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Abstract Air pollution is a pressing problem and causes millions of deaths each year related to its effects on respiratory health worldwide. Despite its significant impact, information on air pollution in many cities, including Hawassa city, remains limited. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations and variations of traffic-related air pollution, as measured by carbon monoxide, and its relationship with temperature, relative humidity, traffic flow, and road routing in Hawassa City. We monitored carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations in Hawassa city, Ethiopia, for 24 days using real-time monitors with carbon monoxide sensor head. A total of 24 different roads (12 high-traffic congested roads and 12 low-traffic congested roads) were included as monitoring sites. We conducted 1 hour monitoring at each monitoring site in the morning and afternoon to characterize the temporal variations. Accordingly, the average carbon monoxide concentrations varied temporally at different times. In addition, the average carbon monoxide concentrations on paved main roads, traffic light roads and low-traffic flow roads were 4.87 ± 0.6 ppm, 5.38 ± 0.8 ppm and 1.62 ± 0.53 ppm, respectively. The study also identified factors that correlated positively with carbon monoxide concentration, including temperature, relative humidity, traffic flow and road routing. The study concludes that long-term monitoring of carbon monoxide concentrations is necessary to fully characterize the health effects. The study also provides valuable insights for urban planners when implementing measures to mitigate the negative effects.

The major factor affecting the EGSM network performance is the same frequency external interference from CDMA of other country in the border areas. A case which EGSM operator subject to a wide range of strong external interference by same frequency of neighbor country CDMA operators was analyzed, then a solution to reduce this external interference was proposed. Firstly, with KPI statistical and DT test analyze, the external interference source was located, and the intensity and scope of the effects also was confirmed. Then, using the rural Hata propagation model theoretically, the impact and scope of CDMA interference was analyzed; combined with the respiratory effects of CDMA network, the differences between day and night EGSM external interference were analyzed. Final, the solution was proposed, which use deviate cell of border to carry traffic, use the clean frequency band to plan or use the 1 800 MHz frequency to carry the traffic. Those solution weakened external interference, the KPI and user effecting of EGSM network has achieved good results.

L'objectif était d'évaluer les états hémodynamiques et respiratoires des opérées de fistules obstétricales et rapporter nos expériences sur la prise en charge de ces malades. Il s'agit d'une étude transversale descriptive effectuée au Bloc opératoire et Réanimation du CHRR Manakara allant du 20 au 30 aout 2013. Etaient incluses les patientes opérées de fistules obstétricales sous rachianesthésie. Nous avons exclu les patientes classées ASA =2 et celles ayant des tares cardio-vasculaires ou respiratoires. Après consultations préanesthésiques, et bilans préopératoires, nous avons administré chez les patientes 12,5mg de bupivacaïne adrénalinée 0,5% isobare en intrathécal. Elles étaient mises en position de Trendelenburg 5 minutes après l'injection du produit anesthésique et durant toute l'intervention. Le niveau sensitif, la pression artérielle, la fréquence cardiaque, la fréquence respiratoire et la saturation pulsée en oxygène (SpO2) étaient enregistrés pendant l'intervention. Nous avons retenues 57 malades. Le bloc sensitivomoteur était excellent pour toutes les malades. Un niveau métamérique supérieur à T6 était atteint chez 56,36% des malades. A part quelques épisodes d'hypertension artérielle et tachycardie, nous n'avons trouvé aucune difficulté respiratoire ni cardiovasculaire en rapport avec la position. Seul, le niveau sensitif et la fréquence respiratoire présentait une corrélation (p=0,01). Cette étude suggère que la position de Trendelenburg est réalisable au cours de la rachianesthésie en utilisant un produit anesthésique approprié, en faisant attention, notamment aux changements de position et en tenant compte de l'examen préanesthésique.

OBJECTIVE: Exposure to traffic-related air pollution is associated with adverse respiratory effects, but it is not known whether the high exposure to particles prevailing in the subway system may affect the respiratory system. We investigated airway inflammation and lung function among particle-exposed subway employees. METHODS: We studied 81 workers. All participants were non-smokers, aged 25–50 years. Three exposure groups were formed according to particulate matter (PM) levels obtained during an occupational hygienic investigation: 30 platform workers [average PM_2.5 63 µg/m^3 and DataRAM (MIE Inc, Billerica, Waltham, MA, USA) 182 µg/m^3], 30 subway drivers (19 µg/m^3 and 33 µg/m^3), and 21 ticket sellers (10 µg/m^3 and 13 µg/m^3). We measured the fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) of all workers before and after a workday. We also measured the peak expiratory flow (PEF) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV_1) of platform workers and ticket sellers five times a day over two weeks. We calculated the arithmetic means of PEF and FEV_1 during exposed and unexposed time for every individual. RESULTS: There was no significant increase in FENO after work among platform workers, subway drivers or ticket sellers (the means of percentual individual change were -7%, +2% and -4% respectively). The averages of the ratios (exposed to unexposed time) of PEF and FEV_1 were above 1.0 for both ticket sellers (1.016 and 1.002 respectively) and platform workers (1.022 and 1.005). CONCLUSIONS: Our observations do not indicate any short-term respiratory effects of particle exposure in the subway among the employees, with respect to airway inflammation or lung function.