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Stunting in children under five years old is a major health problem in Indonesia. A compromised immune system in stunted children increases the risk of infection which has an impact on morbidity and mortality. Moreover, food intake is one of the causes of decreased immunity, where carbohydrate, fiber, and immunoglobulin-A levels in the intestine are related to the immunity of children under five years old. The assessment of feces content can provide an overview of carbohydrates, fiber, and immunoglobulin-A levels in the intestine. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the comparison of carbohydrate, fiber, and immunoglobulin-A levels in feces for stunted children. An observational method with a case-control design was used, and it was conducted in Tuban Regency from May to July 2023. Forty stool samples were obtained from 20 stunted children and 20 non-stunted children who were tested for carbohydrates, fiber, and immunoglobulin-A. Subsequently, the data were analyzed with a comparison test to determine the differences between the two groups. The results showed that carbohydrate and immunoglobulin-A levels were higher, while fiber levels in feces were lower in stunted children (p≥0.05). It was concluded that there were differences in levels of carbohydrates, fiber, and immunoglobulin-A in the intestines of stunted children.

Latar belakang: Peningkatan penyakit hati masih menjadi permasalahan kesehatan di dunia. Di Indonesia, sebagian besar penyakit hati didominasi oleh sirosis hepatis. Salah satu penyebab kerusakan hati adalah peningkatan jumlah radikal bebas dalam tubuh. Hal ini akan mengakibatkan kerusakan dan kematian sel hati serta menimbulkan jaringan fibrotik. Penurunan jumlah sel hati akan mengakibatkan gangguan fungsi hati secara keseluruhan. Pemberian antioksidan dapat mengurangi radikal bebas yang masuk ke dalam tubuh. Salah satu tanaman yang memiliki kandungan antioksidan adalah terung pipit (Solanum torvum). Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efikasi antioksidan pada rebusan akar terung pipit (Solanum torvum) terhadap kerusakan hati dengan induksi CCL4 pada Rattus norvegicus. Metode: Pada penelitian ini adalah eksperimental dengan menggunakan desain Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT). Proses penelitian dilakukan selama 11 hari dengan membagi hewan coba menjadi 6 kelompok dengan masing-masing kelompok berjumlah 5 ekor. Setiap kelompok perlakuan akan dilakukan 5 hari diinduksi dengan CCL4 dan dilanjutkan dengan 7 hari pemberian rebusan akar terung pipit (Solanum torvum) dengan dosis berbeda (0,5; 1,0; 1,5 mg/grBB/hari). Parameter yang digunakan adalah kadar SGOT-SGPT dan bilirubin dalam darah. Hasil: Penelitian memperlihatkan adanya penurunan kadar SGOT-SGPT dan bilirubin dalam darah pada kelompok yang diberikan rebusan akar terung pipit (p≤0,05). Peningkatan dosis pemberian akar terung pipit semakin menurunkan parameter penelitian, walaupun tidak mencapai nilai kelompok kontrol negatif. Simpulan: Kandungan antioksidan pada rebusan akar terung pipit (Solanum torvum) dapat mengurangi penurunan kadar SGOT-SGPT dan bilirubin dalam darah akibat kerudakan hepar pada hewan coba yang diinduksi CCL4.

Construction workers were at high risk for chronic lung disease and decreased lung function, which often causes coughing symptoms. Self-medicated cough medicines were not only at risk for the incidence of side effects but also associated with the economy. This study aimed to determine differences in knowledge and perceptions about pulmonary function disorders. This study was an observational study using a case-control design conducted from April to December 2018. The subject was actively working in Rungkut subdistrict, Surabaya. Data will be presented descriptively, with relationships and differences analyzed using the chi-square test. Respondents found in both groups were 158, with 79 respondents in each group. Most of the respondents had a very high level of knowledge and perception in the group with impaired lung function (p=0.000). In addition, there is a relationship between knowledge and perception of self-medication of cough medicine. In conclusion, knowledge is related to construction workers' perception of self-medication of cough medicine.

Introduction: Herbal extracts are often administered to cigarette smokers to prevent excessive free radicals. These include Brassica oleracea var. Italica, known to contain high antioxidant flavonoids and selenium micronutrients. Therefore, this study aims to determine the efficacy of Brassica oleracea var extract. italica in reducing the free radicals and inflammation present in experimental animals exposed to cigarette smoke. Design and Methods: This research was conducted based on an experimental method using a randomized controlled trial (RCT) for 21 days. The animals used were divided into six groups (negative control, positive control, and four treatments). Particularly, the positive control and treatment groups were exposed to cigarette smoke for 2 minutes, twice a day, at 50 PPM CO levels. The treatment groups were administered the extract at different doses (0.5 ml; 0.75 ml; 1 ml; 1.25 ml), before assessing the blood level of malondialdehyde and C-Reactive Protein. Result: The results showed the tendency for exposure to smoke to increase the number of free radicals and stimulate inflammation responses in the body (P

Introduction: Omega-3 fatty acids were found to be effective in reducing inflammation and free radicals caused by air pollution (cigarette smoke), as well as improving lung function. Furthermore, economic conditions can influence a person's food consumption habits. The type of food consumed will certainly affect the amount of omega-3 absorbed by the body, and the quality of food consumed is influenced by socioeconomic status (SES). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine omega-3 intake and its relationship with the socioeconomic status of online motorcycle drivers. Design and Methods: This was an observational study with a cross-sectional method of measuring omega-3 consumption using a 24-hour food recall questionnaire and assessing the mean of omega-3 intake after 3 days. The was conducted from May-August 2020, in Kali Rungkut, Surabaya City, and the subjects were online motorcycle drivers. A Chi-square test was used to assess the relationship between omega-3 intake and SES (income and education). Results: There were 49 respondents in this study with most of them having a classification of omega-3 intake at the deficit level (57.14%), and none belonging to the good and more level. There was a significant difference in omega-3 intake on income (p=0.000) and education (p=0.000). Conclusions: Income and education must be prioritized to improve a healthy diet that includes omega-3.

Diabetes melitus merupakan penyakit dengan kondisi hiperglikemia dalam tubuh. Berbagai komplikasi yang ditimbulkan dari diabetes melitus dapat mengganggu kualitas hidup penderita. Pengetahuan mengenai penyakit diabetes sangat diperlukan bagi penderita diabetes. Hal ini diharapkan akan menimbulkan kesadaran bagi penderita diabetes untuk menerapkan pola hidup sehat dan menjalani terapi pengobatan secara teratur, sehingga dapat mencegah dan mengurangi dampak komplikasi yang ditimbulkan oleh diabetes melitus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan diabetes pada pederita diabetes di Puskesmas Brondong, Lamongan. Pada penelitian menggunakan studi case control yang membagi menjadi kelompok diabetes dan kelompok non diabetes. Besar sampel pada setiap kelompok adalah 50 orang dan dilakukan dengan cara purposive sampling. Data yang telah terkumpul akan dilakukan uji korelasi spearman umtuk mengetahui hubungan kedua variabel. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan pada tingkat pengetahuan diabetes antara kedua kelompok (p=0,000) serta memiliki hubungan yang kuat (r=0,578). Pada penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa kelompok diabetes memiliki tingkat pengetahuan yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kelompok non diabetes di Puskesmas Brondong, Lamongan. Sehingga diharapkan pemberian penyuluhan dapat dilakukan dalam meningkatkan kesadaran terhadap diabetes di masyarakat.

The increasing number of tobacco users will directly impact to an increase in the number of passive smokers. Various harmful substances that enter the respiratory tract can cause health problems. The airway will recognize these substances as pathogen and activate immune response accordingly. Inflammatory response becomes one of the effects of body compensation due to an increased pathogen. This effect is indicated by the elevation of C-Reactive Protein as one systemic inflammatory response parameters in the body. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of red mulberry juice to reduce levels of C-Reactive Protein in Wistar rats because exposure to cigarette smoke. This is an experimental study with a post-test control group design. Animals were divided into negative control group, positive control group, and 3 treatment groups with different red mulberry doses. The positive control group showed the highest increase in C-Reactive Protein levels compared with the red mulberry intake group (p

Vitamin D deficiency is a problem worldwide, with the primary source of it being sun exposure, which activates the skin's vitamin D substrate. A diet lacking in vitamin D can put people at risk for obesity. The study aimed to determine the relationship between the risk of vitamin D deficiency and obesity in adolescents in Surabaya. It is a case-control research design conducted from March 2018 to January 2019 in a private university in Surabaya, East Java. Respondents were 200 students divided into two groups. The data collection method used the Food Frequency Questionnaire with Spearman correlation analysis to determine the relationship between vitamin D intake and obesity. The results are that the relationship between intake of vitamin D in food and obesity was very strong (0.816). The comparison between the two groups of respondents was 0.666, indicating that the non-obese group had an increased risk of vitamin D deficiency by 0.6 times compared to the obese group. There was a significant relationship between vitamin D intake in food and obesity. It is necessary to investigate further the intake of other foods and the factors that influence obesity in students.

Background: Most elderly age groups in Indonesia experience vitamin D deficiency. Increasing age and decreasing food intake of vitamin D will trigger an increase in metabolic diseases. One of the most common effects of metabolic diseases is obesity. Unhealthy diet can reduce consumption of foods that contain sources of vitamin D. The suitability of diet in preventing vitamin D deficiency is influenced by the level of knowledge about the type of food, benefits and needs about vitamin D. Objectives: To analyze the relationship of vitamin D diet in older people with obesity to the level of knowledge of vitamin D.Methods: This was analytic observational study with case control design. Data collection technique was using purposive sampling. The sample in this research were geriatric with obesity and non-obesity. Subjects in each group were 88 elderly people according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Instruments in this research were Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and questionnaire knowledge of vitamin D amounted to 11 questions that have been done validity (r> 0.361) and reliability (Cronbach's Alpha> 0.6). Chi Square test was used to compare age factor with food intake and vitamin D knowledge. Results: There was significant relationship between the level of knowledge and the pattern of vitamin D intake in old age (r = 0.293; p = 0.000). However there was no difference between intake patterns and level of knowledge on vitamin D in elderly obese and non-obese (p> 0.05). Conclusion: increased in vitamin D knowledge can improve food intake patterns in geriatric. ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Kelompok usia lanjut di indonesia sebagian besar mengalami defisiensi vitamin D. Pertambahan usia dan penurunan asupan makanan vitamin D akan memicu peningkatan penyakit metabolik. Salah satu dampak penyakit metabolik yang paling sering terjadi adalah obesitas. Pola makan yang tidak sesuai dapat menurunkan konsumsi makanan yang mengandung sumber vitamin D. Kesesuaian pola makan dalam mencegah defisiensi vitamin D salah satunya dipengaruhi oleh tingkat pengetahuan mengenai jenis makanan, manfaat dan kebutuhan tubuh akan vitamin D. Tujuan: Melihat hubungan pola makan dan pengetahuan vitamin D pada usia lanjut dengan obesitas. Metode: Penelitian ini adalah observational dengan desain case control. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan purposive sampling. Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah masyarakat pada usia lanjut dengan obesitas dan non-obesitas. Subjek penelitian pada tiap kelompok berjumlah 88 orang yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Instrumen pada penelitian ini adalah Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) dan kuisioner pengetahun vitamin D berjumlah 11 soal yang telah dilakukan validitas (r>0,361) dan reliabilitas (Cronbach’s Alpha > 0,6). Uji Chi Square digunakan untuk melihat hubungan pola makan vitamin D dan tingkat pengetahuan pada usia lanjut dengan obesitas dan non-obesitas. Hasil: Adanya hubungan tingkat pengetahuan dan pola asupan vitamin D pada usia lanjut (r=0,293; p=0,000). Namun tidak terdapat perbedaan antara pola asupan dan tingkat pengetahuan terhadap vitamin D pada lansia obesitas dan non obesitas (p>0,05). Kesimpulan: Peningkatan pengetahuan tentang vitamin D dapat memperbaiki pola asupan makanan pada usia lanjut.

Asthma could affect quality of life and decrease productivity. The worsening of asthma symptoms also affected lung function. Symptoms of asthma could be control by self-management. The patient's behavior in self-management influenced by his perception of asthma. This research aims to determine effect of perception of disease on health function of parents in asma patients in surabaya. Research using observational methods with cross sectional design. Research Subjects were outpatient asthma patients aged 17-25 years. Data collection was conducted from June 2015 to January 2016 in Surabaya, to 27 people. Assessment of asthma perception use Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ) and health condition of lung function with peak flow meter to assess PEF (peak expiratory flow). The results of this study indicate that both groups have a PEF value 0.05) between disease perceptions based on the number of asthma-related symptoms with lung function (PEF), with the greatest answer as the cause of asthma that is genetic. Therefore, the perception of asthma does not affect lung function (PEF) in adult asthma patients in Surabaya.

Masons are regularly exposed to air pollution in the workplace The pollution exposure received by them is a risk factor for respiratory problems. Most of the masons had insufficient knowledge that is very important for the management of a person's illness. The purpose of this study was to determine relationship of knowledge on respiratory disorders with lung function in masons in east surabaya. This research was an observational study with a cross-sectional design with a purposive method.The research was conducted from April to July 2019 in the East Surabaya area. The variables that will be observed in this study are the level of knowledge of risk factors, symptoms, and treatment and therapy regarding respiratory disorders. In this study, there were 158 respondents consisting of 79 groups with impaired lung function and 79 groups without lung function disorders. Most of the level of knowledge of both groups was good in risk factors and treatment of respiratory disease, but instead on the symptoms regarding respiratory disease. The research showed that there was a relationship between the level of knowledge about risk factors for respiratory disease (p(0.223)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a high risk for active smokers. Early assessment of the condition of lung function is needed to prevent a decrease in lung function. Knowledge of self-management that determines lung health. The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge of lung function health in predicting respiratory disorders. The study design was a case-control from August 2018 to January 2019. Data was collected through a questionnaire, namely a lung health knowledge questionnaire consisting of categories: risk factors, symptoms, and therapy for respiratory disorders. The research sample was adult men who work in the transportation sector in Surabaya city using purposive sampling. Data analysis using chi-square. The data obtained were 300 people, consisting of 126 people without lung function disorders and 174 people with pulmonary function disorders. The risk factor knowledge category showed a significant difference (p=0.000) between the group, with the most disorders at the low knowledge level (42.0%). The symptom knowledge category showed a significant difference (p=0.000) between groups, and most of the groups with disorders were at a low knowledge level (55.8%). The category of knowledge of respiratory symptoms showed a significant difference (p=0.000) between groups, with the knowledge level in both of them mostly at a sufficient level. Therefore, low lung function health knowledge reflects low lung function conditions. IDENTIFIKASI PENGETAHUAN KESEHATAN FUNGSI PARU DALAM MEMPREDIKSI GANGGUAN PERNAPASAN PADA PEROKOK Penyakit paru obstruktif kronik (PPOK) berisiko tinggi dialami oleh perokok aktif. Pengkajian dini terhadap kondisi fungsi paru diperlukan untuk mencegah penurunan fungsi paru. Pengetahuan tentang manajemen diri yang menentukan kesehatan paru. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengetahuan kesehatan fungsi paru dalam memprediksi gangguan pernapasan. Desain penelitian adalah case-control dari Agustus 2018 hingga Januari 2019. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui kuesioner, yaitu kuesioner pengetahuan kesehatan paru yang terdiri atas kategori: faktor risiko, gejala, dan terapi gangguan pernapasan. Sampel penelitian adalah laki-laki dewasa yang bekerja di sektor transportasi di Kota Surabaya dengan menggunakan purposive sampling. Analisis data menggunakan chi-square. Data yang diperoleh sebanyak 300 orang, terdiri atas 126 orang tanpa gangguan fungsi paru dan 174 orang dengan gangguan fungsi paru. Kategori pengetahuan faktor risiko menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermakna (p=0,000) antarkelompok dengan gangguan terbanyak pada pengetahuan tingkat rendah (42,0%). Kategori pengetahuan gejala menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermakna (p=0,000) antarkelompok dan sebagian besar kelompok dengan gangguan berada pada pengetahuan tingkat rendah (55,8%). Kategori pengetahuan gejala pernapasan menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermakna (p=0,000) antarkelompok dengan tingkat pengetahuan keduanya sebagian besar pada tingkat cukup. Oleh karena itu, pengetahuan kesehatan fungsi paru yang rendah mencerminkan kondisi fungsi paru yang rendah.

Approximately 64 million people suffer from copd and 3 million people die from copd. No exception to pedicab rickshaw drivers, which is one job that has a high risk of copd. From workplace factors that are always exposed to vehicle fumes and dust pollution and also lifestyles such as smoking habits. Pedal rickshaw drivers are also classified as low economic groups, so their daily food intake is sometimes insufficient. Thus making daily protein intake also reduced, protein intake is very important in copd disease. Where protein can improve the performance of respiratory muscles and improve immune function. This study uses a 24-hour recall method by recording the respondent's food history in the last 24 hours to see how daily food protein intake. In this study lung function measurements were also performed using spirometry where the normal value is if fev1 / fvc> 70%. Obtained a total of 124 respondents with a total of 62 in the lung function disorder group and 62 non-impaired groups of respondents aged an average of 55-64 years with a history of working as a pedicab driver for approximately 5 years. In the different test the asymp sig has a result of 0.000 where the conclusions in this study are as follows: there is a significant difference between daily food protein intake in the pedicab rickshaw driver group with impaired pulmonary function and non pedestrian pedicab driver.

Indonesia has an increasing number of obese people every year. Risk factors and complications caused by obesity can increase morbidity and mortality in the community. One of factors causing the increasing number of obese people is caused by the decreasing level of physical activities done by Indonesian people.This study aims to determine the effect of physical activity levels on the risk of obesity. The study used an observational analytic case control design. Subjects were chosen through a purposive sampling method. The population was young adults in Surabaya. The sample of the study included 97 obese adults and 97 non-obese adults. The study was conducted in March - July 2018 in South Surabaya through distributing questionnaires to two groups. The questionnaire given used the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). The results showed that physical activity performed by adult age group of obesity was mostly classified as low activity (59,8%), while non-obese adult age group was mostly included in medium activity (56,6%).This shows a significant difference in physical activity between obese and non-obese groups (p=0,047). It can be concluded that decreased levels of physical activity may increase the risk of obesity in adult.

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is diseases caused by exposure to cigarette smoke. Cigarette smoke carries free radicals into the airways which can lead to acute exacerbations in patients. Objectives: explanation of inflammatory processes in the airways in patients with PPOK due to an increase in free radicals. Discusion: In the human body, free radicals are metabolic products from normal cells and function as one of the body's defense systems. Free radicals can be Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS), both of which can be obtained from the inside (endogenous) or from outside the body (exogenous). In the pathological, exposure to cigarette smoke causes an imbalance between the amount of free radicals produced in the body so that it can lead to oxidative stress. Conclusion: An increase in the number of free radicals will directly affect inflammatory mediators in the body. Increased free radicals will trigger the inflammatory process locally in the airways and systemically, so increasing the rate of exacerbations in COPD patients. ABSTRAK Latar Belakang : Penyakit PPOK ditimbulkan akibat paparan asap rokok yang terus menerus. Radikal bebas yang dibawa oleh asap rokok terhirup masuk kedalam saluran napas dapat menimbulkan eksaserbasi. Tujuan : Menjelaskan proses eksaserbasi yang dipengaruhi oleh proses inflamasi pada penderita PPOK akibat peningkatan radikal bebas. Ulasan : Pada tubuh manusia, radikal bebas merupakan produk hasil metabolisme dari sel normal. Pada keadaan normal, Radikal bebas berfungsi sebagai salah satu sistem pertahanan tubuh. Radikal bebas dapat berupa Reactive Oxygen Spesies (ROS) dan Reactive Nitrogen Spesies (RNS), keduanya dapat diperoleh melalui dari dalam (endogen) maupun dari luar tubuh (eksogen). Pada keadaan patologis akibat paparan asap rokok menimbulkan ketidakseimbangan antara jumlah radikal bebas yang dihasilkan dalam tubuh sehingga dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya stress oksidatif. Kesimpulan:Peningkatan jumlah radikal bebas secara langsung akan berpengaruh pada mediator inflamasi pada tubuh. Peningkatan radikal bebas akan memicu proses inflamasi secara lokal pada saluran napas dan sistemik sehingga meningkatkan angka kejadian eksaserbasi pada penderita PPOK.

Hyperglycemia is a metabolic disease that is most often found and continuously increasing. Various complications due to hyperglycemia in the blood can cause tissue damage. It will increase free radicals that can trigger an inflammatory response characterized by an increased C-reactive protein in the blood. Prevention can be done by administering flavonoid antioxidant and lime peel containing high flavonoid. This study aims to analyze the efficacy of lime peel extract against C-reactive protein level with hyperglycemia through alloxan-induced Wistar rats (140 mg/kgBW). It is an experimental study using a post-test control group design that was carried out at the Pharmacology Laboratory of the Universitas Surabaya for the period July–August 2020. Experimental Wistar rats were divided into a negative control group, a positive control group, and three groups with different doses of lime peel extract (2.35 mg, 4.7 mg, and 9.4 mg). Treatment was carried out for 30 days before measuring the C-reactive protein levels in the blood using ELISA. The results showed a difference in C-reactive protein level between groups (Man-Whitney, p=0.004). The increase in the dose of lime peel extract (9.4 mg) showed the lowest C-reactive protein level. Therefore, it can be concluded that the administration of lime peel extract in hyperglycemia conditions can reduce the inflammatory process in the body. EFEK EKSTRAK KULIT JERUK NIPIS (CITRUS AURANTIFOLIA SWINGLE) TERHADAP KADAR C-REACTIVE PROTEIN PADA TIKUS WISTAR YANG DIINDUKSI ALOKSAN Hiperglikemia merupakan penyakit metabolik yang paling sering dijumpai dan terus mengalami peningkatan dari tahun ke tahun. Berbagai komplikasi akibat hiperglikemia dalam darah dapat menyebabkan kerusakan jaringan. Hal ini dikarenakan hiperglikemia akan meningkatkan radikal bebas sehingga memicu respons inflamasi yang ditandai dengan peningkatan C-reactive protein dalam darah. Pencegahan dapat dilakukan dengan pemberian asupan antioksidan flavonoid. Kulit jeruk nipis memiliki kandungan flavonoid yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis efikasi ekstrak kulit jeruk nipis terhadap kadar C-reactive protein pada tikus Wistar dengan kondisi hiperglikemia melalui induksi aloksan (140 mg/kgBB). Metode pada penelitian ini adalah eksperimental dengan menggunakan post-test control group yang dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Farmakologi Universitas Surabaya periode Juli–Agustus 2020. Hewan coba tikus Wistar dibagi menjadi kelompok kontrol negatif, kelompok kontrol positif, dan tiga kelompok perlakuan dengan pemberian dosis ekstrak jeruk nipis yang berbeda (2,35 mg; 4,7 mg; dan 9,4 mg). Pemberian perlakuan dilakukan selama 30 hari, selanjutnya akan dilakukan pengukuran kadar C-reactive protein dalam darah dengan menggunakan ELISA. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan perbedaan kadar C-reactive protein antarkelompok (Mann-Whitney, p=0,004). Peningkatan pemberian dosis ekstrak kulit jeruk nipis (9,4 mg) menunjukkan penurunan kadar C-reactive protein paling rendah. Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak kulit jeruk nipis pada kondisi hiperglikemia dapat menurunkan proses inflamasi dalam tubuh.

Background: Most people believe that electric cigarettes have no negative effect on health, which causes them to use it more. However, exposure to the smoke from these cigarettes is bad for the health and causes cell damage. Antioxidants play an important role in preventing cell damage, and they can be obtained through the oral administration of selenomethionine. Design and methods: This study used an experimental method and a post-test control group design. Male Wistar rats, which were exposed to cigarette smoke were given selenomethionine orally and then tested for the presence of free radicals. The measurement of lung tissue damage was conducted by assessing the level of malondialdehyde in the blood and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of the lung tissue. Result: The study showed that differences in the time of administration of selenomethionine affect the levels of malondialdehyde in the blood and expression of malondialdehyde in the lung tissue (p

Background: The consumption of EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid), and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), from fish oil, in the long run, has been observed to have a positive impact on patients with coronary heart disease. Fish oil products, with so much EPA and DHA content are available, and have very variable prices. Therefore, as a therapy to be used for long-term treatment, the cost factor is to be considered. Design and methods: This study analyzed the content of EPA and DHA, using GC-MS. The sample to be analyzed was the fish oil that has the lowest price (Product A1), and that of the highest (Product A2). Furthermore, the macroscopic analysis was performed, by observing the physical form including organoleptic and qualitative tests, by reading the fragments identified by EPA and DHA. Results: Clinical trials were conducted on patients (about 46 people), with risk factors and dyslipidemia. Product A1 showed EPA at tR= 15.574 min (relative%= 88.49%, similarity= 95%), and DHA at tR= 21.714 min (relative%= 88.92%, similarity= 93%). Product A2 showed EPA at tR= 28.719 min (relative%= 22.58%, similarity= 89%), and DHA at tR= 32.327 min (relative%= 22.87%, similarity= 90%), which meant that both had EPA and DHA contents, in accordance with their labels. Both products were confirmed to reduce total cholesterol in 4weeks (p=0.000, p= 0.000), with no significant difference in their effectiveness (p=0.652). Conclusion: The results showed that both the A1 and A2 products, had the EPA and DHA contents in accordance with their respective labels. However, with the A2 product having a percentage relatively higher than that of the A1 brand, both are equally very effective.

Fish oil contains omega-3 as an anti-inflammatory effect that can inhibit the production of arachidonic acid 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5), an enzyme that aggravates the inflammation of the lungs that cause asthma. This study aims to determine the effect of omega-3 from fish oil on improving lung function with peak expiratory flow (PEF) value in patients with outpatient asthma in Surabaya. The research design used in this research is pre-post test design and lung function examination by using a peak flow meter. Then follow up every week for four weeks during the use of fish oil, and the results of his research were analyzed by t test. The study was conducted from April 2017 until January 2018 in Surabaya. The sample of the study was 27 adult asthma patients. The results showed that most of the study subjects had an increase in PEF value every week. Besides, there was a significant increase of PEF values gradually at T0 (before intervention) to T4 (intervention for four weeks), indicating an improved effect after the use of fish oil in a four-week study sample. In conclusion, fish oil containing omega-3 is effective in improving lung function in outpatient asthma patients. PILOT STUDI PERBAIKAN FUNGSI PARU MENURUT NILAI PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW (PEF) MENGGUNAKAN TERAPI MINYAK IKAN MENGANDUNG OMEGA-3 PADA ASMA Minyak ikan mengandung omega-3 sebagai efek antiinflamasi yang dapat menghambat produksi asam arakidonat 5-lipoksigenase (ALOX5) merupakan enzim yang memperburuk peradangan paru yang menyebabkan asma. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh omega-3 dari minyak ikan terhadap perbaikan fungsi paru dengan nilai peak expiratory flow (PEF) pada pasien asma dewasa rawat jalan di Surabaya. Desain penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pre-post test dan pemeriksaan fungsi paru menggunakan peak flow meter. Kemudian dilakukan follow up setiap minggu selama empat minggu selama penggunaan minyak ikan dan hasilnya dianalisis dengan uji t. Penelitian dilakukan pada April 2017 hingga Januari 2018 di Surabaya. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 27 pasien asma dewasa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar subjek penelitian mengalami peningkatan nilai PEF setiap minggunya. Selain itu, terdapat peningkatan signifikan nilai PEF secara bertahap pada T0 (sebelum intervensi) sampai T4 (intervensi selama empat minggu) yang menunjukkan efek membaik setelah penggunaan minyak ikan pada sampel penelitian selama empat minggu. Simpulan, minyak ikan yang mengandung omega-3 terbukti efektif dalam perbaikan fungsi paru pada pasien asma rawat jalan.

Background: Individuals tend to develop metabolic disorders and other chronic diseases, due to the poor conduction of physical activities. Meanwhile, a high level of physical activity positively affects the quality of life. However, irrespective of the numerous studies reported on the correlation between age, weight, and physical activity, there is limited study on the differences of physical activities in the geriatric and adult groups of obese and non-obese people. This study, therefore, aims to investigate the effect of age and weight on physical activity in geriatric and adult groups. Design and methods: The purposive sampling technique was used to obtain data from 154 respondents from community-integrated health care in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. These respondents were equally divided into two groups of adult (21-60 years) and geriatric (>60 years) groups. Results: The Chi-Square test showed that there were no significant differences between physical activity in the obese and nonobese people of the geriatric groups (P>0.05). Conversely, in the adult group, there were significant differences between physical activities and the age of obese and non-obese groups (P

Smoking is major cause of respiratory disorders and the data report in 2012 shows in Indonesia there are 384.058 cases of disesase caused by cigarettes. Nicotine and other substance in cigarette smokes are known that will affect nutritional intake and lung function of active smokers. This study observed healthy adult males aged 18-40 who were divided into two groups of active smokers with minimal 2 years exposure to filter type cigarettes and nonsmoker in 2018. Purpose of this study are to analyze the influence of smoking on nutrition intake and lung function and compared the results with nonsmoker groups. Data from 63 respondents in each group showed significant differences in nutrition intake and lung function (%FVC dan %FEV1) (p=0,001) in both groups. Results of this study showed an average caloric intake of 1787,37 calories and decreased the value of %FVC and %FEV1 respectively 90,48% and 96,83% of respondents in the active smokers group. Results of correlation test showed there is a significant relationship between nutritional intake on lung function.

Asthma has become one of the health problems in the world. Asthma is characterized by chronic inflammation of the respiratory tract which leads to breathlessness, wheezing, and airflow limitation. Inflammatory reaction in asthma is related to inadequate vitamin D level. Vitamin D is a vitamin produced naturally by the body when exposed to sunlight that has immunomodulatory properties can reduce inflammation. Knowledge and positive attitude to sun exposure are necessary to prevent severe asthma attacks. This was a cross-sectional study involving 26 subjects in a private university in east Surabaya during January–June 2017 that was aimed to determine the relation between vitamin D and knowledge and attitude towards sunlight exposure. Data were collected by measuring the vitamin D level in blood serum and through the use of a questionnaire that consisted of two aspects, level of knowledge and attitude to sun exposure. Chi-square test was used to analyze the relationship between vitamin D level, knowledge, and attitude. No relationship was found between blood vitamin D level of asthma respondents and level of knowledge of sun exposure related to vitamin D (p=0.444, p>0.05). The same was also true for the relationship between blood vitamin D level of asthma respondents and attitude to sun exposure related to vitamin D (p=0.768, p>0.05). The closeness of the relationship between knolwedge and attitude was also relatively low (0.093). In conclusion, there is no correlation between vitamin D level, knowledge, and attitude. In addition, there is also no correlation between knowledge and attitude with low relationship between the two variables. HUBUNGAN KADAR VITAMIN D DENGAN PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP TENTANG PAPARAN SINAR MATAHARI PADA PASIEN ASMA RAWAT JALAN DI SURABAYA Asma telah menjadi masalah kesehatan di dunia. Asma ditandai oleh peradangan kronis pada saluran pernapasan yang menyebabkan sesak napas, mengi, dan keterbatasan aliran udara. Reaksi peradangan pada asma terkait dengan kadar vitamin D yang tidak memadai. Vitamin D merupakan vitamin yang diproduksi secara alami oleh tubuh ketika terkena sinar matahari yang memiliki sifat imunomodulator dapat mengurangi peradangan. Pengetahuan dan sikap positif terhadap paparan sinar matahari diperlukan untuk mencegah risiko keparahan asma. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode cross-sectional yang melibatkan 26 subjek di sebuah universitas swasta di Surabaya Timur pada Januari–Juni 2017 yang bertujuan menentukan hubungan vitamin D dengan pengetahuan dan sikap terhadap paparan sinar matahari. Data dikumpulkan dengan mengukur kadar vitamin D dalam serum darah dan melalui penggunaan kuesioner yang terdiri atas dua aspek, tingkat pengetahuan dan sikap terhadap paparan sinar matahari. Uji chi-square digunakan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara kadar vitamin D, pengetahuan, dan sikap. Tidak ada hubungan yang ditemukan antara kadar vitamin D darah responden asma dan tingkat pengetahuan paparan sinar matahari yang terkait dengan vitamin D (p=0,444; p>0,05). Hal yang sama juga berlaku untuk hubungan antara kadar vitamin D darah responden asma dan sikap terhadap paparan sinar matahari yang terkait dengan vitamin D (p=0,768; p>0,05). Kedekatan hubungan antara pengetahuan dan sikap juga relatif rendah (0,093). Simpulan, tidak ada hubungan antara kadar vitamin D, pengetahuan, dan sikap. Selain itu, juga tidak ada hubungan yang rendah antara pengetahuan dan sikap.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease on respiratory tract, where airflow are retricted dan chronic inflammation result in bronchial epithelium damage. Pathogenesis mechanism of asthma is influenced by vitamin D as an immunomodulator. The low vitamin D levels can trigger asthma exacerbations. The study aimed to determine the levels of vitamin D from blood sample in astmatic young adult in compared to non astmatics, to identify the risk of vitamin D deficiency, that can aggravate asthma symptoms. The study used an observational analytic cross sectional design. Subjects were chosen through a purposive sampling method. Population was young adults in Surabaya. Subjects were 26 asthmatic patientsdan 26 non-asthmatic young adult in South Surabaya that fulfilled inclusion dan exclusion criteria. The study was conducted in May 2015 to July 2016. The results showed vitamin D levels in the asthma group 24.5 ± 2.95 while in the non-asthma group 20.52 ± 2.47. All respondents in both groups had vitamin D levels > 30 ng/mL (normal value), dan there was significant difference between levels of vitamin D in asthma dan non-asthma patients (p < 0.05). Therefore, increasing knowledge about the importance of vitamin D should be done, because it can change behavior through lifestyle, diet dan physical activity in the community. Keywords: asthma, vitamin D

The number of Indonesian smokers in 2013 has reached 36.3% and continues to increase each year. This will directly affect the increase in passive smokers in Indonesia. Harmful free radicals from cigarette smoke inhaled can lead to irritation of the bronchial airways. Irritation of the airways characterized by mucus hypersecretion induced goblet cell hyperplasia of the bronchi. Giving antioxidants superoxide dismutase melon extract with a combination of gliadin (SOD-gliadin) reduces radical that goblet cell hyperplasia in the bronchial airways can be reduced. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the SOD-gliadin to the decrease of goblet cell hyperplasia of the bronchi. Giving SOD-gliadin carried out for 28 days with exposure to smoke two cigarettes per day using 5 groups: negative control, positive control and 3 treatment groups with different doses (2,25 IU; 4,5 IU; 9 IU). Observation of goblet cell hyperplasia performed on histological preparations with a longitudinal section with four visual field. With the effects of the antioxidant superoxide dismutase melon extract on percentage of goblet cell hyperplasia (ANOVA, p = 0396). It can be concluded supplementation with SOD-gliadin not influence the percentage of goblet cell hyperplasia. Keywords: goblet cell, superoxide dismutase, antioxidants, cigarette, free radical

Abstrak Jumlah perokok di Indonesia makin meningkat setiap tahunnya hingga mencapai hampir 40% dari total penduduk. Terapi antioksidan dapat menurunkan radikal bebas akibat asap rokok yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan dan kematian sel dalam tubuh. Antioksidan superoxide dismutase ekstrak melon dengan kombinasi gliadin berpotensi menurunkan radikal bebas dengan menurunkan malondialdehyde (MDA) dalam darah. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efektivitas suplemen superoxide dismutase-gliadin (SOD-gliadin) dalam menurunkan kadar MDA akibat paparan asap rokok terhadap tikus Wistar. Penelitian menggunakan metode ekperimental dengan post-test control group design di Laboratorium Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Airlangga. Pemberian suplemen SOD-gliadin dengan paparan asap rokok dua batang per hari dilakukan selama 28 hari (5 April 2016 sampai 12 Mei 2016) dengan menggunakan kelompok kontrol negatif, kelompok kontrol positif, dan tiga kelompok perlakuan dengan dosis ekstrak melon yang berbeda. Selanjutnya, pengukuran kadar MDA dilakukan dengan mengambil serum darah pada semua kelompok. Hasil penelitian, suplemen SOD-gliadin berpengaruh terhadap penurunan kadar MDA serum (ANOVA, p=0,000). Uji least significant difference (LSD) menunjukkan kelima kelompok memberikan hasil yang signifikan terhadap penurunan kadar MDA pada tikus Wistar yang terpapar asap rokok (p

Vitamin D levels in the body are decreased in tropical countries. This may be due to a decrease in physical activity, age and obesity to be a risk factor for decreased vitamin D levels. This study aims to determine differences in the level of physical activity in geriatrics obesity and non-obesity to vitamin D. This research method is observational with case-control study design. The study was conducted at Public Health Center Taman, Sidoarjo district, East Java in March–July 2017. Geriatric were grouped into 2 groups of obese and non-obese by using body mass index (BMI) calculations. Respondents were given a questionnaire to assess the level of physical activity and vitamin D status. Furthermore, an assessment of physical activity and vitamin D status were performed on each respondent. The first questionnaire was given to 30 people for the validity test (r>0.361) and reliability test (Cronbach alpha=0.731). The results showed no significant differences in physical activity levels between the two groups (chi-square, p=0.883). The assessment of vitamin D status can be seen as a significant difference (chi-square, p=o.o42). In conclusion, geriatrics with obesity and non-obesity had similar levels of physical activity, but vitamin D status in obesity tended to be lower than non-obese. PENGARUH AKTIVITAS FISIK DAN STATUS VITAMIN D TERHADAP OBESITAS GERIATRI Kadar vitamin D dalam tubuh semakin menurun di negara yang beriklim tropis. Hal ini dapat disebabkan oleh penurunan aktivitas fisik, usia, dan obesitas menjadi faktor risiko penurunan kadar vitamin D. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui perbedaan tingkat aktivitas fisik pada geriatri obesitas dan nonobesitas terhadap status vitamin D. Metode penelitian ini adalah observational dengan desain penelitian kasus kontrol. Penelitian dilakukan di Puskesmas Taman, Kabupaten Sidoarjo, Jawa Timur pada bulan Maret–Juli 2017. Responden geriatri dilakukan penimbangan berat badan dan pengukuran tinggi badan untuk dikelompokkan menjadi 2 kelompok, yaitu kelompok obesitas dan nonobesitas dengan menggunakan perhitungan indeks massa tubuh (IMT). Responden diberikan kuesioner untuk menilai tingkat aktivitas fisik dan status vitamin D. Selanjutnya, dilakukan penilaian aktivitas fisik dan status vitamin D pada tiap-tiap responden. Kuesioner telah diberikan kepada 30 orang untuk dilakukan uji validitas (r>0,361) dan uji reliabilitas (Cronbach alfa=0,731). Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan tidak terdapat perbedaan tingkat aktivitas fisik yang signifikan antara kedua kelompok (chi-kuadrat, p=0,883). Pada penilaian status vitamin D dapat terlihat perbedaan yang signifikan (chi-kuadrat, p=0,042). Simpulan, geriatri dengan obesitas dan nonobesitas memiliki tingkat aktivitas fisik yang sama, sedangkan kadar vitamin D pada obesitas cenderung lebih rendah dibanding dengan nonobesitas.