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Introduction: : Geriatric population are most vulnerable population, they suffer from various physical illness, mental issues, inancial crisis etc. WHO report showed that the world's population of people aged 60 years and older will be doubled by 2050 (2.1 billion). According to census 2011report, India has 10.1% elderly population and West Bengal has 11.3%. The purpose of the study is to assess the level of awareness on social security& other government schemes, its utilization and to explore the barrier of utilization. Method: An explanatory sequential mixed methods observational study, cross-sectional in design was conductedin Budge-Budge II block of West Bengal among 150elderly population (≥ 60 years) selected by 30 cluster random sampling from March-May 2023 using a pre-designed, pre-tested, structured schedule by face-toface interview. Quantitative data was analysed by SPSS v25.0, and binary logistic regression was performed. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically with IDI guide. Results: Out of 150 elderly, mean age group of the study population was 67.5±4.24 years, 53% were male, and 87% of the study population had awareness on old age pension scheme. However, 83% showed bad utilization. Socioeconomic status [AOR 5.27 (1.98- 13.97)],current employment status [AOR 6.48 (1.12-37.30)] economic dependency [AOR 7.59 (1.71-33.79)] had statistically signiicant higher odds of adequate awareness in the multivariable model. Current employment status, economic dependency showed signiicant association with good utilization and socio demographic characteristics. Conclusion: Majority of the study population were between 65 to 70 years and were aware of old age pension scheme. Old age pension scheme was maximally utilized schemes.

The article studies the subject of improving the non-state pension provision mechanism considering the fintech application implementation into the system. The purpose of the study is to develop an application conceptual model in the framework of pension planning and individual pension strategies formation considering constant monitoring of changes in the legislative, economic, and other spheres to ­create an additional way for citizens to independently form long-term savings for developing the third level of the pension system. Information synthesis and analysis, available literature review, comparison, the results obtained formalization and specification have been carried out. The paper presents problems and analysis of existing programs to motivate long-term savings and proposals in the field of pension savings formation for developing the third level of pension provision. AKPIN fintech-application will allow to develop individual strategies for pension savings formation and will be aimed at a long-term strategy implementation for developing the accumulative component of the pension system in Russia. The proposed application has the ability to analyze the user’s data and, based on it, offer recommendations to increase their savings. If the user decides to spend funds, it can also issue recommendations on request. Due to continuous monitoring of the news background, financial regulators’ actions, financial indicators and changes in legislation, the application can offer up-to-date recommendations and assist users in making effective individual decisions in the area of pension savings management for citizens of the Russian Federation.

Using the Milligan and Wise (2015) and Cutler, Meara, and Richards-Shubik (2013) methodologies, we examine (i) how much would people today with a given mortality rate or life expectancy work if they were to work as much as those with the same mortality rate worked in the past, and (ii) how much could older adults extend their working lives if their health status improved. The results point to a sizable health capacity to work (HCW) among both older Korean men and women. Furthermore, the results imply that HCW is concentrated among more educated urban senior residents with access to the statutory pension system. We explain our results in the context of the Republic of Korea’s labor markets and old-age support systems. The results for the Republic of Korea imply that the previous results for other high-income economies, such as European countries and the United States, may not be applicable to high-income economies with underdeveloped pension systems.

This study aimed to estimate the work capacity of older Indonesians based on their health condition and other characteristics. Two analytic methods were used in this analysis—the Milligan–Wise method and the Cutler–Meara–Richards-Shubik method—and they found relatively small and substantial additional work capacities, respectively. The results showed that mortality alone may not be able to explain the additional work capacity due to only small improvements in the health conditions of older people. The effect of poverty, the dominance of the informal sector, low educational attainment and skills, and inadequate government social protection and assistance were also responsible for the continued employment of older people until serious health conditions halted their economic activities. Thus, several features were highlighted in this study: (i) the feasibility of extending the pensionable age, (ii) flexible terms for a pension scheme for informal workers, (iii) improved health conditions by expanding the noncontributory health insurance, and (iv) upgraded skills for older workers.

Abstract Background Unhealthy behavior is an important factor threatening the health of older rural residents in China. We examine the effects of receiving pension on elderly rural residents’ health behavior (namely conscious control of sugar, salt, and edible oil intake, as well as learning health or wellness knowledge), also including effect heterogeneity by income level and gender. Methods Using China Rural Revitalization Survey (CRRS) in 2020, we used the policy rule of the China’s New Rural Pension Scheme that only those people who are over 60 years old can have access to pension as the natural experiment, and explore the causal effect of receiving pensions on the health behaviors by using regression discontinuity design method. Results Having access to pension can improve the health behavior of rural elderly residents, including increasing the probability of rural residents’ conscious control of sugar (p

The current scientific article presents the results of assessing the living standard of elderly people, their well-being, livelihoods in conditions of economic instability and changing social space. Global and all-Russian official statistics indicate an increase in the ageing process of the population. Besides, there is a steady growth in the share of pensioners in its structure. In recent years, in the Russian Federation in general and in the Republic of Bashkortostan in particular, there has been a real trend of ageing population, longer life expectancy (73 years), and a greater number of senior citizens in total (28.5 %). Old age is associated with a period of loss and separation from the usual way of life. The assessment found the key problems of this category: deterioration of health, narrowing of the social world, loneliness, low living standard, and financial difficulties. It is identified that the Russian pensioners belong to the main group of the poor, especially the lonely ones. Their poverty is determined by a decline in living standards and material security, rising inflation, and the high cost of medical care along with utilities. It was revealed that for an elderly person, the main income source is a pension, and in-kind income from personal subsidiary farms is an additional one. Despite the generally low level of pensions, a significant part of non-working pensioners provides financial support to their family members at the cost of personal well-being. Therefore, family values dominate in the minds of older people, and many of their needs are realised in the household.

The aim of the article is to analyze the current state of functioning of non-State pension funds, define their main problems and prospects for development. According to the legislation, Ukraine has a three-tier pension system, the third level of which is the system of non-State pension provision, the basis of which is constituted by non-State pension funds. A non-State pension fund is an institution or organization that collects and invests pension contributions and maintains individual pension accounts for participants in the pension system. Non-State pension funds manage investments, using the accumulated money reserved for retirement to ensure the growth and preservation of participants’ retirement savings. The main goal of their investment activities is to generate sufficient income for future pension payments. The non-State pension funds play an important role in mobilizing financial resources and forming the investment potential of the pension system. The main indicators of activity of non-State pension funds are analyzed, namely: the number of concluded pension contracts, the total number of NSPF participants, the total value of NSPF assets, pension contributions, pension payments, and the amount of investment income. The problems that impede the effective functioning of non-State pension funds are classified as: economic, demographic, legal, investment, and psychological. The most important problem hindering the development of the system of non-State pension provision, including the functioning of non-State pension funds, is the non-perception of it as an alternative to the State-based system. The effective operation of non-State pension funds in the country depends on many factors, including the standard of living of the population, as well as the development of financial market infrastructure. Measures to intensify the activities of non-State pension funds in the financial market of Ukraine in the current economic conditions are substantiated. It is noted that the intensification of the activities of non-State pension funds will help reduce the burden on the Pension Fund of Ukraine and the State budget of our country.

The article examines the function of pension insurance in the social security system of Russian Federation. The purpose of the article is to determine whether the insurance system is capable of performing its social and economic objectives. The research is based on the analysis of the Russian Federation legislation and scientific works of Russian authors on the development and performance problems of the pension insurance system in Russia. The article studies the main legal provisions of compulsory and voluntary pension insurance in the Russian Federation, examines the main aspects of the compulsory and voluntary pension insurance performance, identifies problem areas, analyzes the dynamics of the earnings replacement rate, considers the factors that negatively impact the interest of citizens in voluntary pension insurance. The author comes to the conclusion that the best option for the development of pension insurance is the joint use of voluntary and compulsory forms of pension insurance.

Aim. Taking into account the above, the purpose of the study was to analyze the patterns of development of the social policy of the Russian Federation, the republics of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Armenia, to consider their weaknesses and points of growth in order to identify the potential for strengthening integration ties based on the unification of social development tools.Task. To analyze various areas of social life of the EAEU member countries, identify similarities in development trends in order to create a basis for the formation of unified socio-economic transformations. To demonstrate social tools for the development of «transinstitutional interaction» within the boundaries of the Eurasian Economic Union.Methods. The following methods were used i n the article: comparative an alysis — to compare the effectiveness of social policy instruments in the EAEU countries. The novelty lies in the improvement of the integration processes of the Eurasian integration countries with the help of the proposed author’s approach to unify the social policies of the EAEU member countries on the basis of “transinstitutional cooperation”.Results. A comprehensive analysis of social policy instruments (migration, youth, labor, housing, etc.) of all participants in the Eurasian integration was carried out. Recommendations are proposed for improving social tools within the framework of “transinstitutional cooperation” of the EAEU states.Conclusion. The analysis of the instruments of social policy laid down the priorities in the development of the mechanisms of “transinstitutional cooperation” by the members of the EAEU, expressed in the author’s recommendations in this study. The Republics of Kyrgyzstan, Armenia and Kazakhstan should focus on developing a unified strategy for youth and migration policies. The Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus should focus on population aging, providing older citizens with pension savings, and encouraging the development of family and motherhood institutions. This is disclosed in more detail in separate blocks of the study devoted to specific areas of social development of the EAEU countries.

The primary aim of our research is to present the pension system of Hungary, to explore its specificities, so that the reader can get a comprehensive picture of its characteristics and determining elements. The relevance of the study is justified by the fact that not only in our country, but in all countries of the world, the issue of an adequate and sustainable pension system is considered a very pressing problem. In order to establish the subject, it was essential to undertake an in-depth study of the domestic literature on pension provision, which we have endeavoured to do to the best of our knowledge. In addition to the catalogues of our country's libraries, the various databases and other on-line services available on the Internet were of great help in accessing and processing these data. Our study of the literature has confirmed that the literary background of the pension system and its connections is so wide-ranging and extensive that it would be beyond the scope of this work to present all its aspects. Therefore, we have tried to synthesise the theoretical background knowledge that is essential for the presentation of the pension system of Hungary. Our country’s pension system and its history can be traced back to the 16th century. From then on, it has gone through a very long journey and has been modified several times before the characteristics of today's pension system have been developed. It is clear that the pension system and the changes it has undergone are influenced directly or indirectly by a number of factors, given the complexity of the subject. Our research has focused exclusively on certain aspects of demographic trends. With the help of these, we tried to answer the question of the impact of demographic trends on the Hungarian pension system and the challenges it faces. Our exploratory research has shown that demographic factors cannot be considered in a purely national context, as different but closely related processes are taking place in different areas and counties of the country. It is precisely for this reason that we considered it important to conduct a dynamic statistical analysis of the population in the counties. From the demographic trends identified, it is clear that the low fertility rate, the increase in average life expectancy at birth and the increasing economic emigration have a demonstrable impact on the pension system in our country.

En el presente artículo se realizará una investigación cualitativa con la que se pretende dar a conocer la situación actual de Colombia frente a las declaraciones de ineficacia de traslado de régimen pensional, basándose en la falta de aplicación del deber y derecho de doble asesoría. Esta situación tiene origen con la expedición de la Ley 100 (1993), debido a que con la misma se crearon dos regímenes pensionales que coexisten, pero que son excluyentes entre sí. Con esto no se logró regular oportunamente la figura objeto de estudio, teniendo como resultado la inconformidad de una gran cantidad de colombianos al momento de obtener su derecho pensional. Esto se debe a que la expedición de la ley en mención generó un gran vacío normativo que no fue resuelto en su debido momento, por lo tanto, en la actualidad, se están vulnerando los derechos fundamentales de muchos colombianos.

The Defined Benefit Division of UniSuper is a large defined benefit superannuation scheme in Australia for public universities. Unlike public service superannuation schemes in Australia, it is not guaranteed by the employers. This has previously led to a reduction in benefits of the scheme due to expected funding shortfalls. This paper examines longstanding and more recent issues with the funding of the Defined Benefit Division. Recent changes to superannuation laws in Australia may result in further benefit reductions for the scheme in the future. Should new eligible employees join the Defined Benefit Division? What form of retirement benefit should be taken by retiring Defined Benefit Division members? The paper examines these two key questions. Employees who are contemplating joining the Defined Benefit Division, or those Defined Benefit Division members about to retire, have some very important decisions to make.

Este trabajo busca sistematizar conjunto de soluciones, instrumentos y herramientas en materia de jubilación, como contingencia de previsión social, en la Iglesia española de nuestros días. Se plantean posibles soluciones al problema que empieza a suponer para las diócesis el complemento a la pensión de jubilación que se abona a los sacerdotes españoles: Aumento de la esperanza de vida, incremento en el número de perceptore

The study explored the awareness, preparedness, and the state of pensions among informal workers in Ghana. The interpretive approach and the exploratory research design were used for this study. The snowball and purposive sampling techniques were adopted to select 45 informal workers in Ghana and two management members of a pension scheme in Ghana. Data gathered was transcribed, coded and analysed with the qualitative interpretative analytical framework. The study found that the majority of respondents had a partial understanding or lack of understanding of pension, SSNIT tier 1,2 and 3 pension schemes. Informal workers were identified to really have pension needs and desired to contribute towards their old age. Regarding how informal workers want to contribute towards their pension, the study found that most respondents wanted to contribute a monthly amount of GH 50–100 through either “momo” platforms or agents of pension schemes that were not part of the existing pension scheme by the Social Security and National Insurance Trust. Social Security and National Insurance Trust (SSNIT) came out as the favourite pension house among informal workers in Ghana. It was therefore recommended that managers of pension schemes in Ghana should embark on more vigorous sensitisation programmes and consider the variability of the income of informal workers in coming out with a minimum rate for contribution to pension schemes for informal workers. It is further recommended that managers of pension schemes for informal workers should provide mobile money platforms and mobile agents to visit and collect contributions so that informal workers can continue to work on their busy work schedules while contributing to pension schemes.

El presente trabajo se desarrolló con el propósito de analizar la sentencia C-258 de 2013 proferida por la Corte Constitucional, a la luz de la teoría de la argumentación y ponderación desarrollada por Robert Alexy y otros autores. Esta decisión de la Corte Constitucional colombiana estableció que aquellas pensiones que habían sido reconocidas bajo el régimen del art. 17 de ley 4 de 1992, con abuso del derecho o fraude a la ley, y que superaran el límite de 25 SMMLV, debían ser reajustadas a este valor. Del análisis abordado, se ha concluido que desde la argumentación práctica otra respuesta judicial era posible, sin que se desconocieron los derechos adquiridos de quienes venían disfrutando de la prestación de vejez con anterioridad a esa decisión o sin que esa otra respuesta posible, afectará principios de carácter constitucional.

The article deals with the issue of the relevance of improving the social policy of the member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union through the mechanism of “transinstitutional cooperation” (TC) proposed by the authors of the work. It represents interstate integration within the framework of the joint i mprovement of one or more public policy instruments (including social policy). The topic of the welfare state is discussed in the context of studying various areas of the socio-economic life of the EAEU members: the main political and legal document of the country — the Constitution, the national taxation system, quality of life indicators, the level of the shadow economy, the level of social inequality of different segments of the population, etc. The effectiveness of using various social policy instruments of the EAEU countries is compared in order to identify strengths and weaknesses, as well as the potential for their improvement within the framework of “institutional cooperation”.Aim. Taking into account the above, the purpose of the study was to analyze the patterns of development of the social policy of the Russian Federation, the republics of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Armenia, to consider their weaknesses and points of growth in order to identify the potential for strengthening integration ties based on the unification of social development tools.Task. To analyze various areas of social life of the EAEU member countries, identify similarities in development trends in order to create a basis for the formation of unified socio-economic transformations. To demonstrate social tools for the development of “transinstitutional interaction” within the boundaries of the Eurasian Economic Union.Methods. The following methods were used in the article: comparative analysis — to compare the effectiveness of social policy instruments in the EAEU countries, content analysis — when analyzing documents (constitutions) of EAEU members to identify signs that allow identifying the state as a social one, as well as formal-logical analysis — when clarifying the concepts “welfare state” and “institutional cooperation”.Results. Based on the results of the study, the principles of the “welfare state” are considered on the example of the member countries of the Eurasian economic integration, the economic essence of “institutional cooperation” is formulated and proposed for implementation, designed to develop interethnic relations both within the union and beyond. A comprehensive analysis of the instruments of social policy of all participants in the Eurasian integration has been carried out, and recommendations for improving the instruments have been proposed.Conclusion. The accumulating unresolved issues of an internal nature are forcing the leadership of the members of the Eurasian Economic Union to accelerate the processes of building an unconditional policy of the welfare state. The solution of such “social modernization” alone seems difficult to implement, in this regard, it is proposed to take the path of a collective solution of the social issue through a unidirectional, unified social policy built on the basis of “transinstitutional cooperation”. The conducted analysis of social policy instruments lays down the priorities in the development of mechanisms of “transinstitutional cooperation” by the members of the EAEU. The Republics of Kyrgyzstan, Armenia and Kazakhstan should focus on developing a unified strategy for youth and migration policies, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus should focus on issues such as population aging, providing older citizens with pension savings, and encouraging the development of family and maternity institutions.

The value of retirees' gratuity and pension will continue to grow as individuals reduce their reliance on family members to care for them in old age and accept the truth that they must care for themselves by saving for the future. Benefits for retirees have piqued the interest of policymakers and experts worldwide. Numerous articles have been written to assess Nigeria's previous pension system, the reasons for its failure, the shortcomings of the new pension system, and the influence of both the old and new pension systems on pensioners' wellbeing in Nigeria. Nonetheless, no study exists in Nigeria on the effect of delayed gratuity and pension payments on post-retirement situations. To close this divide, this study explores the effect of delayed gratuity and pension payments on retirees' willingness to keep their current position in Nigeria. This study analyzed secondary data obtained from published and unpublished books, journal articles, and online sources. It used content analysis to determine the relevance of the material collected to the study's scope. The study shows that delayed gratuity and pension payments contribute to pensioners' diminishing status, deteriorating health, and premature mortality shortly after retirement. The study consequently suggests that both public and private employers of labor do regular pre-retirement training for their employees to avoid the shame of seeing their retirees become penniless on the streets or succumb to an early death shortly after retirement.

Uno de los pilares básicos en el que se asienta el Estado de Bienestar Social se basa en garantizar unas pensiones públicas dignas a sus ciudadanos. Sin embargo, en España las variables demográficas, económicas y la crisis provocada por la COVID-19 actúan de forma adversa al sostenimiento de las pensiones públicas en el actual sistema de reparto de la Seguridad Social española. El legislador ha apostado por incentivar los planes de pensiones de empleo frente a los individuales y asociados al igual que otros países de nuestro entorno como Italia, Reino Unido y Suecia entre otros. De esta forma, los planes de pensiones de empleo no sólo fidelizan la relación del trabajador con la empresa, sino que también, protegen económicamente a estos cuando alcancen la edad de jubilación. No obstante, en mi opinión, los beneficios fiscales dirigidos a los planes de pensiones de empleo no creo, que tengan a corto plazo una gran efectividad en la suscripción de estos contratos de previsión privados, dado que el 97 por ciento del tejido empresarial lo constituyen las pequeñas y medianas empresas sin capacidad financiera en estos momentos para asumir este coste económico y social.

El envejecimiento poblacional y el incremento de la participación laboral de las personas mayores en los mercados de trabajo es un fenómeno de relevancia a nivel mundial, investigado en los últimos años por diversas disciplinas. Este artículo sintetiza discusiones y reflexiones sobre la prolongación de la vida laboral de las personas jubiladas a través de los trabajos puente; esta noción refiere al trabajo remunerado después de la jubilación y es conocida en inglés como bridge employment. Para ello, se toma en consideración la teoría de la continuidad de Atchley, puesto que es una de las más utilizadas en la investigación sobre esta temática, la cual puso en evidencia el uso de la continuidad como una transición y adaptación para el retiro, como forma de preservar actividades significativas; con lo cual se demuestra que el trabajo en su función de centralidad le da sentido a la vida de las personas mayores que continúan trabajando.

Supporting those individuals who have reached retirement age is essential for any country, although academic staff deserves special attention. Professors face significant challenges as they reach retirement age. The article aimed to empirically substantiate the relationship between well-being, pension payments, and pensioners' health using the example of universities in Georgia. Based on the survey results, which 630 university professors attended before retirement and retirement age, the factors influencing the respondents' fear of losing their jobs in retirement we identified. By applying regression models, we evaluated the effectiveness of alternatives for improving the well-being of pensioners by increasing wages and state pensions. The efficacy of these alternatives differs depending on the health status of pensioners. It has been established that the differentiation of pension amounts depending on the length of service can increase the confidence in the well-being of pensioners without increasing the pension provision.

Islam and the law of many countries, including Iranian Civil Law, agree that the murderer is not entitled to the inheritance of the murdered heir. The scope of dispute is only about the limits of this deprivation and its extension or non-extension to the types of murder. But the issue of deprivation of the heir who was an accomplice in the murder, in the case of the silence of the law and many jurisprudential texts, is the place for stopping to give an opinion. In addition, it needs to be investigated whether the deputy in murder can receive a pension from the pension funds as the survivor of the victim or not. On the one hand, the exceptional character of the impediment to inheritance and the need not extend it to indefinite titles and on the other hand, the reasonableness of following the wisdom of the ruling on the deprivation of the killer and its extension has made it difficult to provide a conclusive opinion. However, there are reasons and documents in which we can state carefully that the issue of deprivation of inheritance and receiving a pension is also probable in this case, and the grounds for this conclusion are more solid. Thus, this paper aims to analyze the issue and provide a solution based on an analytical-critical approach.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this discussion paper is to (i) identify the differentiated roles of health in the work–retirement transition, and, with respect to these, (ii) highlight topics related to conceptual and methodological problems and challenges in research, and (iii) present avenues for future research. METHODS: This discussion paper summarizes an OMEGA-NET working group discussion ongoing from November 2018 to September 2021 with face-to-face and online meetings as well as a written online discourse. RESULTS: ‘Health’ and ‘retirement’ are ambiguous concepts. With respect to both, in retirement research, the choice of concept and indicator influences the findings. In addition, the impact of health on retirement is not necessarily a direct one, but can be influenced by further factors such as the ability, motivation and opportunity to work. The strong overall association of poor health with retiring early (path 1) bears the risk of masking distinct and deviating mechanisms in subgroups. In fact, there is evidence that also good health may lead to early retirement (path 2), while both poor health (path 3) and good health (path 4) may also make people retire later. CONCLUSIONS: An increased awareness of the differentiated roles that health may have in the work–retirement transition as outlined in this discussion paper may support research to address questions relevant for policy and practice and increase the impact of research. Recommendations for occupational health and social research are given.

The objective of the study is to analyze the effectiveness of the principles of regular indexation of insurance pensions practiced in the Russian pension system, as well as their compliance with the existing similar practice in other countries with pension provision and insurance pension systems. In international practice, these principles correspond to the initial belonging of these systems to one of two basic pension models — continental and Danish (Anglo-Saxon). With an annual increase in pension payments, the governments of countries with pension systems of the first model are guided by changes in the average wage in the economy, the second model — by the consumer price index. The aim of the study is to determine the most optimal formula for indexing insurance pensions in the Russian Federation. The authors use general scientific methods: analysis, modeling and comparison. The article analyzes the practice of indexing pensions that has developed in the Russian Federation and provides a calculation of the results of the valorization of such payments in the early 2000s. It also provides a theoretical justification for the need for the transitions to the indexation of pensions in accordance with the wage index in the economy. The study gives a comparative retrospective analysis of the level of indexation of pensions based on the consumer price index and the index of wage changes. This analysis is based on data from official statistical observations of inflation between 2011 and 2021, as well as the growth of income of employees. As a result of the study, the authors conclude that the annual pension indexation scheme adopted in Russia does not correspond to the modality of the domestic pension system and does not allow ensuring the standard replacement rate. The authors propose their own methodology for calculating the indexation coefficient based on the principles of the functioning of the domestic pension system as a continental-type insurance pension system. In addition, the article provides a calculation of the sources of funding for pension indexation in accordance with changes in wages in the economy.

The issue of pension payments is a serious challenge for governments in today's world. As the main institution, which is faced with a large number of new pensioners every year, governments seek to create pension systems in line with the political-economic structure of the country. The pension payment system in European-American countries is older than the domestic situation, and for this reason, in order to organize and reform the pension payment system in Iran, it is necessary to refer to successful cases in this regard. In this regard, Norway is one of the countries whose pension system has created the highest level of welfare for retirees, and this has led to a relatively high level of social satisfaction with the government. Compared to Norway, the pension system in Iran is facing many weaknesses and problems, so much so that this issue is named as the third major problem in the country. The defective structure of pensions in Iran is moving in the direction that providing pensions is one of the most important challenges of the government. It can be a way to model and reform the pension system in Iran.

The problem of population aging is becoming increasingly serious, and the elderly care model has become the social focus in China. It is urgent to improve the traditional home based elderly care model and increase the recognition of the residents for the socialized elderly care model. Based on the data of the 2018 China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey (CLASS), this paper uses structural equation model (SEM) to empirically test the impact of the elderly group's social pension level and subjective well–being on their choice of various care models. The results show that the improvement of elderly's pension level can significantly inhibit their choice of home–based care model, and promote their choice of community and institution care model. Subjective well–being can play a mediating role in the home–based and community care model choices, but the indirect approach mediated by subjective well–being only plays a supplementary role. In addition, the heterogeneity analysis shows that there are discrepancies in the impact and path for the elderly with different gender, age, household registration, marital status, health status, education level, number of children, and gender of children. The results of this study will help the improvement and development of social pension policy, optimizing the structure of residents' elderly care model and the process of “active aging”.

The paper aims to determine the features and justify the need to use state marketing to meet public needs as one of the types of marketing. It has been found out that the main goal of state marketing is to study and form a complex of needs (individual, group, public) and develop effective ways to satisfy them, taking into account real economic opportunities and other limiting factors. The study reveals the difference in state marketing and the political and social one. It is indicated that state marketing, along with well-known marketing tools, uses administrative, organizational, regulatory and other levers of influence. It has been established that the state represented by the central and local government bodies is the main subject of state marketing. The state can directly participate in meeting needs and (or) create an environment and conditions for their implementation. Some aspects of state marketing use are considered on the example of meeting the need for material support for people of retirement age. The main components of the set of state marketing in pension provision have been determined. It has been proven that they are all interconnected and interdependent and require research, further improvement and development. The key important tasks of the pension reform are considered. The decisive role of the state in pension provision has been proved. It is noted that radical measures are inappropriate to apply in the pension system reforming - it is necessary to predict the social consequences of the decisions taken, since they are often accompanied with active public protests. Therefore, any pension reform must be accompanied by appropriate marketing communications. The main goal of state marketing in pension provision is determined. It involves the development of a pension system aimed at qualitative satisfaction of individual and collective needs in pension provision, as well as in creating conditions conducive to its effective functioning. It is indicated that a comprehensive approach is required to reform the pension system along with improving the entire social protection system in the state, economic development stimulation, increase in the level of the population wages and employment.

In South Africa, men were traditionally eligible to receive government pensions at 65 years. However, that eligibility criterion was changed in 2008 to allow men to receive a pension payout at 60 years. This study is designed to quantify the impact of the 2008 pension reform on mental health outcomes (depression and traumatic stress) and deaths among 60-year-old men from disadvantaged households without advanced education. This analysis used secondary data issued by Statistic South Africa- General Household Survey. Men who reported earning a pension at 60 years from 2008 to 2014 were exposed to the 2008 pension reform and thus were classified as the treatment group. The 60-year-old men during 2002–2007 were ineligible to earn the pension, therefore considered the control group. We then used a Two-stage Least Squared Model (2SLS) to quantify the impact of the 2008 pension reform on healthcare utilization, depression cases, traumatic stress cases, and deaths among 60-year-old men. The model shows that the 2008 pension reform improved healthcare utilization by 3 % in the cohorts of men who benefitted from the 2008 reform. The 2008 pension reform averted depression cases, traumatic stress cases, and deaths among 60-year-old men by 3 %, 4 %, and 5 %, respectively. The impact of the 2008 pension reform in averting deaths among 60-year-old men was higher in urban regions than rural regions. We concluded that the 2008 pension reform successfully bought improved mental health outcomes and prevented depression, traumatic stress, and deaths among 60-year-old men.

Today, many countries in the world are concerned about the well-being of pensioners, as their number is growing every year and pension systems cannot cope with ensuring a decent old age. The well-being of pensioners is part of the well-being of society, and the pension system is an institution for ensuring the well-being of pensioners. Therefore, it is important to understand the relationship between the financial well-being of older people and the country’s pension system. It is also important to understand that the family is an integral part of a person and therefore the well-being of each family member affects family relationships. This article is devoted to the assessment of the financial well-being of pensioners in Kazakhstan as a key factor affecting the family relations of a pensioner with partner, children, and grandchildren. Primary and secondary data were used for this study. The primary data were collected through interviews, which allowed us to obtain a subjective definition of financial well-being on the part of pensioners and its impact on family relations. This data was processed and encoded using the Atlas.ti program. Data from the Bureau of National Statistics made it possible to objectively assess the financial situation of Kazakhstani pensioners. The study found that the concept of financial well-being among Kazakhstani pensioners is more important for men than for women. Pensioners are not happy with their financial well-being, but this does not significantly affect their relationship with their families. The results of the study will allow us to assess the financial well-being of pensioners and can be used in the reform of social policy, pension provision of the country. Through the use of interviews financial literacy has been identified as one of the key factors, which depends on circumstances and the context.

The article examines and analyzes the essence of pension relations in modern Russia. The aim of the article is to study and test the hypothesis that an important factor in ensuring the effectiveness of the Russian pension system is a clear definition of the essence of economic relations in it, as well as adequate legal and organizational formalization of these relations. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the analysis of the validity and adequacy of applying (from terminological to organizational and practical levels) the classical insurance principles in the organization of the pension system, as well as the possibilities of increasing the efficiency of this system on the basis of the insurance sector. The research methodology is based on the analysis of the genesis and current state of the Russian pension system. The results of the study indicate that the structure of the Russian pension system requires serious reorganization, in particular, a clear distinction between the insurance (pension insurance) and non-insurance (pension provision) segments. The authors substantiated that pension insurance should be based on the classical principles of life insurance, and insurers who have an appropriate license obtained under the Law “On the organization of insurance business in the Russian Federation” should be involved in the implementation of this insurance. At the same time, non-state pension funds must either be transformed into life insurers, or acquire new functionality within the framework of pension provision (the non-insurance part of the pension system). The practical implementation of the research results and related recommendations will allow, according to the authors, to organically structure the insurance and non-insurance segments of the Russian pension system and increase its efficiency. The authors conclude that the construction of pension insurance on the basis of the classical principles of life insurance will make it possible to fully use the accumulated global and domestic experience of using life insurance as a reliable instrument for financing pensions. At the same time, it is necessary to extend to pension relations the norms of regulation of the insurance market and state insurance supervision, which have proven their effectiveness.

Целью данного исследования является проведение сравнительного анализа ассоциативных полей русскоязычного понятия "пенсия" и его англоязычных коррелятов "retirement" и "pension" для установления сходства и различия в восприятии пенсии как социального феномена в русскоязычной и англоязычной культурах. В качестве метода исследования применялась схема дистрибутивного анализа, предложенная Д. Дизом. материалом для исследования послужили данные свободных ассоциативных экспериментов, размещенных на нескольких Интернет-ресурсах. Статистическая обработка материала позволила, во-первых, выстроить иерархическую структуру ассоциативного значения исследуемого понятия: от доминантных до второстепенных и маловыраженных ассоциаций, и, во-вторых, сопоставить реакции, полученные на русскоязычный репрезентант и его английские аналоги, установив, таким образом, культурно-специфические особенности восприятия пенсии.

The article analyzes in detail and comments article by article the main legal aspects of the Law of the Republic of Moldova on the provision of benefits in the event of the death of one of the spouses No. 156/2019 through the prism of the norms and prescriptions of the national legislation on social insurance and social security, as well as their practical and correct application, with the formulation in the process of presenting the material of substantiated conclusions and recommendations on the multifaceted and topical topic under consideration. At the same time, the comments contained in this article are intended to assist faculty, doctoral students, undergraduates and students of law schools / faculties and scientific researchers of organizations / centers in the field of science and innovation in the systemic assimilation of social insurance and social security norms. , regulating the procedure for registration and payment of benefits due to the death of one of the spouses. In addition, these comments are aimed at correct / accurate understanding and application of the provisions of the current laws and regulations on social insurance and social security by employees of social insurance and social assistance / protection authorities at all levels, lawyers, inspectors of human resources services, representatives of social partners and non-governmental organizations. , entrepreneurs, judges, prosecutors, lawyers, mediators, trade unionists and activists, interested employees and government officials

World practice shows that non-state pension funds (NPFs) are not only a tool for supplementary pensions, but also a source of significant investment in the economy. This study aims at determining the investment potential of 65 Ukrainian NPFs currently functioning in the country. The analysis of Ukrainian NPFs has shown their insignificant role as an investment resource (the volume of their assets is 0.09% of GDP). At the same time, NPFs operate with significant funds (UAH 3.1 billion in 2019), but the lack of a developed stock market and effective financial instruments in the country narrows the opportunities for their investment activities. A study of the structure of NPF assets allocation showed that it is far from optimal in terms of investment portfolio diversification and is very conservative – almost 85% of invested NPF assets are government guaranteed securities and funds in bank deposit accounts. But in the context of tightening the requirements for disclosure of information on the activities of NPFs, promoting the stock market development, formation of reliable mechanisms to protect depositors’ pension savings,and formation of an effective investment portfolio, NPFs in Ukraine

Pension entitlements are influenced by individual career paths and labor market conditions, which often result in gender-based disparities. Women face several challenges during their working lives, such as late entry into the labor market, the gender pay gap, discontinuous working careers, and early retirement due to family caregiving, which lead to lower pension incomes. This paper investigates the gender pension gap in nine European Union countries from 2004 to 2020. Our study adopts a non-parametric estimation strategy that utilizes additively decomposable inequality measures to provide a more informative perspective on gender inequality. We aim to demonstrate that this approach surpasses the standard gender gap in pension index in capturing between-gender inequality in societies. Employing data from the SHARE database, we find that gender inequality in the studied countries is decreasing on average, with a convergence trend observed from 2011 onwards. This study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the gender pension gap phenomenon, which is crucial for developing effective policy responses in a welfare perspective.

OBJECTIVES: The demographic changes in Europe underline the need for an extension of working lives. This study investigates the importance of physical work demands and psychosocial work factors for working beyond the state pension age (65 years). METHODS: We combined data from three cohorts of the general working population in Denmark (DWECS 2005 and 2010, and DANES 2008), where actively employed workers aged 55–59 years replied to questionnaires about work environment and were followed until the age of 66 years in the Danish AMRun register of paid employment. Using logistic regression analyses, we calculated prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between physical and psychosocial work factors and working beyond state pension age, adjusted for age, sex, cohort, cohabiting, sector, income, vocational education, working hours, lifestyle, and previous sickness absence. RESULTS: Of the 2884 workers aged 55–59 years, 1023 (35.5%) worked beyond the state pension age. Higher physical work demands was associated with a lower likelihood (PR 0.69, 95% CI 0.58–0.82) and a good psychosocial work environment was associated with higher likelihood (average of 7 items: PR 1.81, 95% CI 1.49–2.20) of working beyond state pension age. Stratified analyses did not change the overall pattern, ie, a good overall psychosocial work environment – as well as several specific psychosocial factors – increased the likelihood of working beyond state pension age, both for those with physically active and seated work. CONCLUSION: While high physical work demands was a barrier, a good psychosocial work environment seems to facilitate working beyond state pension age, also for those with physically active work.

Den norske pensjonsreformen er en langsiktig prosess som har endret folketrygdens alderspensjon, AFP og tjenestepensjonsordningene. I denne artikkelen diskuteres de samlede fordelingsvirkningene i de tre delsystemene – mellom høye og lave inntekter, og mellom kvinner og menn – med vekt på hvordan de forsterker eller kompenserer for hverandre. Folketrygden omfordeler fra høye til lave inntekter, men høyinntektsgruppene kompenseres ofte gjennom tjenestepensjoner. Fordelingsprofilen i AFP likner folketrygdens, men AFP omfatter ikke alle arbeidstakere og opparbeidede rettigheter kan mistes. Alt i alt er fordelingsvirkningene av det samlede systemet mindre egalitære enn virkningene av folketrygden alene.

OBJECTIVES: There is evidence that occupational healthcare (OHC) may improve employees’ work ability. This research was designed to study whether common quality improvement (QI) activities in the OHC quality network (OQN) – a voluntary collaborative forum – can reduce the need for disability pensions. METHODS: The study population comprised employees under the care of 19 OHC units in Finland affiliated with the OQN. The association of 12 QI activities with new disability pensions during the years 2011–2017 was analyzed by Bayesian mixed effects modelling. RESULTS: Patients of OHC units affiliated with the OQN have fewer full permanent disability pensions [odds ratio (OR) 0.77, 95% credible interval (CI) 0.60–0.98] and full provisional disability pensions (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.53–0.87) than patients of unaffiliated units. Of the studied QI activities, the measurements of intervening in excessive use of alcohol had the strongest association with the incidence of all disability pensions (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.41–0.68). Participation in the focus of work measurements and quality facilitator training was also associated with the reduced incidence of disability pensions (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.71–0.98, and OR 0.92, 95 CI 0.84–0.99, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Affiliation with a quality network seemed to improve outcomes by reducing full disability pensions or replacing them by partial disability pensions. Some QI activities in the OQN were associated with a reduction of disability pensions.

Abstract Background The proportion of people aged 60 years or over is growing faster than other age groups. Traditionally, retirement has been considered as both a loss to the labour market and an additional economic burden on the nation. More recently, it is widely accepted that retired people can still contribute to society in many ways, though the extent of their contributions will depend heavily on their state of health. In this context, a significant practical issue is how to encourage older people to use the health services they need. This study aims to evaluate the effects of pensions on older adults’ health service utilization, and estimate the level of pension required to influence such utilization. Methods Using data from a nationally representative sample survey, the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, we adopted a fuzzy regression discontinuity design and undertook segmented regression analysis. Results It was found that a pension did encourage low-income people to use both outpatient (OR = 1.219, 95% 1.018–1.460) and inpatient services (OR = 1.269, 95% 1.020–1.579); but also encouraged both low- and high-income people to choose self-treatment, specifically over-the-counter (OR = 1.208, 95% 1.037–1.407; OR = 1.206, 95% 1.024–1.419; respectively) and traditional Chinese medicines (OR = 1.452, 95% 1.094–1.932; OR = 1.456, 95% 1.079–1.955; respectively). However, receiving a pension had no effect on the frequency of outpatient and inpatient service use. Breakpoints for a pension to promote health service utilization were mainly located in the range 55–95 CNY (7.1–12.3 EUR or 8.0–13.8 USD). Conclusions A pension was found to have mixed effects on health service utilization for different income groups. Our study enriches existing evidence on the impact of pensions on healthcare-seeking behaviour and can be helpful in policy design and the formulation of improved models relating to pensions and healthcare utilisation.

Abstract Background The prevalence of food insecurity among adults over 65 in Canada is less than half of that among adults approaching 65, possibly due in part to the public pension universally disbursed from the age of 65. Given research associating food insecurity with higher risk of premature mortality, our objective was to determine the likelihood that food-insecure adults with incomes below the national median would live past 65 to collect the public pension. Methods We linked respondents of the Canadian Community Health Survey 2005–15 to the death records from the Canadian Vital Statistics Database 2005–17. We assessed household food insecurity status through a validated 18-item questionnaire for 50,780 adults aged 52–64 at interview and with household income below the national median. We traced their vital status up to the age of 65. We fitted Cox proportional hazard models to compare hazard of all-cause mortality before 65 by food insecurity status while adjusting for individual demographic attributes, baseline health, and household socioeconomic characteristics. We also stratified the sample by income and analyzed the subsamples with income above and below the Low Income Measure separately. Results Marginal, moderate, and severe food insecurity were experienced by 4.1, 7.3, and 4.5% of the sampled adults, respectively. The crude mortality rate was 49 per 10,000 person-years for food-secure adults and 86, 98, and 150 per 10,000 person-years for their marginally, moderately, and severely food-insecure counterparts, respectively. For the full sample and low-income subsample, respectively, severe food insecurity was associated with 1.24 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.45) and 1.28 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.52) times higher hazard of dying before 65 relative to food security. No association was found between food insecurity and mortality in the higher-income subsample. Conclusions Severely food-insecure adults approaching retirement age were more likely to die before collecting public pensions that might attenuate their food insecurity. Policymakers need to acknowledge the challenges to food security and health faced by working-age adults and provide them with adequate assistance to ensure healthy ageing into retirement.

In 2018, a mandatory funded pension model (second pillar) was introduced in Georgia. At present, the Georgian pension system has three pillars, but the reform does not apply to current pensioners. If society does not trust all three pillars, the chances of reversing the pension reform will rise for two reasons. First, the replacement rate from the first pillar (state redistributive pension) is much lower than in any of the OECD member states. Second, for the majority of participants of the second pillar, pension payments will start in 20-25 years’ time. Such a long period creates uncertainty for many about whether long-term economic growth will be achieved, which in turn would make possible an adequate level of retirement income. This paper attempts to identify means of increasing replacement rates for the state redistributive pension and coverage of the voluntary funded third pillar. The research provides recommendations to enhance the Georgian pension system.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the risk of being granted a disability pension (DP) among incident cancer patients up to five years after diagnosis compared to a match control group, before and after the structural reform of the Danish Disability Pension Act in 2013. METHODS: All 20–60-year-old incident cancer-diagnosed individuals from 2000 to 2015 were identified in the Danish Cancer Registry. A control group, not previously diagnosed with cancer, was identified in Statistics Denmark matched by gender, age, education, and household income. Risk differences (RD) in cumulative incidence proportions of being granted a DP between cancer patients and controls were analyzed before and after the reform. RESULTS: In total, 111 773 incident cancer patients and 506 904 controls were included in the study. Before reform 10 561 cancer patients and 11 231 controls were granted DP; and 2570 cancer patients and 2646 controls were granted DP after the reform. The adjusted RD of being granted DP was significantly higher for cancer patients versus controls at all time points before the reform. The RD increased the most during the first (RD 3.6, 95% CI 3.5–3.7) and second (RD 7.2, 95% CI 7.0–7.4) follow-up year and levelled off the remaining three years. After the reform, the adjusted RD were lower for all 1–5 follow-up years compared to before the reform (RD range 2.8–7.7, 95% CI 2.6–8.1). CONCLUSION: The 2013 reform of the Disability Pension Act reduced the risk of cancer patients being granted DP. The impact on a personal level should be further explored.

This paper examines the age and contributory requirements needed to take retirement in Italy. The focus is on one of the novelties introduced by Decree Law No. 4/2019, namely the possibility to access early retirement through the temporary Quota 100 scheme. This can be done provided that the worker has paid 38 years of contributions and is at least 62 years old by the end of 2021. This exception allows retirement up to 5 years before fulfilling the requirements established under current legislation. Moreover, according to Decree Law No. 4/2019, until 2026 life expectancy growth will not be considered for the purposes of automatic upwards adjustments in pension eligibility requirements. The paper argues that the new measures privilege a specific cohort of people, frustrating the improvements of the Italian pension system over the last three decades. This view is supported by the fact that this temporary relaxation of retirement criteria is not in line with the needs of the Country which emerge through social research and statistical data. Based on demographic and economic analysis, this paper argues that some imbalances question the long-term economic and social sustainability of national social security. The most serious imbalance concerns the disparity between young and older citizens, as the current apparatus favours people who have already reached – or are about to reach – retirement, disadvantaging the following generations.

Beginning of reforming the system of pension provision in Ukraine started over 15 years ago, but now there are many questions and problems related to the improvement of the Ukrainian system of pension provision. The article is aimed at studying the issues related to the problems and ways of improving the system of pension provision in Ukraine. The current status of Ukrainian pension provision is examined. Advantages and disadvantages of the solidarity system are determined. The inefficiency of using the first pillar of the pension system only is substantiated. Attention is emphasized on the modern system of pension provision to identify a number of problems: increasing the retirement age; deficit of budget funds; complex demographic situation that is reflected in the imbalance between the working population and pensioners; shadow payments to employees etc. Negative consequences of the Ukrainian tendency of aging of the population are defined. The main economic indicators of pension system, such as level of pension payments, wages, coefficient of substitution of these indicators etc. are analyzed. Statistics are analyzed and the dynamics of economic indicators characterizing the status of the Ukrainian pension system during 2017–2019 are outlined. Statistical data on revenues and expenditures of the pension fund of Ukraine is considered. The main problems of Ukrainian pension provision are identified. The necessity and feasibility of development of the accumulation pension system and the system of non-State pension provision are substantiated. The ways to improve pension provision in Ukraine are determined.

This paper empirically investigates the effect of mandatory pension contributions on firm innovation. We find that firms with mandatory contributions experience a decline in their innovation output. This effect is stronger for firms with financial constraints, more short-term institutional investors, higher levels of managerial short-termism. We also document that mandatory pension contributions result in a reduction in firm research and development expenditures and an increase in firm debt-to-asset ratio. Moreover, we report that firms with mandatory contributions increase their alliance activities to pursue innovation with external partners.

To cope with the aging of the population and strengthen the wealth of basic old-age insurance to ease the dilemma of pension payment, the Chinese government is actively formulating the policy of delaying retirement. Considering the different effects of the delaying retirement policy on the insured persons of “old person”, “middle person”, and “new person”, we construct a general analysis framework of the effects of the delaying retirement policy on balance of China's basic pension. With three key variables of the delaying retirement policy simulated in a combined way, seven schemes are set up in detail to obtain the possible effects of the delaying retirement policy that may be formulated by the Chinese government. The study finds that the delaying retirement policy may not always have a positive and beneficial effect to alleviate the dilemma of pension payment, and its beneficial part accounts for about 15% of the whole. In addition, there is a U-shaped relationship between the key variable of the starting year (ts) of policy implementation and the average effect of the policy. The other two key factors, the annual growth speed (Sp) of retirement age and the proportion (m) of annual growth speed of retirement age of female employees to that of male employees, change in the same direction with the policy average effect. Finally, some suggestions are provided for the Chinese government to formulate the delaying retirement policy.

A theory circulates in the university space from which it results that the “digitization” of the professions will lead to the total or partial disappearance of some classic occupational services from the CANE classification table at the Trade Register. Most often the suite 100/65/35 is promoted, ie out of 100% existing professions, 65% will disappear and will be included with new professions, which have nothing to do with the job offer in 2020. Among the professions The profession of “ECONOMIST” is also likely to disappear or change radically. In the article entitled "The profession of economist - horizon 2040", an attempt is made to assess the possible transformations into a profession with a history of over 2000 years, which will probably change radically or disappear.

The article is devoted to the study of historical experience in the formation of pensions for employees of the Tobolsk province in the XIX - early XX centuries. The authors of the article associate their interest in the indicated problems with its poor knowledge, as well as the reform of pension provision in modern Russia. The source of the study was the legislative, clerical and statistical documents of the funds of the School Directorate, City Council, Tobolsk Provincial Board, Tobolsk State Chamber, Tobolsk Gymnasium, Tobolsk State Bank, Tobolsk Post and Telegraph Office, Tobolsk Notary Archive and others. The most significant of these are the lists of pensioners living in the Tobolsk province, the Tobolsk Treasury Chamber statements on pensioners, documents that fix the number and size of pensions issued and not issued, and cases regarding the assignment of pensions. The authors of the article note the absence in the period under review of a single pension provision practice for all social categories of the population. The author analyzes pension payments accrued to officials from the treasury, and funded payments from public emmeritial cash desks. It is concluded that the formation of the pension provision of civil servants can be attributed to the end of the first quarter of the XIX century. The circle of persons entitled to receive a pension is designated, the sources of pension financing are identified. It was concluded that for the provision of pensions to officials of the period under review, the dependence of the pension salary on the size of the annual salary, the rank and length of service of the civil service was characteristic.

Las preguntas que se desarrollaron en este artículo fueron ¿Cuáles son las condiciones de los adultos mayores en Nicaragua? ¿Cuál es la relación del derecho de alimentos al resto de derechos humanos? ¿Cuáles son los fundamentos constitucionales y leyes que soportan la pensión de alimentos? A partir de la revisión en repositorios nacionales e internaciones, análisis de artículos científicos, tesis monográficas y referencia de especialista en el tema del derecho de familia, se percibe la necesidad de los juristas y de la administración pública en Nicaragua de contribuir a crear sociedades más justas mediante la pensión de alimentos a aquellos adultos mayores en condiciones de vulnerabilidad. En este ensayo se analiza el estado de los adultos mayor, sus derechos humanos y constitucionales, asimismo características de la pensión de alimentos como su carácter recíproco, personalísimo e intransferible, condiciones que deben cumplirse para optar a una pensión, grados de consanguinidad responsables, ejemplificación de casos y las opiniones y criterios de juristas sobre los aspectos de responsabilidad responsable para que una demanda sea aprobada a su favor.

Background. In the modern conditions of building a legal and social state, the problems of protecting the rights and legitimate interests of a person and a citizen are of particular relevance. There is no doubt that the creation of a stable social security system, as well as mechanisms for its implementation, will contribute to the achievement of the pur-poses proclaimed in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. In this regard, the concept of social and economic transformations of N. von Bunge is of particular importance. The purpose of the study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of social and economic views. Bunge is one of the outstanding reformers in the field of economics, finance and social policy, a scientist-economist, an experienced practitioner-financier, publicist, profes-sor, who advocated the implementation of his social and economic ideal in the political and legal life of the country. Materials and methods. The research methodology involves the use of a wide range of methods of scientific knowledge. It is based on the dialectical ap-proach, general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, system-structural approach), as well as private legal methods, among which special attention is paid to the historical-legal and formal-legal approaches. Bunge was a specialist in the field of police (administrative) and tax law, the author of many scientific works, among which special attention is paid to the following: “Police Law”, “Theory of Credit”, “Foundations of political Economy”, etc. Results. The author reveals the state-historical concept of N. von Bunge, his views on topi-cal issues of the form of government, peasant, worker, and social issues. The social and economic transformations of the scientist, the key aspects of the factory legislation are ana-lyzed. Conclusions. N. von Bunge was a progressive innovator of social and economic transformations in Russia, who implemented the ideas of resolving peasant, worker and social issues in law-making activities. With his direct participation, the first Russian factory laws were adopted. N. von Bunge was a supporter of maintaining the balance of labor rela-tions between the employee and the employer, control of labor relations by the state through the appropriate state body (labor inspections); compensation for workers for inju-ries through the development of insurance. The statesman considered charity an effective measure to combat poverty, thanks to the functioning of personal unions, the church, and communities with the direct participation of the state.

De conformidad con el artículo 48 de la Constitución Política de Colombia, la Seguridad Social es un servicio público de carácter obligatorio que se presta bajo la dirección, coordinación y control del Estado, en sujeción a los principios de eficiencia, universalidad y solidaridad, en los términos que establezca la Ley. Es reconocida en el ordenamiento jurídico como un derecho constitucional fundamental, complementado y fortalecido por los convenios y tratados internacionales que sobre la materia ha ratificado el Estado Colombiano. Con la entrada en vigencia del Sistema General de Pensiones SGP (Ley 100 de 1993), el legislador pretendió superar los desajustes que existían entre los distintos modelos y regímenes pensionales, creando un sistema integral y general de pensiones, que permite la acumulación de tiempos y semanas trabajadas, y genera relaciones recíprocas entre las distintas entidades administradoras de pensiones con los fines de aumentar su eficiencia ejecutiva y de ampliar su cobertura.

By the law no 5510 inured in 2008, there happened significant changes to the Social Security law. One of those changes happened in article 56 of the law, in which the cases where income and pension are not granted is regulated. Accordingly, the incomes and pensions granted to spouses and children who are determined to live actually with the divorced spouse shall be cut. Amounts paid to such individuals shall be refunded. The legal ground for the last paragraph of Article 56 of the Law numbered 5510 has been explained as article 2/2 of the Turkish Civil Code regarding abuse of right. However, in consequence of the inspections, held by the inspectors of Social Security Institution, based on the above-metioned article there can be some problems about cut of income and pensions. Above all, the article 56 must be studied studiously considering privacy of personal and family life and principal of equality. Additionally, in*spections and the final reports held by the institution inspectors must be in accordance with some principals, and living together must be proved with concrete evidence as well. Regarding this subject, the Supreme Court indicates the existence of lots of judicial problems. Therefore in this work, some problems are analysed, some critiques and suggestions are presented.