Search

The village experiences a different type of social life due to historical, identity and meaning interactions. This local relationship doubles the need to pay attention to social spaces in the villages. Since the social space is a valuable platform for experiencing the place in the village, it becomes important and necessary to investigate this issue and analyze examples in the rural development plan. The purpose of this research is investigation the role of place-baced social spaces in the development plan of the villages of Kuhdasht. And the main question is; What is the role of place-based socail space in rural development plan? This research has been done by descriptive analytical and qualitative method and based on library studies and a significant part based on field studies and observations. Hadi’s plan is a small version of the city’s comprehensive plan, which by ignoring the concept of social space and reducing it to physical and functional features in planning, has weakened the dimension of place and meaning in these spaces. According to the findings, the social space of the village is formed on the basis of meaning, and then it goes in the direction of function and fabric, contrary to what is expected in the city. In addition, ignoring the unique features of the village, removing local patterns, ignoring people’s participation are other problems that are expected to be seen in future development plans. In addition, re-creation of rural social spaces is required to recognize and consider place-based characteristics.

This qualitative study was conducted in Uttar Pradesh state, India to explore how interrelated socio-economic position and spatial characteristics of four diverse villages may have influenced equity in coverage of community-based maternal and newborn health (MNH) services. We conducted social mapping and three focus group discussions in each village, among women of lower and higher socio-economic position who recently gave birth, and with community health workers (n = 134). Data were analysed in NVivo 11.0 using thematic framework analysis. The extent of socio-economic hierarchies and spatial disparateness within the village, combined with distance to larger centers, together shaped villages’ level of socio-spatial remoteness. Disadvantaged socio-economic groups expressed being more often spatially isolated, with less access to infrastructure, resources or services, which was heightened if the village was physically distant from larger centers. In more socio-spatially remote villages, inequities in coverage of MNH services that disadvantaged lower socio-economic position groups were compounded as these groups more often experienced ASHA vacancies, as well as greater distance to and poorer perceived quality of health services nearest the village. The results inform a conceptual framework of ‘socio-spatial remoteness’ that can guide public health research and programmes to more comprehensively address health inequities within India and beyond.

Abstract Focusing on the concept of social space in the writings of three sociologists, Georg Simmel, Robert E. Park, and Erving Goffman, this article examines the classic theoretical formulations of social spaces in the tradition of the Chicago School of Sociology. For Simmel and the Chicago School, the foundation of social spaces lies in the social interactions among actors, and social entities and structures emerge from these interaction processes. This theoretical tradition emphasizes the interdependence of physical space and social space, highlighting two featured assumptions about social space: endogeneity and temporality. It also focuses on the relationship between spaces and human emotions.

The paper considers the development of the student’s adaptive qualities by means of boxing with elements of problem-situational learning as qualities that positively affect adaptation to a new social space. The aim of this study is to experimentally check the influence of physical education by means of boxing with elements of problem-situational learning on the development of adaptive qualities of students in the educational space of a higher educational institution. An assessment of the emerging alarming situation was carried out with the help of a questionnaire specially adapted for this purpose «Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)» and «Psychical Stress Scales» (PSM-25) of Lemours – Tiesier – Phillon. The survey was conducted among students of Samara State Technical University (SamSTU), the first group of which attended elective boxing classes and the second group of students attended standard physical education classes. In the course of the study, the concept of adaptive qualities of a student was clarified, as well as the influence of physical education by means of boxing on the development of adaptive qualities of students in the educational environment of the university was established. Namely, an empirical study conducted among students of SamSTU showed that students attending elective boxing classes with elements of problem-situational training are more adapted to stressful situations, what plays an important role in the development of a future engineer personality.

Interactions between society and social spaces due to the continuous increase in the complexity of social relations are subjected to permanent reinterpretations. In this context, the previous mechanisms of development and reform of spaces are being replaced by more systematic and multi-vector practices. Currently, socio-spatial planning approaches are considered the most applicable in the context of spatial development and reform, which, based on the representativeness of planning processes and decision-making, offer an effective toolkit for the interaction of society, the expert community and state institutions. At the same time, however, emphasizing the need to ensure the technical standards of spatial reform, strictly professional processes of reform are relatively separated, placing them under the system of spatial organization. The engagement of the professional community, state institutions and society in the process of spatial reforms inevitably leads to the formation of a specific role-status decision-making system, where each subject is endowed with a certain right to make decisions and the power. In this way, the interactions between place leadership and process management emerge, which as a result reproduce the existing system of spatial control. As it becomes clear from the analysis of approaches related to spatial reform, there is a comprehensive system of knowledge on socio-spatial planning, spatial organization and control, but there is a lack of knowledge in the context of highlighting the interrelationships between the above-mentioned concepts, which is also a consequence of not considering the mentioned components in one general conceptual unit. In the framework of this work, an attempt is made to overcome this limitation by offering a new approach to the concept of territorial management (which is already in use) as a practice combining the components of socio-spatial planning, spatial organization and control of spatial reform, within the context of which a new definition of territorial management is also given.

Social isolation causes profound changes in social behaviour in a variety of species. However, the genetic and molecular mechanisms modulating behavioural responses to social isolation and social recovery remain to be elucidated. Here, we quantified the behavioural response of vinegar flies to social isolation using two distinct protocols (social space preference and sociability, the spontaneous tendencies to form groups). We found that social isolation increased social space and reduced sociability. These effects of social isolation were reversible and could be reduced after 3 days of group housing. Flies with a loss of function of neuroligin3 (orthologue of autism-related neuroligin genes) with known increased social space in a socially enriched environment were still able to recover from social isolation. We also show that dopamine (DA) is needed for a response to social isolation and recovery in males but not in females. Furthermore, only in males, DA levels are reduced after isolation and are not recovered after group housing. Finally, in socially enriched flies mutant for neuroligin3, DA levels are reduced in males, but not in females. We propose a model to explain how DA and neuroligin3 are involved in the behavioural response to social isolation and its recovery in a dynamic and sex-specific manner.

The role of the mosque has become increasingly vital, particularly in contemporary societies such as Britain, where both the place and status of religion in public life are constantly discussed and debated. Indeed, in the contemporary period, the role of the mosque has several dimensions, ranging from a social space, educational and cultural exchange, and community cohesion centre to a knowledge hub. In this context, this paper suggests that a mosque should be seen as an independent religious institution, although these are influenced by and responsive to governments, elites, pressure groups, public bodies, etc. Using a thematic analysis of news items in The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph over a period of two years (8 July 2005–7 July 2007), it finds that in the aftermath of 7/7, the mosque as a religious place and an institution for British Muslims is largely seen as incompatible and a threat to secular British society and that it is linked with radicalisation and terrorism. According to Quranic texts and revelations, it is indeed a fact that mosques are open to all. This is logical since God’s mercy, love, and forgiveness are for all of mankind without any distinction, which is perhaps why the mosque has been the sacred house of God Himself. This study aims to reveal the development of visible hostility in some sections of the British media and political campaigns. Moreover, it intends to trace the determination and idea of the mosque as a religious place and an institution for British Muslims rather than only a place for worship. Finally, this study will argue the role of the mosque in promoting community cohesion and mutual understanding within the Muslim and other faith communities located in Britain.

As an important driving force to stimulate urban development, cultural consumption is often implanted into traditional streets, breaking the original homogeneous field environment and gradually promoting the dissolution and differentiation of social relations. In the context of cultural oriented urban renewal, it is significant to explore the evolution of social space during the renewal process, which is of great importance for their sustainable development. In the field theory, Bourdieu's "nonbinary opposition" view has a high degree of theoretical application adaptability with the historical districts that gather cultural consumption and daily life in sharp contrast. The integration of daily life theory also provides a means for analyzing the subject's behavior and field construction, which is a supplement to the existing research on cultural oriented urban renewal. Combined with the theory of everyday life practice, this study established a social space analysis framework based on field theory and explored the mechanism of social space evolution in the field of cultural consumption and everyday life. Taking Pingjiang road and Xietang street districts in Suzhou as case studies, this study used qualitative methods of participatory observation and in-depth interview. The results reveal the following: 1) Different locations lead to significant differences in the historical and cultural accumulation of districts and the cost of space regeneration, which also determines the plasticity and typicality during the renewal development itself. Historical districts located in the center of the ancient city have accumulated a large number of typical historical and cultural capital in the long-term stable environment. In contrast, districts located in new urban areas may be more vulnerable to being damaged and influenced in the process of modern urban development. 2) The development foundation of the districts will have an impact on the decision-making. The governance transmits their practical intentions through system, planning, and other decisions, and their intervention timing and implementation strength may directly affect the direction and practical results of strategic discipline. 3) Renovation promotes the reconstruction and organization of the social space inside the districts, and is divided into two fields: everyday life and cultural consumption. Consequently, two situations exist between the fields in these two cases: intertwined balance and mutual stripping. Retaining the Aboriginal everyday life field does not necessarily lead to an "either or" conflict outcome, and it can even enhance the creativity of everyday life initiatively or passively. However, the separation of Aboriginal may inevitably lead to common consumption or elitism. Reflecting on the spatial practices of the historical districts in Suzhou, there is no unified renewal paradigm that can be applied to all historical districts. The capital accumulation formed under different development environments will limit the decision-making and renewal path. Additionally, during the renewal period, the continuous debugging according to the stage effect makes the district renewal a dynamic change that cannot be completely predicted for a long time. However, activating the community attribute of districts during urban regeneration is not only the core driving force to maintaining the flavor of life and continue local culture but also an important competitiveness to stimulate cultural consumption with real situational experience. Therefore, practicing orientation with humanism, and promoting the positive evolution of social space to realize the symbiosis of cultural consumption and everyday life should be the proper meaning of urban renewal in cultural oriented historical districts.

The article studies problems of reintegration of social spaces in the conditions of new reality. The concepts of “reintegration”, “digital consciousness” and “human capital” have been interpreted. The concept of reintegration process based on the multiplicative effct of resulting sum of cognitive, axiological, and organizational vectors of social space reassembly on the basis of public support for its digital transformation has been presented. The paper presents assumptions justifying the idea that achieving effctive reintegration is primarily associated with economic development of a territory so it is necessary to form human capital on the basis of digital consciousness. In the modern world, digital consciousness is becoming a dominant cognitive factor as digital technologies are increasingly penetrating our lives and changing the way people interact. However, developing digital consciousness requires continuous learning and skill development. It can be achieved through professional training, self-education, and participation in projects related to digital transformation. Thus, digital consciousness can be considered as a factor ofhuman capital growth that can help people adapt to changing labor market conditions and work successfully in digital economy.

The promotion of physical activity and well-being calls for sociological knowledge of the factors that constrain individual's activities, especially among disadvantaged populations. We investigated perceived barriers to physical activity and their associations with social background factors within the theoretical framework of social space. Survey data (n = 302) were collected from adult residents in two low socioeconomic status city suburbs in Finland and examined using binary logistic regression analysis, multiple correspondence analysis and variance analysis. The most prevalent barriers among adults were low mood, lack of time, health problems and lack of companions. A data-driven classification of the barriers showed that an accumulation of barriers was associated with nondomestic native language, single parenting, age 30–44 years and low household income. Perceiving personal barriers, as opposed to environmental barriers, was characterised by retirement, low household income, low physical activity level and domestic native language. The results support the following deduction: to reduce inequalities in access to physical activity, policies should focus on sports service delivery that aims at the removal of barriers to physical activity, especially social and personal barriers. Deepening this understanding requires not only further development of relevant theory and empirical research into the different social spaces of physical activity but also close dialog with welfare policy decision makers and sports service planners.

The study of the contemporary youth problems is impossible without generational analysis which provides methodological grounds for understanding the youth’s place in the social space, their functions and identification practices in the context of generational changes and continuity. The theoretical grounds for such an analysis were provided by the theory of generations by K. Mannheim, by his definition of socialization of the younger people who take their place in the hierarchy of generations. Some aspects of the generational analysis were developed by Mannheim quite thoroughly, others were only named, but his analysis was historically the first comprehensive study followed by the works of other authors. The article presents the results of the study of the social stratification and socialization of the ‘adult’ youth in contemporary Russia (cohorts of 18-24 and 25-34 years old) and of their position in the social space. Mannheim’s theory of generations was used as a methodological basis, while the empirical data was provided by the All-Russian representative survey of the ‘adult’ youth (N=1717). The author considers the influence of material well-being and education of parents on the financial differentiation, level of education and professional selfidentification of the younger people; identifies the upward social mobility trend of the younger people compared to their parents; makes a conclusion about the consolidation of the social differentiation among the younger generations of Russians; analyzes the influence of parents, teachers, classmates, informal groups and virtual world on the primary and secondary socialization of the youth. The author argues that informal groups and Internet communications have become extremely important in the primary and secondary socialization of the contemporary youth, especially under their detachment from political participation and ethical absenteeism.

Abstract Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social interaction and repetitive stereotyped behaviors. Previous studies have reported an association of serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) with ASD, but the specific receptors and neurons by which serotonin modulates autistic behaviors have not been fully elucidated. Methods RNAi-mediated knockdown was done to destroy the function of tryptophan hydroxylase (Trh) and all the five serotonin receptors. Given that ubiquitous knockdown of 5-HT2B showed significant defects in social behaviors, we applied the CRISPR/Cas9 system to knock out the 5-HT2B receptor gene. Social space assays and grooming assays were the major methods used to understand the role of serotonin and related specific receptors in autism-like behaviors of Drosophila melanogaster. Results A close relationship was identified between serotonin and autism-like behaviors reflected by increased social space distance and high-frequency repetitive behavior in Drosophila. We further utilized the binary expression system to knock down all the five 5-HT receptors, and observed the 5-HT2B receptor as the main receptor responsible for the normal social space and repetitive behavior in Drosophila for the specific serotonin receptors underlying the regulation of these two behaviors. Our data also showed that neurons in the dorsal fan-shaped body (dFB), which expressed 5-HT2B, were functionally essential for the social behaviors of Drosophila. Conclusions Collectively, our data suggest that serotonin levels and the 5-HT2B receptor are closely related to the social interaction and repetitive behavior of Drosophila. Of all the 5 serotonin receptors, 5-HT2B receptor in dFB neurons is mainly responsible for serotonin-mediated regulation of autism-like behaviors.

The article describes the history of medical care to the population of Pskov province in the first half of the XIX century. The picture of medical care for residents of the Pskov province was restored thanks to the analysis of a wide range of documents deposited in the files of the funds of the State Archive of the Pskov Region and the Russian State Historical Archive. The relevance of this study lies in the fact that its topic is poorly developed not only at the regional, but also at the all-Russian level. The appeal to this problem made it possible to identify diseases that acquired the scope of epidemics within the Pskov province in the first half of the XIX century. Using individual examples, the author examined the policy of the central and provincial authorities to combat the cholera epidemic in the social space of the Pskov province. The paper also presents the facts of the spread of other diseases, for example, nettle fever and intestinal infection. The author formulated the key features of the healthcare system of the Pskov province in the first half of the XIX century, made conclusions about the low level of organization of medical care. This article will allow us to form an idea not only about the history of medical care of the population in the Russian province, but also about the history of everyday life of the people.

Introduction. An urgent interdisciplinary problem is the identification of factors that determine the processes of constructing social identity, which is the socio-cultural foundation of the existence of any community. The aim of the work is to identify the actual role and potential of artistic and aesthetic components of social space in the process of forming the regional identity of the youth. Materials and Methods. The empirical basis of the study was the data of a questionnaire survey of the youth of Moscow and the Moscow region, Penza and Saratov regions (n = 1000) and interviews with representatives of the student youth of Saratov and Penza (n = 30), devoted to the analysis of the identification hierarchy of the youth and the influence of aesthetic components of the social space of the region on the formation of its regional identity. These methods revealed the important role of artistic and aesthetic components of the regional social space in the construction of regional identity and regional patriotism of the youth of the region. Results. Based on the results of the research, a conclusion has been made about the connection between “local” patriotism and specific social attitudes focused on the development of the territorial community and the improvement of its image, as well as about the partial determinism of the regional components of the respondents’ social identity by figurative and aesthetic factors. It is shown that at the theoretical level, taking into account the aesthetic factors of the construction of social identity implies a transition from deterministic models of interaction in the system “social environment – emerging personality” to stochastic ones. Discussion and Conclusion. The authors point out when modeling the process of forming the social identity of young people, theoretical models based on the concepts of social constructivism should take into account the unique, intimate-personal interactions of a particular individual with separate socio-cultural phenomena symbolizing collective identity. The results of the study can be used by all agents of socialization in the practice of applying aesthetic components of regional social space in the process of forming regional patriotism.

This visual essay investigated how material objects frame and represent our self and identity, specifically focusing on curating different parts of identity through objects on bookshelves in online spaces. For the purpose of this study, a mixed method methodology was adopted where data was collected through semi-structured interviews and visual analysis (audio/video). There were six participants in this study who are academics from different higher education institutions with a wide range of research interests. The interviews were administered by the participants in pairs via an online platform and the video calls were recorded for data analysis purposes. The data analysis showed that shelfies reveal a specific place of our working environment in very concrete materiality, yet they also contain references to the invisible non-representational side of the social spaces that we interact with. It was clear from the findings that both parts of our identities (personal and professional) were portrayed in shelfies through the use of different materials and objects which were arranged in different styles.

It is assumed that the process of higher school second language education is directly associated with social-cultural space, which has a specific effect on this process. Thereby it isessential to interpret matter, structure and content of the developing social-cultural space in the higher school second language learning.

The study focuses on the issues related to the process of adaptation and economic behavior of German entrepreneurship in Western Siberia in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. The construction of the Siberian Railway and migration processes changed the economy, social structure and cultural practices of “old” Siberia. The “yesterday’s outskirts” became a “place of modernity”. The paper aims at presenting economic practices and strategies of German entrepreneurship adaptation in the conditions when the socio-spatial structures of the imperial periphery. were experiencing transformation. On the basis of representative resources, the mechanisms and methods of German entrepreneurs’ adaptation to the local community are shown. The structure of the market space and its segmentation as well as economic niches and economic strategies of German entrepreneurship are defined. The author comes to the conclusion that German entrepreneurs acted in the region as a “market ferment” changing Siberian society, and they could be regarded as actors of socio-economic, cultural modernization of the Siberian space. At the same time, the German merchants themselves experienced external influence from the host society. The research is based on the combination of macroanalytical strategies and microhistorical approach. The concept of “entrepreneurial minority” is a methodological basis for the study presented in the paper. The materials of the paper are addressed to the experts in the field of the history of Siberia as well as to the professional corporation of the researchers interested in the history of ethnic entrepreneurship and in the issues of various ethnic groups’ adaptation to the conditions of a non-ethnic host environment.

Introduction. The article analyzes the place, role and functions of the concept of a small homeland in the construction of civil identity. The starting point of the study is the understanding of a small homeland as a set of ideas and practices of the belonging of individuals and groups to the space of the place of birth, origin and primary socialization. A small homeland is what emotionally and practically unites citizens in their loyal affection to the place – physical and symbolic.Methodology and sources. Based on the general concept of the space of places (A. Lefebvre, M. Castells, T. Cresswell, M. Auger); P. Shtompka's theory of cultural trauma and A.O. Boronoev's ideas of structural schematization of a small homeland, it is originally presented a sociological analysis of the problem of the loss of a small homeland as a result of forced relocations (the case of flooded areas). As relevant sources the author use the documents and memoirs on the phenomenon of the loss of a small homeland; also on memories of eyewitnesses, and on artistic reflection of farewell to the place of birth. The purpose of the study is to identify the role of the loss of a small homeland in the functioning and reproduction of the civic identity of the place.Results and discussion. As a result of the study it has been shown that the loss of a small homeland determines: a) the rupture of social and cultural ties; b) the emergence of grassroots self-organization of Mologzhan activists who are re-constructing civic urban identity; c) production of commemorative practices of a regular type (cases of Mologa and Circassian auls); d) active formation of cultural discourse in which the small homeland of the place is positioned as a subjective value and one of the foundations of the life world.Conclusion. A small homeland as a representation and social practice in the space of civic identity ensures through its agents the reproduction of social interaction (real or imaginary) with a place and the maintenance of socio-cultural ties with it within the natural and cultural landscape of communities. It also promotes recognition, confirmation of the identity of the place. The loss of a small homeland (physical and symbolic) gives rise to various social practices of memory, rebirth and oblivion.

With deepening cleavages on several social dimensions, social fragmentation has become a major concern across the social sciences. This article proposes a spatial approach to study the segregation pattern of acquaintanceship ties across multiple social dimensions simultaneously. A Bayesian unfolding model is developed and fitted to the 2006 General Social Survey. Results suggests that the segregation pattern of reported acquaintanceship ties reflect consolidated socioeconomic inequalities. Furthermore, among the 13 analyzed social groups, gay and lesbian people were the least segregated group in 2006, implying that individuals with very different network compositions had similar probabilities to know someone who is gay or lesbian. Lastly, contradicting previous findings that ideology and religiosity segregate acquaintanceship networks to an extent that rivals race, it is found that race stands out as the dominant dimension that shapes the distribution of these relationships.

Shopping centres function as meeting places, and people are using them for various non-shopping purposes. Knowledge about different social spaces, and how they are used and perceived, is important for understanding health and wellbeing in the community and for developing health promoting societies. This scoping review provides an overview of existing research examining people's positive experiences and motivations for visiting shopping centres when shopping is not the main purpose. The results showed that people are motivated by the variety of available activities found in shopping centres and that they valued specific site features of the shopping centres. People reported a range of positive experiences when visiting shopping centres including social interactions, opportunities to escape their everyday life, and experiences of place attachment and social cohesion. This shows that, non-shopping use of shopping centres seems to be important for people's wellbeing and might facilitate health promotion and social sustainability in local communities.

The article studies the problems of relationship between war and post-war generations of the USSR and the GDR. The relations developed between the employees of SAG/SDAG Wismut created to extract and enrich uranium ore for the Soviet nuclear project. The topicality of the problem is preconditioned by an opportunity to form a positive image of the USSR in the world. The Soviet specialists that were sent to work SAG/SDAG Wismut became members of a team created from representatives of the two countries that had just completed a bloody war. Both on production and at home they represented the cultural traditions of their country. Therefore, they inevitably acquired the status of actors of cultural diplomacy. The research tasks were implemented on the basis of a set of documents. Those were the documents about the Soviet atomic project and the creation of SAG/SDAG Wismut, as well as memoirs of Soviet and German SAG/SDAG Wismut employees. The microanalysis allowed to specify and systematize memories as wekk as view them in a broader social context. The study made it possible to conclude that for many months and many years Soviet geologists, engineers and other technical workers lived and worked in a social space that was not only foreign, but also hostile. It was not easy to create an atmosphere of cooperation and friendship between the representatives of the two peoples, who were formerly deadly enemies. It is all the more surprising that they managed to create such atmosphere and the desired atom was doubly "peaceful".On the one hand, the creation of a Soviet atomic bomb was an important condition for preserving peace and preventing a new war, and on the other hand, work within the framework of the Atomic Project finally reconciled the postwar Soviet and the German youth, contributed to the creation of a positive image of the Soviet Union in Europe and in the world.

Sociology of media space is a new and still developing branch of sociology, just like sociology of space - a basic branch of sociological knowledge. Sociology of space focuses on natural space as a framework for the development of social connections and relations; while sociology of media space considers this space as a part of social space, not as its measurement but as a metaphor. Some natural space turns into a social space only if people use it and live in it. Social boundaries and meanings are added to natural space, which transforms it into a social phenomenon. Although sociology of media space is still developing, there is no doubt that the mass media have made a significant contribution to the development of social relations and sociology by filling social space with messages of all kinds. Media space is a platform that serves as a basis for social communications, a key to the social development, and a means of positive impact on the life of individuals, groups and organizations. Everything social is located in a space-time continuum, and the sociological approach to the theory of network media space is based on the assumption that there is a strong connection between network media communications and social changes. Sociology of media space does not emerge from sociology of space: the developing media space, which is studied with sociological methods, manifests itself in its social coordinates - this is how sociological knowledge expands to consider not only various spatial aspects of social life, but also the features of different contents and information chains created by the convergence of various media and ways of disseminating information.

The noise seen in different areas throughout human history has turned into a frequently complained problem with the increasing industry and technology. Unfortunately, the problem of noise has become a part of social life today. Noise pollution, which is a side effect of urbanization and industrialization, threatens society's mental and physical health. However, knowing the noise level makes it possible to take precautions. In some cases where the sound limit levels set by laws and/or regulations of many countries are not exceeded, people may complain about the noise. Noises that occur in different places in educational institutions such as universities can cause adverse effects on both students and the administrative and academic staff working there. The noise in the places where the staff and students spend their time both for relieving their hunger and resting and socializing during their rest periods prevents people from relaxing. This situation causes people not to feel rested when returning to their lessons or work. In this analysis, the sound levels of the Artvin Coruh University staff dining hall, the student dining hall and the cafeteria/bowling alley spaces used by the students were measured when they were empty and full. Besides, the bandgap of the sounds complained about by the users was determined by spectrum analysis. As a result of the study, noise levels of 29.43 dB and 32.94 dB were obtained in the measurements made in empty spaces, and 56.10 dB and 69.76 dB in the measurements made in filled areas.

This article sets out to examine how the use of social spaces, namely hawker centres, has contributed to community wellbeing during the Covid-19 pandemic. Using an extensive thematic analysis of online conversations, we have identified that the use of social spaces can have a positive influence on individual, relational and social wellbeing. Access to social spaces during stressful events contributes to the feeling of normalcy, supports routines and structured activities, encourages responsible behaviours, facilitates social connectedness, and helps maintain community resilience. We present a new framework for urban social space characterisation containing three dimensions: coaction, copresence, and colocation (the three Cs). Here, coaction is associated with better visibility of community practices, copresence enhances the sense of connectedness, and colocation is concerned with the use of spatial design factors for influencing movement and interactions. The framework is central to our understanding of social space and its impact on wellbeing. Underpinning the three Cs is the notion of the integration of policy, community wellbeing, and various urban agendas. The findings were considered in terms of their relevance for social space development in Singapore.

This short piece focuses on the social spaces of Sean Bonney’s work through reading the poetic spaces of Bonney’s book Baudelaire in English (2008) alongside the physical and social spaces in which Bonney’s poems were read and received in London 2010-13, including the Tavistock Hotel bar and a short-lived squat off Leicester Square, as well as the university strikes of 2019.

Hoax becomes a social phenomenon that is formed and formed. This description causes hoaxes to operate in the social space. In the novel Dawuk Kisah Kelabu Dari Rumbuk Randu by Mahfud Ikhwan, hoaxes show that there is a structured effort that leads opinion to provocation. Rural social space becomes a possible field with many differences in capital in society. In this article will explore how hoax strategies in text narratives show rural social spaces that function to defend one's position. This study aims to show social space as a place for hoaxe’s formation. The method used is descriptive analysis method with the theory of Arena Pierre Bourdieu. The findings show that social space is used as a place of defense for a hoax-spreading agent named Warto Kemplung by using provocative language. The social space became the place where Warto Kemplung changed positions to influence the people in the village of Rumbuk Randu. The strategy with the latest topic language and the use of responsive language shows a picture of the production of oral speech as a language capital owned by Warto Kemplung. The existence of Warto Kemplung also shows the existence of village spaces and coffee shops as arenas in society as free fields anyone fill to maintain a position.

This study highlights how 20 Swedish principals, school managers and architects involved in planning, construction and reconstruction of primary and secondary school buildings at regional, municipal and local levels represent good learning environments. Drawing on semi-structured interviews, the analysis focuses on how the stakeholders understand the physical, pedagogical and social aspects of learning environments, including the power relations and principles of control that are embedded in their understandings. The findings indicate two orientations when the interviewees discuss good learning environment, an orientation towards clearer boundaries and control in physical, pedagogical and social spaces (strong classification and framing), and an orientation towards weaker boundaries and control (weak classification and framing). The first orientation is directed towards what, in previous research and policy discourses, is described as traditional school design, whereas the second rejects some basic principles of traditional school design and aligns with what is commonly described as innovative school design.

The article presents the history, geography and content of the rumors circulating among the inhabitants of the Pskov province in the first third of the XIX century. The historiography and source base on this problem are studied. The documents revealing the content of the rumors are concentrated in the files of the 20 Fund of the State Archive of the Pskov Region. Based on the analysis of these sources, a periodization of the rumor circulation was made. The main periods of spreading rumors in the Pskov province include July – August 1812, 1822–1826, 1826–1830, and the beginning of the 1830s. The author identifies the reasons that prompted the emergence of rumors among the residents of the Pskov Region. The reaction of the ordinary population of the province to the war rumors of 1812 is revealed on separate examples. Special attention is also paid to the reaction of the provincial authorities to the spread of false rumors in all periods of their circulation. The author draws conclusions about the high importance of rumors in the study of the history of the social space of the Pskov province in the first third of the XIX century. The work is relevant due to the fact that it is in recent decades that the attention of the historical community to the issues of social history has significantly increased. The uniqueness of this study lies in the fact that a number of historical sources are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

In Spain, housing is one of the main axes of social inequality. Its position within Spain’s economic model and welfare system is key to understanding why its financialization at the beginning of the 21st century had such different consequences among residents as well as territorially. In this context, from 2001 to 2011, Madrid became one of the most segregated metropolitan areas in Europe. This article delves into how both housing and its location organise inequality in different social spheres and reproduce it over time. To this end, the geography of this inequality is analysed in different social residential trajectories, along with how segregation produces its own dynamics of inequality. The analysis is based on census data and applies a combination of factor and cluster analyses. The results reveal important processes of social residential marginalisation articulated by the interaction between high international immigration and the spatial manifestation of the housing bubble. The main socio-spatial result of this process is the disappearance of mixed social spaces in Madrid, previously located in the centre of the city. This dynamic produces opposite territories in terms of advantage and disadvantage in different spheres linked to social inequality such as education, health, leisure, care and even prejudice. In the process, impoverished immigrants disperse towards the neighbourhoods that concentrate the greatest disadvantages in each of these spheres.

The article looks at the ways Bratislava is portrayed in Milo Urban’s (1904 – 1982) memoirs and journalistic texts. It starts with the reflection of an essay published in the mid-1930s in Elán magazine and continues with an analysis of the topographic outline of the city presented in the second and third part of Urban’s memoirs. The latter texts provide a look at the city from the point of view of a stranger, newcomer. The descriptions give an insight into the emotional state of the narrator and his view of Bratislava, characterised by his exclusion from the social space of the city. The texts also contain musings on urban imagination. Common attributes of all analysed texts lie in the confrontation of modernisation with Slovak tradition. The article also outlines the possibilities of further research into Urban’s work through the analysis of urban topoi: the formerly unfamiliar Bratislava gradually becomes a known and natural space – although this process is a problematic and not finite one.

Background and aim: Due to the necessity of the relationship between the university and society, the aim of this study was a scientometrics analysis of researches in the field of media and information literacy (MIL) in strengthening the relationship between universities and social space. Materials and methods: In this scientometric study, the statistical population was all articles published in the field of MIL as well as relationship between university and society in the Web of Science (WoS) from 2010 to 2019. The VOS viewer was used to draw a co-authorship map of all organizations, density map of countries and word co-occurrence map. Findings: The highest and lowest scientific outputs related to this field were in 2017 and 2014, respectively. According to the results of VOS viewer software, there were 136 nodes and 3084 links in the map. Based on frequency clustering, the topics of "Higher Education", "Types of Media Literacy Levels", "Technology" and "New Curriculum" were identified as thematic clusters in the field of MIL. Moreover, Spain, Mexico and Chile had the highest density in the co-authorship network of MIL documents, respectively. Cluster analysis of the co-authorship network of countries in the field of MIL and relationship between university and social space indicated that this network was composed of 6 distinct clusters. Conclusion: The co-occurrence of various words including "community", "university" and "digital space" in drawing the scientific map demonstrates the importance and necessity of close relationship between society and university in the context of digital and media space.

Affected by multiple factors, differentiated capital investment and power games have led to the uneven regional development of rural areas at cultural heritage sites. Therefore, it is urgent to reflect on the spatial equity and justice of heritage sites from the perspective of social space. This study took the territorial function of rural areas (TFRA) as its research objective, utilizing the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site—the Qinshihuang Mausoleum—and the Qianling Mausoleum and the Qiaoling Mausoleum in Shaanxi Province as cases. Based on the theory of spatial production, an index system of TFRA was constructed using social and spatial dimensions. Factor analysis and social–spatial differentiation indices were employed to identify the spatial structure and differentiation of TFRA. The results show the following: (1) the case areas reflect eight principal components, and these components have obvious spatial differentiation characteristics; (2) the principal components related to heritage display and utilization have had a sustained impact over the past decade, which have driven the development of related industries, but the scores of principal components related to the restrictions of heritage protection have been decreased; (3) six functional type zones are designated, and the spatial pattern of TFRA presented a concentric circle with a core-periphery structure, which is influenced by heritage protection zoning; (4) high-value-added functional spaces form and expand along transportation lines; (5) the inherent demand for capital proliferation is the fundamental driving force for the differentiation and evolution of TFRA at heritage sites. Based on the results of the above analysis, strategies of coordinated development between society and space are proposed to address the issue of uneven regional development at heritage sites.

Female perspective and agency in Delhi from the 1920s to the 1940s do not usually find mention with regard to novels written about that significant period. Much celebrated novels such as Twilight in Delhi by Ahmed Ali and The Heart Has Its Reasons by Krishna Sobti are usually viewed as nostalgic evocations of the lost past of the city as it was moving out of colonial rule and into a new era. This paper examines the complexities of gender relations and segregation as offered in the novels, which mirror and showcase the gradual intensification of the colonised city shifting into a space of independence, although at first with timid hesitation. It displays the novels as structuring and perpetuating gendered relationships between women and men as also, importantly, between women in the household and those outside it. While published in markedly different times, the everyday lived realities of the time as explored in Delhi’s literary landscape by Ali and Sobti exhibit great similarities in the gendered ramifications of female dispossession as per policy, and the economic implications of women’s property being in the hands of “their” men. Transformations in the city space influence domestic spaces, impacting the female characters. In examining these socio-spatial segregations in early urban Delhi literature, the paper opens the field for further research on economic systems in literary texts.

The paper presents an analysis of the capacity of target groups of the population which are considered as a social base for the implementation of strategies of socioeconomic development. The aim of the study is to define the ways of identifying and tools of activating of the capacity of various groups of the population in relation to strategy planning and implementation. The capacity of target groups is considered in a context of the concept of capacity as a managerial category with its both objective and subjective senses. The capacity of target groups is identified among the various sorts of capacity of a territory. The concepts of target groups capacity and social capacity, social and labor capacity, social and target groups are correlated. The capacity of target groups is shown on the example of two certain localities: Mostovski raion (Krasnodar krai) and the city district of Megion (Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous okrug – Ugra). As a result of reflection analysis of the process and outcomes of strategic planning there were revealed more than ten target groups typical for both localities. Specific target groups were also identified. The role of each of group under the condition of both inertial and purposeful development of the locality was highlighted. The identification of target groups had let to classify them by the criteria of typicality, localization in relation to the borders of the locality, cohesion, presence in the real world / result of intent construction. It was proposed to form a ‘thesaurus’ of target groups to apply while analyzing the social potential of the other localities.

Discrepancies in non-classical and post-non-classical interpretations of social space, which is a theoretical and methodological construct, make it difficult to study the processes of structuring and functioning of modern society. The aim of the research is to determine the significance of the methodology used in non-classical and post-non-classical studies of social space. The object is the social space, the subject is the methodology of social space research. The methodological basis of this work: the periodization of science development stages according to V.S. Stepin, characteristics of the periods of science development according to S.A. Lebedev, sociosynergetic and comparative approaches, philosophy of transdisciplinarity. The ideas of P. Bourdieu, G. Simmel, E. Durkheim, P. Sorokin, E. Giddens, and L.A. Belyaeva were analyzed from a methodological point of view. The predominance of classical methodology in the works of E. Durkheim, non-classical research methodology in the works of E. Giddens, G. Simmel, and post-non-classical methodology in the studies of P. Bourdieu and L.A. Belyaeva were revealed. The main ideas of researchers are revealed using such concepts as territory, social space structure, social interactions, distances, differentiation, mobility, hierarchy, stratification, dynamics, circles (fields), subspaces, practices, capitals, status. The author has drawn conclusions on the conditionality of disciplinary interpretations of the scientific methodology used by the authors, on the conduct of modern research of social space on the basis of disciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches, which makes it difficult to understand it. As a perspective, the author first proposed the idea of using an alternative-transdisciplinary methodology for studying social space, developed on the basis of the coordinate system of R. Descartes. The use of this methodology allows us to conduct research on parameters – static and dynamic, inherent in all systems. At the same time, it has the advantage of being able to combine disparate knowledge into a single conceptual system.

The subject of this paper is a sociological gender-sensitive analysis of the use-value of space in public preschool institutions (PPI), starting from the level of Serbian society, through Belgrade and Belgrade municipalities, down to the level of individual kindergartens. The objective of the research is to design the space of PPI facilities, which would provide the families and mothers with control over public space, and thus meet one of the preconditions for positive structural change - gender equality. The following parameters are used as indicators of the use-value of DPU space: the position of the preschool system in Serbia, coverage of children in the preschool system and preschool institutions by type of ownership, coverage of DPU children, insufficiency of DPU social space in Belgrade, compliance of available space in DPU municipalities Cukarica and Vozdovac with valid norms). Data sources: institutional data research (survey research “Spatial capacity of preschool institutions in Belgrade”, conducted at the Faculty of Geography, Department of Spatial Planning, on the subject of Social Development Planning, 2018-2019). The main results of this research confirm the presumed issue in this field, which causes the unequal gender power relations and various consequences which affect the position and quality of life of women-mothers and men. The preschool system in Serbia is in an unfavourable position due to the serious insufficiency of PPI facilities in Belgrade (out of a total of 124,846 preschool children, there is enough space for less than one half; the analysis of the existing PPI capacity shows that there are large differences in capacity at the municipal level, from about three quarters to about one quarter,) and at the level of Belgrade municipalities. The data available for the municipalities of Čukarica, Voždovac, Palilula, Zemun, Zvezdara, and Novi Beograd show that the same problem exists there as well, which can be solved by accepting the proposals for the required capacity of public kindergartens, which are given in this paper. The insufficient PPI capacity in the municipalities of Čukarica and Voždovac has been documented at the kindergarten level (a total of 55, 22 of which in the municipality of Čukarica, and 33 in the municipality of Voždovac.

By analyzing the "summer" issue of «A/traverso» of 1981, we'll try to reconstruct the libertarian and socializing environment of Bologna after 1977. In this new artistic articulation will be fundamental to verify the influence that new digital technologies brought to artistic heritage over the decade. Therefore, we can see that inside the Bolognese autonomy magazine there were texts by William Burroughs, who has always been interested, through the cut-up technique - also digital - in the possibilities of linguistic experimentation, and texts by the videomaker Gabrinsky’s collective, which, through collages of apparently disconnected images, restored a social value to the Bolognese city planning. Ultimately, to confirm these intentions, it will be necessary to consider Renato de Maria's 1991 film Il trasloco, a medium-length film that shows the last days of "Bifo" in his home in Bologna in Marsili street, who, using an institutional system no longer destroyed, represented the end of the "socializing" experiences era of Bologna in ‘77.

The article tries to point out the complications with the understanding of cosmopolitanism, with the possibility of education for cosmopolitanism and the importance of philosophy for the mentioned problems. Last but not least, we will also focus on the situation with the individual in the current social conditions in the context of the meaning in the current global processes.

If the object of our work is social space, its modalities and species characteristics, the subject is theoretical models that represent the role of mechanisms of memory in social space. The article is aimed to study the phenomenon of memory in social space and assumes the study of memory in the interaction with external environment. The shown result is reflection of the outcomes of systematization of knowledge about the relationship between mechanisms of memory and the phenomenon of formation of social space, which are the result of philosophical reflection on the principles of work of blocks of human memory.

Abstract Crowdsourcing has significantly motivated the development of meteorological services. Starting from the beginning of 2010s and highly motivating after 2014, crowdsourcing‐driven meteorological services have evolved from a single collection and observation of data to the systematic acquisition, analysis and application of these data. In this review, by focusing on papers and databases that have combined crowdsourcing methods to promote or implement meteorological knowledge services, we analysed the relevant literature in three dimensions: data collection, information analysis and meteorological knowledge applications. First, we selected the potential data sources for crowdsourcing and discussed the characteristics of the collected data in four dimensions: consciousness, objectiveness, mobility and multidisciplinary. Second, based on the purpose of these studies and the extent of utilizing data as well as knowledge, we categorize the crowdsourcing‐based meteorological analysis into three levels: relationship discovery, knowledge generalization and systemized service. Third, according to the application scenario, we discussed the applications that have already been put into use, and we suggest current challenges and future research directions. These previous studies show that the use of crowdsourcing in social space can expand the coverage as well as enhance the performance of meteorological service. It was also evident that current researches are contributing towards a systemic and intelligent knowledge service to establish a better bridge among academic, industrial and individual community.

Agropolitan area is a concept of functional space based on agricultural production, which requires a specific population density as a capital for the productivity of the rural regions with the support of urban utilities and social infrastructure/social space. Weak social capital makes the agropolitan area grow slowly. This is the impact of unplanned productive social space as a vehicle for social capital’s growth implemented in regional plans. However, social interactions occur if the social infrastructure is well articulated in creating spatial productivity, production, and multiphase inheritance for the sustainability of agribusiness activities. This study aims to identify the importance of social productive space in the form of social infrastructure to increase the social capital in agropolitan area. The method used is a case study to observe social processes that occur from time to time, supported by in-depth interview. The results indicate a typology of social capital that is not formed instantly, but contains a long history over time due to the repetition of interaction between communities in social spaces that are not technically constructed and unplanned in the agropolitan area spatial planning. This productive space is a place to build social closeness through repetition of interaction, sharing, knowledge transfer, equalization of perceptions involving residents, and collaboration between individuals and groups. The productive space in the form of social infrastructure consists of mosques, sports fields, markets, community meeting rooms (bale), business group rooms, and farmer groups. Therefore, the plan document must consider the functioning of social space and adaptive social space based on IT connections (cafes, sports clubs, open spaces, bale, and mosque grounds) into agropolitan spatial planning.

A plethora of studies stress students’ self-regulated learning (SRL) skills to be conditional for successful learning in school and beyond. In general, self-regulated learners are actively engaged in constructing their own understanding also including the regulation of contextual features in the environment. Within the contextual features, the regulation of peer interaction is necessary, because college courses increasingly require peer learning. This goes along with the increasing interest for online learning settings, due in no small part to the recent COVID-19 pandemic. In the present study we explore how social presence (i.e., the degree to which the other person is perceived as physical “real”), social space (i.e., trust building between peers) and sociability (i.e., the degree to which the virtual learning environment supports social presence and social space) are essential elements in the regulation of online peer interaction. To shed light in this matter, higher education students were qualitatively followed for 1 year in an online academic writing course by using retrospective interviews (n = 7) and reflective questions (n = 62). Additionally, for social presence, students’ perceptions were quantitatively measured with a validated questionnaire (n = 41). The results show that the planning phase is the most important phase for supporting students’ social presence because that is where the regulation of peer interaction becomes important. The sociability has an important role here as well becoming less prominent further on in the self-regulation process. In the SRL follow-up phases, students look for other ways to increase their social presence and social space in order to shape the regulation of peer interaction from a position of trust. In the evaluation phase, students are aware of the importance of social presence but less of social space for the regulation of peer interaction. We conclude with some design principles to facilitate students’ regulation of peer interaction in online settings.

In this paper the author analyses the forms of space in Pierre Bourdieu's field theory, looking in particular at the way they relate to one another and at the spatial aspects of the literary field in his book The Rules of Art: Genesis and Structure of the Literary Field. The first of these forms is what Bourdieu calls the "social space" and "social field", each of these referring to a structure of positions that exists objectively yet does not exist (primarily) in physical space or real (physical) interactions between social agents. In order to make this structure intelligible, Bourdieu creates various spatial schemata that range from simple diagrams to sophisticated visualisations based on multiple correspondence analysis. The relationship between this structure and physical/geographical space is a complicated matter, since relations in the social space or social fields will not necessarily coincide with actual spatial distances or proximities. Nevertheless, Bourdieu demonstrates – especially in the last period of his career – that it is necessary to study the relations among agents and the objectified forms of capital as they play out within physical/geographical space. The last part of the paper deals with the complicated relations of the three spatial aspects of Bourdieu's field theory as they are applied to the literary field. In this respect, the most interesting part of The Rules of Art is the "Prologue". In the rest of the book, spaces that are characteristically physical, such as salons and cafés, give way to non-spatial aspects of the literary field, above all literary texts, which Bourdieu conceives of as a privileged form of "position-taking" on the part of social agents.

Housing costs, including rent, have become a significant economic burden for millions of floating population families in urban China, affecting their living standards and influencing migration decision-making. Using data from the China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS) in 2012 and 2017, this study analyzes the spatial patterns of rent, family income, and the rent-to-income ratio among different regions, cities, and groups. Results show that rent and the rent-to-income ratio have an inverse correlation with the regional economy, with lower ratios observed in eastern coastal areas compared to the central and western regions, especially the northeast. High-level cities record higher incomes, higher rents, and higher rent-to-income ratios, and groups with higher educational levels and occupational characteristics exhibit higher affordability. Rent plays a role in the flow and changes of the floating population, and the housing burden has become a key constraint for long-term residence or migration. Developed provinces and municipalities in the eastern region and high-level cities remain major destinations for migrants, but rising house prices impede permanent settlement through commercial house purchases. The government should consider migrants’ demands for housing and increase the supply of subsidized housing, such as public rental housing, for the floating population.

The constant modification of land use, economic instability, environmental factors, and social behaviour changes among the inhabitants of big cities characterize current urbanism. In Colombia, land-use planning processes supported by geographical information systems are a recent phenomenon and the legal instruments of spatial planning are inadequate in most municipalities. Moreover, socio-spatial equity represents a challenge for Latin American cities in which there is increasing awareness of the role that spatial planning plays. Consequently, the question arises as to how the urban spatial structure and organization contribute to an inclusive and equitable socio-spatial evolution, considering climate change impacts. The case study analysed in this article focuses upon the northern limits of the city of Bogotá. Therefore, this research aims to define the ideal balance of urban land-use distribution between social stratum classification and the vulnerability of the communities seeking to better adapt to climate change. We propose a methodological approach of analysing spatial syntax and the (social) intensity of activities and infrastructure, which enables us to characterize the urban structure itself and identify vulnerable urban instances. As a result, we find that the urban network with low values presents spatial unpredictability in its pattern, constraining equitable development based on the urban morphology of the city. This research allows us to conclude that the degree of vulnerability encountered by the social urban spatial structure is higher in expansion areas than in central areas of the city.

Abstract: This paper discusses examples of the use of performative space in the Estonian performing arts. It shows how a performative space is arranged as an interactive and shared space, what the features are of an installation space, how the audience perceives immersive space, and how a socially communicative space is formed. The paper studies the ways that space can be an active agent and affect the perception of the spectator. Artikkel käsitleb ruumi organiseerimise viise uuemas Eesti teatris ning osutab, kuidas ruumilised suhted mõjutavad publiku taju. Analüüsitakse viit 2020. aastal esietendunud lavastust: „Kas te olete oma kohaga rahul“ (autorid Eero Epner, Mart Kangro ja Juhan Ulfsak, Kanuti Gildi SAAL), „*******“ (autorid Mart Koldits ja trupp, Von Krahli Teater), „Ümarlaud“ (lavastaja Kadri Noormets, Tartu Uus Teater), „Inimesed ja numbrid“ (lavastaja Birgit Landberg, Vaba Lava) ning „supersocial“ (autorid Üüve-Lydia Toompere ja Siim Tõniste, Kanuti Gildi SAALi kaasproduktsioon). Ruum on teatrikunstis määrav mõõde ning üks võimalus teatrit defineerida ongi näha seda ruumi eriomase organiseerimise kaudu. Teoreetilise raamistikuna vaadeldakse artiklis Gay McAuley’ viiest alast koosnevat teatriruumide taksonoomiat. Esimeseks alaks on McAuley’ taksonoomia järgi teatrikogemuse sotsiaalne reaalsus, mis koosneb teatriruumist, publikuruumist, etenduse ruumist, töötajate ruumist ja prooviruumist. Teiseks alaks on füüsilise reaalsuse ja fiktsionaalse ruumi duaalsus, mis koosneb lavaruumist, esituse ruumist ja fiktsionaalsest ruumist. Kolmanda alana toob McAuley välja ruumid, mis on seotud asukoha ja fiktsiooniga, rõhutamaks, et väljamõeldud ruum toimib vastavalt oma asukohale füüsilise reaalsuse suhtes. Neljanda alana käsitletakse tekstilist ruumi, mis pöörab tähelepanu etendusteksti ruumilistele struktuuridele ja nende tähtsusele etenduse geneesis, hõlmates muu hulgas geograafilisi nimesid, kohtade kirjeldusi, liikumist väljendavaid verbe jms. Viienda alana toob McAuley esile temaatilise ruumi, mille tähtsus seisneb tähenduste loomises ja mis on seotud nii teksti kui ka etendusega. (McAuley 2000, 24–32) Käesolevas artiklis võetakse sellest taksonoomiast kasutusele etenduse ruumi mõiste, mis kuulub teatrikogemuse sotsiaalse reaalsuse juurde. McAuley’ etenduse ruumis töötavad kaks gruppi, etendajad ja vaatajad koos, et luua ühine etenduskogemus. Etenduse ruum on teatrit määratlev ruum ning eksisteerib ka siis, kui pole olemas teatrit kui hoonet. (McAuley 2000, 26) Teiseks ja peamiseks teoreetiliseks raamistuseks tuuakse artiklis mängu Erika Fischer-Lichte performatiivse ruumi mõiste. Performatiivne on Fischer-Lichte (2008, 107) määratluses ruum, milles etendus ilmneb, ja see ruum sünnib etendajate ja vaatajate koostoimes. Performatiivne ruum avab mitmekesiseid suhteid etendajate ja vaatajate, liikumise ja taju vahel. Nende suhete ükskõik millisel viisil muutmine või kehtestamine muudab performatiivset ruumi. Performatiivset ruumi nimetab Fischer-Lichte ka vahepealseks ruumiks ja etenduse käigus on see pidevas muutumises. Selle ruumi käsitluses tõstetakse esile etenduse tajumise aspekti: publiku taju mõjutab alati etendust ja kõiki selles osalejaid, nii et etenduse ruumis hakkab ringlema eripärane energia (Fischer-Lichte 2008, 59). Lisaks muutuvad suhted näitlejate ja vaatajate vahel sõltuvalt publiku asetusest: olenevalt sellest, kas publik istub saalis vaatega lavale, kas publik ümbritseb lava või seisab publikuruumis hajutatult, kas publik liigub ümber ristkülikukujulise või ruudukujulise lava või siis sellest, mil viisil on publik lavast eraldatud (prožektorite, poodiumite, dekoratsiooni, mööbli vmt-ga) (Fischer-Lichte 2008, 107). Artiklis arutletakse ruumi kui aktiivse agendi üle. Lavastuste „Kas te olete oma kohaga rahul“ ja „*******“ kaasav ja jagatud ruum ärgitab publikut tajuma tuntud teatriruumi uuel viisil ning aktiveerib vaataja isikliku mälu, emotsioonid ja kogemused. „Ümarlaua“ installatiivne ruum aktiveerib mäletamise kui füüsilise toimingu: etendajad mängivad laval päris mänge ja see vallandab iga vaataja enda elu mälestusväärsed hetked. Sellised lavastused taasmõtestavad teatriruumi ja publik saab võimaluse tajuda tavapärast teatriruumi uuel viisil. Lavastuste „Kas te olete oma kohaga rahul“, „*******“ ja „Ümarlaud“ ruumilised suhted aktiveerivad osalejate emotsionaalse ruumi, mäluruumi ja kogemuste ruumi. Oluline ühine aspekt on see, et ruumiline paigutus käivitab isiklikud mälestused. Vaatajad hakkavad mõtisklema oma mineviku üle: kuidas nad on tajunud ruumilisi suhteid oma elu eri etappidel. Analüüsitud lavastused näitavad, kuidas aktiivne performatiivne ruum võib hõlmata publiku kuulmis-, nägemis-, lõhna- ja taktiilse taju, s.t etendus ümbritseb osavõtjaid ning nad kogevad etendust eri tajude abil. Lavastus „supersocial“ on näide sellest, kuidas lisaks füüsilise ruumi spetsiifilisele korraldusele võib teater keskenduda ka sotsiaalsele ruumile ning laiendada kommunikatsiooniruumi. See rakendusteatrina tajutav lavastus lõi ajutise kogukonna, mille potentsiaalne aruteluväli ulatub väljapoole teatrisündmust nii ajas kui ka ruumis. Käesolevas artiklis huvituti nüüdisteatri performatiivsest ruumist, s.t ruumist, kus etendus toimub. Erinevalt arhitektuurilis-geomeetrilisest ruumist ei esinda performatiivne ruum ainult füüsilisi artefakte. Oma olemuselt kuulub performatiivne ruum pigem sündmuste kui kunstiteoste juurde (Fischer-Lichte 2008, 114). Lisaks performatiivse ruumi sündmuslikkusele on siin kohaldatav ka situatsiooni mõiste: vaatajast saab osavõtja ning seeläbi saab ta teadlikumaks oma kohalolust (oma positsioonist teiste inimeste suhtes ruumis), lisaks võib füüsiline lähedus hõlmata otsest kontakti etendajate ja vaatajate vahel (Lehmann 2006, 123). Kokkuvõtvalt näidati artiklis, kuidas ruum võib olla aktiivne agent ja mõjutada publiku taju. Artikkel pakkus võimalust käsitleda ruumi kui etenduse aspekti, mis aktiveerib publiku, ja näitas, kuidas etenduse kulg võib sõltuda publiku tegevusest või tegevusetusest.

The article discusses the issues related to the integration of people with intellectual disabilities and mental disorders in the community after they have relocated to a community group home. The ecological mapping approach reveals and compares aspects of the physical and social participation of people with disabilities and other community members.

A geographic perspective is essential in tackling COVID-19. This research study is framed in the collaboration project set up by the University of Cantabria, the Valdecilla Hospital Research Institute (IDIVAL) and the Regional Government of Cantabria. The case study is the Santander functional urban area (FUA), which is considered from a multi-scale perspective. The main source is the daily records of micro-data on COVID-19 cases and the methodology is based on ESRI geo-technologies, and more specifically on a tool called SITAR (a Spanish acronym which stands for Fast-Action Territorial Information System). The main goal is to analyse and contribute to knowledge of the spatial patterns of COVID-19 at neighbourhood level from a space-time perspective. To that end the research is based on data mining methods (3D bins and emerging hot-spots) and exploratory geo-statistical analysis (Global Moran’s Index, Nearest Neighbourhood and Ordinary Least Square analyses, among others). The study identifies space-time patterns that show significant hot-spots and demonstrates a high presence of the virus at building level in neighbourhoods where residential and economic uses are mixed. Knowing the spatial behaviour of the virus is strategically important for proposing geo-prevention keys, reducing spread and balancing trade-offs between potential health gains and economic burdens resulting from interventions to deal with the pandemic.

A geographic perspective is essential in tackling COVID-19. This research study is framed in the collaboration project set up by the University of Cantabria, the Valdecilla Hospital Research Institute (IDIVAL) and the Regional Government of Cantabria. The case study is the Santander functional urban area (FUA), which is considered from a multi-scale perspective. The main source is the daily records of micro-data on COVID-19 cases and the methodology is based on ESRI geo-technologies, and more specifically on a tool called SITAR (a Spanish acronym which stands for Fast-Action Territorial Information System). The main goal is to analyse and contribute to knowledge of the spatial patterns of COVID-19 at neighbourhood level from a space-time perspective. To that end the research is based on data mining methods (3D bins and emerging hot-spots) and exploratory geo-statistical analysis (Global Moran’s Index, Nearest Neighbourhood and Ordinary Least Square analyses, among others). The study identifies space-time patterns that show significant hot-spots and demonstrates a high presence of the virus at building level in neighbourhoods where residential and economic uses are mixed. Knowing the spatial behaviour of the virus is strategically important for proposing geo-prevention keys, reducing spread and balancing trade-offs between potential health gains and economic burdens resulting from interventions to deal with the pandemic.

Present from the birth of human geography, the cultural approach throve mainly after the cultural turn of the discipline. Made of whatever is not innate in human beings, culture is the DNA of human societies. Passing down from generation to generation, it includes representational and non-representational components. It is not the societies of orality, the written word and medias. It structures social space in networks and around forums. It involves intelligence, emotivity and imagination and doubles the world with imaginaries spaces serving as counterpoints to reality and instituting a normative order. The space it explores is not only that of vital necessities: it is also that of leisure and pleasure as well as that of wars and catastrophes; that of human bodies, and of the environment.The cultural approach revolutionizes the study of places in analyzing their varied forms of hierarchization and the role played today by their visibility. It substitutes a territorial approach qui stress the human investment in places to the older regional analysis. It focuses on identities and the processes of imitation and distinction they are linked to and to their spatial expression. The cultural approach is responsible for a global restructuration of human geography and its economic components. It adds to the socio-political and socio-economic analyses which constituted its social component a socio-cultural analysis that is responsible for the contemporary expansion of cultural geography.