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Background and aimsThere is an increased risk of lymphomas in inborn errors of immunity (IEI); however, germline genetic testing is rarely used in oncological patients, even in those with early onset of cancer. Our study focuses on a child with a recombination-activating gene 1 (RAG1) deficiency who was identified through a screening program for Slavic founder genetic variants among patients who died with malignancy at an early age in Belarus.ResultsWe identified one homozygous founder RAG1 variant out of 24 available DNA samples from 71 patients who developed lymphoma aged

Background. Among patients who have undergone coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), the proportion of people with diabetes mellitus (DM) is about 40 %. To date, the problem of choosing the optimal method of surgical myocardial revascularization, which can provide the best result in this cohort, remains completely unresolved. The aim of the study. To assess the in-hospital and long-term results of bimammary and traditional bypass surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods. From September 2018 to December 2021, 176 CABG surgeries were performed in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and type 2 diabetes at the Federal Center for Cardiovascular Surgery (Krasnoyarsk). Group 1 (n = 45) included patients who underwent myocardial revascularization using two mammary arteries; group 2 (n = 131) included patients who underwent myocardial revascularization using traditional technique. After propensity score matching, 45 patients were selected into each group, comparable by basic preoperative characteristics. Results. In group 1, cardiopulmonary bypass surgeries were performed in 23 (51.1 %) patients (group 1CPB), off-pump surgeries – in 22 (58.2 %) (group 1OP); in group 2, all patients underwent cardiopulmonary bypass surgeries. Hospital mortality was recorded in group 2 in 1 (2.2 %) case. Deep sternal infection developed in 1 (4.5 %) patient in group 1OP. Long-term survival in group 2 was 85.3 %, in group 1CPB – 83.3 % (p = 0.689), in group 1OP – 84.2 % (p = 0.739). 84.2 % of patients in group 2 and 100 % in groups 1CPB and 1OP had no cardiovascular events (p = 0.144 and p = 0.145, respectively). Conclusion. Bimammary bypass surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes is a safe and effective method of surgical treatment of coronary artery disease in both shortand long-term period and may be the operation of choice in patients with multivessel disease. There were no differences in patient survival up to 45 months; bimammary revascularization was associated with 100 % absence of cardiac mortality.

Optimization methods, namely, gradient optimization methods, are a key part of neural network training. In this paper, we propose a new gradient optimization method using exponential decay and the adaptive learning rate using a discrete second-order derivative of gradients. The MAMGD optimizer uses an adaptive learning step, exponential smoothing and gradient accumulation, parameter correction, and some discrete analogies from classical mechanics. The experiments included minimization of multivariate real functions, function approximation using multilayer neural networks, and training neural networks on popular classification and regression datasets. The experimental results of the new optimization technology showed a high convergence speed, stability to fluctuations, and an accumulation of gradient accumulators. The research methodology is based on the quantitative performance analysis of the algorithm by conducting computational experiments on various optimization problems and comparing it with existing methods.

The Linum Insertion Sequence 1 (LIS-1) occurs in the genetically plastic flax genotypes in response to the lack or excess of mineral and water nutrition, but also naturally, and can be transmitted to the progeny. We have analyzed 21 ancient Belarusian varieties of flax Linum usitatissimum convar. elongatum Vav. et Ell. The LIS-1 presence or absence was checked for individual plants in at minimum two generations with primer-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and agarose gel electrophoresis. The studied flax varieties formed four groups: non-responsive varieties (LIS-1 was not found, group NR); responsive, which formed and completely lost the insertion (group R0); responsive, which formed and retained LIS-1 (group R1); and responsive unstable (group R2). A statistically significant difference was found in ‘plant height’ (p < 0.05), ‘technical length of the stem’ (p < 0.05) between R0 and NR, and R2 and NR LIS-1 groups. The machine learning algorithm random forest classifier was used to predict the presence, absence or heterozygosity of LIS-1 in flax plants based on their growth and reproductive characteristics. As a result, the accuracy of the prediction was 98% on test data. In terms of sources for the selection of fibre flax varieties adaptive to environmental challenges, the most promising group consists of responsive varieties that have formed LIS-1 insertion (R0, R1 and R2 groups).

Aim. To evaluate the long-term results of complete bilateral internal thoracic artery (BITA) grafting and traditional coronary bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with multivessel CAD.Material and methods. From June 2018 to December 2021, 646 CABG operations were performed in patients with multivessel CAD at the Federal Center for Cardiovascular Surgery (Krasnoyarsk). There were 178 patients receiving BITA grafting and 468 — traditional revascularization technique. After propensity score matching, 356 patients were selected, of which 99 had on-pump BITA (group 1), 178 — on-pump traditional revascularization (group 2), and 79 — off-pump BITA (group 3). There were more males (p=0,143 and p=0,547). The groups were comparable in age (p=0,343 and p=0,104), body mass index (p=0,532 and p=0,759), diabetes (p= 0,705 and p=0,667), the number of hemodynamically significant coronary stenoses (p=0,370 and p=0,595).Results. The follow-up period lasted 32,8±8,52 months. Long-term patient survival was 83,9% in group 2,93% in group 1 (p=0,041) and 94% in group 3 (p=0,039). Freedom from cardiovascular mortality was 100% in both groups of BITA grafting and 92,5% in group 2 (p=0,001 and p=0,039), freedom from major cardiovascular events was 94,2% in group 1, 85,1% in group 2 and 98,5% in group 3 (p=0,032 and p=0,03).Conclusion. BITA grafting is a modern effective and safe method of surgical myocardial revascularization both on- and off-pump. Up to 33 months. BITA grafting was associated with significantly better patient survival, complete freedom from cardiovascular mortality and a lower incidence of major cardiovascular events.

Aim. To identify predictors of heart failure in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and ischemic myocardial dilatation (IMD).Material and methods. In total, we examined 221 patients with cardiomyopathies: DCM and IMD. The mean age of the patients was 55,30±9,69 years (minimum — 20 years, maximum — 77 years). From the total number of patients, a group of patients with DCM (idiopathic origin) (group 1) was identified in the amount of 111 people, of which 99 were men (89,2%) and 12 women (10,8%). The mean age of patients with DCM was 51,73±9,74 years, for men — 51,00±8,96 years, for women — 57,75±3,71 years. The median age in DCM patients was 53,00 [48,00; 58,00], for men — 53,00 [46,00; 57,00], in women — 59,50 [49,00; 68,75]. Patients with IMD (ischemic origin) consisted of 110 people (group 2), of which 100 were men (91,5%) and 10 women (8,5%). The mean age of patients with IMD was 58,68±8,38 years, for men — 58,29±8,46 years, for women — 62,90±6,29 years. The median age in patients with IMD was 58,00 [53,50; 63,50], in men — 58,00 [52,00; 63,00], in women — 61,50 [59,25; 66,00]. Biological material (venous blood) was taken from all patients for molecular genetic analysis. To isolate the DNA structure, the phenol-chloroform extraction was used. Using the polymerase chain reaction, genotyping of gene polymorphisms was carried out, followed by analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms.Results. To assess the left ventricular systolic function, the ejection fraction was assessed. Heart failure and its severity are most often associated with a decrease in left ventricular (LV) systolic function. In our study, in the group of patients with DCM, the mean LV ejection fraction (EF) was 25,105±6,76, while in IMD group — 20,255±4,49 (p=0,0001). This confirms that these two groups have severe heart failure associated with impaired LV systolic function — a decrease in EF

The choice of an optimal, most safe and physiological place in the heart for the electrode implantation is an issue to be solved by a specialist in surgery of heart arrhythmias. According to the literature, the techniques to stimulate both cardiac apex and other alternative areas are imperfect. At present, stimulation of the heart conduction system, namely, the His bundle is considered a promising area in arrhythmology. This type of stimulation is a physiological one, while it involves the His-Purkinje system. We present a successful clinical case of the electrode implantation with a two-chamber pacemaker to the heart conduction system in a 67-year-old patient with permanent atrial fibrillation. The surgical intervention made it possible to reduce the QRS length from 180 to 110 ms. This clinical case shows that the heart conduction system pacing allows for implementation of the principles of physiological stimulation in patients with impaired atrioventricular conduction. The technique with a two-chamber pacemaker is feasible in clinical practice.

Key Clinical Message Partial leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 (LAD‐1) deficiency is extremely rare condition with milder infectious manifestation and immune system imbalance leads to increased risks of autoinflammatory complications, such as pyoderma gangrenosum, that can be triggered by trauma or pregnancy. In patients with spice‐site ITGB2 variants, partial expression can occur due to different β2 integrin isophorms expression. Abstract LAD‐1, OMIM ID #116920 is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder that results from mutations in the ITGB2 gene that encodes the CD18 β2 integrin subunit. According to the CD18 expression, LAD‐1 is categorized as severe (30%). Here, we describe a 22‐year‐old female, who presented with inflammatory skin disease and oral cavity, as well as respiratory tract infections during the first year of life. LAD‐1 was diagnosed at the age of 2 years by low expression of CD18 (1%). Whole‐exome sequencing identified homozygous c. 59‐10C>A variant in the ITGB2 gene. Despite severe phenotype, the patient survived to adulthood without hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and became pregnant at the age of 20 years, with pregnancy complicated by a pyoderma gangrenosum‐like lesion. During her life, CD18 expression increased from 1% to 9%; at 22 years of age, 5% of neutrophils and 9% of lymphocytes were CD18+. All CD18+‐lymphocytes were predominantly memory/effector cytotoxic T cells. However, revertant mosaicism was not being established suggesting that CD18 expression variability may be mediated by other mechanisms such as different β2 integrin isophorms expression.

Xylotrophic fungi are well known by their ability to excrete enzymes into environment. These fungi have important biotechnological potential and some of them produce industrial enzymes. Besides, xylotrophic fungal species have recently attracted a lot of attention among researchers as a source of antibacterial drugs. Aim. To analyze the effect of the carbon source in the culture medium, as well as the conditions of deep cultivation on the mycelium yield, proteolytic, cellulolytic and antimicrobial activity of the culture liquid of Trichoderma atroviride. Methods. Deep culture methods were used, partial purification was carried out with salting and subsequent dialysis, the cellulolytic activity was determined spectrophotometrically, antimicrobial activity was determined using the disc diffusion technique. Statistical analysis was performed using STATISTICA 6.0 software. Results. The highest cellulolytic activity (0.50±0.03 units/ml), mycelium yield and the smallest colony diameter were detected when cellulose was used as a carbon source. However, the highest proteolytic activity of the culture liquid was observed with glucose as a carbon source. The optimal temperature range for hydrolase activity was shown to be in the range of 25-30 °C. In comparison with Pleurotus ostreatus, the culture liquid of T. atroviride not only has more pronounced antimicrobial activity, but also inhibits the growth of Candida albicans. Conclusions. The culture liquid of isolated strain T. atroviride is a promising source of hydrolytic enzymes that can be used in organic farming and industry. The purified preparation obtained from the culture liquid of T. atroviride showed significant antimicrobial activity and can be successfully used for drug development in the future.

The article describes the peculiarities of drug provision for patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in the Republic of Karelia. We present a clinical case of effective treatment with interleukin 17 inhibitor ixekizumab (IXE) in a randomized clinical trial and real clinical practice in a patient with PsA. The distinctive feature of this case is the severity of PsA course that was not controlled by standard methods of therapy. IXE treatment was characterized by a rapid clinical improvement of both articular and skin symptoms and subsequent achievement of remission, which lasted for 3 years (on the therapy). The forced interruption of the treatment led to the relapse of the disease in a short amount of time. In 2 years IXE therapy was resumed; after 6 months of continuing treatment a stable remission of PsA was achieved. The patient is still in clinical remission (on therapy).

Introduction One of the most common injuries in children is clavicle fractures. They account for up to 14 % of all pediatric bone injuries. Aim Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of surgical and conservative methods of treating closed clavicle fractures in children. Materials and methods Between 2011 and 2018, 1,800 children with clavicle fractures referred to the traumatology and orthopedic department at the Children's Clinical Hospital No. 9 in Yekaterinburg. Most of them were treated conservatively, and 94 (5.2 %) children were hospitalized for surgical treatment. Depending on age and type of displacement, children received different conservative treatments, such as Deso dressing in children under two years old, figure-eight-bandage in children over two years of age. Surgical treatment was open reduction of fragments and fixation with either a Kirschner wire or a titanium elastic nail (TEN); titanium plates were used in several cases. For a comparative assessment of the results of the treatment methods for clavicle fractures, two groups of patients were formed. Results Shortening of consolidated clavicle was not observed in children of the main group treated surgically. In several cases, the elongation of the clavicle was revealed by no more than 1 cm. Patients in the comparison group showed shortening of the broken clavicle in three cases, no more than 1.3 cm. Conclusion After surgical treatment, the length of the shoulder girdle was fully restored; insignificant shortening after conservative treatment did not cause functional disorders.

Purpose of the study. To develop a method for analyzing the seasonal and cyclic components of R-R intervals by estimating the autocorrelation function (ACF). Material and methods. The study consists of conducting a practical analysis of ACF as an application to R-R intervals, divided into three groups: all patients are patients with atrial fibrillation. The first group had tachycardia; the second had bradycardia; the third group - are patients without specific features. It should be noted that the age of the patients, according to which the analysis was carried out, is from 40 years and older. Results. The module developed at VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) enables to apply the methods of primary processing of the studied data, to create the ACF with its graphic representation for rather large values of the lag variable τ=1,100. Samples of 1000 values were examined. The most optimal data cleaning methods have been selected to get rid of excessive noise. A detailed analysis of ACF was carried out in the three groups of patients. Impressive research statistics have been compiled. Conclusions. In people with signs of tachycardia, all ACF ratios were not significant. In cases with severe tachycardia, ACF coefficients were positive, and had a decreasing trend. In the series with signs of bradycardia, almost all ACF coefficients were significant. ACF decreased with increasing lag τ. It can be concluded that in this group of time series there is a marked constant linear trend. In the group of patients with normal heart rate dynamics, insignificant ACF coefficients were obtained, which indicates the absence of any tendency. The coefficients were concentrated along the axis of the lag, had both positive and negative values. The oscillating process indicates only a strong stochastic component of the studied data.

Peculiarity of various methodology aspects for estimate radiation risk in dependence of using area are discussed in this article; perspective of the estimate perfection is discussed too. It is consideration such area of using as medico-biology, epidemiology, radiation protection, medical exposure. The opinion expressed that it is difficult to insert subjectively-psychological perception of risk in the methodology. It is generalized systematically author’s methodological judgement, which been published before. The article contain discussion moment, which is inevitable in given theme.

The paper sets the task of calculating the parameters of deformation of the heart muscle according to echocardiogram data under interference conditions, for example, in the study of children. Indicators of deformation (strain value) of the heart muscle were used by us to determine the presence and severity of dysfunction of the chambers of the heart in atrial septal defect – a congenital heart defect characterized by the presence of communication between the right and left atria. The problem was solved by analyzing the video stream obtained from the installation of echocardiography using a set of deep learning neural network architectures designed for image segmentation. The study was conducted for the U-net architecture. As a result of processing the video stream, it was possible to solve the problem of segmentation of the walls of the heart muscle and binding of key points in the condition of interference in the removal of an echocardiogram on child patients unable to remain motionless during the study. The obtained indicators provide the cardiologist with important information for determining the dysfunction of the chambers of the heart (especially the right atrium, the most compromised chamber of the heart in the studied cases) with a defect of the atrial septum.

The article examines the influence of the regional economy on the state of the environment of the Bryansk region, examines the development of the economic potential of the region, and examines the results of the influence of industrial production directions on the state of environmental safety of the state of atmospheric air, water resources and soil cover. Research on the state of environmental safety was carried out using economic and statistical methods; a conclusion was made on the state of natural resources in the Bryansk region

Aim. To analyze the preoperative status, intraoperative tumor characteristics and further clinical manifestations in patients after surgery for a cardiac tumor.Material and methods. The study included 54 patients who were operated on for a heart tumor from 2014 to 2020. We assessed clinical performance, diagnostic investigations before and after (during hospitalization) surgery, tumor size and histological characteristics.Results. Among patients operated on for cardiac tumors, women predominated (74%). Among comorbidities, hypertension (79,3%), chronic kidney disease (48,3%), and obesity (25,9%) were most common. There were following clinical manifestations before surgery: shortness of breath — 47 (81%) patients, palpitations and heart rhythm disturbance — 26 (44,8%), chest pain — 25 (43,1%), chest discomfort — 28 (49,1%), edema — 6 patients (10,3%). The predominant tumor localization was the left atrial fossa ovalis area (50%). According to histological analysis, myxoma prevailed — 38 cases (86,4%). After surgery, atrial fibrillation prevalence decreased from 8 patients before surgery to 6 after surgery (p=0,034), while left atrial size decreased by 0,6 mm (95% confidence interval, 4,39-6,2 mm) (p

This article discusses the basic principles and content of supervision over the activities of banks and the measurement of capital and standards.

The aim of this work was to identify and to study physical and chemical properties of the enzyme preparation which was obtained from the cultural liquid of Pleurotus ostreatus. The protease containing fraction was obtained from the cultural liquid by sodium chloride precipitation followed by dialysis and concentration procedures. Gelatinase and milk-clotting activity were defined by standard methods. The content of the protein component of the fraction was analysed by HPLC, Laemmli electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF analysis. Protease activity was proved by enzyme-electrophoresis. To identify the protease, mass-spectrometry was carried out using the MatrixScience database. To study the specificity of protease action, the series of chromogenic substrates were used: S2238, S236, S2251, S2765, Leu-pNa, Ala-pNa and S2302. The inhibitory analysis was carried out using EDTA, benzamidine, PMSF, PCMB. The obtained fraction possessed maximal protease activity at 45 °C. Meanwhile maximal milk-clotting activity was observed at 35 °C. The highest milk-clotting activity was shown at pH 5.0 and less than 3.0. The highest protease activity was shown at pH 6.0. Using HPLC method, it was found the main protein component and some minor proteins. According to the electrophoresis results, the main protein component of the fraction had molecular mass 45 kDa. Enzyme electrophoresis demonstrated that protease activity of the fraction was present in the zone corresponding to 45 kDa. When identifying trypsinolysis products, no homology was found with other known proteinases. It was shown that the protease hydrolyzed peptide bonds which were formed by carboxyl group of amino acids with hydrophobic side chains. The enzyme was inhibited by EDTA (ІС50 = 2.5 mМ). The maximal enzyme activity towards gelatin and Leu-pNa was shown in the presence of 5 mM calcium chloride. The new calcium-dependent metalloprotease with molecular weight 45 kDa was found in the cultural liquid of Pleurotus ostreatus. The enzyme had no homology with other known proteases and hydrolyzes peptide bonds formed by carboxyl groups of amino acids with hydrophobic side chains.

Here we provide a scientific justification and experimental support for the choice of easily renewable cellulosic feedstock Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Hack. in order to obtain high-quality nutrient broths therefrom for bacterial cellulose biosynthesis. The plant life-forms promising for breeding were screened under introduction conditions at the Central Siberian Botanical Garden, SB RAS, and this study was thus aimed at investigating the full and reduced ontogenetic patterns; cellulose and noncellulosic contents, including lignin; and duraminization of vegetative (feedstock source) organs throughout the seasonal development. The full ontogenetic patterns of the plants grown from seeds that had been collected in native habitats were compared to show that M. sacchariflorus and M. sinensis Anderss. accessions are distinguished by longer being at the most vulnerable developmental stages: seedlings and plantlets. Hence, it is preferable to cultivate seedlings on protected ground, and plantations are advisable to establish with more stable cloned vegetative material. The chemical compositions of the whole plant, leaf and stem separately, from seven M. sacchariflorus harvests were examined to reveal a rise in cellulose content and a drop in noncellulosic content with plantation age. The Miscanthus stem was found to contain more cellulose than the leaf, regardless of the plant age. The overall cellulose content was 48−53 %, providing a rationale for studies of bacterial cellulose biosynthesis in a M. sacchariflorusderived nutrient medium. Since high lignin content is undesirable for technological processes concerned with biosynthesis of bacterial cellulose, we performed histochemical assays of transverse sections of the culms to monitor the seasonal course of lignification. Our results suggest that the specific time limits for harvesting the aboveground biomass as a feedstock be validated by histochemical data on the seasonal course of lignification of M. sacchariflorus sprouts. To sum up, the examined chemical composition of M. sacchariflorus grown in the Siberian climate conditions demonstrated its prospects as a source of glucose substrate, the basic component of good-quality nutrient media for biosynthesis of bacterial cellulose.

In this article it made analysis of concepts and values used in NRB-99/2009 and a number of national methodological documents on the assessment of risks associated with irradiation. It is concluded that NRB-99/2009 violates the logic in the presentation of this issue. It can be restored if a special section is introduced in the developed NSB-2019, with more detailed coverage of the terminological and methodological aspects of the assessment of such risks. The draft section is attached to this article In the draft introduces a number of new terms (radiogenic risk, nominal radiogenic risk, radiogenic risk of death from cancer and radiogenic risk of cancer and a number of others) with a clear interpretation of their meaning and purpose, as well as the sphere application of the relevant values. The draft proposes to replace the term generalized risk with radiation risk, which is more in line with its meaning. Given also specific formulas to calculate the radiogenic risk coefficients for different types of irradiation based on the real demographics data for exposed populations. Because of the cumbersome formulas, they can be given to the Annex of the NRB-2019 or issued in methodical instructions prepared in the elaboration of the provisions of the NRB-2019.

Lignocellulosic biomass is of great interest as an alternative energy resource because it offers a range of merits. Miscanthus × giganteus is a lignocellulosic feedstock of special interest, as it combines a high biomass productivity with a low environmental impact, including CO2 emission control. The chemical composition of lignocellulose determines the application potential for efficient industrial processing. Here, we compiled a sample collection of Miscanthus × giganteus that had been cultivated in different climate regions between 2019 and 2021. The chemical composition was quantified by the conventional wet methods. The findings were compared with each other and with the known data. Starting as soon as the first vegetation year, Miscanthus was shown to feature the following chemical composition: 43.2–55.5% cellulose content, 17.1–25.1% acid-insoluble lignin content, 17.9–22.9% pentosan content, 0.90–2.95% ash content, and 0.3–1.2% extractives. The habitat and the surrounding environment were discovered herein to affect the chemical composition of Miscanthus. The stem part of Miscanthus was found to be richer in cellulose than the leaf (48.4–54.9% vs. 47.2–48.9%, respectively), regardless of the planation age and habitat. The obtained findings broaden the investigative geography of the chemical composition of Miscanthus and corroborate the high value of Miscanthus for industrial conversion thereof into cellulosic products worldwide.

Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) is a DNA repair disorder characterized by combined immunodeficiency and a high predisposition to lymphoid malignancies. The majority of NBS patients are identified with a homozygous five base pair deletion in the Nibrin (NBN) gene (c.657_661del5, p.K219fsX19) with a founder effect observed in Caucasian European populations, especially of Slavic origin. We present here an analysis of a cohort of 136 NBS patients of Eastern Slav origin across Belarus, Ukraine, Russia, and Latvia with a focus on understanding the geographic distribution, incidence of malignancy, and treatment outcomes of this cohort. Our analysis shows that Belarus had the highest prevalence of NBS (2.3 per 1,000,000), followed by Ukraine (1.3 per 1,000,000), and Russia (0.7 per 1,000,000). Of note, the highest concentration of NBS cases was observed in the western regions of Belarus and Ukraine, where NBS prevalence exceeds 20 cases per 1,000,000 people, suggesting the presence of an “Eastern Slavic NBS hot spot.” The median age at diagnosis of this cohort ranged from 4 to 5 years, and delay in diagnosis was more pervasive in smaller cities and rural regions. A total of 62 (45%) patients developed malignancies, more commonly in males than females (55.2 vs. 34.2%; p=0.017). In 27 patients, NBS was diagnosed following the onset of malignancies (mean age: 8 years). Malignancies were mostly of lymphoid origin and predominantly non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (n=42, 68%); 38% of patients had diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The 20-year overall survival rate of patients with malignancy was 24%. However, females with cancer experienced poorer event-free survival rates than males (16.6% vs. 46.8%, p=0.036). Of 136 NBS patients, 13 underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) with an overall survival of 3.5 years following treatment (range: 1 to 14 years). Indications for HSCT included malignancy (n=7) and immunodeficiency (n=6). Overall, 9% of patients in this cohort reached adulthood. Adult survivors reported diminished quality of life with significant physical and cognitive impairments. Our study highlights the need to improve timely diagnosis and clinical management of NBS among Eastern Slavs. Genetic counseling and screening should be offered to individuals with a family history of NBS, especially in hot spot regions.

The use of proteases makes it possible to obtain partially hydrolyzed forms of macromolecules with unique properties. The importance of proteases for studying the structure and functions of fibrinogen forces scientists to search for new sources of highly specific proteases. Thus, the aim of this work was to study the content of the Pleurotus ostreatus culture fluid in search of fibrinogen-specific proteases. P. ostreatus was cultured for 14 days at 27 ° C. The culture fluid was collected and the protein fraction was salted out with NaCl and then dialyzed. Fibrinogen hydrolysis products by P. ostreatus protease were characterized using SDS PAGE under reducing conditions followed by immunoprobing using murine monoclonal antibodies I-5A (anti-Aα505-610) and 2d2a (anti-Bβ26-42). The study of turbidity and platelet aggregation was performed using a Multiskan FC spectrophotometric microplate reader and a SOLAR-2110 aggregometer, respectively. Electron microscopy of fibrils formed by truncated compared with native fibrins was performed using a transmission electron microscope N-600.Analysis of the products of fibrinogen hydrolysis with a fungal protease using SDS-PAGE demonstrated the cleavage of the alpha chain of fibrinogen exclusively with the formation of a truncated form of fibrinogen in which there are no C-terminal portions of αC regions with a molecular weight of 25 kDa. A study of turbidity showed that the polymerization of truncated fibrin is significantly impaired. The rate of lateral association of protofibrils significantly decreased from 1.5 to 2.2 times in the case of truncated fibrinogen compared to the native one depending on the initial concentration of fibrinogen. It was shown that platelet aggregation in the presence of fibrinogen without 25 kDa fragments of αC regions was less effective than in the presence of native fibrinogen. Application of the preparation of the fungal protease allows us to obtain high molecular forms of the fibrinogen molecule with cleaved 25 kDa peptides, which provide new information on the role of these peptides in the fibrinogen functioning.

Premature ventricular contractions (PVC) is a very common type of arrhythmia. Some patients require surgical treatment. The search for the safest methods of surgical treatment is an important research task.Aim. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of catheter ablation in patients with idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias depending on the implementation of X-ray control.Material and methods. The study included 183 patients admitted to the Federal Center for Cardiovascular Surgery for elective surgery, with frequent idiopathic PVC and indications for surgical treatment of arrhythmia. In the majority of patients with idiopathic PVC, the central origin of ectopia is the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). The patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (n=90) — patients with idiopathic PVC after fluoroscopy-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA); group 2 (n=93) — patients after RFA without fluoroscopy. All patients underwent electrocardiography, echocardiography, and electrophysiological testing. All patients before and after RFA underwent 24-hour Holter monitoring.Results. Among patients of group 1, the initial success of RFA was 62,2%, and in group 2 — 71% (p=0,21). Surgery complications were registered in 3,3% and 4,3% of patients of groups 1 and 2. No deaths have been reported. The duration of surgery did not depend on the use of fluoroscopy. Among patients with failed initial RFA, the effectiveness of subsequent interventions was 88,6%. The greatest efficiency of initial RFA was observed when the ectopic ventricular focus was located in RVOT The lowest efficiency of RFA was observed when the focus was located in the left ventricular papillary muscles.Conclusion. RFA in patients with idiopathic PVC without fluoroscopy does not increase the complication rate and the duration of surgery and have a comparable efficacy compared to fluoroscopy-guided RFA.

Background. Today, when most processes and phenomena have a periodic structure that is not always homogeneous and depends on a number of irregular events, the classical spectral analysis based on the Fourier transform does not always allow an objective and reliable investigation. A promising alternative to the classical spectral analysis can be a wavelet transform, based on a well-localized function in both time and frequency domains, which allows us to analyze irregular processes. The purpose of the research was to analyze the potentials of the wavelet transform for the analysis of the spectral characteristics of cardiological time series with some heterogeneity; to develop a software application that allows performing wavelet analysis of data and building wavelet spectra, which are illustrative and easy in interpreting the obtained results. Material and methods. 37 cardiological time series were studied. We developed an application for the application package Mathematika 5.0 that allows building and analyzing the wavelet spectra of the studied data. Results. An alternative method for analyzing the spectral characteristics of the studied cardiological time series has been developed and clearly demonstrated. It allows observing the dynamics of the change in periods over the entire observation interval without performing the interval splitting, as would be required by the classical Fourier analysis. Conclusion. For the studied groups of patients the identified periods, found with the help of the wavelet transform have been presented. The advantages of using wavelets over the classical spectral analysis, which in cases of unstable time series does not allow tracking the dynamics of the changing in the data spectrum, have been demonstrated.

Improving the efficiency of communication systems in the modern conditions of their development is one of the most urgent scientific and practical problems. Particular attention is paid to the problem of quantifying the effectiveness of the functioning of these systems, and not on individual indicators, but in a complex way, taking into account the influence of all indicators of quality on the result of the system's intended use. The purpose of the publication is to formalize the process of comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of the communication system and to demonstrate, by way of example, the observance of the requirements for reliability and readiness, the opportunity to streamline its evaluation activities with the calculation of probabilistic quality indicators. Evaluation of the efficiency of the communication system is a multi-criteria problem of determining the real state of various components of the quality of its functioning. The formalization of the complex estimation of efficiency is proposed, taking into account the influence on its value of separate quality indicators. Scientific novelty of the work consists in quantitative estimation of the value of the probabilistic indices of individual components and a comprehensive assessment of the quality of the functioning of the communication system in general. The results obtained should be used both in assessing the effectiveness of existing and well-founded choices for the development of promising communication systems.

Object: The purpose was to refine the quasi-biological model of the incidence of radiogenic solid cancer (published by the authors earlier in the journal “Radiation hygiene”) to ensure better consistency with the Japanese cohort data and with the ICRP model in part of the description of the effect of age at exposure.Results: Initial presuppositions of a mathematical model was supplemented by the assumption that stem cells, received the “pre-cancerous” defect of DNA, with a higher probability compared to the intact cells follow the path of reproduction but not of differentiation. Structure of the refined model and its properties did not change, but one parameter was added. Analysis of the base mathematical relations of the supplemented model showed that there was no contradiction between the models of radiogenic cancer incidence presented in the Publication 103 ICRP and in the UNSCEAR 2006, despite their external differences.Conclusion: Further work with the model requires the verification of parameter values by comparison with the epidemiological data, primarily with data on the incidence of solid cancers in the Japanese cohort. However, since some of the assumptions of the model, including the new one, are not purely radiobiological, it would require analysis of a wider range of biological and cancer patterns.

In spite of treatment provided in anterior ischemic neuropathy, a prognosis for visual functions is poor and depends on severity of affection of vascular system of the body. We have studied the exposure to cortexin and diprospan in subtenon administration on the eye hemodynamics in 18 patients experiencing anterior ischemic neuropathy(18 eyes) who have been treated operatively (administration of cortexin and diprospan into the subtenon space of the affected eye) against the background of complex conservative prevention. The control group was constituted of 16 patients (16 eyes) who have not been treated operatively. As a result of provided treatment the patients of the basic group showed increase of vision acuity, field of view limits and eye ground state.

In spite of treatment provided inanterior ischemic neuropathy, a prognosis for visual functions is poor and depends on severity of affection ofvascular system of the body. We have studied the exposure to cortexin and diprospan in subtenon administration on the eye hemodynamics in 18 patients experiencing anterior ischemic neuropathy(18 eyes) who have been treated operatively (administration of cortexin and diprospan into the subtenon space of the affected eye) against the background of complex conservative prevention. The control group was constituted of 16 patients (16 eyes) who have not been treated operatively. As a result of provided treatment the patients of the basic group showed increase of vision acuity, field of view limits and eye ground state.

The aim of this work was to determine the validity of the direct transfer of the recommendations of the ICRP on the nominal risk coefficients and tissue weighting factors in a future revision of the national Radiation Safety Standards (NRB). The article compares the background age and sex distribution, and morbidity and mortality rates of the nominal population, the ICRP used to develop the latest fundamental recommendations, with appropriate indicators for the populations of Russia and Japan as the main source of data for assessment of radiogenic risk in the second half of the last decade. It is revealed that the functions of survival and age-related morbidity and mortality of the Russian population, especially for males, is significantly different from the composite population, while for the Japanese population, the differences are relatively small. The estimates of radiogenic risk coefficients for cancers of various localization using calculation schemes and risk models of the ICRP Publication 103, but based on background data on incidence and mortality of the Russian population were obtained. Baseline incidence and mortality for the Russian population are worse compared to the composite population. Hence, risk coefficients for the Russian population can be taken lower than the recommended ICRP by approximately 20% for the total population and 30% for the persons of working ages. The results clearly demonstrate the inconsistency of the modern criteria of radiation protection, based almost exclusively on the account of carcinogenic effects of ionizing radiation, since it implies that radiation is more harmful for a healthier population. The results also show timeliness of issue of the choice of the calendar period for which the age-dependence of the intensity of cancer incidence and mortality from all causes are taken into account. The article justified the continuation of the discussion of the raised issues, as well as the issues of development the mathematical models used in the estimation of radiogenic risks.

The article represents results of treatment of 14 newborns with unilateral dacryocystocele. Patients age was 7.2±0.5 days. In 9 newborns (64.3%) dacryocystocele was complicated with lachrymal sac phlegmon; in 5 children (35.7%) any complications were absent. Drainage of lachrymal sac through the lower lachrymal canaliculus, instillation of antibiotics, systemic antibiotic therapy in case of phlegmon were performed in all the children. Lachrymal sac washing was performed with a solution of the antibiotic ofloxacin till clear fluid evacuation. If necessary the drainage was repeated in 10 days. The drainage of lachrymal sac was successful in all the patients. 2-3 weeks after the drainage probing of nasolachrymal duct was perfomed in 4 children (28.6%) including those 3 with lacrymal sac phlegmon. In 71.4% regression of dacryocystocele occurred itself. Any complications and side effects were not observed. Positive effect of the drainage, according to the authors, can be explained so that dilatation of lachrymal canaliculus before the procedure allows to eliminate Rosenmüller valve stenosis and evacuation of fluid, mucus and pus, being breeding ground for microorganisms from lachrymal sac, promotes inflammation subsiding. Authors also recommend to pay attention on prenatal diagnosis of dacryocystocele, using ultrasound investigation in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy.

The article represents results of treatment of 14 newborns with unilateral dacryocystocele. Patients age was 7.2±0.5 days. In 9 newborns (64.3%) dacryocystocele was complicated with lachrymal sac phlegmon; in 5 children (35.7%) any complications were absent. Drainage of lachrymal sac through the lower lachrymal canaliculus, instillation of antibiotics, systemic antibiotic therapy in case of phlegmon were performed in all the children. Lachrymal sac washing was performed with a solution of the antibiotic ofloxacin till clear fluid evacuation. If necessary the drainage was repeated in 10 days. The drainage of lachrymal sac was successful in all the patients. 2-3 weeks after the drainage probing of nasolachrymal duct was perfomed in 4 children (28.6%) including those 3 with lacrymal sac phlegmon. In 71.4% regression of dacryocystocele occurred itself. Any complications and side effects were not observed. Positive effect of the drainage, according to the authors, can be explained so that dilatation of lachrymal canaliculus before the procedure allows to eliminate Rosenmьller valve stenosis and evacuation of fluid, mucus and pus, being breeding ground for microorganisms from lachrymal sac, promotes inflammation subsiding. Authors also recommend to pay attention on prenatal diagnosis of dacryocystocele, using ultrasound investigation in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy.

Abstract: the article contains results of DTI with tractography estimation on structure of brain alterations diagnostics on epilepsy patients and data of correlation with clinic-neurophysiologic parameters. Findings define some aspects of epilepsy pathogenesis. Peculiarities of morphofunctional changes of brain matter are prescribed what gives probability to estimate of epilepsy course and prognoses of medical correction outcomes.

The aim of this work was to elucidate the structural-metabolic and neuropathophysiological features of epilepsy and migraine, as these diseases share common pathogenetic mechanisms.Materials and methods. Seventy patients with migraine and fifty-six with epilepsy conducted a study using diffusion tensor MRI. Proton spectroscopy performed on 28 patients with epilepsy and 22 with migraine.Results. Data were obtained, indicating changes in fractional anisotropy and average diffusion coefficient and concentration of the main neurometabolites for epilepsy and migraine that characterize the commonality of the pathogenesis of these diseases.Conclusion. The research results allowed to establish the leading role of the hippocampus in the realization paroxysmal states and their pathophysiological basis of the comorbidity.

Some theoretical and methodological aspects of a role and value of innovative security in system of national security of the state are considered. The basic concepts of innovative security, essence of innovative security in formation of innovative economy, economy of knowledge are analyzed. Questions of innovative security get the special importance because now innovative technologies and processes of their introduction have crucial value for improvement of quality of life, expansion of possibilities of development and maintenance of national security of all without an exception of the states. In the majority of economically developed states already long time researches devoted to problems of national and economic security are conducted. And, the innovative component in these researches is considered as a component economic or scientific and technical (technological) security. The methodology of studying national and economic is in this time developed, security, there was a conceptual device and structure of categories «national security». Recognising importance of the spent workings out on a security problematics, it is necessary to notice that the system research devoted to studying of problems of maintenance of national security in the conditions of innovative development till now it was not spent. Especially it concerns processes of maintenance of interrelation of national security and innovative activity, formation of the concept of innovative security, its realisation in practice. Till now there is no unequivocal interpretation of essence of innovations, their influences on national and economic security. The analysis shows that at transition to an innovative way of development there are changes not only in economy and its making parts, but, and in world outlook, psychological, political, social and economic, scientifically-technological, educational and cultural spheres, institutional structures of the state and a society, in development of the person. That is, the spheres which problems of safe development cannot be solved within the limits of economic security are mentioned. There is an objective requirement, for the decision of these many-sided and multidimensional problems arising in the course of formation of innovative economy, its safe development to generate within the limits of system of national security a new direction innovative security.

Briefly considered history of the development and present status of the normative-methodical basis for the limitation of man-made and natural radon influence on personnel and population. It is analyzed the transfer factors from radon radiometric values to effective dose, corresponding to various versions of RSS and normative-methodical documents for limitation of the irradiation from natural sources. It is formulated proposals to the new RSS editing in a part of the standardization of radon.

We present a theoretical proposal for an integrated four-wave mixing source of narrow-band path-entangled photon pairs with efficient spatial pump self-rejection. The scheme is based on correlated loss in a system of waveguides in Kerr nonlinear media. We calculate that this setup gives the possibility for upwards of 100 dB pump rejection, without additional filtering. The effect is reached by driving the symmetric collective mode that is strongly attenuated by an engineered dissipation, while photon pairs are born in the antisymmetric mode. A similar set-up can additionally be realized for the generation of two-photon NOON states, also with pump self-rejection. We discuss the implementation of the scheme by means of the coherent diffusive photonics, and demostrate its feasibility in both glass (such as fused silica-glass and IG2) and planar semiconductor waveguide structures in indium phosphide (InP) and in silicon.

The methods: Linear differential equations were used to formalize contemporary assumptions of self –sustaining tissue cell kinetics under the impact of adverse factors, on the formation and repairing of cell “pre-cancer” defects, on inheritance and retaining such defects in daughter cells which results in malignant neoplasms, on age-dependent impairment of human body’s function to eliminate such cells.The results: The model reproduces the well-known regularities of radiogenic cancer morbidity increase depending on instantaneous radiation exposure age and on attained age: the relative reduction at increased radiation age which the model attributes to age decrease of stem cells, relative reduction at increased time after radiation induced by “sorting out” of cells with “pre-cancer” defects, absolute increase with age proportional to natural cause mortality rate.The relevance of the developed quasi-biological model is displayed via comparison to the ICRP model for radiogenic increase of solid carcinomas’ morbidity after single radiation exposure. The latter model had been developed after Japanese cohort observations. For both genders high goodness-of-fit was achieved between the models at values of Gompertz’ law factor which had been defined for men and women in this cohort via selecting the value of the only free parameter indicating age-dependent exponential retardation of stem cells’ division.The conclusion: The proposed model suggests that the estimation of radiogenic risk inter-population transfer can be done on the basis of the data on age-dependent mortality intensity increase from all natural causes. The model also creates the premises for inter-species transfer of risk following the well-known parameters of cell populations’ kinetics in animal’s organs and tissues and Gompertz’s law parameters. This model is applicable also for analyses of age-dependent changes of background cancer morbidity.

Цель исследования - оценка качества жизни (КЖ) пациентов, оперированных по поводу церебральных аневризм (ЦА), выявление факторов, которые оказывают влияние на изменение качества жизни данной группы пациентов. Для оценки КЖ использован международный опросник SF-36, анкетирование проводилось через 2-12 мес. после операции. Исследовалась зависимость КЖ пациентов от пола, возраста, перенесенного кровоизлияния, состояния пациента в остром периоде кровоизлияния по шкале Hunt-Hess, варианта оперативного лечения и ближайших результатов лечения (по шкале исходов Глазго). Установлено, что качество жизни пациентов не зависит от варианта оперативного вмешательства, возраста пациента, зависит от пола пациента, от перенесенного кровоизлияния, коррелирует с результатами лечения по шкале исходов Глазго.

Aim. To reveal cognitive deficit after coronary artery bypass, the influence of citicoline, piribedil on the state of higher cerebral functions in the early and late periods after surgery.Material and methods. The study included 94 patients with ischemic heart disease. All patients were divided into 3 groups. Patients of the first group (n=30) were prescribed citicoline as a cerebral neuroprotective drug. Patients of the second group (n=32) had piribedil in addition to standard therapy. Patients of the control group (n=32) had only a standard treatment without any neuroprotective drugs. All patients underwent coronary artery bypass surgery. The cognitive function was assessed before, 10 days after and six months after coronary artery bypass.Results. Patients of group 1 and 2 had achieved pre-surgical levels of cognitive tests results 6 months after coronary artery bypass. The control group had achieved initial levels only in three tests: visual memory (immediate simulation; p=0.008), categorical association (p=0.002), clock drawing test (Wilcoxon test; p=0,005), while other indices were reduced in comparison with the initial ones.Conclusion. The obtained results allow considering the studied drugs as a protectors of cognitive function after surgery. Randomized controlled double-blind studies on large samples are needed to confirm these results.

Aim. To reveal cognitive deficit after coronary artery bypass, the influence of citicoline, piribedil on the state of higher cerebral functions in the early and late periods after surgery.Material and methods. The study included 94 patients with ischemic heart disease. All patients were divided into 3 groups. Patients of the first group (n=30) were prescribed citicoline as a cerebral neuroprotective drug. Patients of the second group (n=32) had piribedil in addition to standard therapy. Patients of the control group (n=32) had only a standard treatment without any neuroprotective drugs. All patients underwent coronary artery bypass surgery. The cognitive function was assessed before, 10 days after and six months after coronary artery bypass.Results. Patients of group 1 and 2 had achieved pre-surgical levels of cognitive tests results 6 months after coronary artery bypass. The control group had achieved initial levels only in three tests: visual memory (immediate simulation; p=0.008), categorical association (p=0.002), clock drawing test (Wilcoxon test; p=0,005), while other indices were reduced in comparison with the initial ones.Conclusion. The obtained results allow considering the studied drugs as a protectors of cognitive function after surgery. Randomized controlled double-blind studies on large samples are needed to confirm these results.

Mathematical ratios were established according to the description of the calculation procedure for the values of the nominal risk coefficient given in the ICRP Recommendations 2007. It is shown that the lifetime radiogenic risk is a linear functional from the distribution of the dose in time with a multiplier descending with age. As a consequence, application of the nominal risk coefficient in the risk calculations is justified in the case when prolonged exposure is practically evenly distributed in time, and gives a significant deviation at a single exposure. When using the additive model of radiogenic risk proposed in the UNSCEAR Report 2006 for solid cancers, this factor is almost linearly decreasing with the age, which is convenient for its practical application.

To explain the known differences in the dose and age dependences of radiogenic mortality from leukemia and solid tumors after single exposure, a model was developed, which is a modification of the Kellerer-Rossi theory of dual radiation action. The model assumes formation in a cell of both single and double primary damages due to radiation and other carcinogens, while the recovery rate of single damages (φ) significantly exceeds that for double ones (ψ). Upon achieving a certain stage of the cell cycle (the critical age of cell – T), double damages become permanent and with probability of А can be inherited to daughter cells as “premalignant” defects. In contrast, in the Kellerer-Rossi theory, permanent damage is formed immediately after formation of the second damage at the next energy absorption event in the cell, i.e. ψ=0 .On the assumption that the premalignant defects only occur based on the double primary damages, i.e. φ>>ψ, the expressions for А were derived for the prompt radiation exposure and radiation exposure at a constant dose rate. They reproduce the effect increasing with decreasing of T, whereas the influence of T on the linear term of the dose expression in both cases is the same, but with decreasing of T the quadratic term increases faster for exposure at a constant dose rate than that for the prompt one. Thus, presence of the quadratic term in the dose expression for leukemia and its virtual complete absence for solid tumors may be due to lower T-value for hemopoietic stem cells. Predicted by the model dose rate influence on the quadratic term does not depend on the dose, so the reduction factor should be only applied to the quadratic term of the dose expression. This follows as well from the original version of the Kellerer-Rossi theory.

A mathematical model for radiogenic increasing of mortality was proposed, taking into account spontaneous background damages of the genetic material, that always occur in cells due to the influence of non-radiation internal and environmental factors. The model is based on the representation of indistinguishability between radiogenic andspontaneous cancers and on the postulates of the Kellerer-Rossi dual action theory. It was proposed that duringformation of premalignant damages dual interactions occur both between primary radiation damages, and betweenradiation and spontaneous primary damages (hybrid interactions). The role of the latter is particularly important at low levels exposure that corresponds to a linear dependence of cancer incidence on dose. Their significance is indicated by the following factor: at the adopted value of the nominal (radiation) risk factor (0,05 Sv-1) and cancer mortality share among the population (0,15–0,2), the contribution of non-radiative carcinogenic factors for the total life is equivalent to radiation dose of 3–4 Sv or radiation at a constant dose rate of 40–50 mSv / year.The model assumes formation in DNA of both spaced apart (single) damages with high probability of recovery, and nearby (double) damages, which are more likely to interact, entering into the permanent state. Permanent damages being formed in certain portions of DNA can be inherited to daughter cells as premalignant defects. The relative role of spontaneous primary damages is greater the more single damages are formed as compared to double ones within the area of potential interaction.It was shown within this model that the presence of background cancer mortality for initial and finite population in the used by ICRP expression for interpopulation risk transfer has logical and biophysical justifications. Accounting of spontaneous primary damages and hybrid interactions enhances the capabilities for development of radiation risk models.

The paper proposes a two-stage algorithm for autonomous relative motion determination of noncooperative and unknown object flying in space. The algorithm is based on image processing and can be applied to motion determination of space debris with unknown geometry and dynamic characteristics. The first stage of the algorithm is aimed at forming a database of possible reference points of the object during continuous observation. Tensor of inertia, initial velocity, and angular velocity of the object are also estimated. Then, these parameters are used in the second stage of the algorithm to determine the relative motion in real time. The algorithm is studied numerically and tested using the video of the Chibis-M microsatellite separation.

The chemical composition of the Soranovskii Miscanthus variety harvested in 2011 and 2012 was separately determined in the whole plant, leaves, and stem. In all cases, cellulose was found to prevail in the Miscanthus stem, and non-cellulosic components (the fat-wax fraction, ash, and lignin), in leaves. Cellulose samples were for the first time obtained from leaves and stems separately by two methods (nitric-acid and combined). The best quality cellulose was derived from stems. For instance, cellulose isolated from stems by the nitric-acid process was better than that from leaves, which was expressed as a higher α cellulose content (94,4 % versus 91,7 %) and polymerization degree (800 versus 580), as well as low weight fractions of non-cellulosic components: ash (0,07 % versus 1,01 %) and acid-insoluble lignin (0,45 % versus 1,51 %). The same tendency is observed in celluloses produced by the combined method: Cellulose from stems had better quality than that from leaves; specifically, it had a greater polymerization degree (1040 versus 640) and lower weight fractions of non-cellulosic components: ash (0,14 % versus 0,75 %), acid-insoluble lignin (0,88 % versus 4,2 %), and pentosans (6,8 % versus 8,53 %). It is obvious that cellulose obtained by the nitric-acid method can be suitable for chemical modifications, including nitration. Cellulose from the combined process can be utilized in paper industry.

Approaches to the process of vehicle research are described, research methods are presented, their advantages and disadvantages, and the important role of mathematical research is noted. The points of differences between operator control and automatic control systems are considered. A mathematical model of the operator’s actions in driving a vehicle is described, which reflects the psychophysical properties of the operator, the presence of absolute and differential thresholds of sensitivity. The model takes into account the delay in the operator’s response and the discreteness of information perception. The model can be used for modeling all software management tasks. Moreover, when forming the control action of the operator - in the mathematical model, the characteristic features of the operator’s activity that differ from an automatic control system are considered, and when forming the control action of the operator - in the mathematical model, some conditions were applied, thanks to which, it is possible to calculate the necessary deviation of the controls, such as the steering wheel and, accordingly, the wheels of the vehicle, knowing the required nature of changes in the parameters of the traffic’s vehicle.

Оценены результаты лечения пациентов со множественными аневризмами в остром периоде субарахноидального кровоизлияния. Тяжесть состояния пациентов при поступлении оценивалась по шкале Hunt - Hess, результаты лечения - по шкале исходов Глазго. Установлено, что выключение из кровотока всех имеющихся у пациента аневризм в остром периоде кровоизлияния при их хирургической доступности не ухудшает состояние пациента. Исход заболевания в большей степени зависит от тяжести состояния пациента перед операцией, а не от количества прооперированных аневризм.

The paper considers the initial stage of organization and development of the first State control organ of the independent Belarus – Control Chamber of the Republic of Belarus on the basis of scientific grounds of control theory of economic systems. Scientific and methodologically considered organizational and coordination approaches to the activity of the Control Chamber have promoted to higher intensity and efficiency of financial and economic control in the initial period of the activity of new control organ and the activity of all control organs of the Republic has taken systemized and perfectly oriented character. Such approaches have made it possible to stabilize macro-economic situation in the Republic and strengthen its economic security. The Control Chamber through highly-qualified personal, created and practically introduced methodological principles of control activity, international cooperation experience and finally high efficiency of practical control activity has made its historical contribution in formation of fundamentals of the State Control in Belarus.13th of March 1992 is the day when the Law “About Control Chamber of the Republic of Belarus” has been enacted by the Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus and this day is to considered as the Day of State Control foundation in the Republic of Belarus.