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Abstract Background There are many infectious diseases in the world caused by parasites. Among them, toxoplasmosis, American trypanosomiasis, African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, neosporosis and malaria are more common and contribute to a majority of the affected individuals. Main body Due to extensive use of antibiotics, antibiotic resistant strain of the parasites has developed. So, we need to develop a new metal ligand complexes which have many configurations, can overcome this drug resistance and also show significant results in elimination of the parasites. A series of anti-parasitic drugs have been formulated and tested for its activity. In this review, we have tried to see the interaction of different ruthenium drugs (arene ruthenium complex, ruthenium clotrimazole complex, etc.) on different parasites associated with the aforementioned diseases. Conclusion Combination of ruthenium to any organic ligand shows synergistic effects against parasite either by overcoming the drug resistance of the parasite or by binding with new targets due to the presence of ruthenium ion. The multiple modes of action generate an effective drug exhibiting anti-parasitic activity at low concentration. Graphical abstract

Highlights Heterostructure constructed via confining crystalline ruthenium nanodomains by hafnium dioxide matrix was fabricated through a two-step annealing method for overall water splitting. The synergistic effect of hafnium dioxide modification and small crystalline domain formation significantly alleviates the over-oxidation of ruthenium.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection is a primary cause of otitis media (OM), the most common disease for which children are prescribed antibiotics. However, the abuse of antibiotics has led to a global increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Nanozymes, as promising alternatives to traditional antibiotics, are being extensively utilized to combat AMR. Here, we synthesize a series of single-atom nanozymes (metal-C3N4 SANzymes) by loading four metals (Ag, Fe, Cu, Ru) with antibacterial properties onto a crystalline g-C3N4. These metal-C3N4 display a rob-like morphology and well-dispersed metal atoms. Among them, Ru-C3N4 demonstrates the optimal peroxidase-like activity (285.3 U mg–1), comparable to that of horseradish peroxidase (267.7 U mg–1). In vitro antibacterial assays reveal that Ru-C3N4 significantly inhibits S. aureus growth compared with other metal-C3N4 even at a low concentration (0.06 mg mL–1). Notably, Ru-C3N4 acts as a narrow-spectrum nanoantibiotic with relative specificity against Gram-positive bacteria. Biofilms formed by S. aureus are easily degraded by Ru-C3N4 due to its high peroxidase-like activity. In vivo, Ru-C3N4 effectively eliminates S. aureus and relieves ear inflammation in OM mouse models. However, untreated OM mice eventually develop hearing impairment. Due to its low metal load, Ru-C3N4 does not exhibit significant toxicity to blood, liver, or kidney. In conclusion, this study presents a novel SANzyme-based antibiotic that can effectively eliminate S. aureus and treat S. aureus-induced OM.

A lipophilic tricationic cobalt tris(chelate) complex of 2-guanidinobenzimidazole (GBI), [Co(GBI)3]3+ 3BArf– (23+ 3BArf–; BArf = B(3,5-C6H3(CF3)2)4), is prepared from the corresponding hydrophilic trichloride salt and Na+ BArf– or Ag+ BArf– under aqueous/organic biphasic conditions. This racemic chiral complex, which is obtained as a mer isomer and a tetradecahydrate as assayed by NMR and TGA, is an excellent catalyst for additions of dimethyl malonate and indole to trans-ß-nitrostyrenes (10 mol%), and cycloadditions of CO2 to epoxides (1 mol%; solvent-free). Average yields (84 %, 91 %, 81 %) and rates are slightly greater than those obtained with a monocationic ruthenium GBI complex [(η5-C5H5)Ru(CO)(GBI)]+ BArf– prepared earlier. Attempted crystallization of 23+ 3Cl– gives a tetramethanol solvate of a salt derived from loss of two molecules of HCl. This can be represented as [Co(GBI)(GBI–H)2]+ Cl−, and bond lengths and hydrogen bonding motifs are carefully analyzed, especially in the context of dominant chelate resonance forms.

The title compound, [RuGa2Cl6(C7H8)(CO)2] or [(CO)2(GaCl2)(η6-toluene)Ru]+[GaCl4]−, was isolated from the reaction of Ga2Cl4 with diphenylsilanediol in toluene, followed by the addition of Ru3(CO)12. The compound contains a ruthenium–gallium metal–metal bond with a length of 2.4575 (2) Å.

The title compound, [Ru(C12H14NO2)Cl(η6-C6H6)], exhibits a half-sandwich tripod stand structure and crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121. The arene group is η6 π-coordinated to the Ru atom with a centroid-to-metal distance of 1.6590 (5) Å, with the (S)-2-(4-isopropyl-4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-yl)phenolate chelate ligand forming a bite angle of 86.88 (19)° through its N and phenolate O atoms. The pseudo-octahedral geometry assumed by the complex is completed by a chloride ligand. The coordination of the optically pure bidentate ligand induces metal centered chirality onto the complex with a Flack parameter of −0.056.

Introduction. The first part of the paper reveals the concept and features of platinum group metals. According to the complex of considered parameters of each platinum group metals, including the market volume in physical and value terms, we distinguish three major (palladium, platinum, rhodium) and two minor (iridium, ruthenium) metals. For this research, the markets of five platinum group metals are identified as the object for factor analysis. Theoretical analysis. The platinum group metals market is systematized into two groups: supply factors and demand factors. It also analyzes primary and secondary sources of metals, and provides an overview of key application industries for each metal. Empirical analysis. Based on historical data, we compiled correlation matrices of fundamental factors interrelation between each other and with metal prices. Taking into account the identified correlation dependencies, regression models were developed, which, with a certain degree of accuracy, enable to forecast price dynamics. Results. Carrying out a factor analysis, in addition to stated dependencies and fundamental indicators quantitative assessments, we have summarized platinum group metals market trends.

In this work, we studied the characteristics of Cu-Cu bonding with a ruthenium passivation layer at low temperatures. It is confirmed that the ruthenium passivation layer is effective in preventing the formation of native copper oxide, and diffusion of the copper into the ruthenium passivation layer occurred sufficiently at 200°C. The Cu samples with the ruthenium passivation layer were successfully bonded at 200°C. They exhibited excellent shear strength of 17.16 MPa, and the specific contact resistance of $1.78\times 10 ^{-7}~\Omega \cdot $ cm2 at the bonding interface. With the results, we expect that along with improving the thermal budget of the bonding process, it will be able to contribute to improving the chip performance and reliability of heterogeneous integrated structures.

The chloro-P,N-{diphenylphosphanyl-[(5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-ylamino)phenyl-me- thyl]}(p-cymene)ruthenium(II) hexafluorophosphate complex (4) was obtained in two steps from diphenylphosphanyl-[(5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-ylamino)phenyl-methyl] borane (2). In the first step, the oxadiazole ring coordinated with the ruthenium atom, resulting in the formation of the dichloro-N-{diphenylphosphanyl-[(5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-ylamino)phenyl-methyl]borane}(p-cymene) ruthenium(II) complex (3). During the crystallization of the P,N-chelate ruthenium complex, the formation of conglomerate crystals was revealed by X-ray structure analysis. Only two stereoisomers were obtained with (S)-Ru and (R)-C configurations in the first complex and with (R)-Ru and (S)-C configurations in the second. This deracemization during crystallization is due to the formation of a hydrogen bond between the P,N-ligand and the chlorine atom (CH•••Cl). This supramolecular interaction allows the transfer of the ligand chirality to the metal center and decrees the stereochemistry of the ruthenium atom.

Species of Leishmania and Trypanosoma genera are the causative agents of relevant parasitic diseases. Survival inside their hosts requires the existence of a potent antioxidant enzymatic machinery. Four iron superoxide dismutases have been described in trypanosomatids (FeSODA, FeSODB1, FeSODB2, and FeSODC) that hold a potential as therapeutic targets. Nonetheless, very few studies have been developed that make use of the purified enzymes. Moreover, FeSODC remains uncharacterised in Leishmania. In this work, for the first time, we describe the purification and enzymatic activity of recombinant versions of the four Leishmania FeSOD isoforms and establish an improved strategy for developing inhibitors. We propose a novel parameter [(V*cyt. c − Vcyt. c)/Vcyt. c] which, in contrast to that used in the classical cytochrome c reduction assay, correlates linearly with enzyme concentration. As a proof of concept, we determine the IC50 values of two ruthenium carbosilane metallodendrimers against these isoforms.

Abstract Isomerization Metathesis (ISOMET) reaction is an emerging tool for “open loop” chemical recycling of polyethylene to propylene. Novel, latent N‐Alkyl substituted Cyclic(Alkyl)(Amino)Carbene (CAAC)–ruthenium catalysts (5a‐Ru, 3b‐Ru – 6c‐Ru) are developed rendering “inverted” chemical structure while showing enhanced ISOMET activity in combination with (RuHCl)(CO)(PPh3)3 (RuH) double bond isomerization co‐catalyst. Systematic investigations reveal that the steric hindrance of the substituents on nitrogen and carbon atom adjacent to carbene moiety in the CAAC ligand have significantly improved the catalytic activity and robustness. In contrast to the NHC‐Ru and CAAC‐Ru catalyst systems known so far, these systems show higher isomerization metathesis (ISOMET) activity (TON: 7400) on the model compound 1‐octadecene at as low as 3.0 bar optimized pressure, using technical grade (3.0) ethylene. The propylene content formed in the gas phase can reach up to 20% by volume.

In this work ruthenium based catalysts are tested as catalytic systems for the selective oxidation of levulinic to succinic acid. Very different in nature supports have been chosen in order to elucidate the effect of their textural and acidic properties on the final catalytic activity. The influence of Ru particle size is also discussed and proposed as one of the key factors. Medium range ruthenium particles supported on relatively acid supports are the best performing systems in terms of succinic acid yield, while the most active catalysts in terms of conversion result in important carbon loss due to reagent/products full oxidation.

Ru(III) chlorocomplexes are poorly extracted into organic solvents, which is due to the charge of the complex as well as those inert character in chloride solutions, that is, formation of RuCl6-n(H2O)n(3-n)- (n=0-6). Therefore, it is difficult to extract Ru(III) by solvent extraction, and Ru(III) is currently separated and purified by the oxidative distillation method. If Ru can be separated and recovered from chloride solutions by solvent extraction, an efficient separation and recovery process for PGMs can be established. Therefore, it is important to investigate the solvent extraction of Ru(III) from chloride solutions. The authors have previously studied solvent extraction of Ru(III) with 2-ethylhexylamine (EHA), which is a primary amine extractant, from chloride solutions and shown that the extraction of Ru(III) with EHA from chloride solutions without the addition of Sn (II)was high. However, the stripping of Ru(III) was difficult. In the present study, extractions of Ru from hydrochloric acid solutions with EHA and octylamine (OA), which are primary amines, were tested to clarify the extraction of Ru and the stripping of Ru with various stripping solutions. The extraction efficiency of Ru with EHA and OA from hydrochloric acid solutions without the addition of Sn (II) was high. And also, it was found that Ru could be easily stripped from EHA with sodium sulfate solutions.

Sandwich d/f heterometallic complexes [(Ln(hfac)3)2M(acac)3] (Ln = La, Pr, Sm, Dy and M = Co; Ln = La and M = Ru) were prepared in strictly anhydrous conditions reacting the formally unsaturated fragment [Ln(hfac)3] and [M(acac)3] in a 2-to-1 molar ratio. These heterometallic complexes are highly sensitive to moisture. Spectroscopic observation revealed that on hydrolysis, these compounds yield dinuclear heterometallic compounds [Ln(hfac)3M(acac)3], prepared here for comparison purposes only. Quantum mechanical calculations supported, on the one hand, the hypothesis on the geometrical arrangement obtained from ATR-IR and NMR spectra and, on the other hand, helped to rationalize the spontaneous hydrolysis reaction.

The (R,R)-Teth-TsDPEN-Ru(II) complex promoted the one-pot double C=O reduction of α-alkyl-β-ketoaldehydes through asymmetric transfer hydrogenation/dynamic kinetic resolution (ATH-DKR) under mild conditions. In this process, ten anti-2-benzyl-1-phenylpropane-1,3-diols (85:15 to 92:8 dr) were obtained in good yields (41–87%) and excellent enantioselectivities (>99% ee for all compounds). Notably, the preferential reduction of the aldehyde moiety led to the in situ formation of 2-benzyl-3-hydroxy-1-phenylpropan-1-one intermediates. These intermediates played a crucial role in enhancing both reactivity and stereoselectivity through hydrogen bonding.

In 2022, Beller and coworkers achieved the reversible hydrogenation of CO2 to formic acid using a Mn(I)–PN5P complex with excellent activity and reusability of the catalyst. To understand the detailed mechanism for the reversible hydrogen release–storage process, especially the effects of the transition metal center in this process, we employed DFT calculations according to which Ru(II) and Fe(II) are considered as two alternatives to the Mn(I) center. Our computational results showed that the production of formic acid from CO2 hydrogenation is not thermodynamically favorable. The reversible hydrogen release–storage process actually occurs between CO2/H2 and formate rather than formic acid. Moreover, Mn(I) might not be a unique active metal for the reversible hydrogenation of CO2 to formate; Ru(II) would be a better option.

This article provides an overview of the development, structure and activity of various metal complexes with anti-cancer activity. Chemical researchers continue to work on the development and synthesis of new molecules that could act as anti-tumor drugs to achieve more favorable therapies. It is therefore important to have information about the various chemotherapeutic substances and their mode of action. This review focuses on metallodrugs that contain a metal as a key structural fragment, with cisplatin paving the way for their chemotherapeutic application. The text also looks at ruthenium complexes, including the therapeutic applications of phosphorescent ruthenium(II) complexes, emphasizing their dual role in therapy and diagnostics. In addition, the antitumor activities of titanium and gold derivatives, their side effects, and ongoing research to improve their efficacy and reduce adverse effects are discussed. Metallization of host defense peptides (HDPs) with various metal ions is also highlighted as a strategy that significantly enhances their anticancer activity by broadening their mechanisms of action.

Abstract The carbonyl group is arguably the most versatile functional group for synthetic purposes. Here, a series of N,N’‐bis(pyridylideneamide) (bisPYA) complexes of ruthenium(II), [Ru(cym)(bisPYA)Cl]+ (cym=cymene), were synthesized and applied as catalysts for Lemieux‐Johnson oxidation of alkenes to access carbonyl functionalities. Complexes bearing para‐ and ortho‐bisPYA ligands induce higher activity and selectivity than their mesoionic meta‐bisPYA analogues. The non‐coordinating counterion of the cationic complexes affects the catalytic performance markedly, with PF6− enhancing the activity compared to trifluoromethanesulfonate, OTf−. Likewise, replacing the anionic ancillary chloride ligand by a neutral and more labile MeCN ligand led to increased activity. Electrochemical and solubility measurements revealed no direct correlation of ligand donor strength to catalytic performance. Variation of the solvent mixture and the ratio of its components provided access to high‐performance catalysts. In H2O/MeCN/CH2Cl2 at 3 : 1:0.5 (v/v) ratio, turnover frequencies up to 10,000 h−1 were obtained for the Lemieux‐Johnson oxidation of styrene with these Ru(bisPYA) complexes, allowing quantitative conversions within 30 min at 0.1 mol % catalyst loadings and corresponding to a 5 times faster reaction than the best catalyst known to date for this transformation.

Abstract The synthesis of catalytic materials containing active sites of various oxidation states (metal, oxide, etc.) for the dual use in reduction and oxidation reactions remains challenging because most of the reported methods for the metallic state are often incompatible with those for the oxide state. A new methodology is reported for the synthesis of a library of bimetallic metal‐oxide materials containing three crystalline phases Ir‐Ru‐IrxRu1‐xO2 by combining the calcination under air and the polymerization of aniline in the presence of IrCl3 and RuCl3 precursors. Morphology, structure, and surface oxidation state studies (XRD, SEM/EDX, S/TEM, XPS) confirm the hypothesis that IrCl3 evolves to Ir while RuCl3 evolves to RuO2 during the calcination under air. An Ir:Ru atomic ratio of 50:50 can be converted into a heterogeneous nanostructure composed of Ir, Ru, and IrxRu1‐xO2 to date, with remarkable catalytic activity for both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with a small overpotential of 40 mV and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with a small overpotential of 290 mV at the metric current density of 10 mA cm−2 in 0.5 m H2SO4. The results can serve as a platform for the development of efficient multifunctional materials for practical use in both catalytic oxidation and reduction reactions.

In this study, a multi-sensitive ion-imprinted polymer that serves as a highly selective absorption material for ruthenium (Ru(III)) in complicated solutions was designed and prepared with the adoption of Pickering High Internal Phase Emulsions (HIPEs) polymerization technology. Meawhile, acrylamide (AM) and acrylic acid (AA) were used as functional monomers, Ru(III) as template ion, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as cross-linking agent and the redox system ammonium persulfate-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (AP-TEMED) as initiator for the synthesis of a smart ruthenium ion-imprinted polymer (Ru(III)–SIIP). The chemical structure, morphology and magnetic properties of Ru(III)–SIIP were characterized and subsequently used for the selective adsorption of Ru(III). The results revealed that Ru(III)–SIIP had obvious temperature sensitivity/pH sensitivity/magnetic sensitivity. The maximum adsorption capacity of Ru(III) was 0.191 mmol/g and coupled with a desorption ratio of 82.99%. The screening of the adsorption kinetics of Ru(III)–SIIP indicated that the zero-order and pseudo-first-order kinetic mixed model was more suitable for describing the adsorption process, while the Langmuir model was suitable for describing the isotherm of Ru(III)–SIIP. Furthermore, an adsorption method combined with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) based on Ru(III)–SIIP was established for Ru(III) and successfully applied in the detection of Ru(III) in mixed solutions. To conclude, Ru(III)–SIIP has broad prospects for the recovery of ruthenium in complex environmental situations.

Abstract Ruthenium (Ru) has been regarded as one of the most promising alternatives to substitute Pt for catalyzing alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), owing to its inherent high activity and being the cheapest platinum‐group metal. Herein, based on the idea of strong metal–support interaction (SMSI) regulation, Ru/TiN catalysts with different degrees of TiN overlayer over Ru nanoparticles were fabricated, which were applied to the alkaline electrolytic water. Characterizations reveal that the TiN overlayer would gradually encapsulate the Ru nanoparticles and induce more electron transfer from Ru nanoparticles to TiN support by the Ru–N–Ti bond as the SMSI degree increased. Further study shows that the exposed Ru–TiN interfaces greatly promote the H2 desorption capacity. Thus, the Ru/TiN‐300 with a moderate SMSI degree exhibits excellent HER performance, with an overpotential of 38 mV at 10 mA cm−2. Also, due to the encapsulation role of TiN overlayer on Ru nanoparticles, it displays super long‐term stability with a very slight potential change after 24 h. This study provides a deep insight into the influence of the SMSI effect between Ru and TiN on HER and offers a novel approach for preparing efficient and stable HER electrocatalysts through SMSI engineering.

Binary zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocomposites with different noble metals, silver (Ag) and ruthenium (Ru), were prepared from an aqueous leaf extract of Callistemon viminalis. The biosynthesized photocatalysts were characterized and examined for their photocatalytic disinfection against Escherichia coli isolated from hospital wastewater. The influence of the different noble metals showed a difference in physicochemical characteristics and photocatalytic efficiency between Ag–ZnO and Ru–ZnO. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and photocatalytic disinfection were found to be in the order Ag–ZnO > Ru–ZnO > ZnO. The photocatalytic disinfection of Ag–ZnO reached a 75% reduction in 60 min, compared to 34 and 9% reductions of Ru–ZnO and ZnO, respectively. The kinetic reaction rate for the photocatalytic disinfection of Ag–ZnO was found to be 2.8 times higher than that of Ru–ZnO. The outstanding photocatalytic activity of Ag–ZnO over Ru–ZnO was attributed to higher crystallinity, greater UVA adsorption capacity, smaller particle size, and the additional antimicrobial effect of Ag itself. The C. viminalis-mediated Ag–ZnO nanocomposites can be a potential candidate for photocatalytic disinfection of drug-resistant E. coli in hospital wastewater. HIGHLIGHTS Biosynthesis and characterization of two zinc oxide-based nanocomposites with silver and ruthenium were presented.; Photocatalytic disinfection of Escherichia coli present in hospital wastewater was demonstrated.; The influence of different noble metals (silver and ruthenium) on the characteristics and photocatalytic efficiency were discussed.;

Reaction of [Ru(H)2(CO)(PPh3)3] 1 with an equimolar amount of pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid (H2L1) leads to the homoleptic chelate derivative k2(O,O)-[RuH(CO)(HL1)(PPh3)2] 2. Prolonged acetonitrile refluxing promotes an unusual k2(O,O)- → k2(N,O)- dynamic chelate conversion, forming a neutral, stable, air- and moisture- insensitive, solvento-species k2(N,O)-[Ru(MeCN)(CO)(L1)(PPh3)2] 3. Analogously, reaction of 1 with the pyrrole-2-carboxyaldehyde (HL2) affords k2(N,O)-[RuH(CO)(HL2)(PPh3)2] 4, 5, as a couple of functional isomers. Optimized reaction conditions such as temperature and solvent polarity allow the isolation of dominant configurations. Structure 5 is a pyrrolide Ru-carbaldehyde, obtained from cyclization of the pendant CHO function, whereas species 4 can be viewed as an ethanoyl-conjugated Ru-pyrrole. Derivatives 3–5 were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, ESI-Ms, IR, and NMR spectroscopy, indicating distinct features for the Ru-bonded pyrrolyl groups. DFT computational results, coplanarity, bond equalization, and electron delocalization along the fused five-membered rings support aromatic features. In accordance with the antisymbiotic trans-influence, both the isolated isomers 4 and 5 disclose CO ligands opposite to N- or O-anionic groups. The quantitative Mayer bond order evidences a stabilizing backbonding effect. Antibacterial and antifungal trials on Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative (Escherichia coli), and Candida albicans were further carried out.

Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) envenomation is a medical emergency encountered in the Southeastern United States. The venom contains a snake venom thrombin-like enzyme (SVTLE) that is defibrinogenating, causing coagulopathy without effects on platelets in humans. This investigation utilized thrombelastographic methods to document this coagulopathy kinetically on the molecular level in a rabbit model of envenomation via the analyses of whole blood samples without and with platelet inhibition. Subsequently, the administration of a novel ruthenium compound containing site-directed antivenom abrogated the coagulopathic effects of envenomation in whole blood without platelet inhibition and significantly diminished loss of coagulation in platelet-inhibited samples. This investigation provides coagulation kinetic insights into the molecular interactions and results of SVTLE on fibrinogen-dependent coagulation and confirmation of the efficacy of a ruthenium antivenom. These results serve as a rationale to investigate the coagulopathic effects of other venoms with this model and assess the efficacy of this site-directed antivenom.

Ruthenium chloride (RuCl3) is widely utilized for synthesis and catalysis of numerous compounds in academia and industry and is utilized as a key molecule in a variety of compounds with medical applications. Interestingly, RuCl3 has been demonstrated to modulate human plasmatic coagulation and serves as a constituent of a compounded inorganic antivenom that neutralizes the coagulopathic effects of snake venom in vitro and in vivo. Using thrombelastography, this investigation sought to determine if RuCl3 inhibition of the fibrinogenolytic effects of Crotalus atrox venom could be modulated by vehicle composition in human plasma. Venom was exposed to RuCl3 in 0.9% NaCl, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), or 0.9% NaCl containing 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). RuCl3 inhibited venom-mediated delay in the onset of thrombus formation, decreased clot growth velocity, and decreased clot strength. PBS and DMSO enhanced the effects of RuCl3. It is concluded that while a Ru-based cation is responsible for significant inhibition of venom activity, a combination of Ru-based ions containing phosphate and DMSO enhances RuCl3-mediated venom inhibition. Additional investigation is indicated to determine what specific Ru-containing molecules cause venom inhibition and what other combinations of inorganic/organic compounds may enhance the antivenom effects of RuCl3.

A new cooperative photoredox catalytic system, [RuII(trpy)(bpy)(H2O)][3,3′-Co(8,9,12-Cl3-1,2-C2B9H8)2]2, 5, has been synthesized and fully characterized for the first time. In this system, the photoredox catalyst [3,3′-Co(8,9,12-Cl3-1,2-C2B9H8)2]− [Cl6-1]−, a metallacarborane, and the oxidation catalyst [RuII(trpy)(bpy)(H2O)]2+, 2 are linked by non-covalent interactions. This compound, along with the one previously synthesized by us, [RuII(trpy)(bpy)(H2O)][(3,3′-Co(1,2-C2B9H11)2]2, 4, are the only examples of cooperative molecular photocatalysts in which the catalyst and photosensitizer are not linked by covalent bonds. Both cooperative systems have proven to be efficient photocatalysts for the oxidation of alkenes in water through Proton Coupled Electron Transfer processes (PCETs). Using 0.05 mol% of catalyst 4, total conversion values were achieved after 15 min with moderate selectivity for the corresponding epoxides, which decreases with reaction time, along with the TON values. However, with 0.005 mol% of catalyst, the conversion values are lower, but the selectivity and TON values are higher. This occurs simultaneously with an increase in the amount of the corresponding diol for most of the substrates studied. Photocatalyst 4 acts as a photocatalyst in both the epoxidation of alkenes and their hydroxylation in aqueous medium. The hybrid system 5 shows generally higher conversion values at low loads compared to those obtained with 4 for most of the substrates studied. However, the selectivity values for the corresponding epoxides are lower even after 15 min of reaction. This is likely due to the enhanced oxidizing capacity of CoIV in catalyst 5, resulting from the presence of more electron-withdrawing substituents on the metallacarborane platform.

In the evolving landscape of portable electronics, there is a critical demand for components that meld stretchability with optical transparency, especially in supercapacitors. Traditional materials fall short in harmonizing conductivity, stretchability, transparency, and capacity. Although poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) stands out as an exemplary candidate, further performance enhancements are necessary to meet the demands of practical applications. This study presents an innovative and effective method for enhancing electrochemical properties by homogeneously incorporating Ru(III) into PEDOT:PSS. These Ru(III) PEDOT:PSS complexes are readily synthesized by dipping PEDOT:PSS films in RuCl3 solution for no longer than one minute, leveraging the high specific capacitance of Ru(III) while minimizing interference with transmittance. The supercapacitor made with this Ru(III) PEDOT:PSS complex demonstrated an areal capacitance of 1.62 mF cm−2 at a transmittance of 73.5%, which was 155% higher than that of the supercapacitor made with PEDOT:PSS under comparable transparency. Notably, the supercapacitor retained 87.8% of its initial capacitance even under 20% tensile strain across 20,000 cycles. This work presents a blueprint for developing stretchable and transparent supercapacitors, marking a significant stride toward next-generation wearable electronics.

The cyclometalated terpyridine complexes [Ru(η2-OAc)(NC-tpy)(PP)] (PP = dppb 1, (R,R)-Skewphos 4, (S,S)-Skewphos 5) are easily obtained from the acetate derivatives [Ru(η2-OAc)2(PP)] (PP = dppb, (R,R)-Skewphos 2, (S,S)-Skewphos 3) and tpy in methanol by elimination of AcOH. The precursors 2, 3 are prepared from [Ru(η2-OAc)2(PPh3)2] and Skewphos in cyclohexane. Conversely, the NNN complexes [Ru(η1-OAc)(NNN-tpy)(PP)]OAc (PP = (R,R)-Skewphos 6, (S,S)-Skewphos 7) are synthesized in a one pot reaction from [Ru(η2-OAc)2(PPh3)2], PP and tpy in methanol. The neutral NC-tpy 1, 4, 5 and cationic NNN-tpy 6, 7 complexes catalyze the transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone (S/C = 1000) in 2-propanol with NaOiPr under light irradiation at 30 °C. Formation of (S)-1-phenylethanol has been observed with 4, 6 in a MeOH/iPrOH mixture, whereas the R-enantiomer is obtained with 5, 7 (50–52% ee). The tpy complexes show cytotoxic activity against the anaplastic thyroid cancer 8505C and SW1736 cell lines (ED50 = 0.31–8.53 µM), with the cationic 7 displaying an ED50 of 0.31 µM, four times lower compared to the enantiomer 6.

The porous architectures of oxygen cathodes are highly desired for high-capacity lithium–oxygen batteries (LOBs) to support cathodic catalysts and provide accommodation for discharge products. However, controllable porosity is still a challenge for laminated cathodes with cathode materials and binders, since polymer binders usually shield the active sites of catalysts and block the pores of cathodes. In addition, polymer binders such as poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) are not stable under the nucleophilic attack of intermediate product superoxide radicals in the oxygen electrochemical environment. The parasitic reactions and blocking effect of binders deteriorate and then quickly shut down the operation of LOBs. Herein, the present work proposes a binder-free three-dimensional (3D) porous graphene (PG) cathode for LOBs, which is prepared by the self-assembly and the chemical reduction of GO with triblock copolymer soft templates (Pluronic F127). The interconnected mesoporous architecture of resultant 3D PG cathodes achieved an ultrahigh capacity of 10,300 mAh g−1 for LOBs. Further, the cathodic catalysts ruthenium (Ru) and manganese dioxide (MnO2) were, respectively, loaded onto the inner surface of PG cathodes to lower the polarization and enhance the cycling performance of LOBs. This work provides an effective way to fabricate free-standing 3D porous oxygen cathodes for high-performance LOBs.

The isothermal oxidation behavior and the microstructure stability was studied at 900 °C, 1000 °C and 1100 °C of the two alloys with and without Ru. The curves of oxidation weight gain show that the oxidation resistance decreases sharply with the addition of Ru. A multi-layered scale formed on the alloy surface, and it generally consisted of an external layer of NiO, an intermediate layer of spinel and an Al2O3 inner layer. The oxidation rate at 1100 °C is significantly higher than that at the other two temperatures due to more serious cracking and peeling of oxide scale. Compared with Ru-free alloy, the oxide layer of Ru-containing alloy is thicker and the oxide layer spallation more seriously. The oxide of Ru was found in the spinel layer and the vaporization of the oxide makes the scale spallation. Surprisingly, a large number of TCP phases were found in alloy matrix, especially in 2Ru alloy. This indicates that poor oxidation resistance will lead to a decline in microstructure stability.

Green hydrogen production through the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a promising solution for transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy. To enable the use of a variety of electrolytes with different pH values, HER catalysts with pH universality are highly desirable but their performance remains mediocre. Herein, a pH‐universal HER catalyst composed of ruthenium nanoparticles decorated on amorphous Ni‐doped MoO3 (a–Ni–MoO3) nanowire support is reported, that is, Ru/a–Ni–MoO3, which achieves enhanced performance as compared to the commercial Ru/C catalyst. Electron transfer from Ru to a–Ni–MoO3 is identified by spectroscopic techniques, which results in a modified electronic structure of the Ru active sites with a reduced electron density of 4d states near the Fermi level. Density functional theory calculations further reveal that the modulated electronic structure weakens the interactions between the Ru active sites and the reaction intermediates, which facilitates the HER reaction steps including H intermediate desorption and water dissociation. Experimental and theoretical findings provide insight into enhancing pH‐universal HER performance through modulation of electrocatalyst electronic structure.

The title compound, [RuCl2(C25H22P2)2] or [RuCl2(dppm)2] (dppm = bis(diphenylphosphanyl)methane, C25H22P2) crystallizes as two half-molecules (completed by inversion symmetry) in space group P\overline{1} (Z = 2), with the RuII atoms occupying inversion centers at 0,0,0 and 1/2, 1/2, 1/2, respectively. The bidentate phosphane ligands occupy equatorial positions while the chlorido ligands complete the distorted octahedral coordination spheres at axial positions. The bite angles of the phosphane chelates are similar for the two molecules [(P—Ru—P)avg. = 71.1°], while there are significant differences in the twisting of the methylene backbone, with a distance of the methylene C atom from the RuP4 plane of 0.659 (2) and 0.299 (3) Å, respectively, and also for the phenyl substituents for both molecules due to variations in weak C—H...Cl interactions.

The modification of the methyl group of 4′-(p-tolyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine produced the novel unnatural amino acid 3-(4-([2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridin]-4′-yl)phenyl)-2-aminopropanoic acid (phet). Mononuclear heteroleptic ruthenium complexes of the general formulae [Ru(L1)(L2)](PF6)2 (L1 = 2-acetylamino-2-(4-[2,2′:6′,2″]terpyridine-4′-yl-benzyl)-malonic acid diethyl ester, (phem), 3-(4-([2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridin]-4′-yl)phenyl)-2-aminopropanoic acid, (phet), and L2 = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (tpy), 4′-phenyl-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (ptpy), 4′-(p-tolyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (mptpy)), as well as the homoleptic [Ru(phem)2](PF6)2 and [Ru(phet)2](PF6)2, were synthesized and characterized by means of NMR spectroscopic techniques, elemental analysis, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The photophysical properties of the synthesized complexes were also studied.

A convenient protocol for the synthesis of 25,26,27-tribenzoyl-28-[((S)-1-diphenylphos- phanyl-propan-2-yl)oxy]-calix[4]arene via stereospecific methylation on Evans’ oxazolidinone moiety was reported. According to the 13C NMR analysis of this phosphine, the calix[4]arene skeleton adopted a 1,3-alternate conformation. The latter conformation of the macrocycle and the (S)-chirality of the carbon atom bearing the methyl substituent were confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. After coordination of the phosphinated ligand to the dimeric [RuCl2(p-cymene)]2 organometallic precursor, the resulting arene–ruthenium complex was tested in the asymmetric reduction of acetophenone and alcohol was obtained with modest enantiomeric excess.

Ruthenium is required to separate from high-level liquid waste (HLLW) because Ru is a valuable resource and is negatively influential on the vitrification process of HLLW. However, the separation of Ru is very challenging due to its complicated complexation properties. In this study, the adsorption and desorption characteristics of ruthenium on a synthesized SiPyR-N3 (weak-base anion exchange resin with pyridine functional groups) composite were investigated in nitric acid and nitrite–nitric acid systems, respectively, and the adsorption mechanism was explored. The experimental results showed that SiPyR-N3 has a significantly better adsorption effect on Ru in the nitrite–nitric acid system than in the nitric acid system, with an increase in the adsorption capacity of approximately three times. The maximum adsorption capacity of Ru is 45.6 mg/g in the nitrite–nitric acid system. The SiPyR-N3 possesses good adsorption selectivity (SFRu/other metal ions is around 100) in 0.1 M NO2−–0.1 M HNO3 solution. The adsorption processes of Ru in the two different systems are fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model for uptake kinetics and adsorption isotherms, respectively. The results obtained from the FT-IR, XPS, and UV absorption spectrometry indicate that NO2− was involved in the adsorption process either as a complexing species with the metal ions or as free NO2− from the solution. A 0.1 M HNO3 + 1 M thiourea mixed solution shows effective desorption performance, and the desorption efficiency can reach 92% at 328 K.

A series of new chelating bidentate (SS) alkylimidazole-2-thione-Ru(II)/Os(II) complexes (3ai, 3aii, 3aiii, 3bii/4aiii, 4bi, 4bii), and the tridentate (SNS) pyridine-2,6-diylimidazole-2-thione-Ru(II)/Os(II) complexes (5bi, 5civ/6bi, 6ci, 6civ) in the forms [MII(cym)(L)Cl]PF6 and [MII(cym)(L)]PF6 (M = Ru or Os, cym = η6-p-cymene, and L = heterocyclic derivatives of thiourea) respectively, were successfully synthesized. Spectroscopic and analytical methods were used to characterize the complexes and their ligands. Solid-state single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses revealed a “piano-stool” geometry around the Ru(II) or Os(II) centers in the respective complexes. The complexes were investigated for in vitro chemotherapeutic activities against human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) and the non-cancerous cell line (Hek293) using the MTT assay. The compounds 3aii, 5civ, 5bi, 4aiii, 6ci, 6civ, and the reference drug, 5-fluorouracil were found to be selective toward the tumor cells; the compounds 3ai, 3aiii, 3bii, 4bi, 4bii, and 6bi, which were found not to be selective between normal and tumor cell lines. The IC50 value of the tridentate half-sandwich complex 5bi (86 ± 9 μM) showed comparable anti-proliferative activity with the referenced commercial anti-cancer drug, 5-fluorouracil (87 ± 15 μM). The pincer (SNS) osmium complexes 6ci (36 ± 10 μM) and 6civ (40 ± 4 μM) were twice as effective as the reference drug 5-fluorouracil at the respective dose concentrations. However, the analogous pincer (SNS) ruthenium complex 5civ was ineffective and did not show anti-proliferative activity, even at a higher concentration of 147 ± 1 μM. These findings imply that the higher stability of the chelating (SS) and the pincer (SNS) ligand architectures in the complexes improves the biological (anti-proliferative) activity of the complexes by reducing the chance of ligand dissociation under physiological conditions. In general, the pincer (SNS) osmium complexes were found to be more cytotoxic than their ruthenium analogues, suggesting that the anti-proliferative activity of the imidazole-2-thione-Ru/Os complexes depends on the ligand’s spatial coordination, the nature of the metal center, and the charge of the metal complex ions.

Support effect is an important issue in heterogeneous catalysis, while the explicit role of a catalytic support is often unclear for catalytic reactions. A systematic density functional theory computational study is reported in this paper to elucidate the effect of a model boron nitride (BN) support on the first N-H bond activation step of NH3 on Run (n = 1, 2, 3) metal clusters. Geometry optimizations and energy calculations were carried out using density functional theory (DFT) calculation for intermediates and transition states from the starting materials undergoing the N-H activation process. The primary findings are summarized as follows. The involvement of the model BN support does not significantly alter the equilibrium structure of intermediates and transition states in the most favorable pathway (MFP). Moreover, the involvement of BN support decreases the free energy of activation, ΔG≠, thus improving the reaction rate constant. This improvement is more obvious at high temperatures like 673 K than low temperatures like 298 K. The BN support effect leading to the ΔG≠ decrease is most significant for the single Ru atom case among all three cases studied. Finally, the involvement of the model BN may change the spin transition behavior of the reaction system during the N-H bond activation process. All these findings provide a deeper insight into the support effect on the N-H bond activation of NH3 for the supported Ru catalyst in particular and for supported transition metal catalysts in general.

Two novel sizable multicharged cationic complexes, of the formulae [(η6–-[12]CPP)[Ru(η5–-Cp)]12]Χ12 and [(η6–-[11]CPP)[Ru(η5–-Cp)]11]Χ11, CPP = cycloparaphenylene, Cp = cyclopentadienyl, X = [PF6]−, (1), (3) and [Cl]−, (2), (4), were synthesized and characterized using NMR techniques, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and elemental analyses. Complexes (1) and (3) were stable in acetone and acetonitrile solutions over 48 h. In contrast, the water-soluble (2) and (4) begin to decompose in aqueous media after 1 h, due to the [Cl]− tendency for nucleophilic attack on ruthenium of the {Ru(η5–-Cp)} units. Fluorescence quenching experiments conducted during the stability window of (2) with the d(5′-CGCGAATTCGCG-3′)2-EtBr adducts revealed remarkably high values for Ksv = 1.185 × 104 ± 0.025 M−1 and Kb = 3.162 × 105 ± 0.001 M−1. Furthermore, the cytotoxic activity of (2) against A2780, A2780res, and MCF-7 cancer cell lines shows that it is highly cytotoxic with IC50 values in the range of 4.76 ± 1.85 to 16 ± 0.81 μΜ.

Traditional external light-based Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)’s application is limited to the surface and minimal thickness tumors because of the inefficiency of light in penetrating deep-seated tumors. To address this, the emerging field of radiation-activated PDT (radioPDT) uses X-rays to trigger photosensitizer-containing nanoparticles (NPs). A key consideration in radioPDT is the energy transfer efficiency from X-rays to the photosensitizer for ultimately generating the phototoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we developed a new variant of pegylated poly-lactic-co-glycolic (PEG-PLGA) encapsulated nanoscintillators (NSCs) along with a new, highly efficient ruthenium-based photosensitizer (Ru/radioPDT). Characterization of this NP via transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma mass-spectroscopy showed an NP size of 120 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) of less than 0.25, high NSCs loading efficiency over 90% and in vitro accumulation within the cytosolic structure of endoplasmic reticulum and lysosome. The therapeutic efficacy of Ru/radioPDT was determined using PC3 cell viability and clonogenic assays. Ru/radioPDT exhibited minimal cell toxicity until activated by radiation to induce significant cancer cell kill over radiation alone. Compared to protoporphyrin IX-mediated radioPDT (PPIX/radioPDT), Ru/radioPDT showed higher capacity for singlet oxygen generation, maintaining a comparable cytotoxic effect on PC3 cells.

Following nanoarchitectural approach, mesoporous halloysite nanotubes with internal surface composed of alumina were loaded with 5–6 nm RuCo nanoparticles by sequential loading/reduction procedure. Ruthenium nanoclusters were loaded inside clay tube by microwave-assisted method followed by cobalt ions electrostatic attraction to ruthenium during wetness impregnation step. Developed nanoreactors with bimetallic RuCo nanoparticles were investigated as catalysts for the Fischer-Tropsch process. The catalyst with 14.3 wt.% of Co and 0.15 wt.% of Ru showed high activity (СO conversion reached 24.6%), low selectivity to methane (11.9%), CO2 (0.3%), selectivity to C5+ hydrocarbons of 79.1% and chain growth index (α) = 0.853. Proposed nanoreactors showed better selectivity to target products combined with high activity in comparison to the similar bimetallic systems supported on synthetic porous materials. It was shown that reducing agent (NaBH4 or H2) used to obtain Ru nanoclusters at first synthesis step played a very important role in the reducibility and selectivity of resulting RuCo catalysts.

Two new ruthenium complexes with chelating-ether benzylidene ligands bearing a furan moiety were synthesized and characterized, including X-ray crystallography. They initiated fast, also at 0 °C, and were found to be highly active in a variety of ring-closing, ene-yne, and cross-metathesis reactions, including an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) model, which makes them good candidates for the transformation of complex polyfunctional compounds that require mild reaction conditions.

Abstract Ru films are grown on Pt, TiN, and SiO2 substrates via atomic layer deposition (ALD) using Ru(II)(η5‐C7H7O)(η5‐C7H9) as the novel Ru metalorganic precursor and O2 as the reactant. The ALD self‐limiting film growth is confirmed at the low temperature of 200 °C by manipulating the injection time and purge time of the Ru precursor and O2, and the saturated growth per cycle is 0.22 Å cy−1. It is confirmed that the combustion reaction occurs during the deposition process from the formation of the H2O and CO2 by‐products. Thin films with a low resistivity of 17–19 µΩ cm are grown at a thickness of ≈15 nm. The Ru incubation times are remarkably short at 200 °C (negligible on Pt, ≈30 cycles on TiN and SiO2), but increase with increasing temperature. The energy dispersive X‐ray mapping image of the Ru film on the pattern in which TiN is formed on SiO2 shows that the Ru film with a novel precursor has the intrinsic substrate selectivity at the deposition temperature of 300 °C. Furthermore, the substrate affects the properties of the Ru film. Particularly because Ti serves as an oxygen reservoir, a relatively large amount of RuOx is produced on the TiN substrate.

Abstract A heterogenized alternative to the homogeneous precapture of CO2 with amines and subsequent hydrogenation to MeOH was developed using aminated silica and a Ru‐MACHOTM catalyst. Commercial mesoporous silica was modified with three different amino‐silane monomers and used as support for the Ru catalyst. These composites were studied by TEM and solid‐state NMR spectroscopy before and after the catalytic reaction. These catalytic reactions were conducted at 155 °C at a H2 and CO2 pressures of 75 and 2 bar, respectively, with the heterogeneous system (gas‐solid) being probed with gas‐phase infrared spectroscopy used to quantify the resulting products. High turnover number (TON) values were observed for the samples aminated with secondary amines.

The design of catalysts active for ammonia synthesis under mild conditions of temperature and pressure is a new grail for its production process based on green hydrogen and intermittent renewable energy sources. Ru/LaScSi and Ru/CeTiGe are investigated with an approach combining DFT calculations and 15N/14N homomolecular exchange experiments. Ru/LaScSi is the most active of both catalysts. It has electride-like properties which are enhanced when partially hydrogenated leading to higher activity in nitrogen equilibration reaction. Ru/CeTiGe, relatively active despite the absence of electride-like character, is proposed to produce NH3 following the associative mechanism with the assistance of absorbed H.

The title compound, having the molecular formula [RuI(η6-C10H14)(C10H8N2)]PF6, crystallizes in the triclinic P\overline{1} (Z = 2) space group as a half-sandwich complex resembling a three-legged piano stool. Important geometrical parameters include Ru—cymene centroid = 1.6902 (17) Å, Ru—I = 2.6958 (5) Å, [Ru—N]avg = 2.072 (3) Å, N1—Ru—N2 = 76.86 (12)° and a dihedral angle between the planes of the two rings of the bipyridyl system of 5.9 (2)°. The PF6− ion was treated with a twofold disorder model, refining to a 65.0 (8):35.0 (8) occupancy ratio. The crystal packing features C—H...F/I interactions.

Abstract Water‐oxidation is a mechanistic bottleneck in artificial photosynthesis that is critical for achieving sustainable energy‐to‐fuel conversion. Grafting molecular water‐oxidation catalyst assemblies on the surface of a polymer can engender better stability and higher efficiency. Herein, we present a hybrid construct which consists of a molecular single‐site RuCat1 encapsulated into a UV cross‐linked polymer assembly on an F‐doped tin oxide (FTO). Incorporation of high‐density surface‐binding sites (COO− groups) resulted in a high surface loading of the RuCat1 and surface stability as shown from ATR‐FTIR, UV‐vis and cyclic voltammetry data. Furthermore, we found that the grafted RuCat1 into the polymer brush layers promotes pH‐dependent electrocatalytic water‐oxidation with a turnover frequency of 0.45 s−1 and an estimated 88 % faradaic efficiency during control potential electrolysis at pH 8.5. The general applicability of this approach is illustrated by screening a series of molecular single‐site catalysts which points to the importance of electrostatic interactions as well as hydrogen bonding in the functionalization of the electrode.

Hydrogen has emerged as an important candidate for clean energy, owing to its environmentally friendly advantages. Electrolytic hydrogen production stands out as the most promising technology for hydrogen production. Therefore, the design of highly efficient electrocatalysts is significant to drive the application of hydrogen technologies. Platinum (Pt)-based catalysts are famous for their outstanding performance in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, the expensive cost limits its wide application. Ruthenium (Ru)-based catalysts have received extensive attention due to their relatively lower cost and HER performance similar to that of Pt. Nevertheless, the performance of Ru-based catalysts is still unable to meet industrial demands. Therefore, improving HER performance through the modification of Ru-based catalysts remains significant. In this review, the reaction mechanism of HER is analyzed and the latest research progress in the modification of Ru-based electrocatalysts is summarized. From the reaction mechanism perspective, addressing the adsorption of intermediates on the Ru-based electrocatalyst surface, the adsorption–activation of interface water molecules, and the behavior of interface water molecules and proposing solutions to enhance performance of Ru-based electrocatalyst are the main findings, ultimately contributing to promoting their application in the field of electrocatalysis.

The molecular complexes of Re(4,4′-dcbpy)(CO)3Cl (dcbpy = dicarboxylicacid-2,2’-bipyridyl) and [Ru(dcbpy)3]2+ are co-assembled into UiO-66 scaffolds as structural imperfects for CO2 photocatalytic reduction (named as Re-Ru@U). The prepared catalysts are characterized by XRD, Fourier-Transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) and N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms. The intact structure of molecular complexes within the matrix are monitored by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra through a totally digesting catalyst. The optical properties are studied via absorption and photoluminescence spectra, and the single-electron reduction in Re and Ru complexes is detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra. An excellent photocatalytic performance is obtained with steady and sustained CO evolution and a turnover number (TON) value of 15 (11 h). The CO activity irradiating by single wavelength presents the absorption-intensity-dependent changing tendency, where the absorption intensity is superposed by Re and Ru complexes. The two radicals related to Re and Ru, respectively, are simultaneously detected in the Re-Ru@U catalyst. It is suggested that the ReC2 component serves as both a photosensitizer and a catalyst, and the RuC2 component works as an additional photosensitizer to supply the second electron for CO2 reduction. The co-assembling of dual metals Re and Ru in the matrix promotes the electron transfer from the reductive Ru centres to one-electron-reduced Re centres and accounts for the superior activity of CO evolution. Our results demonstrate a strategy to develop the multimetallic catalysts via facile assembling into MOF scaffolds to promote photocatalytic performance.