately leads to changes in the internal structure and composition of the artifacts, which in turn lead to changes in the microstrain of cultural relics. To obtain in-situ real-time information on changes in the temperature and microstrain of stone cultural relics during chemical corrosion damage, a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) detection system was developed. The detection principle for the temperature and microstrain of sandstone was provided. Thermal field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and mercury intrusion porosimetry were used to characterize the surface morphology, composition, and pore structure of the sandstone samples, respectively. The temperature and microstrain changes of the sandstone samples under deionized water with different acidic/alkaline and salt solutions and at different temperatures were examined online in situ using the FBG measurement system. The results indicate that the dissolution of sandstone in the acidic solution (H2SO4 and NaHSO4) resulted in an exothermic chemical reaction as well as the dissolution of sandstone in the neutral salt solution (Na2SO4) and alkaline solution (NaOH and Na2CO3) led to material conversion and exothermic chemical reaction; the deionization reaction belongs to the dissolution reaction. The NaHSO4 solution caused the most serious corrosive disease on the sandstone surface. When the temperature of the NaHSO4 solution was 60 °C, the temperature and microstrain of the sandstone reached 63.9 °C and 253.6 με, respectively. The results of this study can support the research of revealing the corrosion mechanism of sandstone in different environments.

Abstract Background Dipyrone (Metamizole) is a potent pain reliever and fever reducer with muscle relaxant properties, most commonly used as an analgesic and antipyretic agent. Despite the fact that it has been banned in many high-income countries following confirmed studies of fatal agranulocytosis and adverse drug reactions, it is still widely used in various countries of the world. However, the antipyretic therapeutic indications of dipyrone in febrile children are currently unknown, and there is little information on the advantages and disadvantages of using dipyrone in febrile children. In febrile children, we expected that dipyrone’s antipyretic effectiveness wouldn’t be any more effective than ibuprofen. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of oral dipyrone and oral ibuprofen as antipyretics in febrile children. Methods Several databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, were searched thoroughly using a pre-established search strategy for potential research. The studies included in this analysis comprised randomized controlled trials that compared the antipyretic effects of oral ibuprofen and oral dipyrone in febrile children. Data analysis was carried out using RevMan 5.4 software. Results Three studies were selected among the 27 publications we discovered to be applicable, and they underwent qualitative and quantitative analysis. The pooled analysis revealed no discernible difference between oral dipyrone and oral ibuprofen in terms of their antipyretic effects (Mean difference (MD) = 0.06; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.08, 0.20). Conclusion Both oral dipyrone and ibuprofen are effective in reducing high-temperature levels in febrile children without any significant difference.

Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) play a crucial role in healthcare and various other domains by enabling continuous monitoring of vital signs and activities. However, challenges such as low-powered sensors, unstable links, and routing issues hinder their efficiency and reliability. In this paper, we propose the Thermal Aware High Throughput (TAHT) routing protocol to address these challenges. TAHT utilizes a multi-hop topology and prioritizes stable links for efficient routing, considering parameters like energy, link quality, and temperature. Through experimental evaluation, TAHT demonstrates a 10% to 20% improvement in throughput, a 15% reduction in temperature overheads, and enhanced overall performance compared to benchmark protocols. By effectively managing energy consumption, minimizing duplicate data transmissions, and optimizing routing paths, TAHT offers a novel solution to improve the reliability and sustainability of WBANs, thus advancing the field beyond previous efforts in the literature.

Background: Regular exercise during pregnancy is beneficial, but athletes often exceed the recommended 150 min of moderate-intensity activity, incorporate high-intensity exercises. The upper limit for exercise intensity and duration on fetal and maternal safety remains uncertain. A concern is a maternal core body temperature of >39.0 °C, potentially increase the risk of heat-related fetal malformations and complications during pregnancy. Blood flow redirection for thermoregulation could compromise fetal cardiovascular function, increasing the risk of miscarriage and preterm labor. This study evaluated whether pregnant women (gestational weeks 25–35) were at risk of exceeding a core body temperature of 39.0 °C during high-intensity running. We also investigated effects on skin temperature, fluid loss, and thermal sensation, comparing pregnant athletes to non-pregnant controls. Methods: In this comparative cross-sectional study, 30 elite and recreational athletes (pregnant n = 15) completed up to five high-intensity treadmill-intervals. Core and skin temperature were continuously measured. Body weight was utilized to calculate the amount of fluid loss. Results: Highest core body temperature were 38.76 °C and 39.56 °C in one pregnant and non-pregnant participant, respectively. Pregnant participants had lower core body temperatures (mean difference −0.47 °C, p ≤ 0.001) initially and a smaller increase (0.10 °C, p ≤ 0.003) during later intervals compared with the non-pregnant controls. Pregnant participants also showed a greater increase in skin temperature (4.08 ± 0.72 °C vs. 3.25 ± 0.86 °C, p = 0.008) and fluid loss (0.81 ± 0.19 L vs. 0.50 ± 0.12 L, p˂0.001). Conclusion: Physiological changes in pregnancy may enhance thermoregulation, indicating that high-intensity interval runs are unlikely to pose a risk of exceeding a core body temperature of 39 °C for pregnant athletes.

The investigation of fish bioenergetics primarily relies on using an energy budget equation to examine how the allocation of energy and nutrients in their diet impacts their growth rate and reproductive capabilities. By accurately forecasting the distribution of feeding intake energy towards growth, fecal excretion, and metabolism within the overall energetic framework of a fish, and considering diverse physiological factors or ecological influences that affect each aspect of this energetic balance sheet, scientific discoveries derived from these studies can provide valuable insights for making informed decisions regarding optimal dietary choices to enhance fish well-being. Additionally, it aids in refining rearing management strategies leading to improved feed utilization efficiencies, ultimately resulting in more sustainable aquaculture practices aimed at minimizing environmental pollution caused by excessive feeding activities. Temperature affects various physiological processes and growth potential, thereby, influencing feed requirements and utilization efficiency, which ultimately determine the allocation of feeding intake energy among growth, fecal, excretory, and metabolic energies. Extensive studies have been conducted to explore how temperature influences fish growth rates along with their overall energy budgets. The effects of temperature on the growth and energy budgets in triploid turbot, Scophthalmus maximus, were investigated in this study by establishing a series of five temperature gradients (13 ℃, 16 ℃, 19 ℃, 22 ℃, and 25 ℃). Measurements of the growth and energy budget allocations were conducted on large-sized triploid turbot juveniles with mean body weight of (120.24±17.20) g at the aforementioned temperatures for 49 d. The results indicate that under conditions of salinity 28.6, pH 7.8, dissolved oxygen content above 7.8 mg/L, light intensity of 300 lx, and a light period of 16 L∶8 D ratio; the feeding rates (FR) and weight gain rates (WG) of triploid juveniles initially increased with increasing temperature before declining, with the peak FR of (1.02±0.06)% and (0.95±0.04)% observed at 19 ℃ and 22 ℃, respectively, whereas the highest WG was recorded at 19 ℃ (62.17±3.10)% (P < 0.05). The relationship between specific growth rate (SGR) or feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and temperature, calculated based on different parameters including wet weight (SGRw and FCEw), dry weight (SGRd and FCEd), protein content (SGRp and FCEp), and energy content (SGRe and FCEe), was observed to follow a quadratic regression equation. The highest recorded temperature for the SGR values was observed at 19 ℃. At 25 ℃, the group exhibited significantly reduced levels of SGRs compared to that of other experimental groups, except for the data recorded at 13 ℃ (P < 0.05), where 13 ℃ and 25 ℃ showed relatively low SGR values. Additionally, no significant differences were observed in SGR values between 16 ℃ and 22 ℃. The maximum FCE values were also attained at 19 ℃ (P < 0.05). In contrast, the FCE values recorded at 13 ℃ and 25 ℃ exhibited considerable reductions when compared to those obtained from other experimental groups (P < 0.05). Regression analysis revealed that the optimal temperatures for SGRw, SGRd, SGRp, and SGRe were determined as 18.4 ℃, 18.7 ℃, 18.9 ℃, and 18.5 ℃, respectively, whereas the temperatures for achieving maximum FCEw, FCEd, FCEp, and FCEe were 18.1 ℃, 18.6 ℃, 18.9 ℃, and 18.2 ℃, respectively. Additionally, the rates of nitrogenous excretion and fecal production exhibited an initial decrease followed by an increase with increasing temperature, reaching their highest levels at 25 ℃. Dry matter, protein, and energy apparent digestibility coefficients at 25 ℃ were significantly lower than those observed at other temperatures. The feeding intake energy and growth energy proportion demonstrated an inverted "U" shape with increasing temperature, reaching its highest value at 19 ℃. The allocation of energy in triploid juveniles was primarily dominated by growth and metabolism energies, whereas the proportion of metabolism energy to feeding intake energy displayed a "U" shape trend with increasing temperature. The proportion of growth energy to feeding intake energy ranged from 17.86% to 34.58%, whereas the proportion of fecal energy varied from 4.12% to 5.57%. Furthermore, the proportion of excretion energy to feeding intake energy ranged from 6.61% to 9.19%, and metabolism energy accounted for 54.69% to 67.38% of feeding intake energy. The energy budget equation of triploid turbot juvenile at 19 ℃ was 100.00 C (feeding intake energy) = 34.58 G (growth energy) +4.12 F (fecal energy) +6.61 U (excretion energy) +54.69 R (metabolism energy) or 100.00 A (assimilated energy) = 38.74 G+61.26 R. The triploid turbot juveniles exhibited an energy allocation pattern characterized by high growth efficiency and low metabolic consumption. Consequently, the optimal rearing temperature for triploid turbot juveniles with an average weight of 120 g ranged from 18.1–18.9 ℃. These findings offer valuable insights into optimizing aquaculture conditions, improving feed efficiency, and controlling water environment pollution in the context of triploid turbot farming.

The application of steel strut force servo systems in deep excavation engineering is not widespread, and there is a notable scarcity of in-situ measured datasets. This presents a significant research gap in the field. Addressing this, our study introduces a valuable dataset and application scenarios, serving as a reference point for future research. The main objective of this study is to use machine learning (ML) methods for accurately predicting strut forces in steel supporting structures, a crucial aspect for the safety and stability of deep excavation projects. We employed five different ML methods: radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), back propagation neural network (BPNN), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF), utilizing a dataset of 2208 measured points. These points included one output parameter (strut forces) and seven input parameters (vertical position of strut, plane position of strut, time, temperature, unit weight, cohesion, and internal frictional angle). The effectiveness of these methods was assessed using root mean square error (RMSE), correlation coefficient (R), and mean absolute error (MAE). Our findings indicate that the BPNN method outperforms others, with RMSE, R, and MAE values of 72.1 kN, 0.9931, and 57.4 kN, respectively, on the testing dataset. This study underscores the potential of ML methods in precisely predicting strut forces in deep excavation engineering, contributing to enhanced safety measures and project planning.

Abstract Green tea is renowned for its exceptional freshness; nevertheless, preserving its freshness poses a formidable challenge during storage due to its susceptibility to environmental factors. However, the effect of storage factors on freshness quality of green tea remains unclear, particularly with a lack of research studies regarding aroma quality and associated volatiles. In this study, we investigated the effects of oxygen scavenger, temperature, and packaging materials on freshness quality of packaged green teas during storage. The sensory freshness and corresponding volatile metabolites of the samples were investigated; the sensory‐chemical changes among packaged green teas during storage under different treatments were further explored. The freshness preservation in packaged green teas can be effectively achieved through the implementation of low‐temperature storage, packaging with oxygen scavenger and utilizing packaging with minimal oxygen permeability. A total of 151 volatile compounds were detected in all samples, among which 104 volatiles were identified as key contributors for distinguishing sample groups under 3 different treatments. The presence of volatiles with green, spicy, minty, and vegetable notes was found to be positively correlated with high freshness quality observed in packaged green tea. Conversely, an increase in volatiles characterized by fruity, sweet, fatty, and alkane notes was associated with the freshness deterioration. The volatiles changes that lead to freshness deterioration occurred especially under conditions of elevated temperature and increased oxygen levels, predominantly involving fat degradation, lipid oxidation, the Maillard reaction, carotenoids degradation, and dehydration reactions. The findings provide a theoretical foundation for the advancement of storage technology in packaged green teas.

Abstract This work presents a numerical study incorporating the impact of temperature variations along the fracture on the viscosity of fracturing fluids and consequently on proppant distribution in hydraulic fracturing. Traditional models have not considered non-uniform temperature distributions, resulting in less accurate predictions of proppant migration and distribution. The proposed model integrates the thermal variations to enhance the understanding of proppant dynamics under realistic field conditions. The proposed model is validated through physical experiments, demonstrating significant differences in proppant placement due to temperature- induced viscosity changes. Our results show that proppant distribution is substantially affected by lower temperatures at the fracture opening and higher temperatures at the distal end, contrasting sharply with distribution patterns observed under uniform viscosity conditions. As the temperature at the fracture opening decreases, the viscosity of the fracturing fluid increases, enhancing its capacity to transport proppant. The increased viscosity facilitates the transport of proppant deeper into the fracture, resulting in a reduction of the total amount of proppant near the fracture opening and a smaller stacking angle compared to those observed at fixed viscosities of 10, 100, and 200 mPa sThe findings offer critical insights into the mechanics of proppant flow, holding substantial theoretical and practical implications for optimizing hydraulic fracturing treatments.

Background: Tuberculosis is transmitted through infected droplets. Ponorogo Regency is ranked 8th in TB mortality rates in East Java. The highest TB cases in Ponorogo Regency are in the Kauman Community Health Center and most people with pulmonary TB work as farmers. Purpose: The aim of the research was to analyze the effect of humidity, temperature, and ventilation area on the incidence of pulmonary TB in farmers in the working area of Kauman Health Center, Ponorogo Regency. Methods: The research design is analytical observational with a case control approach. The number of research samples was 39 cases and 39 controls. The sampling technique uses simple random sampling. The research data sources are primary data and secondary data with measurement techniques. The dependent variable in this study is the incidence of pulmonary TB in farmers. Meanwhile, the independent variables are humidity, temperature, and ventilation area. Data analysis uses univariate and bivariate analysis using logistic regression tests. Results: Most respondents have houses with humidity levels that do not meet the requirements (59%), room temperatures that do not meet the requirements (79.5%), and ventilation areas that do not meet the requirements (73.5%). There is a significant influence between humidity (p value 0.007; OR=3.753), temperature (p value 0.032; OR=3.889), and ventilation area (p value 0.025; OR=3.437) on the incidence of pulmonary TB in farmers. Conclusion: There is a significant influence between humidity, temperature, and ventilation area on the incidence of pulmonary TB in farmers.

We present the results of experimental studies into the response of Earth’s lower ionosphere to a partial solar eclipse. The studies have been carried out using the method of resonant scattering of radio waves by artificial periodic irregularities (APIs) in ionospheric plasma. The irregularities were created in the field of a standing wave when a powerful radio wave, generated by radiation to the zenith by transmitters of the mid-latitude SURA heating facility, was reflected from the ionosphere. During the eclipse, the scattered signal amplitude increased by 30–40 dB, and the relaxation time increased 1.5–2.0 times. In some cases, stratification of the signal amplitude in the D-region was observed due to stratification of the electron density profile. By analyzing altitude profiles of relaxation time, we obtained neutral component temperature and density, height of the turbopause, and turbulent velocity. The velocity of vertical regular motion of plasma at each height was measured from the time variation in the scattered signal phase. From the results of measurements of scattered signal characteristics during four partial eclipses, we have obtained that the neutral component temperature decreases, on average, 50–70 K. Variations in the temperature, vertical plasma velocity, and turbopause level exhibited deep quasi-periodic variations with periods from 15 min to several hours, typical of internal gravity wave propagation. The vertical temperature and velocity profiles showed changes with altitude on scales ranging from 5 to 30 km. Comparison between the results of studies of the lower ionosphere during sunrise-sunset hours has revealed that its response during a partial eclipse and the transition to the night regime is identical. According to the measurements by the partial reflection method, during the August 01, 2008 eclipse there was a decrease in the electron density in the D-region 3–5 times. We have concluded that during an eclipse there was a significant change in both the ionized and neutral components of the atmosphere in the lower ionosphere.

This research work focuses on the analysis of the impact of different parameters, such as the angular speed N1, the resistant torque M2 and the setting tension T of the timing belt on its operation. The main objective is to optimize the performance of the belt by understanding how these parameters influence its thermal behaviour. By carefully examining these factors, it becomes possible to identify the adjustments needed to improve the overall efficiency of the belt. An in-depth statistical analysis was conducted using three different approaches: analysis of variance (ANOVA), response surface method (RSM) and desirability function (DF) method, in order to examine the temperature of the heating of the belt T1 and its efficiency η. Data from the experiment are examined and manipulated to develop mathematical models that demonstrate the correlation between various parameters and growth rates. The results clearly demonstrate that the resistant couple M2 plays a preponderant role, with contributions of 55.25% and 69.82%, respectively. In addition, the N1 angular speed also has a significant influence, contributing 7.58% and 17.84%, respectively. On the other hand, setting tension T makes a small contribution to the temperature of belt T1. And a strong influence of 21.91% on their performance. These results clearly indicate that better efficiency can be obtained by reducing the angular speed N1 and increasing the resistive torque M2. These results show that the developed models have been well established and that there is a good correlation between the experimental and predicted data.

Abstract Background The evaluation of the impact of pesticides on non-target species, like bees, is a crucial factor in registration procedures. Therefore, standardized test procedures have been developed on OECD level assessing the effects of chemicals on honey bees or bumble bees. Unfortunately, these protocols cannot directly be adapted for testing products that contain microorganisms. Interest in the use of microorganisms has increased in recent years due to their specificity to target species while not harming non-target organisms. This study aimed to evaluate optimal conditions to assess the effects of microbial plant protection products on bee species according to currently available test protocols. Some of the most commonly used microorganisms for plant protection, Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies aizawai (B. t. a. ABTS 1857) and Beauveria bassiana (B. b. ATCC 74040) were tested on Apis mellifera, Bombus terrestris, and Osmia bicornis at different temperatures (18, 26, 33 °C) under laboratory conditions. Results Exposure to the product containing B. t. a. ABTS 1857 resulted in higher mortality compared to B. b. ATCC 74040 in all tested bee species. A temperature-dependent effect towards higher mortality at higher temperatures of 26 °C or 33 °C was observed in O. bicornis exposed to both microorganisms. A. mellifera showed variable responses, but for B. terrestris there was mostly no effect of temperature when exposed to microorganisms in high concentrations. However, temperature affected longevity of bee species in the non-exposed control group. A. mellifera mortality increased with decreasing temperatures, while B. terrestris and O. bicornis mortality increased with increasing temperatures. A test duration of 15 or 20 days was found to be suitable for testing these microorganisms. Conclusion In conclusion, 26 °C should be considered the worst-case scenario for testing B. bassiana on all tested bee species. For testing B. thuringiensis, a temperature of 33 °C is recommended for A. mellifera, whereas B. terrestris and O. bicornis should be tested at 26 °C.

The article has obtained an analytical solution to the thermal conductivity equation for the contact connection of long sections of overhead lines, and also considered the case for a line with two short and two long sections, which makes it possible to take into account distributed defects and clamp sizes. The application of the obtained mathematical model to determine the temperature of an overhead power line near contact connections is shown. A comparative analysis of the temperature values in the power line, calculated using the created mathematical model, with published data obtained based on finite element modeling using the results of a physical experiment is performed. It has been shown that heating of contact connections can significantly limit the throughput of lines even at an acceptable level of contact resistance. This makes relevant the tasks of calculating the temperature of contact connections of power lines and clarifying permissible currents taking into account the influence of transient contact resistances.

This paper presents a dielectric spectroscopy approach for analysing the quality of food products. This study aimed to detect the adulteration in mustard oil using dielectric spectroscopy in the 1 to 10 MHz frequency range at a temperature of 30 to 50 °C. The dielectric data were used to predict the adulteration in oils at the given frequency range. The finding indicates that using data analysis techniques can further improve the capacity of dielectric sensing to detect adulterated edible oil. Using MATLAB R2021a, linear relationships between the frequency and adulteration percentage variables were obtained to predict the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor values. A paired sample t-test was used to analyse the effects of the frequency and adulteration on the dielectric parameters, with a significance level of 0.05 being set for the differences. Correlation coefficients (R2) > 0.96 were established using regression equations relating the dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and adulteration.

At the optimum temperature, which is the ideal range in which seeds germinate most efficiently, seed germination may be lower than expected under favorable conditions, and this is indicative of seed dormancy. Also, germination may be enhanced by additional and interacting factors, such as nitrate and light. However, little is known about the interplay between temperature, nitrate, and seed germination. Using seeds from 22 accessions of four Plantago species that occupy distinct pedoclimates, we applied a factorial experimental design to assess the relationship between exogenously applied nitrate (KNO3) and temperature on germination in a Petri dish experiment. The data explore the relationship between seed germination, temperatures, and seed- and maternal-source soil N content as either nitrite (NO2−), nitrate (NO3−), or ammonium (NH4+). The interpretation also considered the total N and C contents of seeds, and the soil of the maternal plant (of the test seed) sources. Significant interspecific effects of nitrate and temperature on seed germination were observed. The capacity of nitrate to enhance final germination may be diminished substantially at supra-optimum temperatures, e.g., P. lagopus germination at 15 °C was 7% lower than that seen for water-only treatment. In contrast, at sub-optimum and alternating temperatures, nitrate enhanced final germination differentially across the species tested. This suggests a shift to enhanced germination at lower temperatures in the presence of sufficient soil nitrate, facilitating seedling establishment earlier in the growing season. The seeds of some Plantago species showed increased germination as a function of nitrate and temperature, particularly those of P. lagopus. The findings indicate that species (and genotype) responses correlated with the prevailing temperature and rainfall patterns of the locality; such local adaptation would ensure that seed germination and establishment occur during a period when environmental conditions are optimal.

The dynamic of the heat transfer analysis constitutes an important factor that has drawn the attention of many researchers. Heat transfer is evaluated by considering the heat transfer coefficient, the surface area, and the temperature difference between the surface and the surrounding fluid. The computation of the temperature difference across various surface areas shows that increased heat transfer enhances the proportion of the heat conduction rate. In most cases, the system becomes unstable because inappropriate structural elements and outside disturbances, like ambient temperature can readily change the yielding temperature. As a result, the heat exchanger's efficiency needs improvement. A numerical simulation analyzing the performance of a shell and tube heat exchanger indicates that an increase in the surface area leads to a corresponding increase in the heat transfer rate. To optimize system performance, mathematical models were employed for the stability analysis of temperature changes. MATLAB simulations computed temperature differences in quantities of heat and area, thereby obtaining valuable insights for improving heat exchanger design and operation.

为探究温度对高油酸油脂中醛类化合物形成的影响规律及其作为油脂氧化评价指标的可行性，选取典型高油酸油脂（橄榄油和山茶油）为试验对象，分别进行冷藏(4 ℃)和室温(26 ℃)贮藏12个月以及90、150、210 ℃加热处理12 h，分析处理过程中5种醛类物质（壬醛、辛醛、癸醛、反式-2-癸烯醛和反式-2-十一烯醛）含量的变化规律及可能的形成机制，并与传统油脂氧化评价指标进行相关性分析。结果表明：冷藏和室温贮藏时，饱和醛的生成占主导，尤其是壬醛的增量显著；加热处理时，随加热温度升高不饱和醛逐渐占据优势，反式-2-癸烯醛和反式-2-十一烯醛的增长逐渐加剧；基于油酸自动氧化理论，壬醛的产生主要由9-ROOH和10-ROOH两种氢过氧化物的裂解导致，反式-2-癸烯醛和反式-2-十一烯醛则分别为9-ROOH和8-ROOH氢过氧化物的裂解产生；相关性分析表明，油脂贮藏时特征醛与总氧化值线性相关，加热处理时不饱和特征醛类与茴香胺值线性相关。因此，高油酸油脂氧化过程中所产生的醛类物质含量和种类与温度密切相关，醛类物质可以作为油脂氧化程度评价的新指标，结合传统油脂氧化评价指标，能更全面评价油脂的初级和次级氧化程度。In order to explore the influence of temperature on the formation of aldehydes in high oleic acid oil and its feasibility as an evaluation index of oil oxidation, typical high oleic acid oils (olive oil and oil-tea camellia seed oil) were selected as experimental objects, and they were stored at fridge (4 ℃) and room (26 ℃) for 12 months and heated at 90, 150 ℃ and 210℃ for 12 h,and the variation rules of the contents of five aldehydes (nonanal, octanal, decanal, trans-2- decenal and trans-2- undecenal) during the treatment and possible formation mechanism were analyzed. In addition, the correlation between aldehydes and traditional oil oxidation evaluation indexes was analyzed.The results showed that saturated aldehydes were dominant when stored at fridge and room, especially nonanal had a significant increase. During heating treatment, with the increase of heating temperature, unsaturated aldehydes took the dominant status gradually, the growth rate of trans-2- decenal and trans-2-undecenal progressively increased. Based on the oleic acid auto-oxidation theory, the production of nonanal was mainly caused by the cracking of 9-ROOH and 10-ROOH hydroperoxides. Trans-2- decenal and trans-2- undecenal were produced by the cracking of 9-ROOH and 8-ROOH hydroperoxides, respectively. The correlation analysis found that characteristic aldehydes were linearly related to the total oxidation value during oil storage and unsaturated characteristic aldehydes were linearly related to p-anisidine value during heating treatment. Therefore, the content and types of aldehydes produced in the oxidation process of high oleic acid oil were closely related to temperature. Aldehydes can be used as a new index for the evaluation of oil oxidation degree, and combined with traditional oxidative evaluation indexes, the primary and secondary oxidation degree of oil can be more comprehensively evaluated.

Environmental factors (such as temperature and water) and their coupling effects will change the unloading creep properties of surrounding rock after tunnel excavation, threatening the stability of surrounding rock and the safety maintenance of construction sites. To analyze the effects of temperature, seepage flow, and their coupling on the creep characteristics of sandstone unloading, the triaxial unloading creep test was carried out on the sandstone specimen (φ50 mm×100 mm) by using the self-designed temperature control system and the improved pore water conduction specimen sealing device. The results show that during the creep time of 300 min after unloading the confining stress, the axial compression and radial expansion creep speed increase gradually and then slow down. The strain is mainly radial creep. The decrease in temperature leads to the increase in axial creep deformation and the decrease in radial creep deformation of the dry and saturated specimens. With the increase in seepage water pressure, the axial strain reduces, and the seepage water pressure suppresses the axial creep deformation, while the radial strain increases significantly, and the expansion phenomenon is obvious. Seepage water pressure promotes radial creep deformation. With the increase of seepage water pressure, the axial unloading creep rate decreases and the radial unloading creep rate increases. Under the coupling effect of temperature and seepage, the creep rate curve of unloading is divided into the attenuation stage and the stable stage, and the deformation in the attenuation stage is dominant. The radial creep rate is higher than the axial creep rate, and the fluctuation amplitude of the radial creep rate is small, which reaches stability fast. This study can provide scientific information for the stability evaluation of surrounding rock in deep underground engineering.

The importance of Model Predictive Control (MPC) has significant applications in the agricultural industry, more specifically for greenhouse’s control tasks. However, the complexity of the greenhouse and its limited prior knowledge prevent an exact mathematical description of the system. Subspace methods provide a promising solution to this issue through their capacity to identify the system’s comportment using the fit between model output and observed data. In this paper, we introduce an application of Constrained Model Predictive Control (CMPC) for a greenhouse temperature and relative humidity. For this purpose, two Multi Input Single Output (MISO) systems, using Numerical Subspace State Space System Identification (N4SID) algorithm, are firstly suggested to identify the temperature and the relative humidity comportment to heating and ventilation actions. In this sense, linear state space models were adopted in order to evaluate the robustness of the control strategy. Once the system is identified, the MPC technique is applied for the temperature and the humidity regulation. Simulation results show that the regulation of the temperature and the relative humidity under constraints was guaranteed, both parameters respect the ranges 15 °C ≤ Tint ≤ 30 °C and 50 % ≤ Hint ≤ 70 % respectively. On the other hand, the control signals uf and uh applied to the fan and the heater, respect the hard constraints notion, the control signals for the fan and the heater did not exceed 0 ≤ uf ≤ 4.3 Volts and 0 ≤ uh ≤ 5 Volts, respectively, which proves the effectiveness of the MPC and the tracking tasks. Moreover, we show that with the proposed technique, using a new optimization toolbox, the computational complexity has been significantly reduced. The greenhouse in question is devoted to Schefflera Arboricola cultivation.

Abstract Background Temperature is a crucial environmental determinant for the vitality and development of teleost fish, yet the underlying mechanisms by which they sense temperature fluctuations remain largely unexplored. Transient receptor potential (TRP) proteins, renowned for their involvement in temperature sensing, have not been characterized in teleost fish, especially regarding their temperature-sensing capabilities. Results In this study, a genome-wide analysis was conducted, identifying a total of 28 TRP genes in the mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi. These genes were categorized into the families of TRPA, TRPC, TRPP, TRPM, TRPML, and TRPV. Despite notable variations in conserved motifs across different subfamilies, TRP family members shared common structural features, including ankyrin repeats and the TRP domain. Tissue expression analysis showed that each of these TRP genes exhibited a unique expression pattern. Furthermore, examination of the tissue expression patterns of ten selected TRP genes following exposure to both high and low temperature stress indicated the expression of TRP genes were responsive to temperatures changes. Moreover, the expression profiles of TRP genes in response to mandarin fish virus infections showed significant upregulation for most genes after Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus, mandarin fish iridovirus and infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus infection. Conclusions This study characterized the TRP family genes in mandarin fish genome-wide, and explored their expression patterns in response to temperature stress and virus infections. Our work will enhance the overall understanding of fish TRP channels and their possible functions.

Abstract Referring to the intestinal ischemic injury caused by sudden interruption of the blood supply, acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) is a highly fatal emergency with mortality rates varying from 58 to 80%. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of temperature on AMI admission. This was a retrospective, multicentric study. The medical records of 1477 patients with verified AMI who were consecutively admitted to 3 hospitals anytime between January 2010 and December 2020 were included in the study. Distributed lag non-linear model was applied, the model was adjusted for temperature, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, year, holiday, day of the week, time and seasonality. AMI exhibited obvious sex preference, AMI patients tended to be male (M/F ratio = 2.3:1) and in their late 50 s. Hospital admissions of acute mesenteric arterial thromboembolism (AMAT) increased significantly with high temperatures on day of exposure and lag 0–14 day. The effect curve of daily average temperature on acute mesenteric venous thromboembolism (AMVT) admission was J-shaped, and the duration of cold effect was longer, while the duration of heat effect was shorter. An increase in hospital admissions of AMVT was found above 20 °C at lag 0–30. For the first time, our study indicated that temperature is significantly associated with the risk of AMI. Although it is not possible to always avoid exposure to extreme temperatures, one should be aware of dramatic temperature fluctuations and take appropriate precautions.

Abstract Background Clean energy hydrogen (H2) produced from abundant lignocellulose is an alternative to fossil energy. As an essential influencing factor, there is a lack of comparison between constant temperatures (35, 55 and 65 °C) and gradient heating temperature (35 to 65 °C) on the H2 production regulation potential from lignocellulose-rich straw via high-solid anaerobic digestion (HS-AD). More importantly, the microbial mechanism of temperature regulating H2 accumulation needs to be investigated. Results Constant 65 °C led to the lowest lignin residue (1.93%) and the maximum release of cellulose and hemicellulose, and the highest H2 production (26.01 mL/g VS). H2 production at 35 and 55 °C was only 14.56 and 24.13 mL/g VS, respectively. In order to further explore the potential of ultra-high temperature (65 °C), HS-AD was performed by gradient heating conditions (35 to 65 °C). However, compared to constant 65 °C, gradient heating conditions led to higher lignin residue (2.49%) and lower H2 production (13.53 mL/g VS) than gradient heating conditions (47.98%). In addition, metagenomic analysis showed the cellulose/hemicellulose hydrolyzing bacteria and genes (mainly Thermoclostridium, and xynA, xynB, abfA, bglB and xynD), H2-producing bacteria and related genes (mainly Thermoclostridium, and nifD, nifH and nifK), and microbial movement and metabolic functions were enriched at 65 °C. However, the enrichment of two-component systems under gradient heating conditions resulted in a lack of highly-enriched ultra-high-temperature cellulose/hemicellulose hydrolyzing genera and related genes but rather enriched H2 consumption genera and genes (mainly Acetivibrio, and hyaB and hyaA) resulting in a weaker H2 production. Conclusions The lignin degradation process does not directly determine H2 accumulation, which was actually regulated by bacteria/genes contributing to H2 production/consumption. In addition, it is temperature that enhances the hydrolysis process of lignin rather than lignin-degrading enzymes, bacteria and genes by promoting microbial material transfer and metabolism. In terms of temperature, one of the key parameters of HS-AD for H2 production, we developed an important regulatory strategy, enriched the theoretical basis of temperature regulation for H2 production to further expanded the research horizon in this field. Video Abstract

Abstract Background With the backdrop of global climate change, the impact of climate change on respiratory diseases like asthma is receiving increasing attention. However, the effects of temperature and diurnal temperature range (DTR) on asthma are complex, and understanding these effects across different seasons, age groups, and sex is of utmost importance. Methods This study utilized asthma hospitalization data from Lanzhou, China, and implemented a distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) to investigate the relationship between temperature and DTR and asthma hospitalizations. It considered differences in the effects across various seasons and population subgroups. Results The study revealed that low temperatures immediately increase the risk of asthma hospitalization (RR = 1.2010, 95% CI: 1.1464, 1.2580), and this risk persists for a period of time. Meanwhile, both high and low DTR were associated with an increased risk of asthma hospitalization. Lower temperatures (RR = 2.9798, 95% CI: 1.1154, 7.9606) were associated with higher asthma risk in the warm season, while in the cold season, the risk significantly rose for the general population (RR = 3.6867, 95% CI: 1.7494, 7.7696), females (RR = 7.2417, 95% CI: 2.7171, 19.3003), and older individuals (RR = 18.5425, 95% CI: 5.1436, 66.8458). In the warm season, low DTR conditions exhibited a significant association with asthma hospitalization risk in males (RR = 7.2547, 95% CI: 1.2612, 41.7295) and adults aged 15–64 (RR = 9.9494, 95% CI: 2.2723, 43.5643). Children also exhibited noticeable risk within specific DTR ranges. In the cold season, lower DTR increases the risk of asthma hospitalization for the general population (RR = 3.1257, 95% CI: 1.4004, 6.9767). High DTR significantly increases the risk of asthma hospitalization in adults (RR = 5.2563, 95% CI: 2.4131, 11.4498). Conclusion This study provides crucial insights into the complex relationship between temperature, DTR, and asthma hospitalization, highlighting the variations in asthma risk across different seasons and population subgroups.