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Abstract The phytochemical fingerprinting that add to the nutritional and nutraceutical value of the fruits during the ripening stages is beneficial for human consumption. Therefore, ripening-dependent changes in phytochemical content and antioxidant activities of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivar Dusehri at various ripening stages were evaluated. Bioassays for phenolic content, flavonoid content, antioxidant activities, and UHPLC/MS for phytochemical profiling was performed at five ripening stages (RSI-RSV). Total phenolic contents significantly increased from 4.25 to 13.08 µg GAE/mg extract upto stage III and non-significant decrease was observed thereafter. Flavonoid contents varied between 1.16 and 1.23 µg QE/mg extract. DPPH based free radical scavenging activity increased (41.07–52.33%) from stage I to stage V while FRSP based analysis showed decrease (53.01–27.61 µg TE/mg extract) in activity from stage I to stage V. Total antioxidant capacity and total reducing power potential of pulp extract gradually increased towards mango ripening stages. A non-significant change in amylase inhibition was observed from stage I to stage III that significantly dropped in stage IV and V. UHPLC analysis depicted that aconitic, methylisocitric, 2,4,6-Hydroxy benzoic acid and beta glucogallin, poly phenols, 1-Methylxanthine, 3-Furicacid, Heptenoic acid and many others are present at different ripening stages of dusehri mango. PCA analysis and hierarchal analysis show Stage I & II clustering while stages III-V make separate cluster. These phytochemiclas are responsible for many health benefits. The study concludes that dusehri mango have significant antioxidative capacity that are due to diverse phytochemicals.

Abstract Objective This study aimed to investigate and compare the histological response of rabbit dental pulp after direct pulp capping with 3 different materials: mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), nanoparticles of fluorapatite (Nano-FA), and nanoparticles of hydroxyapatite (Nano-HA) after 4 and 6-week time intervals. Material and methods A total of 72 upper and lower incisor teeth from 18 rabbits were randomly categorized into 3 groups)24 incisors from six rabbits each. MTA Group: teeth were capped with MTA. Nano-FA Group: teeth were capped with fluorapatite nanoparticles. Nano-HA Group: teeth were capped with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. Blood samples were collected to examine some antioxidant enzymes nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). After that, three rabbits from each group were euthanized after 4 and 6 weeks, respectively. Pulp tissues of all teeth in all groups were histologically observed. Results The obtained results showed that both Nano-HA induced the formation of thick dentin bridges with irregular dentin patterns at 6 weeks, while MTA and Nano-FA induced no dentin bridge with no tubular dentin pattern. Blood examination at the two intervals revealed no significant increase or decrease in the values of NO, SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH, and TNF-α. However, there was a significant increase in p-values of IL-6 in the Nano-FA treated group compared to both MTA and Nano-HA treated groups at the two intervals. Regarding the inflammatory reaction of the dental pulp, the MTA and Nano-HA groups displayed moderate inflammation, followed by Nano-FA, which showed the highest prevalence of nonpathological inflammation. Histological results were consistent with the blood examination. After 4 weeks, the Nano-FA and Nano-HA groups showed pulp fibrosis at the operating site, but the MTA showed only granulation tissues. Plus, dilated blood vessels appeared in the Nano-FA group. After 6 weeks, MTA and Nano-FA groups showed pulp fibrosis at the operating site with the persistence of dilated blood vessels with Nano-FA. The nano-HA group showed dentin bridge formation at the operating site. Conclusion MTA and Nano-HA could be considered favorable materials for direct pulp capping, while Nano-FA produces nonpathological inflammatory cell reactions. Moreover, the Nano-HA was the best in dentin bridge formation. Although nano-FA increased the operating site closure, it was noticed that it significantly increased IL-6 compared to MTA at the two intervals and significantly increased IL-6 compared to Nano-HA at 6 weeks, which may be manifested as some nonpathological inflammations in the Nano-FA group compared to the other groups, but it was deemed acceptable to direct pulp capping procedures.

The years 1860 to 1960 witnessed the birth and rapid expansion of the modern pulp and paper industry. Its sine qua non was access to enormous volumes of conifer trees that grew in the northern hemisphere’s temperate and boreal forests. Predictably, countries in northern Europe with large swaths of these woodlands became home to substantial pulp and paper industries. This article explains why Great Britain represented Europe’s glaring exception to this rule. Unique circumstances allowed it to become Europe’s largest newsprint producer even though it suffered from a dearth of conifers. Britain’s newspaper publishers grew their circulations and created the largest newsprint market in Europe for most of the period under examination. To meet their exploding demand for paper, they gained control over their country’s newsprint industry. Like producers in other western European countries, they looked to Scandinavia to address their lack of domestic wood supplies, but they also exploited their imperial connection to access a prodigious supply of fibre and pulps in Canada and Newfoundland. Britain’s competitive advantage in this regard was political and not economic because tapping this distant source of raw materials was costly. Nevertheless, British producers were able to absorb the higher costs because their business was vertically integrated. However, British producers could not outrun their resource deficit forever. Changing global industry conditions after World War II caused them to lose their preponderant standing.

Objective. In this study, the biological effect of MTA Repair HP (Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Repair High Plasticity) and Biodentine have been tested on a stabilized fibroblast cell line NCTC clone 929. Materials and Methods. We assessed quantitative and qualitative parameters related to cytotoxic effect of the investigated products. The experimental period was 96 hours. Statistical analysis was performed with Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests. Results. The detached cells test showed no statistically significant difference on cell culture for Biodentine and MTA Repair HP, while for the cellular density assay we found the same biological effect on the tested fibroblasts in the first 24 and 48 hours, but a significant different cellular response for the investigated pulp capping materials for the next 48 hours of the experiment. Conclusions. The results demonstrated that the materials presented a very low level of cytotoxicity. Biodentine showed in all parameters better biological effects than MTA Repair HP, expressed by lower and limited cellular damage and a higher cell density.

Buriti is a fruit rich in antioxidant compounds, and hydroalcoholic extracts were produced from its pulp to investigate the extraction conditions that result in the highest concentrations of bioactive compounds and maximum antioxidant capacity. The results showed considerable variation in the bioactive compound contents in the pulp: total phenolics (104.64–270.61 mg GAE 100 g-1), total flavonoids (17.74–60.46 mg EC 100 g−1), and total carotenoids (1.30–3.92 mg kg−1). The antioxidant capacity of the extracts, evaluated by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP methods, ranged from 1.23 to 3.47 μmol ET g−1, 6.34–15.86 μmol ET g−1, and 4.74–11.95 μmol ET g−1, respectively, highlighting the broad diversity of antioxidant activities present in the extracts. Data modeling generated statistically significant mathematical models and contour graphs, which allowed the identification of the optimal extraction conditions for the compounds. Total carotenoids were most effectively extracted with 20 % buriti pulp, intermediate ethanol concentrations, and temperatures around 70 °C. All other bioactive compounds were more efficiently extracted with 5 % buriti pulp, intermediate ethanol concentrations, and temperatures close to 30 °C. The results confirmed the efficiency of the extractions and highlighted the excellent antioxidant potential of buriti pulp. Additionally, the analysis of the optimal regions for extracting antioxidant compounds from the pulp can be applied in future studies to optimize the extraction process, providing a solid foundation for using this fruit in industrial processes, such as the production of functional ingredients.

O texto concentrar-se-á na tradição pulp que, tendo o seu período áureo na América do pré-Segunda Guerra Mundial, desagregou-se, já no pós-Guerra, a ponto de autonomizar os géneros fantástico, “western” e policial negro; e na forma como, no Portugal da década de 1960, com todas as suas idiossincrasias políticas, sociais e culturais, Roussado Pinto e Dinis Machado moldaram os clichés genéricos para construírem enredos, e protagonistas, ao mesmo tempo falíveis e maquinais, paroquiais e universais, fotográficos e fílmicos, tornando as suas narrativas simultaneamente em cópias do modelo e em reflexos reconhecíveis da vida quotidiana, em toda a sua inefável e desoladora sordidez.

Bulky cellulosic network structures (BRC) with densities between 60 and 130 g/l were investigated as a sustainable alternative to fossil-based foams for impact liners in bicycle helmets. The mechanical properties of BRC foams were characterized across a wide range of strain rates and incorporated into a validated finite element model of a hardshell helmet. Virtual impact tests simulating both consumer information and certification scenarios were conducted to compare BRC-lined helmets against conventional expanded polystyrene (EPS) designs. Results showed that BRC outperformed EPS in oblique impacts, reducing angular accelerations and velocity changes by approximately 33 %, particularly for z-axis rotations. The average risk of sustaining AIS2 injuries and concussions was lower for BRC (8 % and 34 % respectively) compared to EPS (13 % and 46 %). However, BRC helmets exhibited bottoming out in certain straight impacts, potentially failing certification tests. This limitation was addressed through design modifications. The study demonstrates that cellulosic fibre network structures have the potential to replace fossil-based foams in bicycle helmets while providing adequate protection and improved performance in mitigating rotational forces.

Pulp quality significantly affects paper products, necessitating a balance between brightness, strength, and environmental sustainability. The bleaching process, which includes delignification and brightening stages, is crucial for achieving high pulp brightness. Current pulp bleaching research emphasizes optimizing processes and developing predictive models for better quality control, yet real-time pulp brightness monitoring remains a challenge. This research developed a MATLAB program to predict pulp brightness and consistency in real-time during bleaching, conducted entirely without incurring any financial costs. Empirical models for predicting pulp consistency at the extraction-oxidative-peroxide (EOP) and D1 stages were created using second-order polynomial equations, incorporating production rate and inlet pressure as variables. Brightness increment correlations were formulated based on temperature, chemical flow rate, residence time, pH, and inlet pressure, with specific models for the preceding chlorine dioxide (DA), EOP, and second chlorine dioxide (D1) stages. Data normalization ensured efficient processing by standardizing parameter scales. Results showed relationships between brightness increment and parameters for each sub-stage such as DA is linear for pH, quadratic for chlorine dioxide (ClO2) flow rate, cubic for temperature and residence time; EOP is linear for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) flow rate, quadratic for temperature, cubic for inlet pressure, residence time, and pH; D1 is linear for pH, quadratic for ClO2 flow rate and residence time, cubic for inlet pressure and temperature. The coefficient of determination (R2) for the DA, EOP, and D1 sub-stages are 0.85313, 0.86526, and 0.86322, respectively. Parameters with the highest contributions in each stage were identified, such as inlet pressure in the D1 substage yielding the highest brightness gain. This system offers an alternative approach for analyzing pulp quality issues and is adaptable to future mill operational needs.

To reduce energy consumption, a new pulping process called A-D-E-RC (acidification/desalination/electrolysis/recycle-cooking) was developed by a research group in Guangxi University of China. The present work focuses on the step of recycle cooking (RC) to further investigate the technical feasibility of A-D-E-RC methods. Golden bamboo grass was considered as fiber source material for pulp, and it was cooked with the acidic treating of wastewater from black liquor. Then, the pulp obtained from each cooking was made into paper to test the changes in its physical properties. As a result, the pulp yield increased from 43.9% to 50.2%, after re-using acidified black liquor, and the paper's tear index and tensile index were improved. Therefore, this study demonstrated the feasibility of recycle cooking (RC) fiber materials for pulp applied the acidic treating wastewater from black liquor, and thereby, it further identifies the technical feasibility of A-D-E-RC pulping methods.

To reduce energy consumption, a new pulping process called A-D-E-RC (acidification/desalination/electrolysis/recycle-cooking) was developed by a research group in Guangxi University of China. The present work focuses on the step of recycle cooking (RC) to further investigate the technical feasibility of A-D-E-RC methods. Golden bamboo grass was considered as fiber source material for pulp, and it was cooked with the acidic treating of wastewater from black liquor. Then, the pulp obtained from each cooking was made into paper to test the changes in its physical properties. As a result, the pulp yield increased from 43.9% to 50.2%, after re-using acidified black liquor, and the paper's tear index and tensile index were improved. Therefore, this study demonstrated the feasibility of recycle cooking (RC) fiber materials for pulp applied the acidic treating wastewater from black liquor, and thereby, it further identifies the technical feasibility of A-D-E-RC pulping methods.

Bananas (Musa spp.) are a popular tropical fruit grown worldwide and are typically harvested when 70% to 80% plump. Postharvest storage is crucial for maintaining fruit quality, with temperature playing a key role due to banana sensitivity to low temperatures. Red peeled bananas, such as the cultivar Hongmeiren, stand out for their unique red peel and pink pulp when ripe. These bananas offer nutritional benefits and are rich in anthocyanins compared with yellow bananas. This study focused on the hardness change, anthocyanin content, and the expression of related genes in red peeled bananas at different temperatures. Results showed that pulp hardness reached an edible state after 4 days at 19 and 25 °C, with stability thereafter. Storage time at 10 °C was longer and anthocyanin content remained stable across temperatures. Gene expression analysis indicated that genes including MaPAL, MaCHS, MaCHI, MaDFR, and MaANS related to anthocyanin synthesis were highly expressed at 10 °C, potentially preserving anthocyanin content and fruit appearance. Although higher anthocyanin content was observed at 19 and 25 °C, black spots appeared on the fruit peel after 8 days, affecting its quality. After 30 days of storage at 10 °C, a significant number of black spots appeared on the peel of the fruit, leading to a gradual loss of its nutritional value. This study indicates that red peeled bananas can be stored for longer periods while maintaining their appearance quality at 10 °C, as opposed to 19 and 25 °C. Hence, it is recommended to store red peeled bananas at low temperatures, especially following ethylene treatment or during periods of high temperatures.

Abstract The demand for high-purity cellulose, optimization of wood utilization, and environmentally friendly processes has increased in dissolving pulp (DP) production. Sago palm fronds (SPF), an abundant agricultural waste in Indonesia, hold great potential as a raw material for cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin production. This study aimed to explore the production of from SPF by employing a combination of prehydrolysis, soda cooking with 2-methylanthraquinone (MAQ) as a green additive (PHS-MAQ), and totally chlorine-free (TCF) bleaching with peroxymonosulfuric acid (Psa). Furthermore, lignin was recovered from the black liquor of PHS-MAQ. The results showed that prehydrolysis at 150 ºC for 3 h, followed by soda-MAQ cooking at 160 ºC for 1.5 h using 0.03% of MAQ, 23% active alkali (AA), and a five-stage bleaching with oxygen (O), Psa, alkaline extraction with hydrogen peroxide (Ep), Psa, and Ep successfully produced high-purity cellulose as DP, with properties of 94.3% α-cellulose content, 89.9% ISO brightness (SNI ISO 2470–1:2016), 9.1 cP viscosity, and 0.13% ash content. Moreover, the soda-MAQ cooking method exhibited superior delignification compared to prehydrolysis kraft (PHK) and prehydrolysis soda (PHS) processes in a range of kappa numbers of 9.4–22.6 at 17–25% AA. The inclusion of MAQ increased pulp yields by 4.6–4.9% and decreased kappa number by 1.6–3.1 compared to the PHS without additives at similar AA. Lignin was separated from the PHS-MAQ, with yields of 69–77%. This work demonstrated the suitability of SPF processed by PHS-MAQ cooking and Psa bleaching for the preparation of viscose rayon and cellulose derivatives. The lignin recovery could be an attractive biorefinery process in modern pulp mills.

Five types of frankfurters were formulated: a control without tamarind (T0) and four samples using 5% tamarind pulp paste (PT5), seeds (ST5), peel (CT5), and a blend of all of them (PSCT5), replacing the same portion of meat. The inclusion of tamarind components led to a reduction in the moisture and protein content of the reformulated frankfurters. In terms of mineral composition, CT5 showed the highest (p < 0.05) calcium content. Additionally, ST5 and CT5 treatments demonstrated the lowest processing loss values. The pH was lower in the PT5 treatment (p < 0.05). Incorporating tamarind components reduced the lightness (L*) of the frankfurters, resulting in darker sausages. However, ST5 exhibited greater redness (a*), while higher yellowness (b*) values were observed in PT5 and CT5 treatments (p < 0.05). Texture analysis revealed no differences (p > 0.05) in hardness and chewiness between T0 and PT5; however, ST5 exhibited the highest values for these parameters (p < 0.05). No variation in the conformational order of the lipid acyl chains due to the incorporation of tamarind compounds was observed related to physical entrapment of these compounds in the frankfurter matrix. Both T0 and PT5 were well accepted by consumers, and scores higher than 7 were observed for overall acceptability and purchase intention. The study demonstrated that incorporating tamarind components, especially pulp paste (PT), is a viable alternative for replacing lean pork meat in frankfurters, improving the sustainable aspects of frankfurter production.

Pulp revascularization is an emerging treatment modality in endodontics aimed at preserving the vitality and function of immature permanent teeth with necrotic pulp and apical periodontitis. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the current state of pulp revascularization, encompassing its rationale, clinical procedures, indications, contraindications, advantages, limitations, and potential future prospects. By critically analyzing the existing literature and clinical experiences, this review aims to offer insights into the efficacy, challenges, and potential advancements in the field of pulp revascularization.

Abstract Aim To investigate iron-deficiency anemia as a risk factor for dental pulp disease in children from the central Peruvian jungle. Methodology A case-control study was carried out with 270 children, of which 90 referred to cases and 180, to controls. Patients with pulp disease were diagnosed according to the criteria of the Association of Endodontists and the American Board of Endodontics. A specific questionnaire was used to assess ferrous sulfate consumption, maternal education level, maternal age, occupation, and household income. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and a binary logistic regression. Results Iron deficiency anemia offers a risk factor for pulp disease in children (OR 7.44, IC 95% 4.0-13.8). According to multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression, ferrous sulfate consumption (OR 13.8, IC 95% 5.6.33.9), maternal education level (OR 2.4, IC 95% 1.1-5.3), maternal age (OR 7.5, IC 95% 2.9-19.4), household income (OR 4.0, IC 95% 1.6-9.6), and caries (OR 10.7, IC 95% 4.5-25.7) configured independent factors that were statistically associated with pulp disease. Conclusion Iron deficiency anemia, ferrous sulfate consumption, maternal education level, maternal age, household income, and dental caries were positively associated with pulp disease in children

Stone fruits, such as the apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), are frequently consumed. As such, a substantial volume of apricot waste is generated at each stage of the food supply chain, including harvesting, processing, packaging, warehousing, transportation, retailing, and eventual consumption. This generates tons of waste annually on a global scale. The significant amounts of phenolics present in these wastes are primarily responsible for their antioxidant capacity and the subsequent health advantages they provide. As such, apricot pulp by-products could be a valuable reservoir of bioactive compounds, such as tocopherols, polyphenolic compounds, proteins, dietary fibers, etc. Moreover, apricot kernels are also recognized for their abundance of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols and tocopherols, which find utility in diverse sectors including cosmetology and the food industry. Both conventional and green methods are employed, and generally, green methods lead to higher extraction efficiency. The antimicrobial properties of apricot kernel essential oil have been widely recognized, leading to its extensive historical usage in the treatment of diverse ailments. In addition, apricot kernel oil possesses the capacity to serve as a viable resource for renewable fuels and chemicals. This review examines the potential of apricot waste as a source of bioactive compounds, as well as its utilization in diverse applications, with an emphasis on its contribution to health improvement.

ABSTRACTThe Argan tree (Argania spinosa (L.) (Skeels)) is a woody species endemic to Algeria (Tindouf region mostly) and Morocco. It is a plant species of oleo-agro-sylvo-pastoral and ecological importance as it contributes to the fight against desertification and climate change. Moreover, the seed is used for extracting oil, which has high dietic and cosmetic qualities. In this work, the fruit harvest period and Argania spinosa productivity are related to the phenological process of flowering and fruiting. Our results show that the experimental argan trees of Mostaganem bloom late to be pollinated in the spring and remain dormant throughout the summer, in contrast to the endemic Tindouf trees that bloom early in September, bear fruit and ripen in the same season. This explains why that the fruits of the Tindouf region are the richest compared to the fruits of the other two regions. Our study shows that the pulp always contains more than almonds, as the oil was extracted and analyzed, the pulp is the fraction richest in phenols, while almond is the poorest fraction (3.43 ± 0.72 mg/g, 1.34 ± 0.03 mg/g), the same thing goes for the total flavonoid content (9 ± 0.5 mg/g, 2.83 ± 0.14 mg/g). The greatest activity was recorded in the fruits of Tindouf. As for the components of the fruit, the highest activity was recorded in the pulps then the almonds and the lowest in the oil (502 ± 11.42 g, 216 ± 8.43 g, 174 ± 3.61 g), respectively. Concerning primary metabolites, the fruit is rich (the almond is rich in proteins, the pulp is rich in sugar and the oil is rich in lipids).

Recent research has highlighted the effectiveness of starter inocula in fermentation processes. In this sense, this study examines the use of an inoculum composed of coffee pulp, mucilage broth, and microorganisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, and S. thermophilus in fermenting Castillo variety coffee. An inoculum was prepared, measuring variables such as the pH, acidity, °Brix, lactic acid bacteria, and yeast viability. Following optimization, the inoculum was evaluated in a fermentation process, evaluating the pH, °Brix, acidity, microbiological analysis, ochratoxin A, and cup quality post-drying and roasting. The findings demonstrated a significant reduction in the pH from 4.47 to 4.05 and in the °Brix from 15.8 to 8.45, indicating efficient organic acid production and sugar degradation. Acidity levels increased from 20.02 mg/g to 42.69 mg/g, while microbial viabilities remained above 107 CFUs/g, suggesting effective biomass production. The process effectively reduced the microbial load without detecting ochratoxin A. Sensory evaluations confirmed the enhanced cup quality, validating the positive impact of inoculum use in coffee fermentation. The results support the use of coffee pulp and mucilage broth as effective substrates for the growth of the evaluated microorganisms, and the application of starter cultures containing lactic acid bacteria and yeast can elevate the coffee to a specialty grade.

Polyphenols are important functional components that have anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects. Apple fruit is rich in polyphenols and is one of the dietary sources of polyphenols. The polyphenol components and contents of the peel and pulp of 74 Malus sieversii (Led.) Roem. and 26 Chinese Malus germplasm resources were determined using ultra-high-phase chromatography (UPLC) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). The results showed that 34 components were detected in the peel and 30 in the flesh, and that the polyphenol components and contents of the different germplasm resources were significantly different; the polyphenol content of Malus sieversii (Led.) Roem. was significantly higher than that of the other local varieties, and the polyphenol content in the peel was also higher than that in the flesh. Rutin, quercetin 3-O-arabopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, and peonidin 3-O-galactoside were detected only in the peel. The total polyphenol content in the peel ranged from 949.76 to 5840.06 mg/kg, and the polyphenol content in the pulp ranged from 367.31 to 5123.10 mg/kg. The cluster analysis of polyphenol components and contents in peel and pulp showed that 100 Malus germplasm resources could be grouped into four categories. Principal component analysis of 34 kinds and 30 kinds of polyphenols in peel and pulp of 100 resources was performed. If the eigenvalue is greater than 1, eight and seven principal components are extracted, respectively. Five Malus resources with high polyphenol content in the peel and pulp were selected: ‘XY-77’ (peel: 5840.06 mg/kg, pulp: 5123.10 mg/kg; ‘LF-09’ (peel: 4692.63 mg/kg, pulp: 3729.79 mg/kg); ‘2012-5’ (peel: 4377.61 mg/kg, pulp: 3847.54 mg/kg); ‘29028’ (peel: 5088.05 mg/kg, pulp: 3994.61 mg/kg); and ‘11-01’ (peel: 5154.45 mg/kg, pulp: 3616.15 mg/kg). These results provide us with information regarding the polyphenol composition and content of the wild apple resources and local cultivars. The high polyphenol content resources obtained by screening can be used as raw materials for the extraction of polyphenol components and functional fruit juice processing and can also be used as parents for functional fruit creation and variety breeding.

A reinforced eco-friendly cushioning material (ECM) comprising starch and cellulose material was developed. The ECM was prepared based on the starch type and cellulose material content; it was compared with commercial CMs. Different sizes of refined pulp (RP) and microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) were manufactured from hardwood bleached kraft pulp via beating and grinding, respectively. Thereafter, amylose-containing corn starch (CS) or amylopectin-only-containing glutinous rice starch (GS) was mixed with the manufactured cellulose materials. A slurry comprising starch and cellulose materials was homogenized for 2 min and lyophilized to prepare the ECM, after which the structure and strength characteristics of the prepared ECM were evaluated. The GS-prepared ECM produced a plate-like internal structure because of its amylopectin content, and amylose-containing CS exhibited a net-like shape. The cellulose materials offered support between starches with plate-like or net structure ECMs, and the pore shape was formed by adding MFC. As the cellulose material content increased, the strength of the ECM increased compared with that of the commercial CMs. Thus, ECMs with higher strength than their commercial counterparts could be manufactured with GS and cellulose materials.

Handmade paper has been around for centuries. In Asia, Europe, and other parts of the world, the means of creating handmade paper depend largely on traditional equipment and other industrial machines. In Ghana, the means of creating handmade paper is through a tedious process of hand beating the bast fiber of the Kyenkyen tree. This resulted in the production of a proto-paper known as the bark cloth. This traditional method has almost become extinct with the influx of imported industrial papers. Therefore the purpose of this study was to seek a solution to this problem through the possible design and fabrication of a paper pulp-making machine daubed the Ada Beater. Thus getting vital tools for making art, print, and papermaking. The paper explored practice-based research methodology to fabricate a papermaking machine known as the Ada Beater. The results showed that the machine can be fabricated and made to produce improved papers of archival quality derived from various plant sources in Ghana. It is recommended that this homegrown know-how should be made available to artists and art teachers for the teaching and use of handmade paper for artistic purposes.

A reinforced eco-friendly cushioning material (ECM) comprising starch and cellulose material was developed. The ECM was prepared based on the starch type and cellulose material content; it was compared with commercial CMs. Different sizes of refined pulp (RP) and microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) were manufactured from hardwood bleached kraft pulp via beating and grinding, respectively. Thereafter, amylose-containing corn starch (CS) or amylopectin-only-containing glutinous rice starch (GS) was mixed with the manufactured cellulose materials. A slurry comprising starch and cellulose materials was homogenized for 2 min and lyophilized to prepare the ECM, after which the structure and strength characteristics of the prepared ECM were evaluated. The GS-prepared ECM produced a plate-like internal structure because of its amylopectin content, and amylose-containing CS exhibited a net-like shape. The cellulose materials offered support between starches with plate-like or net structure ECMs, and the pore shape was formed by adding MFC. As the cellulose material content increased, the strength of the ECM increased compared with that of the commercial CMs. Thus, ECMs with higher strength than their commercial counterparts could be manufactured with GS and cellulose materials.

Background. The technology of deep grain processing is based on the use of operations that ensure separation of raw materials into various components and sequential processing of these components into products of high consumer value. The annual volume of deep grain processing products is over 100 million tons. Starch, as the most valuable component of processed grain, is used in the food industry, pharmacy, and in significant amounts for technical purposes. Studying the potential of domestic maize hybrids to provide raw materials for deep grain processing enterprises is a relevant task.Materials and methods. The material for field and laboratory studies included 17 commercial maize hybrids developed at the P.P. Lukyanenko National Grain Center. The content of starch, protein and oil in grain was measured with infrared spectroscopy on an Infratec 1241 Grain Analyzer. Actual extraction of native starch was implemented using the “plant-on-the-table” method developed at the All-Russian Research Institute of Starch Products, and breeding trials of maize hybrids were carried out in the steppe zone of Kabardino-Balkaria in 2020/2021.Results. As a result of the research, 13 hybrids with a mass fraction of starch in the range of 70.0–73.2% DM were identified: KR210MV, KR270MV, KR377AMV, KR385MV, KR415MV, ROSS198MV, KR433MV, KR514MV, KR575MV, LYUDMILA, ROSS190MV, and ROSS195MV. Of these, the grain yield in the range of 10–14 t/ha was shown by the hybrids KR270MV, KR315MV, KR377AMV, KR415MV, KR514MV, and KR575MV. In accordance with the results obtained, a number of hybrids can be recommended as source material for breeding and promising raw material for deep grain processing: KR415MV, KR393MV, and ROSS198MV, yielding 90.0–94.4% DW of starch when processed, and KR315MV, with a mass fraction of amylose in starch up to 38.6% DW.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the surface modification efficiency of raw zeolite by hexadecyl trimethylammonium cationic surfactant for cyanide sorption. Properties such as mineralogy, morphology and elemental composition of sorbents were determined. Batch and column tests were performed to evaluate the sorption efficiency of raw and modified zeolite from solution and released from the cyanide polluted pulp. The presence of clinoptilolite mineral and surfactant surface coating due to modification using surfactant was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis and electron microscopy images. The results of isotherm experiment showed that modification of zeolite with surfactant increased the adsorption capacity of cyanide by zeolite 7 times compared to the raw sample and the maximum adsorption capacity of cyanide by modified zeolite was 3.97 mg/g. The ability of surfactant-modified zeolite to sorb more cyanide than raw zeolite was confirmed by the results of the column test on the cyanide released from the pulp. It was observed that with increasing time, the concentration of cyanide in the outlet solution increases, but this increase in the cyanide concentration in the outlet solution of the column containing the modified zeolite is less than the raw zeolite.

Epigenetics refers to the mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modification that influence gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. These epigenetic modifications can regulate gene transcription, splicing, and stability, thereby impacting cell differentiation, development, and disease occurrence. The formation of dentin is intrinsically linked to the odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), which are recognized as the optimal cell source for dentin-pulp regeneration due to their varied odontogenic potential, strong proliferative and angiogenic characteristics, and ready accessibility Numerous studies have demonstrated the critical role of epigenetic regulation in DPSCs differentiation into specific cell types. This review thus provides a comprehensive review of the mechanisms by which epigenetic regulation controls the odontogenesis fate of DPSCs.

IntroductionThe fruit of Saba senegalensis plays an important role in household nutrition. It is an important source of sweet carbohydrates, minerals, vitamin C, provitamin A and has many biological properties. It is also of economical importance and employment for rural populations, through the processing of fruit. Unfortunately, the lack of exhaustive data on the composition and properties of the fruit and its derivatives limits processing and marketing. The species is widespread in different climatic zones.MethodsTherefore, its composition and biological properties may vary, offering a variety of processing products to meet the specific nutritional needs. This study aimed to characterize the bioactive potential and antioxidant properties of fruit pulps of S. senegalensis in order to increase its value-added processing. Pulp samples of fruits were sampled from five regions of Burkina Faso, namely the Cascades, Sud-Ouest, Boucle du Mouhoun, Nord and Centre-Sud regions.Results and DiscussionQualitative analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids and steroids, anthocyanins and tannins. Quantitative analyses showed a significant variation in phenolics, tannins, lycopene, vitamin C, β-carotene and antioxidant activity among samples. However, this variation was not region-dependent. Indeed, some fruits from same region showed both the highest and lowest values for the assessed parameters. Fruits from regions of Centre-Sud and Sud-Ouest and displayed the highest and lowest levels of total phenolics (877.48 and 1142.33 mg GAE/100 g) and tannins (42.38 and 55.64 mg TAE/100 g), respectively. The high potential of S. senegalensis fruits pulp in nutritional and bioactive compounds, and antioxidant properties recorded in this study suggests that they can be used as a dietary supplement or in the formulation of energy foods and nutraceutical containing foods.

Abstract Akebia fruit is a plant used for both medicinal and edible purposes. In recent years, due to the rich phytochemical composition with bioactive effects, Akebia fruit has attracted increasing attention on its composition analysis, active ingredients identification, and product applications. For example, the protein, sugar, amino acids, and vitamin C content of the pulp is higher than that of ordinary fruit. The seeds are not only processed into edible oil, it is also rich in protein and have the potential to be developed into a new resource with beneficial effects on human health. However, the research on the understanding of Akebia as a plant fruit is relatively lacking. In this review, an overview of Akebia fruit from food perspectives, including extraction methods and phytochemicals, bioactive functions, and various applications, were summarized. Finally, based on the current status and existing challenges, the prospect and future development direction of Akebia fruit were discussed.

Kolor is a teinturier grape cultivar, that accumulates flavonoids in the skin and pulp. However, the concentrations and proportions of flavonoids in Kolor skin and pulp differ, suggesting tissue specificity in teinturier grapes. Light conditions significantly influence the evolution of flavonoids. Moreover, studies on the mechanisms governing flavonoid accumulation in light response sensitivity of teinturier grapes are limited. In the three consecutive years of study, the exposure of Kolor clusters was altered by bagging from pre-veraison to harvest. QqQ/MS and RT‒qPCR wereused to determine the individual anthocyanin contents and the relative gene expression. There was a significant decrease in the total anthocyanins and flavonols in the Kolor berries, with flavonols showing greater sensitivity to bagging. Bagging did not exert a consistent impact on the flavan-3-ols in Kolor berries. The sensitivities of anthocyanins in Kolor skin and pulp differed under light exclusion conditions. The concentration of trihydroxy-substituted anthocyanins in the skin decreased, while the proportion of dihydroxy-substituted anthocyanins in the pulp significantly increased, but the anthocyanin concentration in the pulp did not change significantly after bagging. The contents of malvidins and quercetins in the skin, and myricetins and quercetins in the pulp, were significantly reduced after bagging. The expression of flavonoid synthesis genes in Kolor skin and pulp was tissue-specific. After bagging, UFGT expression increased in the pulp and decreased in the skin. In addition, LDOX, FLS-1, CHI-1, CHI-2, F3H-1, F3H-2, and MYB4a exhibited sensitive light responses in both the skin and pulp. This study offers new insights into the regulation of flavonoids in Kolor grapes under light exclusion conditions.

The sugar beet processing in the sugar production industry releases huge amounts of sugar beet pulp, lime residue, and molasses, which can be considered a valuable by-product as a source of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. Sugar beet pulp is often used as a high-energy, low-protein supplement for ruminants to promote optimal rumen health and increase milk production. However, it cannot be used in large quantities and is thrown away, causing environmental pollution. Valorizing sugar beet processing wastes via biotechnological approaches into value-added products is cost-effective and eco-friendly. In this article, recent developments in the biotechnological valorization of sugar beet byproducts to produce biofuels, bioethanol, butanol, biomass and platform chemicals such as gluconic acid, lactic acid, rhamnolipid biosurfactant, and endo-polygalacturonase were reviewed, and the methods provide a way to save the environment. Several sugar beet processing plants in the Kyrgyz Republic can offer these methods as a roadmap for value-added production.

Natural facing stone is a limited and non-renewable fossil resource. This resource should be used to the fullest extent in order to the strategy of sustainable development and the main principles of the circular economy. Like any processing industry, the stone processing industry generates waste. There are no clearly established rules for dealing with this type of waste in Ukraine to nowadays. The foreign experience of using waste from the stone processing enterprises is not suitable for Ukraine due to a different type or mineral and chemical composition of the natural stone. The organization of temporary storage requires the allocation of certain lands, which is often irrational, and the construction of special mining and technical facilities. Storage or use for re-filling at solid waste landfills raises some questions related to the ecological and sanitary aspects of such treatment. Waste from stone processing enterprises can be classified according to the size of individual particles into broken stone and fine particles. Fine-dispersed waste is a mixture of crushed stone grains with a size less than 2 mm, i.e. stone dust. These are products of the destruction of the natural stone, tools and materials used in the technological process of cutting and polishing and other substances that can get into the circulating water supply system of the enterprise. An approximate composition of waste is determined using open data of the mineral and chemical composition of natural stone, which is confirmed by the analysis of the waste chemical composition described in Ukrainian scientific researching. Organoleptic, physicochemical, radiation properties, migration rate of heavy metals were studied. Based on the obtained data, it has been concluded that the waste from stone processing enterprises is relatively inert material, which is classified as safe waste, and recommendations have been provided regarding their handling.

Dentin pulp has a complex function as a major unit in maintaining the vitality of teeth. In this sense, the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway has a vital part in tooth development, maintenance, repair, and regeneration by controlling physiological activities such as growth, differentiation, and migration. This pathway consists of a network of proteins, such as Wnt signaling molecules, which interact with receptors of targeted cells and play a role in development and adult tissue homeostasis. The Wnt signals are specific spatiotemporally, suggesting its intricate mechanism in development, regulation, repair, and regeneration by the formation of tertiary dentin. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway in dentin and pulp regeneration, how different proteins, molecules, and ligands influence this pathway, either upregulating or silencing it, and how it may be used in the future for clinical dentistry, in vital pulp therapy as an effective treatment for dental caries, as an alternative approach for root canal therapy, and to provide a path for therapeutic and regenerative dentistry.

The potential for grapes and wine to be tainted following vineyard exposure to wildfire smoke is well established, with recent studies suggesting hops and apples (and thus beer and cider) can be similarly affected. However, the susceptibility of other crops to ‘smoke taint’ has not yet been investigated. Smoke was applied to a selection of fruits and vegetables, as well as potted lavender plants, and their volatile phenol composition determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to evaluate their susceptibility to contamination by smoke. Volatile phenols were observed in control (unsmoked) capsicum, cherry, lavender, lemon, spinach and tomato samples, typically at ≤18 µg/kg, but 52 µg/kg of guaiacol and 83–416 µg/kg of o- and m-cresol and 4-methylsyringol were detected in tomato and lavender samples, respectively. However, significant increases in volatile phenol concentrations were observed as a consequence of smoke exposure; with the highest volatile phenol levels occurring in smoke-exposed strawberry and lavender samples. Variation in the uptake of volatile phenols by different crops was attributed to differences in their physical properties, i.e., their surface area, texture and/or cuticle composition, while the peel of banana, lemon, and to a lesser extent apple samples, mitigated the permeation of smoke-derived volatile phenols into pulp. Results provide valuable insight into the susceptibility of different crops to smoke contamination.

Herein, we isolated three triterpenoid saponins from the methanol extract of the fruit pulp of argan. The structures of the identified compounds were determined using comprehensive NMR spectroscopy analyses (1H, 13C NMR, COSY, TOCSY, ROESY, and HSQC), combined with mass spectroscopy. Gas chromatography (GC) was utilized to determine the monosaccharide contents after the samples underwent methanolysis and their glycoside configuration was proved via their trimethylsilyl derivatives. Furthermore, the methanol extract of the fruit pulp and its n-butanol fraction were evaluated for their antioxidant properties via DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, antidiabetic activity using α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition activities, and antibacterial properties utilizing microdilution and antibiofilm assays. Compared to the crude methanol extract, our results showed that the n-butanol fraction exhibited more potent antioxidant activity and antibacterial potential against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC = 12.5–50 mg/mL); while no effect on the bacterial biofilm was observed. The methanol extract was more effective in inhibiting α-glucosidase (EC50 = 0.15 mg/mL), however, the n-butanol fraction elicited strong α-amylase inhibition (EC50 = 0.49 mg/mL). These findings suggest that the fruit pulp of argan could serve as a potential source of phytochemicals suitable for the treatment of diabetes and its related complications.

This essay reconsiders what genre historian Bradley Schauer terms the “pulp paradox”, that is, the film industry’s supposed reluctance to produce sf films because of a fear that doing so would associate the movies with “the less reputable variations of the genre” often associated with pulp literature. It examines this notion by considering a partnership in the 1950s between producer George Pal, major film studio Paramount Pictures, and the most respected of the sf pulps, Astounding Science Fiction. In this period Astounding published a series of articles sponsored by Pal and Paramount designed to help market a group of films: Destination Moon (1950), When Worlds Collide (1951), The War of the Worlds (1953), and Conquest of Space (1955). The articles, however, would reveal a level of irony in this industry strategy, for while they initially sought to stress the scientific and technological accuracy to be found in these films, they—in concert with the films themselves and other marketing strategies—would also increasingly suggest a kind of pulpiness in the films. During the course of this decade the film industry, with its emphasis on special effects, what Susan Sontag refers to as an “imagination of disaster”, and a sensationalistic and at times lurid imagery, became the real purveyor of a pulp vision.

Cocoa quality largely depends on postharvest processing, including fruit maturity levels and practices, such as ripening (pod conditioning), fermentation, drying, and roasting. This study aimed to identify the effects of the maturity level and pod conditioning period of cocoa pods on the changes in the physicochemical properties of the beans of Sulawesi 2 (S2) cocoa clone from Pinrang Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Two treatment variables were applied and assessed: fruit maturity levels (treatment A) and duration of pod conditioning (treatment B). Results indicated that pulp weight ranged from 29.69–47.96 g/100 g fresh beans, pulp moisture was 74.43%–83.29%, total sugar content was 4.28%–11.91%, sucrose content was 0.33%–0.88%, glucose/fructose was 3.84%–11.09%, and cocoa pulp pH was 3.27–3.79. The bean moisture was 37.13%–58.67%, bean weight was 54.19–72.4 g/100 g fresh beans, and polyphenol content ranged from 4.76–13.05 mg/g in gallic acid equivalents. Statistical analyses indicated that fruit maturity level did not have a significant effect on the weight, moisture, total sugar content, glucose/fructose content or pH of the pulp or the moisture content and weight of the bean. However, fruit maturity level significantly affected the polyphenol and pulp sucrose contents of the bean. Furthermore, pod conditioning had significant effects on the weight, total sugar content, sucrose content, and glucose/fructose content of the pulp as well as the weight and polyphenol contents of the beans. The effects of pod conditioning on the moisture and pH of the pulp and the bean moisture content were insignificant. Pod conditioning for 6 days with an A2 maturity level not only reduced the acidity of the cocoa beans, but it also increased the polyphenol content and the weight of the beans. Increased bean weight will increase the yield of cocoa beans. Therefore, pod conditioning for 6 days with an A2 maturity level can be applied to the cocoa processing industry, especially before carrying out the cocoa bean fermentation.

Thermal properties are important factors to determine the proper manufacturing, processing, and storing of biocomposites. Therefore, the thermal properties of the biocomposite made from acetylated betung bamboo pulp and polypropylene (PP) were investigated. The biocomposite was manufactured by hot pressing at 180 oC for 2 minutes and the fiber contents of the acetylated bamboo pulp used were 10 and 20% according to PP weight. The influence of acetylation and fiber content of bamboo pulp on the thermal properties of the biocomposite were investigated by using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The results showed that acetylated bamboo pulp-PP biocomposite’s were higher than its pure and untreated biocomposites. The rate of crystallization growth of the acetylated bamboo pulp-PP biocomposites was faster up to 4.5 fold than pure PP composite. In addition, its acetylated bamboo pulp-PP had higher onset and maximum decomposition temperature than its untreated fiber-PP biocomposites but lower than PP. According to the results, the best thermal properties of biocomposite were obtained by acetylation of bamboo pulp with 10% fiber content.

ABSTRACT: The term bioactivity is being increasingly used in medicine and dentistry. Due to its positive connotation, it is frequently utilised for advertising dental restorative materials. However, there is confusion about what the term means, and concerns have been raised about its potential overuse. Therefore, FDI decided to publish a Policy Statement about the bioactivity of dental restorative materials to clarify the term and provide some caveats for its use in advertising. Background information for this Policy Statement was taken from the current literature, mainly from the PubMed database and the internet. Bioactive restorative materials should have beneficial/desired effects. These effects should be local, intended, and nontoxic and should not interfere with a material's principal purpose, namely dental tissue replacement. Three mechanisms for the bioactivity of such materials have been identified: purely biological, mixed biological/chemical, or strictly chemical. Therefore, when the term bioactivity is used in an advertisement or in a description of a dental restorative material, scientific evidence (in vitro or in situ, and preferably in clinical studies) should be provided describing the mechanism of action, the duration of the effect (especially for materials releasing antibacterial substances), and the lack of significant adverse biological side effects (including the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance). Finally, it should be documented that the prime purpose, for instance, to be used to rebuild the form and function of lost tooth substance or lost teeth, is not impaired, as demonstrated by data from in vitro and clinical studies. The use of the term bioactive dental restorative material in material advertisement/information should be restricted to materials that fulfil all the requirements as described in the FDI Policy Statement.

The pulp powder was prepared from fruits of African locust bean tree and used to produce jam. The pulp and jam were analyzed for the chemical composition, physicochemical, microbiological and sensory properties. The total soluble solids of the pulp and jam were 25.5 and 72.5 oBrix, respectively. The pulp had pH of 5.3, while the pH of the jam was 3.3. The jam had higher total titratable acidity than the pulp. The jam contained higher crude protein (3.16 %), crude fat (1.03%), ash (4.3%) and carbohydrate (76.044%) contents than the pulp. The crude protein, fat, ash and carbohydrate contents of the pulp were 2.86, 0.85, 2.93 and 68.81%, respectively. The energy content of the jam was also higher than that of the pulp. The flavonoids, carotenoids, tannins, oxalates, phytates, saponins and alkaloids contents of the jam were lower than those of the pulp. The total sugars, reducing sugars, glucose, fructose and sucrose contents of the pulp were 7.7, 10.7, 5. 5, 4.8 and 5.8%, respectively, while those of the jam were 75.5, 47.6, 20.3, 30.3 and 21.68%, respectively. The vitamins B1, B2 and C contents of the pulp were 122, 35 and 35 mg/100g, respectively and decreased to 113, 10.2 and 22mg/100g, respectively, in the jam. The citric acid increased from 12.9 in the pulp to 15.6mg/100gin the jam. The P, K, Mg, Cu, Zn and Ca contents of the jam were higher than those of the pulp, while the Na and Fe contents of the pulp were higher than those of the jam. The total plate counts of the pulp and the pulp jam were 4.0 x104 and 1.2 x 101, respectively. The yeast and mould counts of pulp were 2.4 x104, while that of the jam was 0.3 x 101. The commercial plum jam was rated higher than the pulp jam for all the sensory attributes assessed except spreadability and overall acceptability.

In this paper, 46 fresh goji pulp products randomly selected from the market were compared and analyzed through the main components, color, flavor and other indicators, and the evaluation standard was preliminarily established. The results showed that the samples of fresh goji pulp showed good nutritional and flavor characteristics, but the quality of different products varied greatly. The pH ranged from 4.04~4.62, the viscosity ranged from 6.63~116.60 cP, the soluble solids ranged from 12.77%~30.63%, the total sugar content ranged from 93.19~220.26 mg/g, the flavonoid content ranged from 23.43~87.27 μg/g, and the total carotenoid content ranged from 3.23~1579.47 μg/g. The color of the samples was bright orange-red, and the samples responded to the eight flavor characteristics of umami, sour, astringency and saltness. Alkanes, alcohols, and volatile sulfides were the most varied compounds in the odor analysis. Based on principal component analysis, the correlation degree and contribution degree of each index and the main component were obtained, the quality evaluation index of fresh goji pulp was established, the grading standard of evaluation index was established by probability classification, and the evaluation standard of quality was constructed by analytic hierarchy process, and the comprehensive score of each sample of fresh goji pulp was obtained, which provided data reference for quality evaluation and standard formulation of fresh goji pulp.

Less common fruit plants of the genus Amelanchier Medik (serviceberry) are a source of biologically active compounds with high antioxidant capacity. In the present study, we studied the accumulation of secondary metabolites and antioxidant properties of the fruits of A. alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt., A. canadensis (L.) Medik., and A. humilis Wiegand, growing in the steppe zone of Ukraine. The distribution of the main classes of polyphenolic compounds in the peel and pulp of fruits was studied using different spectrophotometric methods. Total polyphenols content (TPC) in the fruit peel and pulp was determined with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent; aluminum chloride method was used to evaluate the total flavonoids content (TFC); ferric-reducing power (FRP) of the plant fruit extracts was evaluated using potassium ferricyanide method, and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of peel and pulp extracts was determined by phosphomolybdenum method. Study results revealed the prevalence of phytochemicals accumulation in fruit peel as compared with pulp. Total polyphenols content in serviceberry peel consisted of 73% to 89% of the total sum in the whole fruit. The share of flavonoids in fruit peel varied in the range of 84–94% of the total flavonoids amount. The most reducing power of plant fruits was represented by fruit peel (63–67% of total level). Antioxidant capacity of the serviceberry peel was 59–64% of the whole fruit total antioxidant capacity. Analysis of the indices for whole fruits revealed the statistically significant correlations between TPC and FRP (r = 0.83), between TFC and FRP (r = 0.88), between TPC and TFC (r = 0.99). These findings can indicate the important role of the phenolic compounds in the antioxidant ability of the fruits of A. canadensis, A. humilis and A. alnifolia. Among them, species A. humilis exhibited the highest antioxidant potential; however, all the studied plants are promising for successful cultivation in the steppe zone. Further research is needed to study the bioactivities of plant extracts and polyphenols profile of different species in order to assess the plant resource for the functional nutrition and health promotion.

Aerated stirring pretreatment to achieve effective flotation separation of chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite has been studied in this paper. It is mainly investigated the relationship between the dosing sequence, mixing time and aeration rate and the recovery rate of chalcopyrite. The results of the study show that the effect of adding chemicals before aerated stirring is better than that of adding chemicals after aerated stirring; the increase of aeration rate helps to increase the recovery rate of chalcopyrite, and the recovery rate changes gentle after the rate reaches 2 m3/h ; the recovery rate of chalcopyrite increases with the increase of stirring time within 0~35 min of stirring, and the recovery rate reaches highest at 35 min and then tends to be gentle. The possible reason for the analysis of the above phenomenon is that the oxidation of pyrrhotite consumes the oxygen in the pulp, resulting in insufficient oxygen in the pulp to participate in the adsorption process of xanthate on chalcopyrite surface. After the slurry is filled with air, the oxygen in the air participates in the surface oxidation of pyrrhotite, thereby ensuring that there is enough oxygen in the slurry to participate in the adsorption process of xanthate on the surface of chalcopyrite, thereby increasing the chalcopyrite’s recovery rate.

Background: The aim of this study was to compare three different pulp coverage materials with calcium silicate content considering microleakage in the cavity floor and evaluate the gaps with a stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope SEM. Methods: A total of 40 human molar teeth were used in this study, and class V (4 mm mesio-distal × 3 mm gingivo-occlusal × 3 mm depth) cavities were prepared. The samples were divided into four groups (N = 10), including NeoPutty(Nusmile), Biodentin (Septodont), and TheraCal PT (Bisco). All groups were restored using Single Bond Universal adhesive and Filtek Z250 (3M ESPE). The 0.5% basic fuchsin dye leakage was examined at 40× magnification under a stereomicroscope. SEM analysis revealed that the magnification was fixed at 1.00 KX on all the images. The gaps between the pulp coverage material and the cavity floor dentin were measured from four different points. Results: The different microleakage scores were statistically significant (p < 0.05) when the pulp coverage materials were compared considering microleakage. Conclusions: Within the scope of this study, the biocompatible pulp coating materials NeoPutty and Biodentin showed the least microleakage at the cavity floor and the smallest gaps on the dentin material combined surfaces. By contrast, TheraCal showed increased microleakage and large gaps.

THE PURPOSE. Development and implementation of a set of theoretical and practical recommendations for creating scientifically founded heat flow diagrams for pulp and paper processes, intensifying heat exchanging processes under the economical use of energy resources. METHODS. The method of thermodynamic analysis on the basis of exergy increments in the process of interaction of heat flows is proposed, it allows evaluating the energy efficiency of both individual PPI units and the entire process flow; mathematical relationship between exergy efficiency of process elements and that of a complex heat flow diagram; schematic diagram of a heat recuperator of PBM drying section with a closed loop for the air delivered to drying. RESULTS. Thermodynamic analysis was made to evaluate energy efficiency of PPI equipment; the relationship between conversion factor of thermal pumping plant and thermodynamic properties of actuating media was obtained. Sulfate pulp production was considered in detail. The low energy efficiency of the existing process flow diagram is shown, with its exergy efficiency being equal to 48%. A main share of the consumed exergy (71% of the incoming one) relates to the recovery boiler processes. The process flow diagram consisting of hydrochemical pulpchips processing is suggested. The recovery boiler and rotary-type lime kiln are removed from that flow diagram. Risks of air and water basins pollution fall. The main ways for increasing energy efficiency of lignosulfonates production at sulfite pulp plants are mentioned. DISCUSSION. Further development of energy efficient pulp technologies can be forecasted on the basis of application of fluid technologies such as supercritical water oxidation (SCWO). The positive results of research in water chemistry under supercritical parameters give promise to predict success in developing the energy efficient pulp technology by exposing pulpchips to water at the subcritical and supercritical parameters. Paper and board production relates to the complex physical–chemical and heat-wet processes. The thermodynamic studies allowed determining low exergy efficiency of a drying section of paper and board machine that is because of inefficient operation of the heat recuperation unit. This circumstance is responsible for the bulk supply of low pressure steam from a heat and power plant. The main ways for improving the heat flow diagram of PBM drying section are shown. Cogeneration issues in the pulp and paper industry are considered. The essential attention is given to environmental safety of energy efficient technologies. CONCLUSION. The paper presents main ways for increasing energy efficiency of basic production processes at pulp and paper enterprises. Based on the analysis of exergy efficiency of individual equipment elements and the entire process flow diagrams bottlenecks were revealed and measures for their removal were suggested.

The pulp of the cocoa fruit still has not economically viable yet. Its potency to be processed into fruit syrup is expected to increase its value added. Local sugar from palm and canes is still traditionally utilized to produce brown sugar. This study aimed to make fruit syrup by utilizing cocoa pulp and local sugar sources in West Sumatra with several variants (palm sugar, sugarcane, and market white sugar). The effects of sugar concentration on the quality of the syrup were also studied. Sensory evaluation by the hedonic method was performed and statistical analysis data were carried out using SPSS. Microbiological analysis and shelf-life testing also have been done. The results of this study showed that respondents preferred syrup with palm sugar to sugarcane because of its light brown color and distinctive sweetness. The microbiological test reported that the syrup could only be consumed for less than the 5th day in a sealed glass bottle if it was placed at room temperature. Meanwhile, the syrup placed in the refrigerator (5 0C) could keep until the 5th day

There is very little information on the factors that influence the trade of baobab products and the basic market functioning factors predominantly hindering the smooth trade and commercialization of baobab products in the Kazungula district in Zambia. This study was carried out to analyze the factors affecting the trading of baobab products for improved marketing and sustainability of the trade in the Kazungula district. Purposive sampling was used to select the districts while snowballing technique was used in selecting the actors of the baobab trade. Findings show that the production factors (the price of seedlings, farm size, price of agrochemicals, expenditure on labour, and cost of irrigation and production) are among the factors that influence the production of baobab products since they are used as inputs in the baobab fruit production activities. Socio-economic and institutional factors also influence a farmer’s economic benefits. The socio-economic factors influence the efficiency of a farmer. The study’s policy recommendations are expected to play a feedback effect in improving profit efficiency and economic benefits of baobab fruits at all levels. Further, improved livelihoods and income levels are anticipated. This is anticipated to have a feedback effect on profit efficiency, institutional and socio-cultural factors through improved and informed use of inputs, the alteration of the current socio-cultural aspects of the rural farmers, and institutional services accessibility.

Air abrasion particles, propelled by a compressed air stream, remove material from the tooth’s surface. The air abrasion parameter plays an important role in removing the strains or plaque from the teeth. The research outcomes shed light on the stress distribution within dental structures using the finite element approach. Enamel, as the hardest and outermost layer of the tooth, consistently bears the highest stress levels during air abrasion procedures, regardless of whether the impact pressure is set at 80 or 100 psi. While enamel takes the initial force, it gradually transfers these forces to the dentin layer beneath, a denser but slightly less hard tissue. For abrasive particles falling within the 40 μ m to 100 μ m size range, an impact pressure of 80 psi is found to strike an optimal balance between effective material removal and minimizing damage to dental structures. However, when working with larger particles exceeding 100 μ m, increasing the impact pressure to 100 psi becomes preferable to maintain efficiency and precision. The results of this research provide valuable guidance for enhancing dental procedures with a strong focus on patient safety and the maintenance of dental health. It underscores the importance of thoughtfully adjusting parameters like particle size and impact pressure to attain favourable treatment results while prioritizing the health and comfort of patients.

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) used to sterilize carious dentin may irritate pulp tissues because of tissue-penetrating laser and singlet oxygen generation. This study aimed to assess the effects of aPDT on rat pulp tissues. A cavity formed in a rat maxillary first molar was treated with aPDT. The combined photosensitizer and laser irradiation conditions in the aPDT groups were as follows: methylene blue and 100 mW for 60 s, brilliant blue (BB) and 100 mW for 60 s, BB and 50 mW for 120 s, and BB and 200 mW for 30 s. Each cavity was treated with an all-in-one adhesive and filled with flowable resin. aPDT was not applied for the control. In each group, the rats were sacrificed on postoperative days 1 and 14, and thin sections of the treated teeth were prepared. Pulp tissue disorganization (PTD), inflammatory cell infiltration (ICI), and tertiary dentin formation (TDF) were evaluated. At 1-day evaluation, there were significant differences between the aPDT group and controls with respect to PTD and ICI (p < 0.01); 14 days later, almost all specimens showed tertiary dentin formation. The application of aPDT caused reversible damage to the rat pulp, while in the long term, healing occurred with the formation of tertiary dentin.

A techno-economic assessment and environmental and social sustainability assessments of novel Fischer–Tropsch (FT) biodiesel production from the wet and dry gasification of biomass-based residue streams (bark and black liquor from pulp production) for transport applications are presented. A typical French kraft pulp mill serves as the reference case and large-scale biofuel-production-process integration is explored. Relatively low greenhouse gas emission levels can be obtained for the FT biodiesel (total span: 16–83 g CO2eq/MJ in the assessed EU countries). Actual process configuration and low-carbon electricity are critical for overall performance. The site-specific social assessment indicates an overall positive social effect for local community, value chain actors, and society. Important social aspects include (i) job creation potential, (ii) economic development through job creation and new business opportunities, and (iii) health and safety for workers. For social risks, the country of implementation is important. Heat and electricity use are the key contributors to social impacts. The estimated production cost for biobased crude oil is about 13 €/GJ, and it is 14 €/GJ (0.47 €/L or 50 €/MWh) for the FT biodiesel. However, there are uncertainties, i.e., due to the low technology readiness level of the gasification technologies, especially wet gasification. However, the studied concept may provide substantial GHG reduction compared to fossil diesel at a relatively low cost.

During the production of pulp from natural raw materials, such as wood, large amounts of waste are generated. When they are reused, e.g., in agriculture, ecological requirements towards the environment must be met, and the associated risks must be known. In the framework of this study, the phytotoxicity of liquid waste generated during the industrial processing of pulp using the sulfite process was investigated. The results of semichronic toxicity tests on Lepidium sativum L. and Sinapis alba L. showed a direct effect on the growth and development of plants and proved that the undiluted samples were phytotoxic. However, the phytotoxicity of the investigated waste samples was influenced by their dilution ratio. Thus, finding the optimal solution ratio is crucial for the reuse of liquid waste. A nonphytotoxic effect on the roots of the tested plants was proven with a solution in a ratio of 1:100. In addition, the control samples diluted with a medium manifested phytotoxicity due to the activity of internal microorganisms.