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The study was conducted to evaluate the impact of feeding multistrain probiotic on breast muscle characteristics of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) infected broilers. Three hundred and thirty six Lohmann MB-202 day-old-chicks were divided to four treatment groups, including CNTRL (chicks receiving basal diet and not infected), APEC (chicks receiving basal diet and infected with APEC), APEC-AGP (chicks taking in basal diet containing 0.04% zinc bacitracin and infected with APEC) and APEC-PROB (chicks taking in basal diet containing 0.5% probiotic Bacillus and infected with APEC). At day 35, birds were randomly taken and slaughtered, and from which the breast muscles were collected for the determination of breast meat characteristics. The breast meat of CNTRL had lower (P < 0.05) pH values than APEC-AGP and APEC-PROB birds. The breast muscles from CNTRL exhibited higher (P < 0.05) water holding capacity (WHC) and water content than that from infected groups. Crude fat was higher (P < 0.05) in APEC-AGP and APEC-PROB than that of CNTRL and APEC meats. Crude ash was higher (P < 0.05) in APEC-PROB meat than that in other meats. The L* (lightness) values were higher (P < 0.05) in meats from APEC and APEC-AGP than in CNTRL and APEC-PROB meats. The a* (redness) values were higher (P < 0.05) in meat of CNTRL than in APEC-AGP and APEC-PROB. The samples from APEC-AGP had the highest (P < 0.05) values of b* (yellowness). Palmitic, stearic and linoleic acids were higher (P < 0.05) in meat from CNTRL and APEC compared to that from APEC-AGP and APEC-PROB. Oleic acid was higher (P < 0.05) in CNTRL than in APEC-AGP and APEC-PROB meats. CNTRL meat had higher (P < 0.05) antioxidant activity than APEC and APEC-AGP meats. The 21, 42.7, 40, 51 and 53 kDa bands were intense in all meat samples from APEC group, but less intense in some samples from CNTRL, APEC-AGP and APEC-PROB groups. In conclusion, APEC infection posed a negative effect on broiler meat characteristics. Probiotic seemed to counteract infection and thereby alleviate the detrimental effect of APEC infection on meat traits.

This study investigated the responses of low-weight day-old chicks to zinc bacitracin and Bacillus mixture on growth performance, hematology, intestinal selected microbiota populations, and carcass characteristics. A total of 192 unsexed Lohman MB-202 day-old broiler chicks were randomly allotted to four dietary treatment groups of 48 chicks each (6 replicates of 8 chicks) and fed for 35 days. The four treatments were CONT (basal diet without supplementation), AGP (basal diet with 0.04% zinc bacitracin), PROB (basal diet supplemented with 0.5% Bacillus mixture), and PROB+AGP (basal diet supplemented with 0.5% Bacillus mixture and 0.04% zinc bacitracin). There were no significant differences in final body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio of broilers. The relative weight of thymus was higher (P= 0.01) in AGP than that in PROB and PROB+AGP birds. Birds in PROB+AGP had lower (P= 0.04) values of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme compared to those in CONT and AGP groups, but the difference was not significant when compared with birds in PROB group. Serum creatinine was lower (P< 0.01) in PROB+AGP than in CONT and AGP birds. Birds in AGP group tended (P = 0.09) to have higher globulin concentration in the serum compared to other birds. There was also a tendency (P = 0.07) for PROB+AGP birds to have higher albumin to globulin ratio compared with other birds. There was more lactic acid bacteria in ileal digesta (P = 0.05) in PROB+AGP than in AGP birds, but the difference was not significant when compared to CONT and PROB birds. Birds in AGP group had higher (P = 0.05) relative breast weight compared to other birds. In conclusion, Bacillus mixture did not affect performance and hematological parameters, but increased the intestinal population of lactic acid bacteria in broiler chicks.

The objective of this study was to analyze the unique tendencies reported along the egg-production curve for the Kampung Unggul Badan Litbang Pertanian (KUB) chicken. This research was superior to others due to its comprehensive analysis of multiple nonlinear models specifically tailored to the unique egg production patterns of the indigenous KUB chicken, providing highly accurate and practical predictive capabilities for local poultry farming. Egg production was monitored in 797 KUB chickens from 17 breeding flocks. The study evaluated Logistic, Compartmental, Gamma, and Yang to represent the egg production curve. The Yang function, which is suggested as the best-fitting model, accurately reflected the characteristics of the observed data on egg production for KUB chickens. The Yang function had the highest correlation coefficient, medium pseudo R2, lowest MSE, AIC, and BIC. The rankings for the Logistic, Compartmental, and Gamma functions were second, third, and fourth, in that order. In order to predict future results in the weekly egg production of KUB chickens, it is advised that the Yang be used to monitor the beginning rate of production to peak, the peak time of production, and the gradual fall after the peak using prior experiences.

Although it has widely been applied in human applications for therapeutic purposes, the use of fermented herbal products to improve growth performance in broiler chickens is still disputable. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of fermented versus unfermented herbal products in improving the growth performance, breast meat quality, and small intestinal morphology of broiler chickens and to determine the optimal conditions according to meta-analysis and response surface methodology. The database was developed based on 23 articles comprising 123 data points collected in 2023. The metadata was analysed using OpenMEE and R, with the inclusion of fermented herbal products as fixed factors and individual studies as random factors. The optimal dosage was determined using response surface methodology (RSM). A significant difference (p

The study investigated the effect of encapsulated Medinilla javanensis fruit extract on performance, protein digestibility, and health of broilers. A total of 200 Cobb broiler chicks were divided into five treatments with four repetitions, including T0 (basal diet), T1 (basal diet + 200 mg/kg encapsulated Medinilla javanensis fruit extract), T2 (basal diet + 400 mg/kg encapsulated Medinilla javanensis fruit extract), T3 (basal diet + 600 mg/kg encapsulated Medinilla javanensis fruit extract), and T4 (basal diet + 800 mg/kg encapsulated Medinilla javanensis fruit extract). Sample collection was conducted on day 35 of age. Results showed that increased encapsulated Medinilla javanensis fruit extract levels in feed linearly increased (P

The intestinal microbe population has a considerable impact on the physiological state of poultry. Nutritional intervention can be used to enhance the equilibrium of the gut microbiota in chickens, leading to good physiological effects. Various nutritional interventions have been implemented, including feed additives, vitamins, and fermented and functional feeds. While numerous studies have shown the efficacy of nutritional strategies, others have noted the variability of these interventions on poultry’s physiological state. Various factors can influence the effectiveness of nutritional interventions on the physiological conditions of poultry, such as the types of feed additives or active components, duration and method of administration, feed composition, environmental conditions during rearing, quality of day-old-chick, type and age of poultry, hygiene, infection, stress, and other related variables. Feed additives, when combined with nutritional components or other active chemicals, can have synergistic and complementary effects. These impacts could improve the effectiveness and reliability of the nutritional interventions on physiological parameters and poultry productivity. Furthermore, combinations can include feed additives or active components like probiotics and acidifiers, probiotics and enzymes, phytobiotics and enzymes, and plant-based materials and chitosan. The combinations show synergistic and complementary benefits, improving physiological conditions in chickens more than using feed additives or active substances alone. Overall, nutritional intervention can be used to improve the microbial balance in poultry intestines and boost their physiological state. Moreover, integrating feed additives with other active components might enhance the physiological circumstances of chickens due to the synergistic effect produced by their combination.

A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effects of enzyme and probiotic on the growth performance of broiler chickens. A collection of publications covering the years from 2009 to 2021 was compiled using several keywords, such as enzyme, growth performance, and probiotic. A total of 136 comparisons from 19 in vivo investigations were used to create the final dataset. The data were analyzed using the OpenMEE software, considering the feed additives (enzymes and probiotics) as fixed effects and individual studies as random effects. The result showed an insignificant difference (P0.05) between enzymes and probiotics in terms of improving the body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broilers. In conclusion, both probiotics and enzymes improved broiler performances, such as body weight gain, feed intake and FCR. According to the meta-analysis, the ability of enzymes and probiotics to affect broiler performances was equal.

This study aims to examines composition and essential nutrients of cyanobacterium flour produced from Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) fermented by yeast on a small scale. During the study, amino acids, volatile organic compounds, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), and proximate composition of fermented and unfermented spirulina were compared. The results showed that fermentation enhanced the levels of total and essential amino acids. This showed that fermentation altered the amino acids and fatty acid profiles, thereby improving the nutritional value of spirulina.

Penelitian ini menguji dampak independensi, pengalaman, etika, dan keterlibatan auditor terhadap kualitas audit, membahas peran auditor dalam memitigasi konflik yang timbul dari kekurangan informasi dalam laporan keuangan. Dilakukan di Kota Surabaya dengan 158 auditor dari Kantor Akuntan Publik, penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian eksplanatori dan metodologi kuantitatif. Dengan menggunakan purposive sampling dan pengumpulan data berbasis kuesioner, analisis regresi linier berganda dilakukan untuk menguji hipotesis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa independensi dan etika auditor berpengaruh positif terhadap kualitas audit, sedangkan pengalaman dan keterlibatan auditor berpengaruh negatif. Selain itu, secara kolektif, variabel-variabel ini berkontribusi signifikan terhadap kualitas audit .

Background and Aim: The ban on antibiotic growth promoters adversely affects the physiological condition and health of poultry. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of encapsulated Acalypha australis L. leaf extract, chitosan, or a combination of both on the physiological and intestinal conditions of broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: A total of 280 Cobb broiler chicks were randomly distributed into four groups: Basal feed without additives (CNTL), basal feed with 0.01% encapsulated A. australis leaf extract (EALE), 0.01% chitosan (CHIT), and 0.01% EALE and 0.01% chitosan (EACH). Sample collection and data measurement were conducted on day 36. Results: There was a tendency (p = 0.08) for EACH bird to have a higher body weight than the other groups. Feed consumption was higher (p < 0.05) in EACH than in EALE and CHIT. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lower (p < 0.05) in EALE, CHIT, and EACH than in CNTL. Erythrocyte numbers were lower (p < 0.05) in EALE than in CNTL and EACH. Hematocrit was lower (p < 0.05) in EALE and CHIT groups than in the other two groups. There was a tendency (p = 0.09) for heterophils to be higher in EACH than in CNTL. Thrombocyte counts were lower (p < 0.05) in EACH group than in the other groups. Serum globulin levels were higher (p < 0.05) in EACH than in CNTL and CHIT. The albumin-to-globulin ratio was higher (p < 0.05) in CNTL than in EALE and EACH. Coliform bacteria tended to be lower (p = 0.05) in the cecum of EACH broilers than that of other broilers. Similarly, the ratio of Lactic acid bacteria to coliforms tended to be higher (p = 0.08) in the cecum of EACH group than that in the other groups. Treatments did not influence the intestinal morphology of broiler chickens (p > 0.05). Conclusion: A combination of EALE and chitosan as feed additives enhanced the final body weight and feed efficiency (FCR) of broilers. These additives also increased the levels of heterophils, serum globulin, the ratio of LAB to coliforms, and reduced thrombocytes, albumin-to-globulin ratio, and cecal coliform bacteria. Hence, EALE and chitosan blend improved the growth performance, immune status, and intestinal health of broiler chickens.

Physical exercise during fasting is an interesting therapeutic agent in preventing increased inflammation in obesity. Therefore, this study aims to prove the physiological impact of a combination of physical exercise and fasting on inflammatory risk factors in obese women. This research involved 18 obese women as research subjects who met the predetermined criteria and were then randomly selected. Subjects were divided into 2 groups: a control group (K1; n = 9) and a group that combined physical exercise and fasting (K2; n = 9). Physical exercise is done aerobically using a treadmill for 40 minutes at moderate intensity while fasting is done intermittently: fasting for 16 hours, followed by not fasting for 8 hours. The combination of physical exercise and fasting was carried out for 2 weeks. Blood samples were taken to measure the risk of inflammation, using the CRP biomarker, from the cubital vein in as much as 4 mL, which was carried out before and after treatment. Data analysis used a paired sample t-test with a significance level of 5%. Based on the research results, there are significant differences. The level of CRP reduction between the treatment and control groups (p ≤ 0.05). Based on the results of this research, physiological evidence shows that aerobic exercise during intermittent fasting reduces inflammatory risk factors in obese women. Therefore, aerobic exercise during fasting can be recommended as an approach to reducing inflammatory risk factors in obesity. Keywords: Obese women, aerobic exercise, intermittent fasting, risk of inflammation

ABSTRACT. The present study evaluated the effect of feed additives containing Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruit filtrate, wheat bran, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on egg production and blood parameters of laying hens during post-peak production. The experiment was carried out according to a completely randomized design with 224 hens (80 weeks old). The hens were randomly distributed to 4 treatments and 7 replications. The treatments included T0 (basal feed), T1 (basal feed + 0.25% additive), T2 (basal feed + 0.5% additive), T3 (basal feed + 1% additive). Feed intake was recorded daily, body weight was determined weekly, and blood was collected on day 35 of the experiment. The variables measured included feed intake, feed conversion ratio, hen day production, egg weight, yolk index, albumin index, eggshell thickness, yolk color, and complete blood counts. Results showed that hen-day production decreased (P0.05) as the level of additives increased in the feed. Dietary inclusion of additive at 0.25% increased (P0.05) eggshell thickness. The feed conversion ratio tended (P=0.08) to be better in hens receiving additives at 0.25%. Compared to control, additive at 0.5% decreased (P0.05) red blood cell distribution width-standard deviation (RDW-SD) and red blood cell distribution width-coefficient variation (RDW-CV) of laying hens. In conclusion, novel feed additives containing A. bilimbi L. fruit filtrate, wheat bran, and S. cerevisiae, particularly at 0.25% of the diet improved hen day egg production, eggshell thickness, and feed conversion ratio. (Pengaruh novel feed additive terhadap produksi telur dan parameter darah ayam petelur pasca puncak produksi) ABSTRAK. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi pengaruh imbuhan pakan yang mengandung filtrat buah belimbing wuluh, dedak gandum dan S. cerevisiae terhadap produksi telur dan parameter darah ayam petelur selama pasca produksi puncak. Penelitian dilaksanakan berdasarkan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) menggunakan 224 ekor ayam petelur (umur 80 minggu). Ayam-ayam tersebut didistribusikan ke 4 kelompok perlakuan dan 7 ulangan. Perlakuan tersebut meliputi T0 (pakan basal), T1 (pakan basal + aditif 0,25%), T2 (pakan basal + aditif 0,5%), T3 (pakan basal + aditif 1%). Konsumsi pakan dicatat setiap hari, bobot badan ditimbang setiap minggu dan darah diambil pada hari ke-35 penelitian. Parameter yang diamati dalam penelitian meliputi konsumsi pakan, rasio konversi pakan, produksi telur harian, berat telur, indeks kuning telur, indeks albumin, ketebalan cangkang telur, warna kuning telur dan profil darah lengkap. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hen day production menurun (P0,05) seiring dengan peningkatan level aditif dalam pakan. Aditif pakan pada level 0,25% meningkatkan ketebalan cangkang telur (P0,05). Rasio konversi pakan cenderung lebih baik (P=0,08) pada ayam petelur yang menerima aditif sebesar 0,25%. Dibandingkan dengan kontrol, aditif 0,5% menurunkan RDW-SD dan RDW-CV (P0,05) ayam petelur. Sebagai kesimpulan, imbuhan pakan yang mengandung filtrat buah belimbing wuluh, dedak gandum dan S. cerevisiae khususnya pada level 0,25% meningkatkan produksi telur ayam, ketebalan cangkang telur dan rasio konversi pakan.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the needs of athletes regarding monitoring the implementation of training programs for Android-based athletes and trainers. This research method is descriptive quantitative. The samples in this study were 20 athletes, 5 licensed trainers in petanque sports, and 1 expert in the fields of physical conditioning, 1 information, and technology. The data collection technique for this research was purposive sampling. The results of this study are that researchers found various things athletes need based on data in the field. The data is based on the results of distributing questionnaires and interviews with athletes, licensed petanque trainers, experts in physical conditioning, and experts in information and technology. These needs can be summarized in an Android-based application that can record data and athlete training developments on the field. Additional information from experts on physical conditions that monitor the implementation of petanque sports is urgently needed. This is useful for reducing the risk of injury to athletes caused by physical conditions that are not properly monitored. Information and technology experts claim that the Android application can be used to display chat features and maps, and it is very safe for storing data on the condition of athletes in each exercise. The conclusion from this study is that athletes need the application of a monitoring system for implementing training programs to improve the athlete's performance. Petanque trainers need a touch of technology based on Android applications to monitor the implementation of training programs and activities outside athlete training. Keywords: Monitoring, Training Program, Android, Petanque

This study investigates the implementation of the Case Method and Team-Based Project learning approaches within the context of the Geography Education Department's cultural and political geography courses at Universitas Negeri Medan. These methods, relevant to the Merdeka Belajar - Kampus Merdeka (MBKM) program, aim to enhance student skills through active, applied learning. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach, the research gathered data via questionnaires distributed through Google Forms to a sample of 67 students out of a total population of 454 from the 2019-2022 academic cohorts. Findings indicate that the duration required for the Case Method varies with the complexity of the cases, ranging from 15-30 minutes for simpler issues to over 60 minutes for more intricate problems. The Team-Based Project approach necessitates 7 to 8 meetings, including initial planning and subsequent implementation phases, monitored by lecturers through direct communication or digital platforms like LMS forums or Zoom channels. However, the study reveals inefficiencies in applying these learning methods within the department, attributed to the substantial workload imposed by the Indonesian National Qualifications Framework (KKNI) and a lack of student engagement in assignments. It suggests a comprehensive revision of IQF assignments towards more discussion-oriented and field-practical approaches to address these challenges.

A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effects of herbal plant extracts on the growth performance, blood parameters, nutrient digestibility and carcase quality of farmed rabbits. A dataset was created from 33 in vivo studies comprising 121 experimental units. Statistical meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model and linear-mixed model meta-regression using R software (v. 4.3.0). Our results showed that although supplemental herbs did not affect average daily gain (ADG) and final body weight (BW), they reduced (P

Kurang optimalnya pengelolaan sumber daya alam (SDA) dan sedikitnya Nilai tambah sumber daya ekonomi (SDE) serta akses infrastruktur yang sekedarnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji bagaimana tingkat pertumbuhan ekonomi di desa wilayah Indonesia setelah mendapat dana alokasi dari Anggaran Pendapatan Belanja Negara (APBN) yang mana masing masing desa kurang lebih mendapat dana dari negara. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan melibatkan masyarakat desa berdasarkan sampling yang di uji oleh peneliti tentang dana desa dengan mengambil sampel sebanyak 100 responden. Sebagai alat analisanya, penelitian ini menggunakan metode regresi linear berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kesempatan kerja, urbanisasi dan transparandi mempengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi desa.

Masalah: Saat ini obesitas telah menjadi ancaman serius bagi kesehatan global dengan tingkat prevalensi yang terus mengalami peningkatan di seluruh dunia. Latihan ditenggarai memiliki efek positif dalam meningkatkan sekresi irisin yang dapat berperan dalam mengatur oksidasi lemak dan memperbaiki gangguan metabolisme. Tujuan: Studi ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan efek latihan resisten intensitas sedang terhadap peningkatan kadar irisin pada wanita obesitas. Metode: Penelitian ini adalah true experimental dengan rancangan pretest-posttest control group design. Sebanyak 16 wanita obesitas, berusia 20-25 tahun ikut tergabung dalam penelitian yang terbagi menjadi 2 kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol (K1; n = 8), kelompok latihan resisten (K2; n = 8). Latihan dilakukan dengan intensitas sedang (60-70% 1-RM), 4 set, 12 repetisi, durasi 45 menit, frekuensi 3x/minggu selama 8 minggu. Kadar irisin diukur pretest dan posttest menggunakan metode ELISA Kit. Uji Paired Sample T-Test digunakan untuk menganalisis data dengan taraf signifikansi 5%. Hasil: Hasil analisis kadar irisin antara pretest dengan posttest pada K1 (0.91±1.02 vs. 0.94±1.31 ng/mL; p=0.961), dan K2 (1.09±1.61 vs. 5.22±3.29 ng/mL; p=0.035). Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa latihan resisten yang dilakukan selama 8 minggu memiliki dampak positif dalam meningkatkan kadar irisin pada wanita obesitas.

To ensure the long-term viability of broiler farming, producers must address a number of issues, including rising feed costs, a ban on antibiotic growth promoters, and growing consumer awareness of chemical residues in broiler chicken meat. Fruit peel is a waste with no commercial value, but due to its high nutritional content, particularly in terms of energy, it has the potential to be used as an alternative feed source for broiler chicks. Fruit peel also contains a number of nutraceutical compounds that have the potential to be added to feed or used as natural supplements for broiler chickens due to their antibacterial, antioxidant, and immunostimulant properties. Fruit peels have high fiber content and antinutritional and toxic components that may interfere with broiler digestion and physiological function, so they should be used cautiously in broiler production. Various processes, including fermentation, extraction, distillation, and combining with other active components, such as enzymes, may be used to optimize the use of fruit peels in broiler production. This review examines the use of fruit peel and its effects on broiler growth and health.

Sepakbola membutuhkan kondisi fisik yang baik agar mendukung pemain untuk bermain sepakbola, salah satunya adalah kelincahan. Shuttle run merupakan latihan atau instrumen yang bisa meningkatkan ataupun mengukur kelincahan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui apakah ada pengaruh latihan shuttle run 2 kelompok berbeda terhadap kelincahan peserta didik SSB Bhaladika Semarang. Metode yang digunakan yaitu metode eksperimen semu, dilakukan pada 22 peserta didik SSB Bhaladika Semarang laki-laki 12-15 tahun. Dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yang masing-masing kelompok diberikan perlakuan yang berbeda. Pembagian kelompok menggunakan pola matching by subject (M-S). Pengambilan data menggunakan pre test post test sebelum dan sesudah latihan shuttle run dengan menggunakan instrumen illinois agility test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan peningkatan kelincahan kelompok eksperimen 1 sebesar ∆ 1,202 dan kelompok eksperimen 2 sebesar ∆ 0,825 dengan P < 0,05 maka terdapat perubahan hasil yang signifikan pada kedua kelompok eksperimen. Uji beda dari kedua kelompok dengan nilai P 0,9 maka P > 0,05 maka tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada hasil kelincahan kedua kelompok. Simpulan dari penelitian ini terdapat peningkatan hasil yang signifikan terhadap kelincahan peserta didik dan tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada hasil akhir kedua kelompok. Saran untuk pelatih dan pemain yaitu memberikan latihan yang efektif dan dilakukan dengan serius.

Literature review dalam penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas fisik dalam pembelajaran pendidikan jasmani terhadap optimalisasi tumbuh kembang siswa yang ditinjau dari hormon pertumbuhan, insulin growth factor-1 dan hormon kortisol. Metode dalam penelitian ini mengakses database artikel yang menggunakan prosedur PICO dengan strategi pemilihan dan penyaringan data menggunakan alur PRISMA. Hasil analisis lebih lanjut berdasarkan konsep neurohormonal terdapat 12 artikel yang menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas fisik yang dikemas dalam pembelajaran pendidikan jasmani di sekolah mempengaruhi tumbuh kembang siswa. Diharapkan bagi pemangku kebijakan pendidikan, sebaiknya tidak menomor duakan mata pelajaran pendidikan jasmani atau menganggap sebagai mata pelajaran formalitas saja. Karena perlu adanya penyesuaian kurikulum pendidikan jasmani yang tidak hanya berfungsi menyehatkan jasmani tetapi juga mencetak SDM yang berkualitas unggul dalam aspek tumbuh kembang di masa kini dan yang akan datang.

Abstract Background Following the prohibition of in‐feed antibiotics, poultry nutritionists are increasingly interested in the use of functional feed. Unripe banana flour (UBF) contains significant amounts of oligosaccharides (which may act as prebiotics) and antioxidants, making it a potential functional feed for broilers. However, research on the use of UBF as a functional feed ingredient for broilers is limited. Objectives The study investigated the effect of UBF with or without probiotic and multienzyme on growth, internal organ weight and carcass characteristics of broilers. Methods A total of 392 broiler chicks were distributed into 4 groups included CONT (chicks receiving control feed), UBF (chicks receiving 5% UBF in feed), UBFPRO (5% UBF plus 0.05% probiotics) and UBFZYM (5% UBF plus 0.05% multienzyme). Data on growth performance were weekly recorded, whereas data on internal organs and carcass were collected on day 38. Results Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lower (p

Sugarcane Mosaic Virus (SCMV) infection is one of the most serious problems that can result in severe yield loss of sugarcane. Since the symptoms of SCMV infection are similar to other biotic and abiotic stress symptoms, the development of a rapid diagnostic with high precision is required. The use of laboratory animals such as rabbits is required for antibody production in immunoassay‐based detection. However, due to its many advantages, specific chicken egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) has received considerable attention as an alternative antibody production in immunodiagnostics for infectious diseases. In this study, IgY antibody against SCMV recombinant coat protein (CP) was successfully obtained from chicken blood serum and tested to compare its efficacy against antibody from rabbit (IgG) using immunocapture reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (IC‐RT‐PCR). The result showed that IgY and IgG could detect 0.1 g SCMV infected leaves using 1000‐times‐diluted antibodies. The IgY antibody was also confirmed to be reproducible and potentially applicable in plant disease diagnostics using an antibody‐based detection.

Students’ character building will be influenced by the school environment as well as their physical education (PE) teachers’ performance. The aim of this research is to analyse and verify the influence of school environment and PE teacher performance on elementary students’ character building. There are 20 elementary schools in Semarang, including 10 public schools and 10 private schools that are used as research samples. The research samples are taken based on cluster random sampling, which is divided into five sectors in Semarang. The qualitative method is applied in this research. The finding shows that the physical education subject gives significant advantages to the development of the students as well as supporting the students’ daily activity based on evaluations by the teacher, school headmaster, and parents. The conclusion attributed to the research is that having a supportive school environment, including facilities and infrastructure, a good proportion of objective competition, a suitable physical education teaching model that is in line with the curriculum, and a supportive and well-competent teacher working in a linear field will have a positive impact on students’ character building. This impact will be visible not only in school but also when the students are home as well

Objective: This study assessed the impact of fermented Averrhoa bilimbi fruit filtrate (FF) on growth, gut morphology, and meat traits of high-stocked broilers. Materials and Methods: A 2 × 2 factorial trial with stocking densities (9 or 18 birds/m2) and drinking 2% FF or plain water was conducted using 378 14-day-old broiler chicks. On day 35, samples were obtained and analyzed. Results: FF improved feed efficiency and income over the feed cost of high-stocked broilers by about 7.63% and 10%, respectively, compared to high-stocked broilers receiving only water. FF decreased duodenal crypt depth and meat water-holding capacity. Meats from high-stocked broil¬ers receiving FF showed lower cholesterol than other meats. Lower cholesterol/high-density lipo¬protein (HDL) and higher HDL/low-density lipoprotein were found in meats from broilers receiving FF. Total unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) was higher in meats of high-stocked broilers receiving FF than others. The UFA/saturated fatty acid was lower in meats of high-stocked broilers receiving plain water. High-stocked broilers given FF had higher meat n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). FF enhanced meat n-6 PUFA levels. The n-3/n-6 PUFA increased with high density and drinking FF. Conclusion: Drinking FF improved gut morphology and meat qualities of broilers housed in high-density pens. FF may be an excellent alternative to improve the growth and meat qualities of broilers raised in high-density houses. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(3.000): 536-545]

Physical activities accelerate the secretion of the uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1), which reduces the risk of metabolic disorders and the prevalence of obesity. This research aimed to investigate the effects of acute physical activities on UCP-1 secretion. A total of 20 males (aged between 19-20 years old) were divided into groups with either a 30-minute moderate-intensity exercise (MIE) or high-intensity exercise (HIE). The UCP-1 expression was measured using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) (pre and 5 minutes post the exercise). The pre and post-UCP-1 data in each group were compared with a paired t-test, while pre and post UCP data between groups were analyzed using the Independent-Sample T-test. The pre and post test UCP-1 in the MIE was (4.16±0.89) ng/mL and (4.55±1.36) ng/mL (P>0.05), while the pre and post test UCP-1 in the HIE were (4.09±0.53) ng/mL and (5.06±1.02) (P0.05) and posted UCP-1 (P>0.05). In conclusion, 30 minutes of high-intensity exercise is required to increase UCP-1 in young adults significantly.

One of the most attractive ecosystems to be used as tourist destinations is coral reefs. The coral reef ecosystem on Weh Island, Aceh, Indonesia is one of the coastal ecosystems that have a strategic role in ecological and economic development. One of the ecological and economic development efforts can be done through marine tourism. This study aims to analyze the distribution of coral reefs to develop marine tourism in Weh Island. This study uses Landsat 8 OLI image data and field observations. The technique used in this research is the image data analysis technique using multispectral classification. The results showed that the coral reefs on Weh Island in 2020 amounted to 13,136,000 Ha. Therefore, the development of marine tourism must create tourism zones to maintain the sustainability of coral reef ecosystems.

Fish is now one of the most popular and nutritious foods. In Indonesia, fish consumption has risen by 7.4% annually, from 38.14 to 54.5 kg per capita between 2014 and 2019. African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) is one of the most commonly consumed fish, often stored in household refrigerators. However, detailed studies on the temperature and quality changes of fish during refrigeration are limited. This study aims to explore the characterization of the temperature and quality changes of African catfish during storage in household refrigerators. In this experiment, the fish were stored in three compartments of the refrigerator: freezing (R1), chilling 1 (R2), and chilling 2 (R3), for a duration of three days. The temperature of both the fish and the refrigerator compartments was measured every 15 seconds. Additionally, electrical current was monitored to assess energy consumption. The quality of the fish, including total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), moisture content, protein content, and mass (weight loss) was analyzed before and after the storage period. The refrigerator was also subjected to door-opening treatments to observe any impact. The study provides detailed insights into the temperature dynamics of African catfish, the room temperature inside the refrigerator, cooling times, fish quality changes (TVB-N, moisture, protein, mass), energy consumption, and the effect of refrigerator door openings.

Scour is often found along the shoulder of the road, especially the shoulder without pavement in suburban and rural areas. This can reduce the function of the road shoulder and increase the risk of traffic accidents. The mechanism and form of scour have not been widely discussed and need to be studied to improve road safety aspects. This study aims to investigate scour occurrence along the unpaved road shoulders. An experiment was conducted in the laboratory by creating a physical model to simulate the scouring process at unpaved road shoulder. The laboratory test used varying rainfall intensities, slopes, and sediment diameters. Results show that the scour depths are influenced significantly by those three factors. Scour depths resulting in 25% longitudinal slope is around twice deeper than these in 0% longitudinal slope. The scour depth in border between the paved road lane and the unpaved road shoulder is deeper than other part of the shoulder. It shows that the location is a susceptible-part to scouring.

Background and Aim: Natural feed additives are important for broiler sustainability during the post-antibiotic era. This study aimed to evaluate the possible effects of the dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus casei-fermented mixture of red rice and aromatic ginger (FERMIX) on growth, blood profiles, intestinal bacterial content, and morphological measurements of broilers. Materials and Methods: Two hundred broiler chicks were allotted to four groups with five replications, including CONTROL (chicks provided with basal feed), FERMIX025 (basal feed supplemented with 0.25% FERMIX), FERMIX050 (0.50% FERMIX), and FERMIX100 (1.00% FERMIX). FERMIX is an anaerobic fermentation product from a mixture of red rice flour and aromatic ginger using L. casei. Blood, organs, digesta, and carcass were collected on day 35. Results: Final body weight, weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio did not differ (p>0.05) across treatments. FERMIX at 0.5% increased (p

The purpose of this study was to produce a management information system product and the Kendal Regency PBSI athlete database, test the effectiveness and analyze the acceptance of the Kendal Regency PBSI athlete management information system and database product so that the system product can play a role in the data input process and make it easier for users to find information. The research method used is development research. The development procedure used includes several stages, namely; 1) research and data collection; 2) product planning, and 3) product development. The instruments used in this development research are questionnaires, observations and interviews. The subjects and places of research are PBSI administrators, club administrators, coaches and athletes under the auspices of PBSI Kendal Regency. This research aims to produce a website-based product management information system and database of PBSI athletes in the Kendal Regency that can be accessed via computers and smartphones so that it can be accessed anytime and anywhere. Test the product's effectiveness on a small group scale with an overall score of "Good" at 71.11%. Test the effectiveness of large group products with an overall score of "Very Good" of 89.29%. Based on the results of this study, the conclusions obtained are to produce SIM products and athlete databases that are effective and efficient when used.

Objective: This work investigated the impact of acidified turmeric on growth, blood profile, and gut bacterial counts of broiler chickens stocked in an overcrowding stress condition. Materials and Methods: A total of 285 14-day-old Lohmann broiler strains were distributed to T0 (chicks receiving basal feed raised at a density of 9 chicks/m2), T1 (chicks receiving basal feed raised at 16 chicks/m2), T2 (chicks receiving 1% turmeric powder raised at 16 chicks/m2), and T3 (chicks receiving 1% acidified turmeric powder raised at 16 chicks/m2). Body weight and feed intake were determined weekly. On day 37, blood and intestinal content were collected and analyzed. Results: Body weight was higher while feed conversion ratio was lower in T0 than in other groups. Compared to T0, T1 had a lower thymus weight. Erythrocytes and hematocrits were greater in T0 than in T2 and T3. Hemoglobin was higher in T0 than in T3. Serum superoxide dismutase differed as T0 < T1 < T2. Ileal coliform was higher in T0 than in T1 and T3. Lactic acid bacteria counts were higher in T0 and T1 than in T2 and T3. Conclusions: Acidified turmeric was capable of maintaining the relative weight of the immune organ and ameliorating the oxidative stress of the broiler during overcrowding stress. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(1.000): 87-94]

Herbal supplements have been researched for decades as a safe alternative to synthetic antioxidants. These natural supplements may help broilers enhance their meat quality, growth, and physiological circumstances. The phenolic compounds in herbal products can serve as antioxidants, thereby responsible for lessening the negative effect of stress before slaughter. One of the most critical factors impacting broiler meats' physical, chemical, and oxidative stability is stress before slaughter. Reducing stress levels during rearing may be anticipated to enhance broiler meat qualities. Some studies have found that herbal supplementation improves meat qualities, whereas others have no impact. The efficacy of herbal supplementation on meat characteristics may be determined by the nature and levels of herbal supplementation and the condition of the animals throughout the rearing. The use of plant-derived products in broiler production and their impact on carcass characteristics, physical and organoleptic qualities, chemical compositions, and oxidative stability of broiler meats are covered in this review.

Background and Study Aim. Judo is a popular sport with dynamic characteristics and requires high physical abilities to achieve achievement. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of plyometric exercises with active-passive recovery for eight weeks to improve the physical ability of male judo athletes. Material and Methods. This study used an experimental method. A total of 36 male judoka participated as samples and were randomly divided into three groups. The plyometric experimental group with active recovery (21.8±1.78 years, 1.70±0.06 m, 71.1±13.5 kg), plyometric experimental group with passive recovery (21.7±2.53 years, 1.71±0.06 m, 63.8±10.1 kg), and the control group (21.4±2.30 years, 1.72±0.05 m, 67.4±7.76 kg). The training program was conducted for eight weeks with a frequency of 3 times/week. The experimental group was treated with plyometric training after warm-up, judo training, and post-exercise active-passive recovery intervention. The control group continued regular judo training. The statistical analysis procedure used the ANOVA test to determine the difference and comparison of the pre-test and post-test mean values in the control and experimental groups with a significance level (p

Highlight: • The differences in intensity physical exercise mechanisms associated with increased irisin secretion in overweight and obese subjects were determined. • The secretion of irisin in the right intensity blood on obesity can be reduced because the calories were balanced. Abstract: Physical exercise is a non-pharmacological therapy that can secrete various types of myokines to treat obesity problems. One of the myokines that play a role is irisin. Irisin is a polypeptide hormone with 112 amino acid residues that are synthesized in skeletal muscle after the proteolytic precursor cleavage of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5). The release of irisin in the blood circulation will stimulate the browning process in white fat tissue by inducing the expression of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) through signaling p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) to increase energy expenditure, thermogenesis and reduce fat accumulation. This study described the differences in intensity of physical exercise mechanisms associated with the increased irisin secretion in overweight and obese subjects. This study was designed as a literature review that involved studies from research journals in the last 10 years concerning humans from some databases, such as Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar. This study also discussed the relationship between the intensity of physical exercise and the synthesis, secretion, circulation, and regulation of irisin in preventing obesity.

Background and Aim: In the post-antibiotic era, consumer demand for healthy and safe meats has prompted poultry producers to seek alternative effective feed additives. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a novel natural feed additive based on a mixture of Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruit filtrate, wheat bran, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the growth rate, internal organ weight, and breast meat characteristics of broilers. Materials and Methods: A total of 280 1-day-old chicks were divided into one control (CNTRL; feed without additives) and three treatment groups: NOV25, feed with 2.5 g/kg novel additive; NOV50, feed with 5.0 g/kg novel additive; and NOV100, feed with 10 g/kg novel additive. The body weight (BW), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured weekly. On day 35, the chickens from each group were slaughtered, and their internal organs and breast meat samples were collected. Results: The BW of broilers in NOV100 was greater (p=0.016) than that in the other groups. The FCRs in the treatments groups were lower (p

The study investigated the effect of a mixture of germinated papaya seed flour and chitosan (GPS-CH) in comparison to the germinated papaya seed flour (GPS) alone on growth, blood profile, intestinal indices and meat quality of broilers. A total of 288 14-day old Cobb chicks were divided into three groups with 8 replications, including CONT (chicks receiving basal feed with no additive), GPS (chicks receiving basal feed supplemented with 0.5% GPS), and GPS-CH (chicks receiving basal feed supplemented with 0.5% GPS and 0.2% chitosan). Treatments had no effect (p > 0.05) on broiler growth. Spleen was lower (p < 0.05) in GPS and GPS-CH than in CONT. Thrombocytes were lower (p < 0.05) in GPS and GPS-CH than in CONT. Total triglyceride and protein were higher (p < 0.05) in GPS and GPS-CH than in CONT. Jejunal villi height (VH) and ileal VH to crypt depth ratio of GPS-CH were higher (p < 0.05) than that of CONT and GPS birds. Total fat in breast meat was lower (p < 0.05) in GPS-CH than in CONT and GPS. The highest (p < 0.05) pH was found in GPS-CH breast. The yellowness values were lower (p < 0.05) in GPS-CH than in CONT and GPS breast. GPS thigh had lowest (p < 0.05) moisture and highest (p < 0.05) fat. Ash was higher (p < 0.05) in GPS-CH than in CONT thigh. Water holding capacity (WHC) was higher (p < 0.05) in GPS-CH than in CONT and GPS thigh meats. Cooking loss was lower (p < 0.05) in GPS-CH than in GPS thigh meats. Compared to GPS, the pH values of thigh meats were higher (p < 0.05) in GPS-CH and CONT meats. The yellowness values were lower in GPS and GPS-CH than in CONT thigh. In conclusion, GPS-CH was beneficial in improving immune responses, nutrient bioavailability, intestinal morphology and meat quality of broilers during the grower period.

Article accepted. The article will be published here soon. Pending final quality checks.

As one of the largest archipelagic countries globally, Indonesia has diverse natural resources, one of which is the coral reef ecosystem. Coral reef ecosystems are spread across almost all Indonesian waters, and Pulau Weh Sabang is one distribution area. This study aims to determine the distribution of coral reef ecosystems and test landsat 8 oli imagery accuracy in mapping coral reef ecosystems. The method used in this research is the nearest neighbour algorithm object-based classification method. The results showed that the coral reef ecosystem in Pulau Weh Sabang was divided into two classes: a healthy coral reef ecosystem class with 277.38 hectares and a medium condition coral reef ecosystem class with an area of 710.01 Ha. Keywords: Landsat 8 oli Mapping Distribution Coral reef Weh Island

The present experiment investigated the impact of administrations of lactic fermented turmeric, black pepper or a mixture of both into diets on the hematological parameters and intestinal ecology and morphology of broilers. Three hundred and ninety two broilers were spread to T0 (control), T1 (feed administrated with 1% lactic fermented turmeric), T2 (feed administrated with 1% lactic fermented black pepper) and T3 (feed administrated with 1% lactic fermented turmeric and 1% lactic fermented black pepper). Blood sampling was conducted at days 21 and 35, while intestinal sampling was at day 35. At day 21, erythrocyte counts were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for T1 compared to that for T2 and T3. Broilers in T1 had deceased (P ≤ 0.05) serum total triglyceride compared to that of T0 and T3. The concentration of globulin was reduced (P ≤ 0.05) in T3 than that in T0 and T1. At day 35, serum triglyceride level was more elevated (P ≤ 0.05) in T0 compared to that in T2 and T3 groups. Serum cholesterol as well as low-density lipoprotein levels were lower (P ≤ 0.05) in T3 than that in T0. Compared to other broilers, total protein and globulin concentrations were lower (P ≤ 0.05) in T3. A bigger (P ≤ 0.05) ratio of albumin to globulin (A/G) was seen in T3 compared to that in T1 and T2. Creatinine was greater (P ≤ 0.05) in T1 than in others. The titer of antibody toward vaccine of Newcastle disease was elevated (P ≤ 0.05) in T1 and T2 than in T0. The LAB counts were enhanced (P ≤ 0.05) in ileum of T1 and T2 than that in T0. Compared to T0, the villi height of jejunum was elevated (P ≤ 0.05) in treated broilers. In conclusion, administration of fermented turmeric powder improved erythrocyte counts, antibody titer toward Newcastle disease vaccine, LAB population and jejunal villi height of broilers.

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis pengaruh latihan dengan intensitas sedang yakni Moderate Intensity Continuous Exercise (MICE) terhadap peningkatan kadar irisin serum. Metode penelitian menggunakan true experimental-randomized pretest-posttest control group design dengan partisipasi 20 subjek wanita dengan Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT) 25-35 kg/m2. Subjek secara random dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok, yakni CONT (n= 10, kontrol tanpa intervensi), dan MICE (n= 10, Moderate Intensity Continuous Exercise). Intervensi dilakukan secara continuous selama 30 menit. Intervensi dilakukan pukul 08.00-10.00 a.m. Pengambilan darah dilakukan pre-exercise dan 15 menit post-exercise. Pengukuran kadar irisin menggunakan metode ELISA. Teknik analisis data menggunakan t-test dan Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) dengan SPSS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat peningkatan irisin serum pre dan post-test secara signifikan pada MICE (4,31±0,49 to 5,57±0,71) (p0,05). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa MICE dapat meningkatkan kadar irisin serum pada wanita remaja obesitas saat setelah latihan fisik sehingga dapat dijadikan salah satu langkah terapi nonfarmakologis dalam menghambat permasalahan obesitas.

Lead induced oxidative stress contributes to increase the productivity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to disrupt the antioxidant balance. Gynura procumbens adventitious root (GPAR) methanol extract contains abundant phenolic and flavonoids compounds as antioxidants and can be used as traditional medicinal plants. The objective of this study is to evaluate the protective effect of GPAR against lead acetate toxicity in mice to haematological parameter, histological of hepatic cells, and activities of antioxidant enzymes. The data obtained from five groups of treatment: P1 (control), P2 (Pb acetate-100 mg/L), P3 (GPAR-100 mg/L + Pb acetate-100 mg/L), P4 (GPAR-200 mg/L + Pb acetate-100 mg/L), P5 (GPAR-300 mg/L + Pb acetate-100 mg/L). The results indicated that administration of methanol extract of GPAR can prevent the decreasing of haematological parameter, maintain the percentage of normal hepatic cells, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) due to lead acetate treatment. The effective dose of GPAR extract was 300 mg/L. This study provides that methanol extract of G. procumbens adventitious root exerts protective effects against lead acetate toxicity in mice.

Corona Virus Disease 2019 or Covid-19 has been declared a pandemic determined by the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition to causing health emergencies, the presence of this virus also has implications for several sectors, such as finance, which originates from an unstable economy. Based on this, the role of the state is needed to ensure prevention and handling. Indonesia as a rule of law country actually has to guarantee certainty and protection of its citizens through the handling set forth in a regulation and the establishment of a synergy between the center and the regions. Then, preventive steps through this literature research review will comprehensively examine the state of the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia and regarding the urgency of sports health law tools in the new normal era in handling this pandemic both at the central and regional levels even through handling in perspective. emergency constitutional law. This research uses normative juridical research by means of a statutory approach and is obtained through literature study as a reference source. The results of this study are to explain and explain the role and efforts of the state in handling the pandemic as a manifestation of the purpose of the presence of the state, namely protecting the entire Indonesian nation through health sports in the new normal era.

Pelatihan yang berat dan melelahkan yang dilakukan oleh atlet, tentunya memiliki dampak negatif pada kesehatan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis gangguan menstruasi pada atlet putri selama pelatihan yang intensif. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan analitik observasional dengan metode survey test. Populasi penelitian ini adalah 15 atlet putri pada tim softball Jawa Tengah yang dipersiapkan untuk Pekan Olahraga Nasional (PON) 2021. Teknik sampling dalam penelitian ini adalah total sampling. Teknik analisis data menggunakan deskriptif presentase. Data yang berhasil dikumpulkan yaitu: karakteristik responden, siklus menstruasi, dan ovulasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik responden penelitian ini memiliki usia rerata 20,46 ± 2,09, rerata tinggi badan 159,6 ± 5,13, rerata berat badan 58,13 ± 8,12, rerata IMT 22,95 ± 2,34, dan rerata skor GPAQ 11363 ± 1621,03. Hasil pemeriksaan ouvutest menunjukkan 47% dari responden penelitian mengalami ovulasi, sedangkan 53% dari responden penelitian mengalami anovulasi. Kesimpulan penelitian ini hampir keseluruhan responden memiliki periode menstruasi yang normal, tetapi yang mengejutkan adalah lebih dari setengah dari populasi atlet putri yang mengikuti pelatihan intensif mengalami gangguan menstruasi berupa anovulasi. Maka dari itu perlu dilakukan upaya pemulihan gangguan tersebut untuk mencegah efek negatif seperti penurunan performa fisik. Selain itu, perlu juga dilakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan lebih lanjut untuk memastikan tidak terdapat gangguan kesehatan lainnya.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan jamu dalam ration terhadap profil darah putih dalam darah ayam petelur ditinjau dari total leukosit dan diferensial leukosit antara lain limfosit, eosinofil dan neutrofil. Materi yang digunakan adalah 40 ekor ayam petelur strain Lohmann Brown fase layer umur 40 minggu dengan lama pemeliharaan 30 hari. Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan 4 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan. Perlakuan yang diberikan yaitu T0 = ayam petelur tidak diberi tambahan jamu dalam ration, T1 = ayam petelur diberi tambahan jamu dalam ration 0,5%, T2 = ayam petelur diberi tambahan jamu dalam ration 1% dan T3 = ayam petelur diberi tambahan jamu dalam ration 1,5%. Parameter yang diamati adalah leukosit dan differensial leukosit antara lain heterofil, eusinofil dan limfosit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan jamu dalam ration tidak berpengaruh terhadap jumlah leukosit dan differensial leukosit. Perlakuan T0, T1, T2 dan T3 menunjukkan jumlah rata – rata leukosit masing – masing 31,30, 35,70, 38,00, dan 38,40 (×103/µL), limfosit masing – masing 25,10, 29,00, 30,70 dan 31,80 (×103/µL), eosinofil masing – masing 1,90, 2,20, 2,60 dan 2,80 (×103/µL), dan neutrofil masing – masing 4,00, 4,30, 4,50 dan 4,50 (×103/µL). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah penambahan jamu dalam ration ayam petelur dapat menjaga kesehatan tubuh ayam petelur yang ditandai dengan total leukosit, limfosit dan eosinofil yang tinggi namun masih dalam kondisi normal dan jumlah heterofil yang stabil.

Abstract.The functional community is described depends on the function of species in utilization food (guild). The utilization of food is a process of energy transfers in the food chain and it is represented in the pyramid of numbers. The objective of this research was to analyze the structure community of fish and the guild compositions in Sempor Reservoir. This research applied a survey with purposive random sampling technique with four station in Sempor Reservoir. Sampling at each site was taken 4 replication with interval 1 monts. The composition and status of the guild is carried out by mesuring the guild based on the position of the mouth, tooth type, gill filter type, and ratio of body length and intestine. Guilds are composed of compositions depicted by a number pyramid based on the number of species per station. The results of this reserach captured 439 individuals consists of 14 species and belong to 6 families that dominated by Cyprinidae. The number and species of fish caught were the most at the Bangkong river inlet (142 individuals) and the lowest at the center of the reservoir (60 individuals). Comparison of the composition of fish guilds at the four stations in the Sempor Reservoir shows that the number of omnivorous and carnivorous fish is obtained more than herbivorous fish. The composition of the guild at Kalianget river inlet (72.9%) and Central reservoir (42.7%) was dominated by carnivorous fish, while at Pengantalan river inlet (52.9%) and Bangkong (58.9%) were dominated by omnivorous fish. The composition of herbivorous fish is at least at all stations so that in general the composition of fish guilds in the Sempor reservoir has not been balanced. Keywords: species composition, guild, pyramid of number,Sempor reservoir Abstrak. Komunitas secara fungsional menggambarkan fungsi spesies yang ditentukan dengan pemanfaatan sumber makanan (guild). Pemanfaatan makanan dalam rantai makanan merupakan proses transfer energi dan digambarkan dengan piramida jumlah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengkaji komposisi dan tingkat status guild komunitas ikan yang tertangkap di perairan waduk Sempor. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode survei dan teknik purposive random sampling pada 4 stasiun di Waduk Sempor. Sampling dilakukan sebanyak 4 kali tiap bulan. Komposisi dan status guild dengan mengukur guild berdasarkan posisi mulut, tipe gigi, tipe tapis insang, dan rasio panjang tubuh dan usus. Komposisi guild digambarkan dengan piramida jumlah berdasarkan jumlah spesies per stasiun. Hasil penelitian diperoleh 439 individu terdiri dari 8 Familia dan 14 Spesies yang di dominasi familia Cyprinidae. Jumlah dan jenis individu ikan yang tertangkap paling banyak pada inlet sungai Bangkong (142 individu) dan terendah pada bagian tengah waduk (60 individu). Perbandingan komposisi guild ikan pada empat stasiun di waduk Sempor menunjukkan bahwa jumlah ikan omnivora dan karnivora lebih banyak diperoleh daripada ikan herbivora. Komposisi guild pada inlet sungai Kalianget (72,9%) dan Tengah waduk (42,7%) di dominasi oleh ikan karnivora, sedangkan pada inlet sungai Pengantalan (52,9%) dan Bangkong (58,9%) di dominasi ikan omnivora. Komposisi ikan herbivora paling sedikit pada semua stasiun sehingga secara umum komposisi guild ikan di waduk Sempor belum seimbang. Kata kunci: komposisi jenis, guild, piramida jumlah, waduk Sempor

The steady increase in the price of protein feed ingredients and the retraction of antibiotics from diets has encouraged nutritionists to search the alternatives for protein source and functional feedstuffs that can substitute the role of antibiotic growth promoters in poultry production. With crude protein of 24-30%, in vitro protein digestibility of 80% and proportion of essential amino acids of 47%, seed from ripe papaya may be exploited as the alternative protein feed ingredient for poultry. Moreover, the growth promoting effect, antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities, and immunomodulatory and antioxidative activities may confirm the potential of papaya seed as a functional feedstuff that could replace the role of antibiotic growth promoters for poultry. The in-depth study is needed to further elucidate the functionalities of papaya seed on poultry. This review provides the updates on the nutritional contents of papaya seed, the potential of papaya seed as an alternative to conventional protein-rich ingredient, the growth-promoting effect of feeding papaya seed, the antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities of papaya seed, antioxidative activities of papaya seed, and the immunomodulatory activity of papaya seed on poultry.

Physical exercise changes the antibody endurance of each person. This study aims to determine in depth changes in the number of leukocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes using physical exercise after being given glutathione. The method used experimentally using a posttest randomized control group design. The study was conducted in three groups where each group consisting of men and women who are in the age range of 20-30 years. Each group consisted of 10 people (n), K1 was given a placebo, K2 was given glutathione 54 mg / kg BW, K3 given 108 mg / kg BW. All treatments are given intraperitoneally twice a day until the third day. Maximum physical exercise is swimming. On the third day after 3 hours of treatment (placebo or glutathione), then participants take a leukocyte profile measurement. The findings show that the number of leukocytes: K2> K1; P = 0.005; K2 - K3; P = 0.168; - K3; P 0.105, neutrophils: Kl, K2 and K3 are not different, even though K2 is highest, lymphocyte: K2> K1; P = 0.003, K1 - K3 and K2 - K3 is not different even though K2 is highest. The conclusion of this study is the number of leukocytes and lymphocytes treated with glutathione 54 mg / kg BW (K2) is significantly higher than K1 after strenuous physical exercise. Thus, the content of glutathione must be balanced with the body’s needs so that the body is healthy and is able to do the heavy activities.

Lack source of fund is one of the critical issues being faced by smallholder farmers. Despite having teak trees in their yards, such trees as biological assets are not accepted as loan collateral for bank's loan. In average, smallholder farmers fulfil their daily needs by cutting down their teak trees of five years old for sale. This research explored the feasibility of postponing teak harvesting time and analyzed the financial impact. By postponing the harvesting time, it is expected that the growth of the diameter and height of the tree, thus increasing the volume, and the price increases will increase the value of the asset. The method being employed was enterprise budget in which the costs of maintenance, the growth of the trees, and the sales of the harvested trees over time were considered. For the valuation, a profit-sharing as a result of value increases due to harvesting delay is shared between the owner of the asset and the investor through mudharabah financing arrangement. The result suggests that the annual return for the investor (such as a bank) is well above the current interest on a loan, and, therefore, biological assets should be justified as collateral for a bank loan.