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Introduction: In modern times, endodontic intervention is preferred and tooth extraction is becoming increasingly rare. Root Canal Therapy (RCT) is well-established, with success rates exceeding 90%. A key contributor to post-endodontic pain is the extrusion of debris into the periapical region, which causes inflammation and nerve compression. The amount of debris extruded varies with instrumentation techniques and no current technology completely prevents it. Rotary and reciprocating Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) instruments, each with distinct designs and kinematics, play a critical role in managing this complication. Aim: To evaluate postoperative pain using rotary and reciprocating file systems in single visit endodontics. Materials and Methods: This prospective, parallel-group, single-centre, double-blinded, equivalence, randomised clinical study was conducted at the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed To be University), Karad, Maharashtra, India, from October 2023 to March 2024, with the aim of comparing postoperative pain following endodontic therapy using two reciprocating systems, WaveOne Gold (WOG) and E-Flex Rec, versus two rotary systems, Mtwo and XP Endo Shaper (XPES). A total of 80 patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis were enrolled and randomly assigned to four groups, each treated with one of the four endodontic file systems. Patients were randomised into four groups: 1A-Mtwo (Dentsply-Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland); 1B-XP Endo Shaper (XPS; FKG Dentaire SA, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland); 2A-Eighteeth E-Flex Rec File; and 2B-WOG (Dentsply Sirona, York, PA). Postoperative pain scores were measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at 24, 48 and 72 hours and seven days post-treatment. Statistical analysis was conducted using One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s post-hoc test and Chi-square tests for categorical data using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 21.0, with p-values

This study investigates the efficient passivation of CdTe-based semiconductor crystals, focusing on the long-term stability and underlying mechanisms of NaOCl passivation. CdZnTeSe crystals were grown, processed, and passivated with NaOCl, and their surface characteristics were studied using SEM-EDS and XPS. The passivation was found to significantly enhance the surface resistance, with a sustained effect for more than 90 s, attributed to the formation of a tellurium oxide layer. The passivation process was further elucidated through detailed morphological and compositional analyses. The NaOCl-passivated crystals exhibited improved electrical and spectroscopic properties in radiation detection, with a prolonged stability of 60–90 days, which are longer compared to other passivants. Additionally, the feasibility of NaOCl passivation on a CdZnTeSe detector was explored, showcasing enhanced material resistance and spectroscopic performance. The study concludes with insights into the potential industrial application of NaOCl passivation for CdTe-based radiation detectors.

The Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) is renowned for its distinctive appearance and functional properties. Colombia has emerged as the world's leading producer and exporter of Cape gooseberries, with annual export growth of 1.2%, predominantly to countries such as the USA and the Netherlands. Traditionally sold with its calyx intact to minimize water loss and deterioration, recent interest in selling Cape gooseberries without the calyx to reduce volume has raised concerns regarding shelf life. Consequently, research has pivoted toward post-harvest management to extend shelf life. An experiment was conducted to explore various treatments and temperatures (5, 10, and 18 ℃), meticulously monitoring fruit quality over time. Findings underscore that calcium chloride and refrigerated storage at 10 ℃ preserve the quality of the Cape gooseberry fruit for up to 20 days. Moreover, temperature and time exerted a significant influence on fruit quality and physicochemical properties, with interactions impacting conservation methods. The application of calcium chloride as a barrier method yielded optimal preservation outcomes, safeguarding key fruit properties. Conversely, sodium hypochlorite treatment at 18 ℃ accelerated fruit ripening owing to heightened respiratory intensity. This study not only sheds light on effective preservation strategies for Cape gooseberries but also underscores the intricate interplay between environmental factors and post-harvest management techniques. By enhancing our understanding of these dynamics, the study catalyzes advancements in fruit preservation practices, thereby fortifying the agricultural and economic sectors, both domestically and internationally.

Introduction: Endodontic therapy aims to eradicate pulpal and periapical diseases by removing bacteria from root canals. Despite thorough cleaning, the smear layer obstructs canal disinfection. Root canal preparation and irrigation, particularly with sodium hypochlorite, are essential for debridement. However, conventional techniques may leave areas untreated, necessitating innovative solutions like superoxidised water and Laser-activated Irrigation (LAI) for effective treatment. Need for the Study: The effectiveness of root canal treatment is contingent upon the success of the irrigating solution and the mode used for its activation, which is directly reflected in its ability to penetrate dentinal tubules. Thus, the focus of this experimental in-vitro study is to identify the most suitable irrigating solution and an effective activation technique for better penetration into dentinal tubules. Aim: The study will evaluate and compare the penetration of Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) and oxidised water irrigants into dentinal tubules using diode laser and ultrasonic activation. Materials and Methods: An experimental in-vitro study will be conducted in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics at Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Wardha, Maharashtra, India, from August 2024 to May 2025. The approach involves categorising 60 recently extracted single-rooted teeth with fully formed apical foramina and intact occlusal morphology into six primary groups according to distinct irrigation techniques and the application of two different irrigants, resulting in 10 teeth per group. Decoronated specimens will be injected with a specific irrigant and activated using different techniques. The penetration of oxidised water into dentinal tubules by low-level laser therapy and ultrasonic activation will be evaluated and compared using confocal laser microscopy. The normality of the data will be analysed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. If the data are normal, then the T-Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test will be applied; if not, the Kruskal-Wallis test will be used at a 5% level of significance (p≤0.05).

Statement of the Problem: During endodontic therapy, irrigation solutions applied in the root canal may affect the physicochemical properties of the dentinal wall, thereby changing its microhardness. This may adversely affect the sealing ability and adhesion of dental materials. Therefore, many studies have focused on the search for an ideal root canal irrigant that has a minimal effect on dentinal microhardness.Purpose: This in vitro study was conducted to determine the changes in dentin microhardness after root canal irrigation with different endodontic irrigants.Materials and Method: Ninety-five freshly extracted maxillary central incisor teeth with straight single canals were selected. These teeth were sectioned transversely at the level of the cementoenamel junction. The working length of each tooth was determined, and canal space was prepared by the HyFlex CM rotary file system. During instrumentation, normal saline was used for irrigation. Then, teeth were split longitudinally into two segments. According to the irrigating solution employed, samples were divided into five groups (n=19): normal saline (Group A), 3% sodium hypochlorite (Group B), 2% chlorhexidine (Group C), 5% calcium hypochlorite (Group D), and 0.2% nanochitosan (Group E).3 mL of the corresponding irrigating solution was administered for total15 minutes in each prepared sample. The Vickers micro-hardness tester was then used to assess micro-hardness. The data was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).Results: All tested irrigating solutions decreased the dentinal microhardness. Samples irrigated with 5% calcium hypochlorite demonstrated dentinal microhardness of 42.43± 1.62, which is the lowest among all the tested groups, followed by nano chitosan, sodium hypochlorite, and chlorhexidine. Samples treated with control group (saline) demonstrated the maximum microhardness of dentin in the present study.Conclusion: Within the limitations of this research, it can be concluded that the tested novel irrigating solutions, 5% calcium hypochlorite and 0.2% nanochitosan, were more detrimental to radicular dentin microhardness when compared with conventional endodontic irrigants.

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to compare the tissue dissolving capacities of sodium and calcium hypochlorite [NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2] solutions applied without activation or with two irrigant activation methods. Materials and Methods One hundred and eight dentin cavities were prepared. Preweighed tissue pieces were placed in these dentin cavities, and samples were divided into nine groups of twelve. In groups 1, 2, and 3, NaOCl was used with non-activation (NA), passive ultrasonic (PUA), and laser activation (LA). With the same techniques, Ca(OCl)2 was used in groups 4, 5, and 6, and distilled water was used in groups 7, 8, and 9. The weight loss of tissue samples was calculated and analyzed using Two-way ANOVA and Duncan tests. Results Distilled water groups showed no tissue dissolution in any conditions. NaOCI and Ca(OCI)2 showed statistically similar dissolving effectiveness when used with the same technique. Activated groups dissolved significantly greater tissue than non-activated ones, the highest in LA. Conclusions Ca(OCI)2 can be an alternative to NaOCl; for both, the first choice of activation may be the LA.

The demand for cellulose fibers is increasing due to their eco-friendly nature. Natural fibers have special qualities that make them excellent for a wide range of fibrous applications, including composites, nanomaterials, biomaterials, textiles, and conductive carbon, which are the main causes of the increased demand. This study uses sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to chemically treat sugarcane bagasse fibers. The highest tensile strength, 532.12 MPa, was found in the fibers treated with both NaOCl and NaOH. Hemicellulose, lignin, and other contaminants were removed through chemical processing, according to a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) study. According to the SEM pictures, the NaOCl and NaOH-treated fibers' surfaces improved in cleanliness and roughness. The NaOCl and NaOH treatments showed promise for creating nanocellulose from bagasse fibers and for strengthening composites.

Abstract This study investigated phytic acid (IP6) effect on chemical, structural, and mechanical characteristics of nickel–titanium (NiTi) files. The tested files were equally divided into groups according to the immersion protocol: sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), IP6, EDTA followed by NaOCl, and IP6 followed by NaOCl. These groups were then compared in terms of Ni, Ti, and chromium (Cr) ions release from the files. Microstructural changes using field emission scanning electron microscope (Fe-SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and surface roughness were analyzed. The mechanical characterization was conducted using cyclic fatigue resistance test. Fractured segments were scanned under SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey test, Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney U test. Results showed that NaOCl caused significant release of Cr, followed by IP6 and EDTA (P

Purpose: Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is commonly used to irrigate primary teeth during pulpectomy. Although high concentrations of NaOCl are effective, they pose a risk of toxic damage to periapical tissues if NaOCl penetrates through the apical foramen. Therefore, low concentrations of NaOCl are preferred to mitigate this risk. However, concerns persist regarding the antibacterial efficacy of low concentrations of NaOCl compared to high concentrations. The objective of this study was to assess and compare the efficacy of 1% and 3% NaOCl irrigation in reducing bacterial load within primary teeth root canals. Materials and methods: This clinical study involved forty participants divided into two groups. Group 1 (n = 20) received canal irrigation with 1 % NaOCl solution, while Group 2 (n = 20) received canal irrigation with 3 % NaOCl solution. Microbial samples were collected from the root canal using a paper point before and after irrigation. The samples were aseptically transferred to ultra-snap tubes and then analyzed using a Bioluminometer. The results were recorded. Results: Both groups exhibited a decrease in bacterial count after irrigation. The mean colony count post irrigation for 3 % NaOCl was 258.05 ± 28.61, and for 1 % NaOCl it was 267.60 ± 30.56. However, no statistically significant difference was observed upon intergroup comparison. Conclusion: This study shows that 1% NaOCl is equally effective as 3% NaOCl in reducing bacterial count in root canals. Thus, using 1% NaOCl as an irrigant is appropriate in clinical practice.

BackgroundThere are a variety of microorganisms in ambient air, and susceptible people can be infected once contact with pathogenic microorganisms in the environment. In order to avoid the spread of pathogenic bacteria, disinfection is the simplest and most effective way of killing pathogenic bacteria in the environment to block the contact between pathogenic bacteria and humans. Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is the most widely used disinfectant, but its safety in ambient air disinfection is not clear yet. ObjectiveTo establish a model of bronchial epithelial cell (BEAS-2B) injury induced by NaClO, and to explore the mechanism of the toxic effect of NaClO disinfectants on BEAS-2B. MethodsCells were treated with concentration gradients of 0, 25, 50,100, 200, and 400 μmol·L−1 of the diluted NaClO (100 mmol·L−1) standard solution, respectively, and cell activity was measured by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay after 15 and 30 min. Cells treated with 0, 25, and 50 μmol·L−1 NaClO were selected to observe the cell morphology under an inverted microscope, apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry Annexin V FITC / PI double staining to determine the final experimental concentration. The morphology of organelles such as mitochondria was observed under a transmission electron microscope. Mitochondrial membrane potential of the cells was detected by JC-1 staining. Intracellular Ca2+ concentration was measured with a Fluo-4 AM fluorescent probe. Total cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected with a 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescent probe, cell mitochondrial ROS with a dihydroethidium (DHE) fluorescent probe, and lipid peroxidation intermediate malondialdehyde (MDA) with a commercial kit. ResultsCompared with 0 μmol·L−1, NaClO treatment group, cell morphology did not change a lot after 25 μmol·L−1 NaClO treatment for 30 min, and the cells began to wrinkle and become round after 30 min treatment with 50 μmol·L−1 NaClO, showing about 70% of normal cell viability (P

Abstract For successful root canal treatment, adequate chemomechanical instrumentation to eliminate microorganisms and pulp tissue is crucial. This study aims to assess the organic tissue dissolving activity of various irrigation solutions on bovine tooth pulp tissue. 40 extracted bovine mandibular anterior teeth (n = 10) were used for the study. Bovine pulp pieces (25 ± 5 mg) were placed in 1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes. Each tooth pulp sample was then covered with 1.5 ml of different irrigation solutions, dividing them into four groups: Group 1 with freshly prepared 5% Boric acid, Group 2 with 5% NaOCl, Group 3 with Irritrol, and Group 4 with Saline. Samples were left at room temperature for 30 min, then dried and reweighed. The efficacy of tissue dissolution ranked from highest to lowest was found to be NaOCl, Boric Acid, Irritrol, and saline (p

Objective To explore the effect of Morinda citrifolia juice (MCJ) combined with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) on premolar bonding strength and nanoleakage and compare the results with those of the most commonly used root canal irrigation solution, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), to provide a reference for clinical application. Methods This study was approved by the ethics review committee. Sixty-three human premolars extracted for orthodontic treatment were randomly divided into a control group (distilled water group) and 6 experimental groups according to the different rinsing solutions used after the surface enamel was removed. The experimental groups included Group A (2.5% NaClO), Group B (5.25% NaClO), Group C (6% MCJ), Group D (2.5% NaClO-17% EDTA), Group E (5.25% NaClO-17% EDTA), and Group F (6% MCJ-17% EDTA) (n = 9). After soaking in the corresponding rinsing solution for 20 minutes, they were layered and stacked on their surfaces to form 4 mm × 4 mm × 3 mm Z350 resin blocks. Six samples from each group were cut into 1 mm × 1 mm × 8 mm specimen strips for microtensile bonding strength testing. The fracture type was determined under a stereomicroscope, and the remaining 3 samples from each group were aged and cut into 1 mm thick slices for interface nanoleakage testing and scanning electron microscopy observation of the resin dentin bonding interface. Results There were significant differences in the microtensile bonding strength among the groups (PP

ABSTRACT Pseudomonas aeruginosa is well-known for its antimicrobial resistance and the ability to survive in harsh environmental conditions due to an abundance of resistance mechanisms, including the formation of biofilms and the production of exopolysaccharides. Exopolysaccharides are among the major components of the extracellular matrix in biofilms and aggregates of P. aeruginosa. Although their contribution to antibiotic resistance has been previously shown, their roles in resistance to oxidative stressors remain largely elusive. Here, we studied the function of the exopolysaccharides Psl and Pel in the resistance of P. aeruginosa to the commonly used disinfectants and strong oxidizing agents NaOCl and H2O2. We observed that the simultaneous inactivation of Psl and Pel in P. aeruginosa PAO1 mutant strain ∆pslA pelF resulted in a significant increase in susceptibility to both NaOCl and H2O2. Further analyses revealed that Pel is more important for oxidative stress resistance in P. aeruginosa and that the form of Pel (i.e., cell-associated or cell-free) did not affect NaOCl susceptibility. Additionally, we show that Psl/Pel-negative strains are protected against oxidative stress in co-culture biofilms with P. aeruginosa PAO1 WT. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the EPS matrix and, more specifically, Pel exhibit protective functions against oxidative stressors such as NaOCl and H2O2 in P. aeruginosa.IMPORTANCEBiofilms are microbial communities of cells embedded in a self-produced polymeric matrix composed of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and extracellular DNA. Biofilm bacteria have been shown to possess unique characteristics, including increased stress resistance and higher antimicrobial tolerance, leading to failures in bacterial eradication during chronic infections or in technical settings, including drinking and wastewater industries. Previous studies have shown that in addition to conferring structure and stability to biofilms, the polysaccharides Psl and Pel are also involved in antibiotic resistance. This work provides evidence that these biofilm matrix components also contribute to the resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to oxidative stressors including the widely used disinfectant NaOCl. Understanding the mechanisms by which bacteria escape antimicrobial agents, including strong oxidants, is urgently needed in the fight against antimicrobial resistance and will help in developing new strategies to eliminate resistant strains in any environmental, industrial, and clinical setting.

The discovery and success of sildenafil, widely recognized as Viagra™, represented a major progress in the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). Numerous approaches for synthesis of the Pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine-7-one ring have reported in the literature. However, those methods have several drawbacks, including high temperatures, low yields, the use of hazardous materials, specific oxidation protocols, long reaction times, multiple reaction steps, and expensive catalysts. To overcome these limitations, we present a simple, catalyst-free, and cost-effective one-pot synthesis of pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives with a high yield and lower reaction time using the inorganic reagent i.e., sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). The reaction uses easily available starting materials such as 4- amino-1-methyl-3-propylpyrazole-5-carboxamide and aldehyde derivatives under moderate conditions, providing a greener alternative to typical multi-step synthesis techniques. Detailed optimization studies to afford pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives (6a-6o) show that NaOCl is a strong oxidizing agent that promotes cyclization and functionalization processes. Structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR,13C NMR and HR-MS techniques.

Compressive strength and calcium ion release are integral properties of Biodentine for its enhanced efficiency. The present study evaluated the effects of Dual Rinse HEDP (DR HEDP), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on the calcium ion release and compressive strength of Biodentine. Eighty Biodentine specimens were moulded and randomly divided into four groups (n = 20). Samples in group 1 were treated with 17 % EDTA; group 2 with DR HEDP; group 3 with 2.5 % NaOCl; and group 4 with distilled water. Samples were immersed in 10 mL of the test solutions for 1 min. The mean concentration of the calcium ion released was measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The remaining 40 samples were tested for their compressive strength. Significant differences were determined among all the irrigants tested for calcium ion release and compressive strength. Samples treated with NaOCl had the lowest calcium ion release, while samples treated with 17 % EDTA had the largest calcium ions. No significant differences were measured between DR HEDP or distilled water. For compressive strength, samples treated with 2.5 % NaOCl had the lowest strength, while the highest values were obtained with distilled water. There was a significant difference between DR HEDP and EDTA, in which EDTA reduced the compressive strength significantly more than DR HEDP. DR HEDP had less detrimental effect on the calcium ion release and compressive strength of Biodentine.

In-shell pecans are typically harvested after falling from trees to the ground, presenting a potential route of contamination of foodborne pathogens from soil contact. In-shell pecans are often subjected to various processing or washing steps prior to being shelled. This study determined Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) reductions after treatment with antimicrobial washes on direct and soil-inoculated in-shell pecans and evaluated the cross-contamination potential of the spent pecan washes after treatment. Pecans were directly and soil-inoculated with an STEC cocktail (O157:H7, O157:NM, O121, O26). Direct inoculation was achieved by spraying the STEC cocktail on the pecans. For soil-inoculation pecans, autoclaved soil was sprayed with the STEC cocktail, homogenized for 2 min, and used to coat in-shell pecans. Inoculated pecans were washed in treatments of 2% lactic acid (LA), 1,000 ppm free chlorine (sodium hypochlorite; NaClO), hot water (HW; 85 ± 2 °C), or ambient water (C [control]; 18 ± 2 °C) for 2, 5, and 10 min and diluted to enumerate STEC populations. After treatments, 100 mL of the spent wash was vacuum filtered through a 0.45-µm membrane and plated on selective agar. HW significantly reduced STEC populations from pecans with and without soil regardless of treatment time (p 0.05). Larger STEC populations were enumerated from ambient water wash compared to the antimicrobial washes (p 5-log CFU/mL reductions).

Introduction: Irrigating solutions are vital in endodontics, serving to meticulously disinfect root canals, enzymatically dissolve pulpal remnants, and facilitate thorough flushing to eradicate microorganisms. This intricate process ensures optimal microbial control, tissue dissolution, and debris removal, contributing to enhanced endodontic outcomes and overall oral health in clinical practice. Aim: To evaluate the contact angle of Trisodium Citrate (TSC) Silver Nanoparticles (AgNP) and Biosynthesised AgNPs when used in root canal irrigation. Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted at White Lab, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India, from January 2023 to August 2023. A total of 40 single-rooted dentine samples extracted from human teeth were utilised. Ethical clearance was duly obtained. The samples were categorised into four groups (n=10 each). The groups underwent distinct irrigation processes, including Biosynthesised AgNPs from Azadirachta Indica (Group-1), Chemically synthesised AgNPs from Trisodium citrate (Group-2), 5.25% Sodium Hypochlorite (Group-3), and Distilled Water (DW) as the control (Group-4). The contact angle of the tested irrigants was thoroughly evaluated in all the samples using an Ossila goniometer. The data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 21.0. Statistical tests used were Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). A p-value of

IntroductionComplex anatomy of the root canal system results in incomplete debridement with mechanical instrumentation, leaving some areas or root canal walls untouched. There comes the significance of endodontic irrigants with residual antibacterial substantivity which prolongs the post-antibiotic effect, thereby improving the success and predictability of endodontic treatment. AimTo comparatively evaluate the residual antibacterial substantivity of 2% chlorhexidine, Biopure MTAD and 2% chitosan against Enterococcus faecalis at intervals of 1, 14 and 28 days. Materials and MethodsSeventy-five therapeutically extracted permanent single rooted mandibular premolars teeth were selected. Dentin blocks of 4 mm thickness were prepared and enlarged to 1.6 mm. The autoclaved blocks were inoculated with 24-hour colonies of pure cultures of E. faecalis for 14 days. After the contamination period, canals of each dentin block were irrigated with 5 ml of sterile saline and dried with sterile paper points. A total of 75 dentin blocks were randomly divided into five groups as follows: Group A (21 specimens): 2% chlorhexidine, Group B (21 specimens): Biopure MTAD, Group C (21 specimens): 2% chitosan, Group D (6 specimens): positive control (infected dentin tubes) and Group E (six specimens): negative control (sterile dentin tubes). Then, the lumens of dentin blocks were irrigated with the respective irrigants for 10 mins and were dried using sterile paper points. The specimens were then incubated at 37°C for 28 days to maintain humidity. At experimental intervals of 1, 14 and 28 days, dentin shavings were removed from the canals of respective groups by circumferential filing with sterile no. 35 Hedstrom files. The powdered dentin samples obtained with each dentin block were observed for colony forming units (CFUs) using a Digital Colony counter and were expressed as CFUs/mL. ResultAll the irrigants in the study showed a significant decrease in CFUs from day 1 to day 28 indicating that they have residual antibacterial substantivity against E. faecalis. Group B (Biopure MTAD) showed significantly least mean CFUs compared to Group A (2% CHX) and Group C (2% chitosan) against E. faecalis at B1(day 1), B2(day 14) and B3(day 28). Group A (2% CHX) showed significantly higher mean CFUs than Group C (2% chitosan) at A1(day 1). Group C (2% chitosan) showed significantly higher mean CFUs compared to Group A (2% CHX) at C2(day 14) and C3 (day 28). ConclusionMTAD showed statistically higher residual antibacterial substantivity against E. faecalis at experimental periods of 1, 14 and 28 days. The residual antibacterial effect of 2% chitosan was better compared to 2% CHX at day 1. The residual antimicrobial substantivity of 2% CHX was higher compared to 2% chitosan at intervals of 14 and 28 days.

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the use of different NaOCl concentrations (1%, 2.5%, and 5.25%) during root canal treatment of molar teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis on the change of the IL-8 level in gingival crevicular fluid (GFC). Methods GCF sampling was performed on experimental tooth with irreversible pulpitis before and after treatment and also contralateral healthy tooth of 54 patients. The patients were divided into three groups according to concentration of NaOCl solution (n = 18); 1%, 2.5%, and 5.25% NaOCl solution. GCF sampling from experimental teeth was repeated one week after root canal treatment. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation analysis. Results There was a significant correlation between IL-8 levels in GCF samples taken from teeth with pulpitis before treatment and from healthy contralateral teeth (p = .000). Furthermore, the pretreatment IL-8 level was significantly higher than the posttreatment IL-8 level(p .05). Conclusions The use of NaOCl during root canal treatment can effectively reduce the levels of IL-8 in GCF and improve clinical outcomes. Trial registration This study was registred in the Institutional Review Board and the Ethics Committee of the University (No:11) on 15/12/2021.

Abstract The present study was conducted in the Laboratory of Tissue Culture, Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Egypt. The objective of this study was to establish a micropropagation protocol suitable for three imported peach rootstocks: Okinawa (P. persica), Nemared (P. persica × P. davidiana) × P. persica), and Garnem (P. dulcis × P. persica) in vitro. The results showed that soaking the explants in sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) at 20% for 15 min produced the highest responsiveness (82.81%), survival (96.61%), with the lowest mortality (3.14%) and contamination (0.24%). Explants of the Garnem genotype had the best response (89.12%), survival (90.62%), lowest mortality (0.00%), and highest contamination (9.37%) when compared to the other genotypes. In comparison with axillary buds, the shoot tip displayed the highest responsiveness, survival, and death (100, 87.40, and 12.59%, respectively), as well as the least significant contamination (0.00%). Additionally, the percentages of responsive, survived, dead, and contaminated explants at the various collection dates varied significantly. The 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) concentrations used (3 to 5.0 mg/L) demonstrated similar behavior in terms of in vitro proliferation, with rates of 3.77 to 6.11, 4.33 to 8.88, and 3.33 to 7.44 shoot numbers per explant for the Okinawa, Nemared, and Garnem peach rootstocks, respectively, indicating that the number of shoot proliferations is genotype-dependent. Additionally, using 5.0 mg/L BAP in combination with 0.2 mg/L IBA significantly increased average shoot proliferation (96.29%), number of shoots per explant (7.48), and average leaf number/explant (16.33) compared to the other treatments. Based on these results, adventitious bud development was enhanced during in vitro multiplication of the Okinawa, Nemared, and Garnem peach rootstocks by the synergistic interaction of indole-butyric acid (IBA) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP).

Sodium hypochlorite has significant potential as a sanitation solution in hard-to-reach areas. Few studies have investigated the optimal electrolysis parameters for its production with volumes greater than 10 L. This study evaluated sodium hypochlorite production through electrolysis in a 22-L prototype and identified the optimal operating parameters. Tests were performed using graphite electrodes with areas of 68.4 cm2 at the laboratory scale and 1 865.0 cm2 at the prototype scale. A design for experiments with different operating times, chloride concentrations, and electric current intensities was developed. The optimal operating time, sodium chloride concentration, and current intensity at the laboratory scale were 120 min, 150 g of chloride per liter, and 3 A, respectively, leading to the production of 5.02 g/L of the disinfectant with an energy efficiency of 12.21 mg of Cl2 per kilojoule. At the prototype scale, the maximum sodium hypochlorite concentration of 3.99 g of chloride per liter was achieved with an operating time of 120 min, a sodium chloride concentration of 100 g of chloride per liter, and a current intensity of 70 A, reaching an energy efficiency of 42.56 mg of Cl2 per kilojoule. In addition, this study evaluated the influences of the chloride concentration, current intensity, and operating time on the production of sodium hypochlorite at the two scales, and formulated the equations showing the trends of sodium hypochlorite production and energy efficiency in the electrochemical systems. The 22-L prototype model for production of this oxidizing substance is promising for disinfection of large volumes of water in areas that are difficult to access.

Background: In order to completely remove bacteria and debris from the root canal system, root canal treatment (RCT) calls for efficient irrigation methods. There is still a lack of research on the relative safety and efficacy of various irrigation systems in tertiary care settings. Methods: Patients receiving RCT at a tertiary care endodontic clinic were included in a prospective comparison research of 150 subjects. One of four irrigation solutions—sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), or a combination of the three—was given to patients at random. Following surgery, microbial decrease and patient-reported pain levels were evaluated. Results: The analysis showed that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) in microbial decrease between the irrigation solution groups. EDTA, sodium hypochlorite, and chlorhexidine were the next three groups with the biggest mean log decrease in microbial counts, after the combination group. Nonetheless, there were no appreciable variations in the groups’ patient-reported pain levels (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Our results imply that microbial reduction in RCT is highly influenced by the irrigation solution selection. Without having an impact on the pain sensations reported by the patients, the combination of irrigation solutions showed higher efficacy in microbial control. These findings highlight how crucial it is to choose an irrigation solution carefully in order to maximize endodontic outcomes in tertiary care settings.

Objectives: This study assessed the efficacy of different combinations of oxalic acid, 35% hydrogen peroxide, and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for bleaching of tooth discolorations caused by hemoglobin. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 40 sound extracted human premolars were disinfected and decoronated. Their primary color parameters were measured (T1). The teeth were then centrifuged with human blood for 3 days, rinsed, polished, and their color parameters were measured again (T2). They were randomly divided into 4 groups (N=10) and treated as follows: Group A: in-office bleaching with Pola-Office Plus followed by 30 seconds of light-curing, group B: 0.24 M oxalic acid for 5 minutes followed by in-office bleaching, group C: 5.25% NaOCl for 5 minutes followed by in-office bleaching, and group D: 0.24 M oxalic acid (5 minutes) followed by 5.25% NaOCl (5 minutes) and subsequent application of in-office bleaching gel. The color parameters of the teeth were measured again (T3). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and paired sample t-test (alpha=0.05). Results: T2-T3 ∆E in groups B and D was significantly higher than that in group A (P0.05). ∆L significantly and equally increased in groups B and D after bleaching. Conclusion: Application of oxalic acid followed by in-office bleaching gel is more effective than the bleaching gel alone for correction of tooth discolorations caused by hemoglobin.

Objective: To compare postoperative pain, tenderness, edema, and medication use after foraminal enlargement in a single visit, using 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX). Material and Methods: Seventy patients with single-rooted teeth with apical periodontitis were randomized into two groups according to the irrigation protocol: control (NaOCl - 35 patients) and case (CHX - 35 patients). Pain intensity was assessed using the visual analog scale (recorded every day for seven days, on the 14th and 30th days after treatment). Edema was assessed by two independent evaluators on the 2nd, 3rd, and 7th days after treatment using photographs. Data were analyzed using Chi-square, Fisher's Exact, and Mann-Whitney U tests in SPSS. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in postoperative pain and tenderness between the groups on the 2nd day (p

Background: Various stimuli may be extruded from the apical foramen and can harm the periapical tissue. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of different final irrigation methods on the extrusion of debris and irrigation solution from the apical foramen.Method and Materials: This experimental in-vitro study was performed on 44 mesiobuccal root canals of extracted human maxillary and mandibular teeth with a curvature of less than 25 degrees. First, they were randomly divided into four equal groups, including flat open end, side vented, bevel, and ultrasonic system. Then a cube of standard floral foam, with normal dimensions, was attached to each sample to simulate a partial resistance of periapical tissue. The amount of debris and solution extruded from the apical foramen was measured by weighing these floral foam cubes. Differences in extrusion of debris and detergent solution between experimental groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test.Results: Based on the obtained results, in the ultrasonic group, the difference in the weight of the extruded debris with the flat open needle group and the side vent needle group was significant ( P

Salmonella spp. is not part of the fish microbiota, being introduced through contaminated water or improper handling. In slaughterhouses, five parts per million (ppm) of free chlorine is recommended in the washing step to eliminate this pathogen. However, Salmonella spp. is still detected in fish processing plants due to persistent contamination as a result of chlorine–organic matter interactions that reduce chlorine effectiveness. Therefore, this study aimed to test whether organic matter contained in culture media and fish washes interferes with the efficacy of chlorine at 2 and 5 ppm, and what is the time of action required to inactivate ATCC and wild strains of S. typhimurium. For this, the elimination or survival of these strains was investigated when exposed to chlorinated solution for different durations (0, 5, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min) in culture medium, 0.85% saline solution and fish wash (in natura and sterilized). The results showed that the use of 5 ppm of free chlorine is efficient, even when the chlorine remains in contact with the organic matter (washed from the fish), as it reduced the bacterial population by ~5 log log10 CFU/mL of Salmonella spp., showing that this reduction was due to interactions, as long as the chlorine action time was 30 min.

Abstract Background Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is the most efficient root canal irrigant to date. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of NaOCl used at different temperatures and concentrations on the compressive strength of root dentin. Materials and methods Seventy-two extracted human single-canaled straight roots of comparable size and length were selected and randomly divided into six groups (n = 12): Group (A) served as a control with unprepared canals. The other groups were instrumented with rotary ProTaper Universal files up to size F3. Group (B) was irrigated with 1% NaOCl at room temperature, Group (C) with 1% NaOCl heated to 70 °C, Group (D) with 5.25% NaOCl at room temperature, and Group (E) with 5.25% NaOCl heated to 70 °C. Saline was used in Group (F). The roots were sectioned into 2-mm-thick disks that underwent compression testing using a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests. The significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results A total of 255 disks were tested. The control group showed the highest compressive strength (p = 0.0112). However, this did not differ significantly from that of heated (p = 0.259) or unheated (p = 0.548) 1% NaOCl. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups of instrumented teeth. Conclusion Within the conditions of this study, irrigation with NaOCl at different concentrations and temperatures during root canal preparation did not affect the compressive strength of root dentin. Clinical Relevance: This study demonstrates that the use of NaOCl as a root canal irrigant is not associated with a clinically relevant decrease in root compressive strength, especially when compared to saline.

Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the influence of different irrigation protocols on the shear bond strength (SBS) of self-adhesive resin cement (SARC) on primed radicular dentin. Methods: Radicular dentin slabs (N=58) were embedded in acrylic. Subsequently, they were polished and randomly assigned to five experimental groups (N=8-12) and one control group, CG (N=8). Irrigation solutions used were 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (H), 17% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), 9% etidronic acid with hypochlorite (HEDP), 0.9% saline solution (SS), and 2% chlorhexidine (CHX). Each experimental group underwent a different irrigation protocol for two minutes: 1) H/EDTA/H, 2) HEDP, 3) H/EDTA/CHX, 4) H/EDTA/SS and 5) HEDP/SS. The CG samples were not treated with any irrigation solution. After drying, the adhesive-enhancing primer (AEP) and dual-curing SARC were applied to the radicular dentin using molds corresponding to the Ultra Tester (Ultradent Products, South Jordan, USA). The specimens were stored at 37 °C in distilled water and broken after 10 days in shear mode. The results were analyzed using ANOVA and post-hoc Games-Howell test, α=0.05. Results: CG exhibited the highest SBS. With the exception of HEDP and HEDP/SS, all experimental groups showed significantly lower SBS compared to CG (p

Aim: Fusobacterium nucleatum has gained attention in the endodontic literature as it is a predominant microorganism in primary, secondary, and persistent root canal infections. Current irrigants have lot of drawbacks and are unlikely to predictably achieve a bacteria-free root canal system, which can lead to these failures. Herbal alternatives are now gaining popularity in the field of endodontics, paving a new way in the disinfection of root canals. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of green tea extract and Triphala as root canal irrigants against F. nucleatum using real-time Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods: Extracted teeth were taken and inoculated with F. nucleatum, which was grown in a Mueller–Hinton agar plate under anaerobic conditions. The samples were cleaned and shaped and irrigated with green tea extract, Triphala extract, and dimethyl sulfoxide, which were compared to the widely used irrigant, sodium hypochlorite. Cycle threshold value was used to calculate the efficacy of the irrigant against F. nucleatum after which the samples were subjected to reverse transcriptase PCR. The data were analyzed and the data between the group were compared using the one-way ANOVA followed by a post hoc Tukey's test. Results: Triphala extract demonstrated high antimicrobial activity against F. nucleatum. It revealed statistically significant differences between Triphala extract and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL) (P = 0.001). Green tea extract also displayed antimicrobial activity. Both the Triphala and green tea extracts showed a significant difference (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Triphala extract showed better antibacterial efficacy when compared to 3% NaOCl and green tea extract against F. nucleatum.

Aim: The current study aimed to compare and evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of graphene oxide (GO) silver nanoparticle (AgNp) as root canal irrigant (RCI) with other RCIs in maxillary anterior teeth with necrotic pulp. Methods: The GO AgNp RCI was synthesized following modified Turkevich method and subsequent physicochemical characterization was carried out. Sample size was calculated to be 44 and divided into four groups. Following initiation of root canal treatment, preirrigation aerobic and anaerobic samples were collected in suitable medium and the same was done after completion of irrigation adapting the proposed protocol. Further, culture of aerobic and anaerobic samples was done accompanied by determination of bacterial viability count. From the obtained results, statistical analysis was performed and analysis of variance with post hoc was used to compare the antibacterial efficacy between the four irrigants. Results: The statistical analysis ended up with a significant difference in antibacterial properties between GO AgNps and normal saline, 2% chlorhexidine (P < 0.01) against both aerobic and anaerobic organisms. 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and GO AgNp irrigant showed a similar result against aerobic organisms (P = 1.00) while 2.5% sodium hypochlorite was slightly effective against anaerobic organisms (P = 0.83). The bacterial viability counts also showed results in accordance with culture results. Conclusion: From the above results, it can be concluded that the GO AgNp irrigant is an effective biocompatible antimicrobial agent, comparable to that of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and superior to 2% chlorhexidine and normal saline.

Aim: The purpose of this ex-vivo study is to evaluate the efficacy of three irrigation techniques in the reduction of E. faecalis in root canal. Materials and Methods: Eighty healthy maxillary anteriors were employed in this investigation. The bacteria E. faecalis was left on teeth for 7 days while they were kept. Once teeth were contaminated, they were randomly divided into three groups of 20 for experimentation and a control group of 20 for comparison. NaviTip FX was used to irrigate Group I, the Max-I-probe was used to water Group II, and the Endovac system was used to water Group III. The number of colony forming units (CFUs) was determined by growing bacteria from root canal samples for 2 days in Brain heart infusion agar after chemo-mechanical operations. Results: There was a substantial decrease in bacterial numbers across all experimental groups compared to group IV (control). Group III (Endovac) had the fewest bacterial colonies among the test groups. There were no discernible changes between Group I (the Navitip FX) and Group II (the Max I probe). Conclusion: Endovac was the most effective of the three irrigation methods for reducing CFUs. This study's findings lend credence to the idea that the apical negative pressure approach has more potential than the conventional irrigation delivery system for achieving an enhanced antibacterial impact.

Introduction: Primary teeth are equally important as permanent teeth. Endodontic therapy aids in the preservation and maintenance of extremely carious primary teeth. For root canal therapy to be successful, root canals must be properly prepared and effectively irrigated. Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) has been the gold standard for root canal treatment of primary teeth. However, there are a few drawbacks to using higher concentrations of sodium hypochlorite, such as toxic reactions from its apical penetration. In addition, an excess of irrigation fluid via the apical region could harm the permanent tooth underneath. Therefore, it is crucial to select the proper concentration to preserve the delicate balance between effectiveness and safety. Aim: The present in-vitro study was conducted in the city of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, between March and June 2022. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of lower concentrations of sodium hypochlorite, such as 1%, 0.5%, and 0.25%, against Enterococcus faecalis. Materials and Methods: The antibacterial activity of different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (1%, 0.5%, and 0.25%) against Enterococcus faecalis was performed using Muller Hinton agar. Three Mueller Hinton agar plates were prepared and sterilised for 15 minutes for each concentration. The volumes used were 25 μL, 50 μL, and 100 μL, respectively. E. faecalis was swabbed and poured into the sterilised plates. The plates were incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. After incubation, the plates were examined, and their zone of Inhibition was determined. ANOVA test was applied with Post-hoc Tukey’s analysis. Results: One-way ANOVA test showed that there was a significant difference with a p-value

With the advancements been made in Nickel Titanium (NiTi) rotary files to decrease complications during root canal treatment, however, different irrigation solutions are being used during the procedure that might affect the cyclic fatigue resistance of instruments. In this study effect of irrigation solutions on NiTi was compared. A total of 30 files were divided into three groups of sodium hypochlorite, EDTA and normal saline, each group containing 10 files. After the immersion the files were rotated inside a custom-made block until the files were fractured. According to t-test group II (EDTA) showed maximum mean time taken until fracture and least mean time in case of Group I (sodium). however according to ANOVA test no significant difference between the experimental groups were found. Within the limitations of this study, EDTA had the least effect while sodium had the greatest effect on cyclic fatigue of the instruments.

Objective: To evaluate a 0.5% sodium hypochlorite (SH) protocol in reducing Candida spp. levels in complete dentures (CD) and palate and denture stomatitis (DS) remission. Material and Methods: Twelve CD wearers diagnosed with Candida-associated denture stomatitis (CADS) had their initial situation (Candidaspp. levels and DS score) recorded (baseline). Then, participants were instructed to soak dentures once a day (10 minutes) in 0.5% SH. Candida spp. levels and DS scores were reassessed after 15, 30, and 60 days of SH denture cleanness. Biofilms from the denture base and palate were seeded in CHROMagar Candida. After incubation, colony-forming units were calculated. The palate was photographed at each time point, and DS was assessed according to Newton's classification. Data of Candida spp. levels were analyzed by 2-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by the Holm-Sidak test, and DS scores data were accessed by Friedman's 2-way ANOVA by ranks (α=0.05). Results: 0.5% SH significantly reduced Candida spp. levels after treatment compared to baseline (p

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is a significant public health problem in many developing countries, including India. Diagnosing tuberculous lymphadenitis, in particular, poses challenges as it requires the demonstration of Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) using the conventional Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) technique. The Modified Bleach Technique, which involves liquefying the aspirated specimen with sodium hypochlorite followed by centrifugation, has been described to enhance the yield of AFB, improving sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy. Aim: To highlight the role of the bleach concentration method compared to conventional ZN staining in detecting AFB in Fine-Needle Aspiration (FNA) material from clinically suspected cases of tuberculous lymphadenitis. Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Pathology, MVJ Medical College and Research Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India from November 2020 to December 2022. Fine needle aspiration material from 100 cases of clinically suspected tuberculous lymphadenitis was included. In each case, part of the aspirate was processed for ZN staining, while the remaining material was used for modified bleach staining and Cartridge Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (CBNAAT). Patient data, including age, sex, duration and site of swelling, nature of aspirate, and cytomorphological diagnosis, were documented. The data was entered into a Microsoft excel spreadsheet and analysed using the Chi-square test, with a p-value

Background: Sodium hypochlorite serves as the most efficient root canal irrigating fluid. Objectives: This study's goal was to assess the replenished NaOCl's capacity to dissolve the tissue of pulp when combined with 9% tetrasodic etidronate (Na4HEBP), 18% tetrasodic etidronate (Na4HEBP), and 17% disodic ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Na2EDTA) under continuous controlled administration. Materials and Methods: Hundred and twenty complete undamaged teeth of the anterior mandible extracted due to periodontal problems within forty-eight hours were taken as a source of the pulp tissue. Results: It was found that there was a decrease in the weight of pulp tissue in all groups except negative control. Conclusion: NaOCl's potential to dissolve tissue with chelating agents like EDTA and HEBP inside the root canal was unaffected when there was controlled administration of EDTA and HEBP.

Abstract Objectives The study aimed to compare the antibacterial effect of a novel disinfectant, hyper-pure chlorine dioxide (hClO2) to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in various depths of dentin tubules. Materials and methods The distal root of the extracted lower molars was infected artificially with Enterococcus faecalis. The control group was rinsed with saline, and the test groups were irrigated with either 5% NaOCl or 0.12% hClO2. The longitudinally split teeth were stained by viability stain. The coronal third of the root was scanned with a confocal laser scanning microscope. The fluorescent intensities were measured, and the percentage of dead bacteria was calculated at depths up to 950 μm along the dentin tubules. The effect of penetration depth, irrigants, and their interaction on antimicrobial efficacy was determined by the linear mixed model. Results The percentage of dead bacteria was higher both in the NaOCl (45.1 ± 2.3%, p

Abstract Background In dentistry, nosocomial infection poses a great challenge to clinicians. The microbial contamination of water in dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) is ubiquitous. Such infected DUWLs can transmit oral microbes in the form of aerosols. Previous studies have suggested treating DUWLs with various disinfectants to reduce cross-contamination. The literature lacks a comparative evaluation of the effect of the use of 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and 0.1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in DUWLs on aerosolized bacteria generated during dental procedures. Objective To compare the effect of NaOCl and CHX in DUWLs on aerosolized bacteria generated during restorative and endodontic procedures. Materials and methods A total of 132 patients were equally divided into three groups (n = 44 in each group) according to the content of DUWL as follows. Group I—0.1% NaOCl Group II—0.2% CHX Group III—distilled water (Positive control) One-way ANOVA was performed and the Kruskal–Wallis test was used for intergroup comparison. Results For the restorative procedure, inter-group comparison of mean colony-forming units (CFU) scores showed a statistically significant difference between the groups (p - .001) with the score of group 3 higher than group 2 followed by group 1. For the endodontics, an inter-group comparison of CFU scores showed a statistically significant difference between the groups (p - .003) with the mean score in group 1 being the lowest and group 3 being the highest. Conclusion The addition of NaOCl or CHX in DUWLs shows an effective reduction in aerosolized bacteria compared to distilled water.

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) has been widely used as a disinfectant in water and wastewater treatment, because of its high efficiency and low cost, whereas the bio-toxicity of its disinfection byproducts (DBPs) raised great concern. Performic acid (PFA) produces less DBPs and shows strong oxidation abilities. In this study, the effect of temperature on NaOCl and PFA disinfection as well as bacteria regrowth were evaluated. First, the inactivation of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis by NaOCl and PFA at 4 and 20 °C, detected by cell cultured-based plate counting were fitted to kinetic models, and the predicted CTs were calculated. The results showed that NaOCl was more effective than PFA for E. coli and S. aureus inactivation, and the temperature was positively correlated to disinfection. Second, bacteria regrowth was evaluated at different temperatures (4 and 20 °C) of disinfection and storage. The results showed that the bacteria inactivated by NaOCl regrew prominently, especially for those inactivated at 4 and stored at 4 °C, probably through the mechanism of reactivation of viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria. PFA was superior in suppressing bacteria regrowth, and it may be used as an alternate disinfectant in water treatment in cold environment. HIGHLIGHTS Performic acid was more efficient than NaClO on B. subtilis inactivation.; Performic acid was superior than NaClO in the inhibition of bacteria regrowth.; Bacteria regrowth was prominent after NaClO disinfection.; Performic acid could be used as an alternate disinfectant in cold environments.;

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to determine the severity of pain after endodontic treatment of mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis following the use of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) at different temperatures and concentrations. Methods In this randomized, controlled clinical trial, 72 patients with mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis were randomly assigned to six groups. The teeth were anesthetized and the root canals were prepared. During the instrumentation, the root canals were irrigated with NaOCl solution at concentrations of 0.5% and 1% and temperatures of 2.5°C, 22°C, and 40°C, 2.5°C were achieved through cryotherapy. Assessment of pain was conducted before, immediately after, and 3, 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment. After obturation, the patients recorded their pain intensity at different time intervals on the visual analog scale (VAS) and reported the number of analgesics tablets they used. The frequency of analgesics tablets and their effect on pain sensation was recorded in the second part of the form. Repeated measures two‐way analysis of variance test was used to compare the trend of pain changes over time between two intervals of time in each group. Friedman's nonparametric test was used to compare the intragroup mean score of pain over time and Kruskal–Wallis for comparing the intergroup mean score. Results Changes in VAS pain scores of all the groups were significant over time (p

Introduction: Bioactive compounds from plants have potential antimicrobial activity. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of curcumin, allicin, gingerol and cinnamon compared to 4% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) against Enterococcus faecalis and its biofilm. Methods: The dry herbal compounds were diluted with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using agar diffusion test, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay, minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) test, time kill study, and biofilm susceptibility assay. The zone of inhibition (ZOI) was determined using agar diffusion test on Muller Hinton (MH) agar plates. MIC was evaluated using the tube dilution method. Root canals of extracted human anterior teeth were instrumented, split into two halves, autoclaved, and incubated with brain heart infusion broth containing E. faecalis for 21 days to form a biofilm. The susceptibility of the biofilm to the test solutions was evaluated by counting bacterial colonies on MH agar. Results: NaOCl exhibited potent antimicrobial activity under all tested parameters. Allicin showed a significantly greater ZOI, while curcumin showed the least MIC among the tested herbal extracts (P0.05). Gingerol and cinnamon were significantly superior to the other groups killing E. faecalis within 4-4.2 min (P0.05). Conclusion: NaOCl emerged as the most efficacious antibacterial agent and all herbal extracts showed significant antibacterial activity against E. faecalis.

Objectives: To evaluate the clinical and radiographic success rate of blood clot and platelet rich fibrin (PRF) as a scaffold system in regenerative endodontic procedure in immature traumatized necrotic teeth.. Materials and methods: This retrospective study examined the records of 28 subjects with necrotic immature open apex due to trauma treated with blood clot or PRF as a scaffold in regenerative endodontic procedure. The disinfection was carried out with calcium hydroxide as an intra-canal medicament. The clinical outcome was recorded using a binary variable of presence or absence of pain and intra-oral swelling. The radiographic outcome was recorded for periapical healing using Ørstavik’s Periapical Index and apical response using Chen and Chen index. Comparison of frequencies of categories of variables with groups was done using the chi-square test. The pairwise comparison of time intervals was done using Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. Results: Intra-group comparison of pain and intra-oral swelling had highly significant (p = 0.000) results for both groups over a period of 12 months. Inter-group comparison for clinical outcomes was insignificant. For the radiographic outcome, there was a statistically non-significant difference for periapical healing and apical response for both intra-group and inter-group comparisons. Conclusion: Both PRF and blood clot have a favourable outcome for a regenerative endodontic procedure with a disinfectant protocol using calcium hydroxide as intracanal medicament. Considering the cumbersome procedure involved in procuring PRF scaffold, especially in children, inducing bleeding can be considered a recommended method for a regenerative endodontic procedure.

In recent years, the environmental impact of pharmaceutical residues has emerged as a pressing global concern, catalyzed by their widespread usage and persistence in aquatic ecosystems. Among these pharmaceuticals, acyclovir (ACV) stands out due to its extensive prescription during medical treatments for herpes simplex virus, chickenpox, and shingles, as well as its heightened usage amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. ACV is excreted largely unchanged by the human body, leading to significant environmental release through wastewater effluents. The urgency of addressing ACV’s environmental impact lies in its potential to persist in water bodies and affect aquatic life. This persistence underscores the critical need for effective degradation strategies that can mitigate its presence in aquatic systems. This study focuses on employing sodium hypochlorite as an oxidative agent for the degradation of ACV, leveraging its common use in wastewater treatment plants. Our research aims to explore the kinetics of ACV degradation, identify and characterize its degradation byproducts, and optimize the conditions under which complete degradation can be achieved. By assessing the efficiency of sodium hypochlorite in real wastewater samples, this study seeks to provide practical insights into mitigating ACV contamination in aquatic environments. The novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive approach to understanding the degradation pathways of ACV and evaluating the feasibility of using sodium hypochlorite as a sustainable solution in wastewater treatment. By addressing the environmental concerns associated with ACV and offering practical solutions, this study contributes to the broader goal of sustainable pharmaceutical waste management and environmental stewardship.

The objective of this work was to assess the efficacy of different proteolytic agents on the bond strength of pit and fissure sealants to bovine enamel. Eighty-four bovine enamel specimens were randomly assigned in groups according to the pit and fissure sealant applied (HelioSeal F or Dyad Flow). Then, the specimens were subdivided according to the proteolytic agent used (n = 7): Group 1, distilled water (control); Group 2, 10 wt.% Tergazyme®; Group 3, 10 wt.% ZYME®; Group 4, 10% papain gel; Group 5, 10% bromelain gel; and Group 6, 5.25 wt.% sodium hypochlorite. The cell viability of the proteolytic solutions was assessed through the MTT assay. The proteolytic agents were applied on the enamel surface prior to the acid-etching procedure; then, the pit and fissure sealants were placed. The micro-shear bond strength was evaluated after 24 h or 6 months of water storing at 37 °C. Representative SEM images were taken for each experimental group. The bond strength data were statistically analyzed by a three-way ANOVA test using a significance level of α = 0.05. Bromelain and papain proteolytic solutions did not exert any cytotoxic effect on the human dental pulp cells. After 24 h and 6 months of aging, for both pit and fissure sealants, sodium hypochlorite, papain, bromelain, and Tergazyme® achieved statistically significant higher bond strength values (p < 0.05). Irrespective of the deproteinizing agent used, Dyad Flow resulted in a better bond strength after 6 months of aging. The type 1 etching pattern was identified for sodium hypochlorite, papain, and bromelain. Tergazyme®, papain, and bromelain demonstrated efficacy in deproteinizing enamel surfaces prior to acid etching, leading to the improved bond strength of pit and fissure sealants. Clinically, this suggests that these proteolytic agents can be considered viable alternatives to traditional methods for enhancing sealant retention and longevity. Utilizing these agents in dental practice could potentially reduce sealant failures.

The increase in vegetable consumption has underlined the importance of minimizing the risks associated with microbiological contamination of fresh produce. The critical stage of the vegetable washing process has proven to be a key point for cross-contamination and the persistence of pathogens. In this context, the agri-food industry has widely adopted the use of disinfectants to reduce the bacterial load in the wash water. Therefore, we conducted laboratory-scale experiments in order to demonstrate the antimicrobial activity of disinfectants used in the wash tank of agro-food industries. Different wash water matrices of shredded lettuce, shredded cabbage, diced onion, and baby spinach were treated with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), and per-oxyacetic acid (PAA) at recommended concentrations. To simulate the presence of pathogenic bacteria, a cocktail of E. coli O157:H7 was inoculated into the process water samples (PWW) to determine whether concentrations of disinfectants inhibit the pathogen or bring it to a viable non-culturable state (VBNC). Hereby, we used quantitative qPCR combined with different photo-reactive dyes such as ethidium monoazide (EMA) and propidium monoazide (PMA). The results indicated that concentrations superior to 20 ppm NaClO inhibit the pathogen E. coli O157:H7 artificially inoculated in the process water. Concentrations between 10–20 ppm ClO2 fail to induce the pathogen to the VBNC state. At concentrations of 80 ppm PAA, levels of culturable bacteria and VBNC of E. coli O157:H7 were detected in all PWWs regardless of the matrix. Subsequently, this indicates that the recommended concentrations of ClO2 and PAA for use in the fresh produce industry wash tank do not inhibit the levels of E. coli O157:H7 present in the wash water.

Abstract Background This study aims to histologically evaluate the efficiency of debris removal through activation of 2.5% and 5.25% NaOCI using laser, ultrasonic, and intracanal heating methods. Methods Sixty-four maxillary central incisor teeth were randomly divided into two groups according to the irrigation solution (n = 32); 2.5% NaOCI and 5.25% NaOCI. Subsequently, the samples were further divided into four subgroups according to the final irrigation activation technique (n = 8); SubgroupA: Er,Cs:YSGG laser, SubgroupB: Ultrasonic, Subgroup C: Intracanal heating, Subgroup D: no activation. Generalized Linear Models and Bonferroni tests were used for statistical analysis (p

Abstract Background and objectives Polyvinyl ether siloxane (PVES) possesses ideal characteristics for making precise and accurate dental impressions. PVES dimensional stability owes to its better polymeric properties derived from its parent materials poly ethers and polyvinyl siloxanes. As recommended use of chemical disinfecting agents is getting more popular, there is a growing concern associated with the effect of disinfectants on PVES dimensional stability. This study was aimed to understand the PVES behavior when subjected to chemical disinfectants. Materials and methodology The data was collected from research studies retrieved from Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed using MeSH terms of keywords “vinyl polyether siloxane AND Disinfection” or (Vinyl polyether siloxane OR polyvinyl siloxane ether OR PVES) AND (disinfectant OR disinfection)” without any restriction to publication date. The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis) directions were observed during the data collection, screening of studies, and meta-analysis. The primary data were retrieved, and batch exported from databases using Harzing’s Publish or Perish software; primary analysis was performed in Microsoft Excel, while statistical analysis for effect size, two-tailed p-values, and heterogeneity among studies was performed using Meta Essentials. The effect size was calculated using Hedge’s g values at the 95% confidence level using the random-effects model. Heterogeneity among studies was measured using the Cochrane Q and I2. Results and conclusion Dental impressions made from the PVES elastomeric impression materials showed no significant changes in dimensional stability. Immersion in the chemical disinfectant for 10 min was associated with clinically irrelevant changes in the dimensions of the PVES impressions. Disinfection with sodium hypochlorite was associated with clinically significant changes in dimensions, with a two-tailed p-value of 0.049. Disinfection with 2–2.5% glutaraldehyde solution was not associated with any significant dimensional variability.

Abstract Background/purpose: The most widely utilized irrigation solution in endodontic therapy is sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of NaOCl on the bond strength of four universal adhesives and one two-step self-etch adhesive to pulp chamber dentin. Materials and methods: One hundred sixteen extracted sound human third molars were used in this study. All the teeth were divided into two groups: (1) with NaOCl treatment and (2) without NaOCl treatment. These two groups were subdivided into five bonding groups: G-Premio Bond (GP), Beautibond Xtreme (BBX), Scotchbond Universal (SBU), Clearfil Universal Bond Quick (UBQ), and Clearfil Megabond 2 (MB2). The microtensile bond strength (μTBS), the fracture mode analysis, resin-dentin interface and dentin surface were observed by SEM. Two-way ANOVA was performed to analyze the μTBS (α = 0.05). Results: The μTBS of the NaOCl group significantly decreased for GP and MB2 (P

Abstract Background There is still a lack of knowledge regarding the permeability and configuration of infected root dentin. The aim of this ex vivo study was to compare the dentin penetrability of healthy teeth and necrotic teeth with apical periodontitis by evaluating the penetration of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and to analyze the histopathological features of root dentin. Methods Forty-eight molars were collected and divided into two groups. The clinical diagnosis for one group was pulp necrosis with apical periodontitis and the pulp and periapex were normal in the other group. Forty-eight straight roots were divided into two groups: infected and healthy. First, all root canals were stained with 2% methylene blue to visualize penetration after standard root canal instrumentation and irrigation. Transverse sections were obtained, and the dye penetration parameters were measured. The cross sections were processed to 20–30 μm and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for observation of the histopathological changes in the root dentin. Results The maximum penetration depth, median penetration depth and penetration percentage of NaOCl solutions, in infected root canals were significantly lower than those in healthy root canals. The histopathological analysis showed that the frequency of reparative dentin formation in infected root canals was significantly greater than that in healthy root canals. Conclusions The dentin penetrability of teeth with necrotic teeth and apical periodontitis was more superficial during root canal irrigation than that of healthy teeth. The histopathological changes in infected radicular dentin, namely the formation of reparative dentin, might be associated with the lower permeability of dentin tubules in human teeth with apical periodontitis.

Background: Disinfection is performed in our laboratory using sodium hypochlorite, glutaraldehyde, alcohol, or hydrogen peroxide. All these products are known for their harmful side effects on human and ecological health. As a part of the search for new sterilization methods that respect the environment much more, we were interested in studying the antifungal activity of ozone gas on the most isolated fungi in our hospital “University Hospital Center Hassani Abdelkader of Sidi Bel Abbes”. Methods: This study focused on the antifungal activity of gaseous ozone on the most common fungal isolates in the hospital, with consideration of the duration of the exposure to ozone. Results: The fungicidal effect of ozone gas on molds was more effective compared to its effect on yeasts, it makes it possible to inhibit the reproduction and fungal growth of molds, in particular the filamentous molds and the most commonly isolated dermatophytes. A longer exposure would seem to be more effective. Conclusion: Ozone gas can be a new alternative for sterilization and disinfection techniques, especially filamentous fungi and dermatophytes.