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ABSTRACT Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a threat to human health and one of the leading bacterial causes of seafood-borne infection worldwide. This pathogen is autochtonous in the marine environment and is able to acquire antimicrobial resistance (AMR) mechanisms, which is a global concern. However, the emergence of AMR V. parahaemolyticus strains in seafood is still understudied, as interpretation criteria for this species for antimicrobial susceptibility tests are limited in the literature. In this study, we investigated the susceptibility profiles to clinically important antibiotics and the associated genetic determinants of V. parahaemolyticus isolates cultured from imported shrimps. Based on the analysis of the resistance phenotypes of 304 V. parahaemolyticus isolates, we have defined experimental epidemiological cutoff values (COWT) for 14/15 antibiotics tested. We observed that 19.1% of the bacterial isolates had acquired resistance to at least one antibiotic class. The highest number of resistance was associated with tetracycline (14.5% of the strains) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (3.6%). Moreover, seven strains were multidrug-resistant (MDR, resistant to at least three antibiotic classes). The most frequently identified genes in these strains were aph(3″)-Ib/aph(6)-Id (aminoglycoside resistance), sul2 (sulfonamide), tet(59) (tetracycline), and floR (chloramphenicol). The SXT/R391 family ICE and class 1 integron-integrase genes were detected by PCR in three and one MDR V. parahaemolyticus strains, respectively. Consequently, V. parahaemolyticus in seafood can act as a reservoir of AMR, constituting a health risk for the consumer.IMPORTANCEOur study on “Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles and Genetic Determinants of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolates from Imported Shrimps” addresses a critical gap in understanding the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in this seafood-associated pathogen. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major cause of global seafood-borne infections, and our research reveals that 19.1% of isolates from imported shrimps display resistance to at least one antibiotic class, with multidrug resistance observed in seven strains. Importantly, we establish experimental epidemiological cutoff values for antibiotic susceptibility, providing valuable criteria specific to V. parahaemolyticus. Our findings underscore the potential risk to consumers, emphasizing the need for vigilant monitoring and intervention strategies. This study significantly contributes to the comprehension of AMR dynamics in V. parahaemolyticus, offering crucial insights for global public health. The dissemination of our research through Microbiology Spectrum ensures broad accessibility and impact within the scientific community and beyond.

Increasing plastic contamination poses a serious threat to marine organisms. Microplastics (MPs) ingestion can represent a risk for the organism itself and for the ultimate consumer. Through the analysis of the gastrointestinal tract, coupled with stable isotope analysis on the muscle tissue, this study provides insights into the relationship between MPs pollution and ecology in two commercial marine species caught in the Central Tyrrhenian Sea: Aristaeomorpha foliacea and Parapenaeus longirostris. Stable isotope analysis was conducted to determine the trophic position and the trophic niche width. The gastrointestinal tracts were processed, and the resultant MPs were analysed under FT-IR spectroscopy to estimate the occurrence, abundance, and typology of the ingested MPs. The trophic level of the species was similar (P. longirostris TP = 3 ± 0.10 and A. foliacea TP = 3.1 ± 0.08), with an important trophic niche overlap, where 38% and 52% of P. longirostris and A. foliacea has ingested MPs, respectively. Though species-level differences may not be evident regarding MP’s abundance per individual, a high degree of dissimilarity was noted in the typologies of ingested particles. This research provides valuable insights into how MPs enter marine trophic webs, stressing that isotopic niche analysis should be combined with other methods to explain in detail the differences in MPs ingestion.

Microplastic (MP) pollution is a serious global issue affecting freshwater systems, coastal regions, and oceans. These non-biodegradable materials have a detrimental impact on marine species and ecosystems, disrupting their feeding, breathing, and reproduction. In this study, 120 samples of two species of shrimp, Penaus monodon and Penaus indicus, from ten locations in the Negombo lagoon in Sri Lanka were analyzed. MPs were extracted from gastrointestinal tracts (GI) and gills (GL) by alkali digestion followed by vacuum filtering. Stereomicroscopy coupled with advanced micro-imaging and analysis software was employed for analyzing the isolated MPs. A total of 415 items were identified as MPs with an average of 8.29 ± 4.63 items per gram of GI and GL in Penaus monodon and 5.52 ± 3.78 items per gram of GI and GL in Penaus indicus. The majority of MPs identified were fibers (93%), and the remaining ones were fragments. Most of the MPs were >1000 μm, and the most prevalent color was blue (61%), followed by red (15%), black (9%), and others, comprising polystyrene, polyamide, polyester, polypropylene, and rayon, as revealed by FTIR spectroscopy. This study highlights the prevalence of MPs in shrimps harvested from the Negombo lagoon and displays missing baseline data before the effects of fragmented nurdles from the X-Press Pearl incident.

During the live transportation, shrimp can be affected by temperature, dissolved oxygen, high crowding, vibration and other environmental factors, triggering stress response, which will adversely affect the body function and muscle quality of shrimp. The inducing factors of transport stress and the changes of oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and energy metabolism, immune system and muscle quality caused by environmental stress are introduced in this article. It also liste the countermeasures and suggestions about the live transportation of shrimp, which would certainly provide a theoretical reference for the transportation management of shrimp.

Abstract Oxidative stress caused by the imbalance between production of oxidants and antioxidants in the body leads to the development of different ailments. The bioactive compounds derived from marine sources are considered to be safe and appropriate to use. Astaxanthin possesses antioxidant activity about 100–500 times higher than other antioxidants such as α‐tocopherol and β‐carotene. It has numerous health benefits and vital pharmacological properties for the treatment of diseases like diabetes, hypertension, cancer, heart disease, ischemia, neurological disorders, and potential role in liver enzyme gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase which has significance in medicine as a diagnostic marker. The primary source of astaxanthin among crustaceans is shrimps and the presence of astaxanthin protects shrimps from oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol. Conclusively, astaxanthin derived from shrimps is very effective against oxidative stress which can lead to certain ailments.

Aquaculture assumes a pivotal role in meeting the escalating global food demand, and shrimp farming, in particular, holds a significant role in the global economy and food security, providing a rich source of nutrients for human consumption. Nonetheless, the industry faces formidable challenges, primarily attributed to disease outbreaks and the diminishing efficacy of conventional disease management approaches, such as antibiotic usage. Consequently, there is an urgent imperative to explore alternative strategies to ensure the sustainability of the industry. In this context, the field of epigenetics emerges as a promising avenue for combating infectious diseases in shrimp aquaculture. Epigenetic modulations entail chemical alterations in DNA and proteins, orchestrating gene expression patterns without modifying the underlying DNA sequence through DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA molecules. Utilizing epigenetic mechanisms presents an opportunity to enhance immune gene expression and bolster disease resistance in shrimp, thereby contributing to disease management strategies and optimizing shrimp health and productivity. Additionally, the concept of epigenetic inheritability in marine animals holds immense potential for the future of the shrimp farming industry. To this end, this comprehensive review thoroughly explores the dynamics of epigenetic modulations in shrimp aquaculture, with a particular emphasis on its pivotal role in disease management. It conveys the significance of harnessing advantageous epigenetic changes to ensure the long-term viability of shrimp farming while deliberating on the potential consequences of these interventions. Overall, this appraisal highlights the promising trajectory of epigenetic applications, propelling the field toward strengthening sustainability in shrimp aquaculture.

Abstract. This study investigated the condition factor with microbial load of Nematopalaemon hastatus (Aurivillius, 1898) collected for two years from four coastal towns in Ilaje communities of Ondo State, Nigeria. Shrimps’ weight, length and condition factor were determined using standard methods while estimation of microbial load (Total heterotrophic bacteria, coliform, Escherichia coli, Salmonella/Shigella, and fungal counts) was done using standard microbiological methods. The correlation between microbial load and condition factor was thereafter determined using regression analysis. N. hastatus exhibited allometric growth, with low but consistent condition factor. Mean heterotrophic bacteria count was 1.107×102 CFU/g and 1.079×102 CFU/g during the dry and wet season, respectively. Mean coliform count, total Salmonella-Shigella and E. coli counts were 0.398×102 CFU/g, 0.218×102 CFU/g and 0.303×102 CFU/g, respectively, during the wet season. A significant increase in counts (mean) was observed in the dry season for the coliform (0.404×102 CFU/g), total Salmonella-Shigella (0.234×102 CFU/g) and E. coli (0.326×102 CFU/g). The mean fungal count was 0.604×102 SFU/g and 0.563×102 SFU/g during the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The microbial loads were below acceptable limits; therefore, shrimps of the study area are safe for consumption. Conclusively, the condition factor of the shrimps was non-significantly influenced by the microbes. However, there is a need to regulate and/or prevent untreated sewage and effluent discharge into natural water bodies to reduce the environmental hazards it may portend and also obtain relatively safe aquatic products for consumption.

Our investigation within the framework of this study is carried out on three marine species fished off in Moroccan coasts namely: a fish, the sole (Solea Vulgaris), a cephalopod, the cuttlefish (Sepia Officinalis) and a crustacean, the pink shrimp (Parapenaeus Longirostris). The aims of this study is to assess the level of concentration in these three marine species, of three metallic trace elements: Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd) and Mercury (Hg) and giving a reflection on the way in which Moroccan deep-sea fishing professionals can join a food safety management system to ensure the safety of their product and promote their competitiveness. Sampling is carried out at the port of Agadir city after landing of the deep-sea fishing boats which operate beyond 10 nautical miles, offshoring the seabed of Agadir for pink shrimp (Parapenaeus Longirostris), and in Dakhla city offshore for sole (Solea Vulgaris) and cuttlefish (Sepia Officinalis). Trace metal analysis were performed on individual muscles belonging to the three species. The results of our investigations show that the Pb content varies between 0.01 ppm and 0.27 ppm in Solea Vulgaris; between 0.015 ppm and 0.16 ppm in Sepia Officinalis and between 0.022 ppm and 0.38 ppm for Parapenaeus Longirostris. For the Cd, the concentrations vary between 0.0047 ppm and 0.050 ppm in Solea Vulgaris; between 0.0025 ppm and 0.254 ppm in Sepia Officinalis and between 0.0065 ppm and 0.11 ppm in Parapenaeus Longirostris. Concerning Hg, the contents vary between 0.0006 ppm and 0.075 ppm in Solea Vulgaris; between 0.0008 ppm and 0.05 ppm in Sepia Officinalis and between 0.0016 ppm and 0.09 ppm in Parapenaeus Longirostris. It appears from this study that the metal contents detected at the level of the three species of seafood investigated are below the regulatory thresholds. These results can be considered as the first basis for validating the control measure linked to the absence of metallic contamination of the three species in the sites studied.

This study aimed to compare the changes in the quality characteristics of air-fried (AF) shrimp meat and deep-fried (DF) shrimp meat at different frying temperatures (160, 170, 180, 190°C). Results showed that compared with DF, the moisture and fat content of air-fried shrimp meat (AFSM) was lower, while the protein content was higher. At the same frying temperature, the fat content of the AFSM was 4.26–6.58 g/100 g lower than that of the deep-fried shrimp meat (DFSM). The smell of the AFSM and DFSM was significantly different from that of the control group. The results of the electronic tongue showed that each of the two frying methods had its flavor profile. Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) identified 48 compounds, and the content of volatile compounds detected in AFSM was lower than that in DFSM. Among them, the highest level of volatile compound content was found in the DF-190. E-2-pentenal, 2-heptenal (E), and methyl 2-methyl butanoate were identified only in DFSM. In addition, a total of 16 free amino acids (FAAs) were detected in shrimp meat. As judged by sensory evaluation, the AFSM at 170°C was the most popular among consumers.

Based on the morpho-genetic study of stygobiotic shrimps from the genus Xiphocaridinella Sadowsky, 1930 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae), a hydrogeological connection of a number of distant caves in Central Abkhazia of the southwestern Caucasus is satisfied, which indicates the possibility of using biospeleological studies in some cases to identify karst hydrosystems together with traditional hydrogeological methods. Moreover, a new stygobiotic atyid shrimp from the genus Xiphocaridinella, X. kelasuri sp. n., is described based on morphology and analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I DNA sequences from three distant caves. The new species is genetically divergent from relatives and phylogenetically related to Xiphocaridinella smirnovi Marin, 2020, described from the Besletka (=Tskaro) Cave. Recently, the number of described speciesof the genus Xiphocaridinella from Caucasus has increased to 13 species, while the diversity of Xiphocaridinella found in the Besletka (=Tskaro) Cave is increasing to 3 species, which is higher than in any other known cave where Troglocaris-like shrimps have been discovered.

The purpose of the research is analyzing the seasonal dynamics for the number and the hemipopulation structure of the trematode Gynaecotyla adunca larvae in shrimps of the genus Palaemon Weber, 1795 and determining the dependence of their infection with the metacercariae G. adunca on the host size and the season of the year in the water area of Sevastopol.Materials and methods. Samples of aquatic organisms were collected monthly during 2012 in two different biotopes, the estuary of the Chernaya River and the Kazachya Bay. We examined a total of 2,445 specimens of the Hydrobia acuta mollusk, 200 specimens of the Palaemon elegans shrimp in the estuary of the Chernaya River, and 2,248 specimens of the H. acuta mollusks and 64 specimens of P. adsepsus in the water area of Kazachya Bay. Shrimps were caught with a 1 × 0.4 m seine with a 6–8 mm mesh. The mollusks were collected with a hand grab sampler with a sampling area of 0.04 m2. The mollusks and shrimps were classified in accordance with the World Register of Marine Species. All mollusk and shrimp tissues were examined by the compression method under an MBS-10 binocular microscope. Descriptive statistics was calculated using Statistica 6 for Windows.Results and discussion. We have found that the parthenita G. adunca is characterized by asynchronous emergence of secondary sporocyst that contain cercariae, while the metacercariae G. adunca hemipopulation is characterized by an overdispersed distribution, which indirectly indicates a low density of the host population and its constant migration. We analyzed seasonal dynamics of the found microfallid larvae population. The metacercariae G. adunca are characterized by one peak of infection with trematodes in summer.

Listeria monocytogenes, a bacterium that is transmitted by tainted food, causes the infection listeriosis. In this study, quercetin was tested for its antibacterial properties and effectiveness as a food additive in preventing the growth of L. monocytogenes cocktail (ATCC19117, ATCC19113, and ATCC15313) biofilms on crabs and shrimps. Quercetin showed the least bactericidal activity and no discernible microbial growth at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 250 µg/mL. The biofilm inhibition was performed at sub-MICs (1/2, 1/4, and 1/8 MIC). There was no quercetin added to the control group. Additionally, the present work examines the expression of various genes related to biofilm formation and quorum sensing (flaA, fbp, agrA, hlyA, and prfA). The levels of target genes were all significantly down-regulated. Quercetin (0–125 µg/mL) on the surfaces of the crab and shrimp was studied; its inhibitory effects were measured as log reductions at 0.39–2.31 log CFU/cm2 and 0.42–2.36 log CFU/cm2, respectively (p < 0.05). Quercetin reduced the formation of biofilms by disrupting cell-to-cell connections and causing cell lysis, which led to the deformation of the cells, evidenced by FE-SEM (field-emission scanning electron microscopy). These findings emphasize the significance of using natural food agents to target bacteria throughout the entire food production process.

The many ecological niches present in an organism harbor distinct microorganisms called microbiota. Different factors can influence the establishment of these commensal microbial communities. In a previous article, we have concluded that some bacterial lineages associated with the early larval stages of the Pacific blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris could be acquired from the breeders via a potential vertical transmission. The present study was conducted in order to investigate this hypothesis. Using HiSeq sequencing of the V4 region of 16S rRNA gene, we analyzed the active microbiota associated with the eggs and the nauplii of L. stylirsotris as well as with the reproductive organs of their breeders. Microbial communities associated with the rearing water were also considered to discriminate environmental microbial lineages. Using these analyses, we highlight a set of core bacterial families present in all samples and composed of members of Colwelliaceae, Alteromonadaceae, Pseudoalteromonadaceae, Saccharospirillaceae, Oceanospirillaceae, Vibrionaceae, Burkholderiaceae, Rhodobacteraceae, Flavobacteraceae, and Corynebacteriaceae; showing the importance of the environment in the establishment of the larval microbiota. We also present specific bacteria affiliated to the Arcobacteraceae, Rhodobacteraceae, Comamonadaceae, and Colwelliaceae families, which were only found in the breeders and their offspring strengthening the hypothesis of a potential vertical transmission shaping the active microbiota of the eggs and the nauplii of L. stylirostris.

Methods to induce analgesia and anesthesia for research purposes, handling, transport, or stunning have been used in 71 species of crustaceans. A non-systematic literature search was conducted on crustacean anesthetic methods. This review presents a comprehensive evaluation of drugs and non-chemical methods used to provide analgesia and anesthesia in many crustacean species rather than just decapod crustaceans. This information allows users to select an appropriate method or agent for their species of interest. We prepared an on-line tool based on datasette, a no-code open-source solution for simple web-based database frontends that allows exploration and downloading data by method, analgesic/anesthetic, species, life stage, or sex, as well as other data including environmental conditions (temperature, salinity, light), route of administration, dosage, and induction and recovery times. These values can be selected to filter the dataset and export it to CSV or JSON formats. Currently, several techniques and chemicals are, in our opinion, unsuitable for use as anesthetics in crustaceans, and the basis for these opinions are presented. Given the evidence of a pain-like experience in crustaceans, we propose that researchers should treat crustaceans humanely, applying the principles of good handling, care, and the management of stress and pain to safeguard their welfare.

Context: Immunostimulants promote immune response and growth, and raise stress and aquaculture disease resistance. At times, the results are contradictory and misleading regarding their utilization. Accordingly, the following problematic was stated: Could the related scientific literature on prebiotics and probiotics that evaluate the indicators of the immune system of shrimps be the basis for decision-making in shrimp-culture immunostimulant use? Aim: To evaluate the influence of prebiotics and probiotics on the phenoloxidase expression and activity in Penaeus shrimps, using meta-analysis for decision-making in shrimp culture. Methods: Several searches were conducted in Pubmed, Science Direct, and Scopus, between 2008 and 2019, related to the influence of immunostimulants on phenoloxidase activity and gene expression. The statistical analysis was conducted by means of Metanalysis 0.9.2., with a 95% confidence interval. Results: A total of 262 scientific articles on prebiotic and probiotic evaluation in Penaeus shrimps were compiled. Out of them, 61 met the inclusion criteria for immunological response: 51 dealt with phenoloxidase activity, and 11 studied prophenoloxidase. Both prebiotics and probiotics stimulated the enzyme and proenzyme; the plant extracts had a major role in the modification of this activity, whereas the Bacilli produced the highest stimulation. Conclusions: The scientific literature on Penaeus shrimp phenoloxidase activity indicated careful evaluation due to the experimental design and way expressed in the results.

Abstract Objective Post-harvest shrimp losses are a big problem due to the proliferation of spoilage bacteria. Presence and multiplication of these bacteria promotes the emergence of food-borne diseases. This study was carried out to characterize some spoilage bacteria from tropical brackish water shrimps and black tiger shrimps stored in ambient temperature (25 °C). Results 22 isolates of Bacillus spp; 09 isolates of Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CNS) and 04 isolates of enterobacteria such as Pantoea spp (01); Serratia plymutica (01) and Serratia rubidaea (02) have been identified. Resistance and virulence genes were then detected. All isolates expressed resistance to at least three of antibiotics tested. 03 isolates of enterobacteria were susceptible to cetfazidim and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Bacillus spp showed total susceptibility to cefixim, ertapenem and cetfazidim. Staphylococci were susceptible to clindamycin. Pantoea spp was resistant to all antibiotics but exhibited intermediate susceptibility to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. 04 isolates of Staphylococci were positive to mecA resistances genes. All the enterobacteria harbor no tetracycline resistance genes. All the isolates of Bacillus exhibited the presence of enterotoxin genes. Also, a high prevalence of 21 isolates to hemolytic enterotoxins was noted. 17 isolates from them kept ability to cell-lyse factor production like sphingomyelinase activities. The majority of Bacillus isolates identified by the present study poses a potential risk of food poisoning due to the prevalence of toxin genes found.

Background Microbial communities associated with animals are known to be key elements in the development of their hosts. In marine environments, these communities are largely under the influence of the surrounding water. In aquaculture, understanding the interactions existing between the microbiotas of farmed species and their rearing environment could help establish precise bacterial management. Method In light of these facts, we studied the active microbial communities associated with the eggs and the nauplii of the Pacific blue shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris) and their rearing water. All samples were collected in September 2018, November 2018 and February 2019. After RNA extractions, two distinct Illumina HiSeq sequencings were performed. Due to different sequencing depths and in order to compare samples, data were normalized using the Count Per Million method. Results We found a core microbiota made of taxa related to Aestuariibacter, Alteromonas, Vibrio, SAR11, HIMB11, AEGEAN 169 marine group and Candidatus Endobugula associated with all the samples indicating that these bacterial communities could be transferred from the water to the animals. We also highlighted specific bacterial taxa in the eggs and the nauplii affiliated to Pseudomonas, Corynebacterium, Acinetobacter, Labrenzia, Rothia, Thalassolituus, Marinobacter, Aureispira, Oleiphilus, Profundimonas and Marinobacterium genera suggesting a possible prokaryotic vertical transmission from the breeders to their offspring. This study is the first to focus on the active microbiota associated with early developmental stages of a farmed shrimp species and could serve as a basis to comprehend the microbial interactions involved throughout the whole rearing process.

Abstract Although sulfites are widely used in shrimp processing, the contents of residual sulfite need to be strictly controlled due to their potential toxicity. In this paper, a novel method was developed for determination of the free and total sulfites in shrimps. Major procedures of the method includes separation of free and total sulfites with ultrasound‐assisted extraction and pH adjustment for 20 min, then a precolumn derivatization was conducted by 2,2′‐Dithiobis (5‐nitropyridine) and verified by LC‐MS, and finally HPLC coupled with an ultraviolet (UV) detector was carried out. Results indicated that the UV absorption wavelength shifted from 213 (sulfites) to 320 nm (new disulfide compounds), significantly reducing the interference of natural occurring compounds and solvents in the matrix. The standard curves exhibited a good linear range of 3.2–51.2 mg/L (R2 = 0.9996). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.3 and 1.0 mg/L, respectively. The contents of free and total sulfite in frozen shrimps were 26.58 ± 0.48 and 31.44 ± 0.83 mg/kg calculated by SO2, respectively. These were similar (p > 0.05) to the data obtained by the method of ion chromatography. In conclusion, the new developed method has been proved to be a reliable and economic method for effective determination of free and total sulfites in the shrimps, and the method could be expanded in determination of the sulfites in other food products.

Insects and shrimps represent the clade Pancrustacea of the phylum Arthropods. Being valuable sources of nutrients and bioactive compounds, insects and shrimps possess several physiological similarities but are processed and consumed in different ways. This review provides a comparative overview of the additional health benefits of insects and shrimps to assess their potential as a functional food. Hydrolysates, their antioxidant and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activities, fatty acids, cholesterol, minerals, vitamins, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, dietary fiber, as well as, in vivo studies on the consumption of insects and shrimps are discussed. Both organisms could be viewed as marine and terrestrial counterparts of high nutritional importance and valuable sources of bioactive compounds and proteins needed for designing new functional food and supplements. However, more in vivo and clinical studies are needed along with the safety and allergy assessment of insects to ensure their safety for human consumption.

The Min River Estuary and its adjacent waters, connecting to the East China Sea, is one of the most important fishing grounds in Fujian Province, southern China; however, stock assessments have not yet been conducted. In the present study, the length-based Bayesian estimation method was applied for the first time to assess 20 single-species fishery stocks in the region. Catches of eight fish species from the Class Actinopterygii and 12 shrimp species from the Class Malacostraca were obtained from two commercial demersal trawlers, operated in the Min River Estuary and its adjacent waters, in February, May, August, and November of 2017 and 2018, covering all four seasons. The results showed that eight species were overexploited with an estimated B/BMSY (i.e., the current exploited biomass relative to the biomass producing the maximum sustainable yield) < 0.8 (range from 0.26 to 0.71). Three overexploited fish species (Gray’s grenadier anchovy Coilia grayii, the big head croaker Collichthys lucidus, and the Trevavas croaker Johnius trewavasae) are commercially important food species in the region. All four overexploited shrimp species (the shrimp Parapenaeopsis cultrirostris, the Japanese snapping shrimp Alpehus japonicus, and the Caridean shrimps Palaemon annandalei and Palaemon carinicouda) are small-sized and have low commercial value. The three-lined tongue sole Cynoglossus abbreviates, a commercially important species, was classified as fully exploited (0.8 ≤ B/BMSY ≤ 1.2). Osbeck’s grenadier anchovy Coilia mystus and the Japanese mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria, both commercially important food species in the region, had non-fully exploited statuses (B/BMSY > 1.2). The results revealed that some commercially important food fishes are overexploited in the region and that small-sized, non-commercial food species can also be overexploited. There is an urgent need for local and national fisheries authorities to focus on coastal fishery management.

Growth rate, survival and food conversion ratio were compared for two species of shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus and Fenneropenaeus indicus in Bushehr Province in summer 2002. The research was done with two treatments each in three replications in 0.4 ha ponds. Twenty five post larvae of the shrimps in stage PL sub(12) with a mean weight of 5mg were stocked per square meter of the ponds and cultured for 109 days. We found significant differences during the first 31 days in SGR between P. semisulcatus and F. indicus (P0.05). The mean final harvest rate was 903.33kg and 1025.00kg in each pond for P. semisulcatus and F. indicus, respectively. No significant differences in physical and chemical parameters were observed between the two species......

The formation of reproductive adaptations in females of the suborders Dendrobranchiata and Pleocyemata (the first one is a more primitively organized group from the evolutionary perspective, while the second one is a younger and higher organized group) has been studied to distinguish the evolutionary aspects of their reproductive strategies. The structure of ovaries and the process of their maturation have been compared in different shrimp species. The type of oogenesis has been described. The size of mature oocytes and the values of absolute single fecundity have been evaluated. The evolutionary pathways of the morphology and anatomy of ovaries, vitellogenesis in species with large eggs, and the variability of gonadosomatic index have been shown. The results of evolution realized in reproductive adaptations are best seen at the macrotaxonomic level. Thus, two types of reproductive strategies (in each of four classes) have been distinguished and described. In Dendrobranchiata with poorly developed care for offspring, the following 4 classes of strategies have been revealed: well-expressed r-strategies (Aristeidae); medium-expressed r-strategists (some species of Penaeidae, Solenoceridae, Sicyoniidae); r-strategies with important components of K-strategy (some species of Solenoceridae, Benthesicymidae, Sergestidae); change of r-K strategy to the K-strategy (“incubation of embryos on pleopods”) (Luciferidae). Caring for offspring is well developed in Pleocyemata shrimps with the following 4 classes of strategies: K-strategies with important components of r-strategy (Nematocarcinidae, Acanthephyridae, some species of Pandalidae); medium-expressed K-strategies (Procarididae, Stenopodidae, Palaemonidae, some species of Crangonidae); well-expressed K-strategies (Pasiphaeidae, Oplophoridae, some species of Crangonidae); change of K-r strategy to r-strategy (refusal of caring for the offspring) (hydrothermal Alvinocarididae).

Shrimp remains (Crustacea decapoda) have been discovered in programmed archaeological excavations in the Roman harbour area of Ratiatum (Rezé, Loire-Atlantique). The parts of carapaces from these small animals can only be detected after carefully sieving sediment with a 1.1 mm square mesh. The discovery of these shrimp fragments is exceptional at an archaeological site and their presence here is linked to a good preservation in a damp environment. The morphology of the rostrum (rigid extension of the head) helps us to determine Palaemon longirostris whilst the morphology of the telson (the part at the rear end of the body of arthropods) makes the sand shrimp Crangon crangon clearly identifiable. The first species is quite considerable, nevertheless the second are rarer. The ecology of the main species Palaemon longirostris could testify that they were caught in an estuary such as that of the Loire. The fact that pieces of shrimps are systematically associated with small fish used in preparing fish sauces suggests that these shrimps were probably used in this type of preparation too.

Feeding habits of Caspian marine shad Alosa braschnikowii (Borodin, 1904), inhabiting in the western part of Caspian Sea such as prey spectrum and seasonal dynamics have been studied. As in other parts of Caspian Sea, throughout the year, the main hunt of Caspian marine shad constituted kilkas, gobies and shrimps while other groups of zoobenthos were represented in a lesser extent. Importance of other fishes and zoobenthos in the diet of Caspian marine shad is influenced by their ecological morpho-functional peculiarities. Seasonal changes of species composition and proportions of fodder food items are caused by life cycles of fishes and migrations of fodder entities. The changes of food composition depending length of fishes, the depth and haul region are analyzed. Caspian marine shad most intensively feeds in spring (March – April) before spawning and in summer (July) after spawning.

The community composition of decapods associated with subtidal tropical seagrass meadows was analyzed in a pristine reef lagoon on the Mexican Caribbean coast in the summer of 1995 and winter of 1998. The macrophyte community was dominated by Thalassia testudinum followed by Syringodium filiforme, with interspersed rhyzophytic macroalgae and large patches of drift algae. In each season, 10 one-min trawls were made with an epibenthic sled (mesh aperture 1 mm) during the day and 10 during the night on each of five sites. In all, 53,211 decapods belonging to 119 species were collected. The most diverse taxa were Brachyura and Caridea, but the most abundant were Caridea and Anomura. Dominance was high, with three species (Latreutes fucorum, Cuapetes americanus, and Thor manningi) accounting for almost 50% of individuals, and 10 species accounting for nearly 90% of individuals. There was great similarity in community composition and ecological indices between seasons, but significantly more individuals and species in night versus day samples. In the 20+ years elapsed since the samples were taken, the reef lagoon has undergone substantial environmental changes due to extensive coastal development and, more recently, the decay of massive beachings of floating Sargassum macroalgae. This study constitutes a valuable baseline for future studies investigating the potential impact of these stressors on tropical seagrass-associated communities.

Shrimps are mostly used in its dried state for several purposes in Ghana. They are food for several decades, used in many culinary dishes including baby foods as well as one of the main ingredients in the famous pepper sauce and can also be used in various foods to enhance flavor. Proximate composition of shrimps from three water sources: sea, lagoon and river was evaluated according to standard procedures of AOAC after exposure to gamma ionizing radiation from a Cobalt 60 source (SL 515, Hungary). Radiation doses used were 0, 4, 8 and 10 kGy at a dose rate of 1.7 kGy/h. Protein content ranged from 27.40 ± 1.30% to 34.35 ± 1.30%, ash 13.80 ± 0.09% to 15.42 ± 0.09%, fat 0.90 ± 0.01% to 1.72 ± 0.01% and moisture 9.36 ± 0.06% to 12.92 ± 0.06%. From the sea, river and lagoon, protein content ranged between 25.93 ± 1.13% and 34.42 ± 1.13%, ash 11.85 ± 0.08% and 18.25 ± 0.08%, fat 0.76 ± 0.01% and 1.83 ± 0.01% and moisture 9.22 ± 0.05% and 12.72 ± 0.05%. After 4 months of storage, there was a significant (p

New genetic data on Caucasian troglobiotic shrimps collected from the territory of Russia, Abkhazia and Western Georgia are presented. Based on new genetic data on the marker region of subunit I of cytochrome oxidase of mitochondrial DNA (COXI mtDNA) of Caucasian species and other taxa of European cave shrimps (Troglocaris s.l.) from GenBank (NCBI) database, a new generic structure is presented. Based on a significant genetic divergence of COXI mtDNA subgenera of Troglocaris s.l., namely Troglocaris s.s., Xiphocaridinella and Spelaeocaris, should be considered as separate genera while Troglocaris (Troglocaridella) hercegovinensis (Babić, 1922) is suggested to be transferred within Dinaric genus Spelaeocaris as Spealeocaris hercegovinensis (Babić, 1922) comb. nov. Besides, Troglocaris bosnica shows a significant a genetic difference (at the level of the separate genus) from the remaining representatives of the genus Troglocaris s.s. Moreover, p-distances (COXI) of about 17% are supposed for generic separation within European Troglocaris-related atyid shrimps and 5% for separation of cryptic species within Caucasian Xiphocaridinella. A list of all known taxa of Troglocaris-related atyid shrimps of the European part and a discussion of the general distribution of troglocaridid atyid shrimps in the Balkans and the Caucasus are presented. A new version of divergence events between Dinaric–Caucasian Troglocaris lineages (genera) based on new genetic data is suggested.

The phylogenetic analysis of Sergestoidea based on 253 morphological characters and encompassing all 99 valid species confirmed all previously recognized genus-level clades. Analysis retrieved five major robust clades that correspond to families Luciferidae, Sergestidae, Acetidae fam.n., Sicyonellidae fam.n. and Petalidiumidae fam.n. Synonymy, emended diagnoses and composition of revealed family-level clades are provided. Three types of morphological characters were important in the phylogeny of the Sergestoidea: general external characters, copulatory organs, and photophores. Novel metrics to quantify the contribution of these character types were tested. General external characters were significant in supporting the major clades (80% of the families and nearly half of the genera). Copulatory organ characters and photophores greatly supported the medium-level clades: Lucifer, Belzebub, Petalidium, Neosergestes, Challengerosergia (copulatory organ characters) and Lucensosergia, Challengerosergia, Gardinerosergia, Phorcosergia (photophores). An evolutionary model of the Sergestoidea showing their pathways into their principal biotopes is proposed: the major clades evolved in a vertical direction (from epi- to bathypelagic); further divergence at the genus level occurred within vertical zones in a horizontal direction, with the invasion of the benthopelagic and neritic (shelf and estuarine) habitats and speciation within these domains.

Species within Gennadas differ from each other largely only in male (petasma) and female (thelycum) copulatory characters, which were restudied in scanning electron microscopy and used as a basis for phylogenetic analyses. Twenty-six petasma characters and 49 thelycum characters were identified. All 16 recognized species of Gennadas and Aristaeomorpha foliacea (outgroup) were included as terminals. Four robust monophyletic clades were retrieved, described and diagnosed as new species groups. The thelycum characters had greater impact on tree topology and supported deeper nodes than did the petasma characters. We hypothesize that features of the thelycum evolved first followed by aspects of the petasma. Relatively more conservative characters include parts of the sternites of the thelycum and of the petasma, while the scuti and protuberances on the thelycum and the shape and subdivisions of the petasma lobes are evolutionarily plastic. We identified two groups of copulatory characters, which are likely coupled functionally and interlinked evolutionarily: (i) the external part of the petasma and the posterior part of the thelycum and (ii) the internal part of the petasma and anterior part of the thelycum. We reconstruct possible mating position during copulation for each of the new species groups presented here. We also present an updated key to genera of Benthesicymidae and key to species of Gennadas.

Indonesian water area is vast and has a great potential of natural resources. Most of the Indonesian people working as fisherman describes that ocean is place of making a living. Watery area resources Indonesian watery area is vast and has a great potential incude shrimps, fish, and other organism to support human life. Ocean organism has been known to contain nutrition which is good for human’s health. Shrimps contains omega 3, mineral, fat, citin, carotenoide (astaxanthin) and vitamin. The active compound have an ability to prevent disease and meet the nutritional need of body. Omega3 and astaxantin for example are active compounds found in shrimps. These compound play a role as antioxidant and free radicals scavenger can be supplement for pregnant women and baby. Omega 3 and antaksantine are found in various shrimps and fish. Thus, the development of product from this organism includes supplement, margarine, cake, souse, bread, kerupuk, flour and salt. In this review, the writer describes the the functional compound and its usage as food product.

We investigated effects of water quality on growth of the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared in Heleh region of Bushehr in the south of Iran. Physico-chemical parameters such as water temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, pH and clarity were investigated in three 0.5ha shrimp ponds. Nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and total phosphate), magnesium and sulphate as water quality factors were also investigated. Using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), a significant correlation (P0.05) while the afternoon pH values had negative significant correlation with the growth factors (P

We investigated the effects of Vibrionaceae family of bacteria as probiotics in the process of growth and survival rate of shrimp during propagation stages. Bacterial flora were extracted from seawater, culture farms, shrimp culture farms and sludge of private propagation farms. Different bacteria such as Vibrio alginolyticus (serotype 1-4), Vibrio splendidus I, Vibrio fluvialis II, Vibrio anguillarum I, Vibrio costicul, Vibrio vulnificaus, Vibrio nereis, Vibrio camplbelli, Vibrio natriegens, Vibrio proteolyticus, Vibrio plegius II ,Vibrio fischeri, Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas schuberti, Aeromonas salmonisida, Aeromonas veronii were isolated, identified and lyophilized. These bacteria were used in different experiments on shrimp life cycle stages while the shrimps were being fed on live food such as Chaetoceros, Skeletonema and Tetraselmis algae. Vibrio alginolyticus (serotype 1) with 107 cells/ml increased proliferation of Tetraselmis sp to 71 % in 6 days compared to the control e.....

Objective: To screen, isolate and optimize anti-white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) drug derived from various terrestrial plants and to evaluate the efficacy of the same in host–pathogen interaction model. Methods: Thirty plants were subjected to Soxhlet extraction using water, ethanol, methanol and hexane as solvents. The 120 plant isolates thus obtained were screened for their in vivo anti–WSSV property in Litopenaeus vannamei. The best anti–WSSV plant isolate, TP22C was isolated and further analyzed. The drug was optimized at various concentrations. Viral and immune genes were analysed using reverse transcriptase PCR to confirm the potency of the drug. Results: Seven plant isolates exhibited significant survivability in host. The drug TP22C thus formulated showed 86% survivability in host. The surviving shrimps were nested PCR negative at the end of the 15 d experimentation. The lowest concentration of TP22C required intramuscularly for virucidal property was 10 mg/mL. The oral dosage of 750 mg/kg body weight/day survived at the rate of 86%. Neither VP28 nor ie 1 was expressed in the test samples at 42nd hour and 84th hour post viral infection. Conclusions: The drug TP22C derived from Momordica charantia is a potent anti-white spot syndrome virus drug.

Objective: To screen, isolate and optimize anti-white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) drug derived from various marine floral ecosystems and to evaluate the efficacy of the same in host–pathogen interaction model. Methods: Thirty species of marine plants were subjected to Soxhlet extraction using water, ethanol, methanol and hexane as solvents. The 120 plant isolates thus obtained were screened for their in vivo anti-WSSV property in Litopenaeus vannamei. By means of chemical processes, the purified anti-WSSV plant isolate, MP07X was derived. The drug was optimized at various concentrations. Viral and immune genes were analysed using reverse transcriptase PCR to confirm the potency of the drug. Results: Nine plant isolates exhibited significant survivability in host. The drug MP07X thus formulated showing 85% survivability in host. The surviving shrimps were nested PCR negative at the end of the 15 d experimentation. The lowest concentration of MP07X required intramuscularly for virucidal property was 10 mg/mL. The oral dosage of 1 000 mg/kg body weight/day survived at the rate of 85%. Neither VP28 nor ie 1 was expressed in the test samples at 42nd hour and 84th hour post viral infection. Conclusions: The drug MP07X derived from Rhizophora mucronata is a potent anti-WSSV drug.

En el Pacífico de Costa Rica se ha encontrado 117 especies de camarones y langostas. Estas se ubican en el Suborden Dendrobranchiata (Penaeoidea, 25 spp.; Sergestoidea, 1 sp.); y en el Suborden Pleocyemata (Caridea, 73 spp.; Astacidea, 1 sp; Thalassinidea, 13 spp. y Palinura, 4 spp.). Veintisiete especies (23%) son nuevos infomes para Costa Rica. Cinco informes representan ampliaciones de ámbito, tres de importancia: Pontonia simplex (Holthuis, 1951) se extiende la distribución desde la bahía Tenacatitán, México hasta bahía Culebra, Guanacaste; Veleronia serratifrons (Holthuis, 1951) se amplia la distribución al norte desde La Libertad, Ecuador hasta Sámara, Guanacaste y Axiopsis serratifrons (A. Milne Edwards, 1873) también al norte desde la isla Gorgona, Colombia hasta bahía Culebra, Guanacaste. Nueve especies fueron descritas con material recolectado en Costa Rica y dos son endémicas. 43% de las especies de camarones del Pacífico este se encuentran en la costa Pacífica de Costa Rica. El total de especies indicado aquí es probablemente una subestimación de la diversidad de estos grupos en el Pacífico de Costa Rica.A total of 117 species of shrimp and lobster are known from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. They belong to the Suborders Dendrobranchiata, Superfamily Penaeoidea (26 species) and Pleocyemata, Infraorder Caridea (73), Astacidea (one), Thalassinidea (13), and Palinura (four species). Twenty seven species (23%) are reported for the first time for Costa Rica. The distribution range of five species is extended, three of which are significant: Pontonia simplex (Holthuis, 1951) from Tenacatitán Bay, México to Culebra Bay, Guanacaste; Veleronia serratifrons (Holthuis, 1951) from La Libertad, Ecuador to Sámara, Guanacaste and Axiopsis serratifrons (A. Milne Edwards, 1873) from Gorgona Island, Colombia to Culebra Bay, Guanacaste. Nine species, two of which are endemic, were described based on specimens collected in Costa Rica. Forty three percent of the tropical eastern Pacific species of shrimps are found on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica.

Abstract Background The lipid fraction of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis (kunth. Muell)) seed was extracted and analyzed for toxicological effect. The toxicological compound such as linamarin in rubber seed oil (RSO) extracted using different solvents, such as hexane (RSOh), mixture of chloroform + methanol (RSOchl+mth) and ethanol (RSOeth) were also studied. Various methods analysis such as Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and colorimetric methods were carried out to determine the present of such compounds. Results FTIR spectrum of RSO did not show any presence of cyanide peak. The determination of cyanide by using colorimetric method was demonstrated no response of the cyanide in RSO and didn’t show any colored comparing with commercial cyanide which observed blue color. The results showed that no functional groups such as cyanide (C ≡ N) associated with linamarin were observed. Toxicological test using rats was also conducted to further confirm the absence of such compounds. RSO did not show any toxic potential to the rats. Bioassay experiments using shrimps had been used as test organisms to evaluate the toxicity of linamarin extract from RSOh, RSOchl+mth and RSOeth and LC50 were found to be (211.70 %, 139.40 %, and 117.41 %, respectively). Conclusions This can be attributed no hazardous linamarin were found in RSO.