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Abstract Background Providing positive and supportive environments for nurses and midwives working in ever-changing and complex healthcare services is paramount. Clinical supervision is one approach that nurtures and supports professional guidance, ethical practice, and personal development, which impacts positively on staff morale and standards of care delivery. In the context of this study, peer group clinical supervision provides allocated time to reflect and discuss care provided and facilitated by clinical supervisors who are at the same grade/level as the supervisees. Methods To explore the clinical supervisor’s experiences of peer group clinical supervision a mixed methods study design was utilised within Irish health services (midwifery, intellectual disability, general, mental health). The Manchester Clinical Supervision Scale was used to survey clinical supervisors (n = 36) and semi-structured interviews (n = 10) with clinical supervisors were conducted. Survey data were analysed through SPSS and interview data were analysed utilising content analysis. The qualitative and quantitative data’s reporting rigour was guided by the CROSS and SRQR guidelines. Results Participants generally had a positive encounter when providing clinical supervision. They highly appreciated the value of clinical supervision and expressed a considerable degree of contentment with the supervision they provided to supervisees. The advantages of peer group clinical supervision encompass aspects related to self (such as confidence, leadership, personal development, and resilience), service and organisation (including a positive working environment, employee retention, and safety), and patient care (involving critical thinking and evaluation, patient safety, adherence to quality standards, and elevated levels of care). Conclusion There are many benefits of peer group clinical supervision at an individual, service, organisation, and patient level. Nevertheless, there is a need to address a lack of awareness and misconceptions surrounding clinical supervision to create an environment and culture conducive to realising its full potential. It is crucial that clinical supervision be accessible to nurses and midwives of all grades across all healthcare services, with national planning to address capacity and sustainability.

Background: Children are more sensitive to tobacco advertisements than adults. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that tobacco use has doubled in the past four decades particularly among the youth. Smoking among teenagers is an issue that affects countries worldwide. Objective: This study identified the prevalence of tobacco consumption among youth of rural Jaipur. We also studied, their age of initiation of tobacco and their correlation with the income and occupation of parents. Method: Community based cross-sectional type of study was conducted on youth of 15-24 years of age in 30 clusters in the Vatika, Jaipur. Cluster sampling technique was adopted. A semi-structured pretested and predesigned questionnaire was used for data collection. The inter-personal communication technique was used maintaining full confidentiality. All the results were transferred onto Microsoft excel sheet and evaluated statistically. Results: Out of 420 youths, 79.0% youths consumes nicotine in any form. More male subjects (90.9%) consume nicotine than females (62.8%) highly significantly. 33.1% youths started nicotine consumption

Background Although peer-assisted learning is known to be effective for reciprocal learning in medical education, it has been understudied in simulation. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of peer-led compared to instructor-led debriefing for non-technical skill development in simulated crisis scenarios. Methods Sixty-one undergraduate medical students were randomized into the control group (instructor-led debriefing) or an intervention group (peer debriefer or peer debriefee group). After the pre-test simulation, the participants underwent two more simulation scenarios, each followed by a debriefing session. After the second debriefing session, the participants underwent an immediate post-test simulation on the same day and a retention post-test simulation two months later. Non-technical skills for the pre-test, immediate post-test, and retention tests were assessed by two blinded raters using the Ottawa Global Rating Scale (OGRS). Results The participants’ non-technical skill performance significantly improved in all groups from the pre-test to the immediate post-test, with changes in the OGRS scores of 15.0 (95% CI [11.4, 18.7]) in the instructor-led group, 15.3 (11.5, 19.0) in the peer-debriefer group, and 17.6 (13.9, 21.4) in the peer-debriefee group. No significant differences in performance were found, after adjusting for the year of medical school training, among debriefing modalities (P = 0.147) or between the immediate post-test and retention test (P = 0.358). Conclusions Peer-led debriefing was as effective as instructor-led debriefing at improving undergraduate medical students’ non-technical skill performance in simulated crisis situations. Peer debriefers also improved their simulated clinical skills. The peer debriefing model is a feasible alternative to the traditional, costlier instructor model.

Background: Respiratory infections are common in children and can quickly deteriorate, necessitating vigilant nursing care. Simulation training provides a valuable tool for nursing students to learn how to manage children with respiratory infections. Peer tutoring has demonstrated benefits, including the creation of a safe, supportive learning environment and the perception of peer tutors as beneficial role models. This study aimed to develop a simulation education program for the care of children with respiratory infections, involving peer tutoring among nursing students, and to assess its effectiveness. Methods: This mixed-methods study, conducted between July and December 2022, utilized surveys to gather both quantitative and qualitative data. A peer tutoring-based simulation education program for providing care to children with respiratory infections was developed specifically for nursing students. The study was implemented with 49 nursing students from a South Korean university (25 in the experimental group and 24 in the control group). The students' self-efficacy, disposition towards critical thinking, problem-solving ability, and satisfaction with practice were evaluated and analyzed using the unpaired t-test, the chi-square test, and repeated-measures analysis of variance. The learning experiences of the students in the experimental group were further examined using qualitative content analysis. Results: The experimental group demonstrated greater growth in self-efficacy and satisfaction with practice than the control group. However, no significant difference was observed between the experimental and control groups in terms of changes in disposition towards critical thinking and problem-solving ability. From the nursing students who participated in the implementation, three categories were identified: “enhancement of learning,” “psychologically secure environment,” and “novel experience.” Conclusions: The peer tutoring-based simulation education focused on caring for children with respiratory infections effectively improved the self-efficacy and satisfaction of nursing students. This method will be utilized to enhance the learning experience of nursing students in the field of pediatric respiratory care.

Permasalahan perilaku kesehatan anak usia sekolah berkaitan dengan kebersihan perorangan dan lingkungan, kebiasaan mencuci tangan pakai sabun dan kebersihan diri. Hasil survey pada mitra menunjukkan pengetahuan siswa/i terkait personal hygiene dalam kategori kurang 65,3%, cukup 21,7% dan baik 13%. Hasil observasi pada siswa/siswi terlihat kuku yang panjang dan kotor, gigi kuning dan kotor, rambut yang tidak rapi dan kotor serta telinga yang terdapat banyak serumen. Tujuan kegiatan ini sebagai upaya meningkatkan pengetahuan siswa/i di SDK Sadi. Metode yang digunakan adalah Edukasi Personal Hygiene dengan Metode Peer Group: Teknik Sartoga (Smart Card, Story and Game) yang dilaksanakan dengan beberapa tahapan yaitu story dengan media video pembelajaran, Peer Group Discussion dengan smart card, permainan edukasi terkait personal hygiene dengan bantuan kartu pintar dan demonstrasi. Hasil setelah dilakukan kegiatan pengetahuan siswa/i dalam kategori kurang 17,4%, cukup 30,4% dan baik 52,2%. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan siswa/i dan program yang dilakukan sangat efektif.

Abstract Background Simulation-based education and peer-assisted learning (PAL) are both known as useful educational methods. Previous research has reported that combining these two methods are effective for training medical residents in short-term evaluation. This study was aimed to evaluate the middle- to long-term effects of simulation-based education combined with PAL on the performance of medical residents during emergency department duties. Methods This study was designed as a case-control study and conducted over three years at Okayama University Hospital in Japan. Postgraduate-year-one medical residents were assigned to three groups: a simulation group that received simulation-based education, a lecture group that received traditional lecture-based education, and a control group that received no such prior trainings. Prior training in emergency department duties using PAL was performed as an educational intervention for the simulation and lecture groups during the clinical orientation period. The residents’ medical knowledge was assessed by written examinations before and after the orientation. The performance of residents during their emergency department duties was assessed by self-evaluation questionnaires and objective-assessment checklists, following up with the residents for three months after the orientation period and collecting data on their 1st, 2nd, and 3rd emergency department duties. All the datasets collected were statistically analyzed and compared by their mean values among the three groups. Results A total of 75 residents were included in the comparative study: 27 in the simulation group, 24 in the lecture group, and 24 in the control group. The simulation and lecture groups obtained significantly higher written examination scores than the control group. From the self-evaluation questionnaires, the simulation group reported significantly higher satisfaction in their prior training than the lecture group. No significant differences were found in the emergency department performance of the residents among the three groups. However, when evaluating the improvement rate of performance over time, all three groups showed improvement in the subjective evaluation, and only the simulation and lecture groups showed improvement in the objective evaluation. Conclusion Simulation-based education combined with PAL is effective in improving the knowledge and satisfaction of medical residents, suggesting the possibility of improving work performance during their emergency department duties.

Abstract This paper aims to analyze the text of Luke 17:11-19 about the ten lepers from the perspective of People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Maumere. The author conducts this research by using qualitative method. The data is taken from depth interviews and participatory observation at Flores Plus Support-Maumere Peer Support Group (KDS). By using a reader-oriented approach, this paper analyzed the experiences of PLWHA and their perspectives on the account of the ten lepers. The findings showed that for HIV survivors in Maumere, peer groups play an important role in raising their hopes in the midst of high rate of stigma and discrimination. In the eyes of PLWHA, the role of KDS can be juxtaposed with the “group” of the ten lepers in Luke’s story. Abstrak Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis teks Lukas 17:11-19 tentang kesepuluh orang kusta dari perspektif Orang dengan HIV/AIDS (ODHA) di Maumere. Untuk membahas masalah ini penulis melakukan penelitian kualitatif dengan wawancara mendalam dan observasi partisipatoris di Kelompok Dukungan Sebaya (KDS) Flores Plus Support-Maumere. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan reader oriented artikel ini menganalisis pengalaman para ODHA dan sudut pandang mereka tentang kisah kesepuluh orang kusta. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa, bagi para ODHA di Maumere, kelompok sebaya memainkan peran penting untuk membangkitkan harapan mereka di tengah tingginya stigma dan diskriminasi. Dalam kacamata para ODHA, peran KDS dapat dibandingkan dengan “paguyuban” sepuluh orang kusta dalam kisah Lukas.

Abstract Background Despite the availability of a wide variety of evidence-based treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD), many patients still experience impairments in their lives after remission. Programs are needed that effectively support patients in coping with these impairments. The program Storytelling and Training to Advance Individual Recovery Skills (STAIRS) was developed to address this need and combines the use of peer contact, expert-by-experience guidance, family support and professional blended care. The aim of the planned study is (1) to assess the efficacy of the STAIRS program in patients with remitted MDD, (2) to investigate patients’ subjective experiences with STAIRS, and (3) to evaluate the program’s cost-effectiveness. Methods A concurrent mixed-methods randomized controlled trial design will be used. Patients aged between 18 and 65 years with remitted MDD (N = 140) will be randomized to either a group receiving care as usual (CAU) + the STAIRS-program or a control group receiving CAU + some basic psychoeducation. Quantitative efficacy data on functional and personal recovery and associated aspects will be collected using self-report questionnaires at the start of the intervention, immediately following the intervention, and at the six-month follow-up. Insights into patients’ experiences on perceived effects and the way in which different program elements contribute to this effect, as well as the usability and acceptability of the program, will be gained by conducting qualitative interviews with patients from the experimental group, who are selected using maximum variation sampling. Finally, data on healthcare resource use, productivity loss and quality of life will be collected and analysed to assess the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of the STAIRS-program. Discussion Well-designed recovery-oriented programs for patients suffering from MDD are scarce. If efficacy and cost-effectiveness are demonstrated with this study and patients experience the STAIRS program as usable and acceptable, this program can be a valuable addition to CAU. The qualitative interviews may give insights into what works for whom, which can be used to promote implementation. Trial registration This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov on 1 July 2021, registration number NCT05440812.

Forming optimal peer groups is a crucial step in multiplier valuation. Among others, the traditional regression methodology requires the definition of the optimal set of peer selection criteria and the optimal size of the peer group a priori. Since there exists no universally applicable set of closed and complementary rules on selection criteria due to the complexity and the diverse nature of firms, this research exclusively examines unlisted companies, rendering direct comparisons with existing studies impractical. To address this, we developed a bespoke benchmark model through rigorous regression analysis. Our aim was to juxtapose its outcomes with our unique approach, enriching the understanding of unlisted company transaction dynamics. To stretch the performance of the linear regression method to the maximum, various datasets on selection criteria (full as well as F- and NCA-optimized) were employed. Using a sample of over 20,000 private firm transactions, model performance was evaluated employing multiplier prediction error measures (emphasizing bias and accuracy) as well as prediction superiority directly. Emphasizing five enterprise and equity value multiples, the results allow for the overall conclusion that the self-organizing map algorithm outperforms the traditional linear regression model in both minimizing the valuation error as measured by the multiplier prediction error measures as well as in direct prediction superiority. Consequently, the machine learning methodology offers a promising way to improve peer selection in private firm multiplier valuation.

The author of these studies set himself three goals: to analyze the existing and functioning models of upbringing, their impact on the functioning of an individual in a family environment, in a group and in society. Another of the planned effects of the analysis of available sources is the definition of the factors determining the etiology of the negation of all values as a space for alienation of a young person, his reaction to loneliness and alienation from the awareness of social exclusion, which is based on the lack of responsible parenthood. The third and last goal of this studies is the analysis and evaluation of the problem existing in schools and institutions for minors, which is undoubtedly violence and aggression, where we only see a crying games, for example - action in an educational institution "Week without violence", "Stop aggression", installing cameras in front of the building or inside it. From a practical point of view, it is only silencing the problem in the media with the approval of the leading body, which has allocated the necessary funds for this purpose, many times financing meetings with specialists as part of preventive measures. However, directing all attention to strictly prophylactic measures does not bring the intended effect. The attention should be directed to victims who show anxiety at the very thought of going to school and on the perpetrators who feel with impunity due to the lack of response from the institution.

Abstract: This research examines the influence of peer groups in determining student career life. By using a quantitative approach, we aim to investigate the role of peer groups in Generation Z’s career exploration to respond to work transitions. The subjects of this study were 72 vocational high school students. Data collection was carried out using the Peer Group and Career Exploration scales which were developed by adapting the Likert scale. Our analysis results suggested that peer groups carry 57 percent effects on the participants’ career exploration of students. In addition, the results of the Pearson correlation test also showed a 0.755 correlation coefficient between the peer group and career exploration, indicating a strong correlation between the peer group and career exploration. Therefore, the higher peer group support increases the students’ career exploration abilities and vice versa. The influence of the peer group on career exploration ability is classified into a strong category. Abstrak: Penelitian ini mengenai peran teman sebaya (peer group) dalam menentukan kehidupan karier siswa. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran peer group terhadap eksplorasi karier generasi Z dalam merespon transisi kerja pada peserta didik. Subjek penelitian ini adalah 72 siswa SMK. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan skala Peer Group dan Eksplorasi Karier yang dikembangkan dengan mengadaptasi skala model Likert. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa peran peer group dalam eksplorasi karier peserta didik sebesar 57 persen. Selain itu, hasil uji korelasi pearson diperoleh nilai koefisien korelasi antara peer group dengan eksplorasi karier sebesar 0,755. Angka ini menunjukkan korelasi yang kuat antara peer group dan eksplorasi karier. Hal itu berarti semakin tinggi dukungan teman sebaya (peer group) maka akan semakin tinggi pula kemampuan eksplorasi karier peserta didik, begitu pula sebaliknya. Besar pengaruh peer group terhadap kemampuan eksplorasi karier termasuk dalam kategori kuat.

Abstract Aim This study aimed to compare the effect of peer education and education provided by healthcare providers on PMS in high school students. Materials and Methods This quasi‐experimental non‐randomized controlled trial with a three‐armed parallel design was performed on 90 students allocated in three groups, namely, education by peer (intervention group 1 = 30), education by a healthcare provider (intervention group 2 = 30), and a control group (n = 30). The primary outcome was a change in the score of PMS, and the secondary outcomes were changes in the general health score and the frequency of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Education about PMS management was held in WhatsApp messenger in six sessions (two sessions per week) for both intervention groups. All three groups received routine school counseling. The researchers applied repeated‐measures ANCOVA, McNemar, and post‐hoc Bonferroni tests. Results Education in intervention group 1 (Partial Eta Squared = 0.67, p 0.05). Conclusion This study suggests education by peers and healthcare providers effects on PMS and general health in adolescents. It suggested that the effectiveness of these approaches be investigated in other adolescents' health conditions.

Environmental awareness as an integral part of ecological culture, i.e. part of general culture, is subject to the influence of various factors that lead to its development. Therefore, the subject of this research is reflected in determining the dominant factors that lead to the acquisition of ecological knowledge, and therefore to the development of ecological awareness. The presented research was conducted on a sample of 170 fourth-grade pupils from the Kosovo and Metohija area. The obtained data confirm the third research hypothesis, while the other two hypotheses are not confirmed. Life in nature, that is, cooperation with nature, can be significantly statistically predicted based on kindergarten, school, family and peer group as dominant factors influencing the development of environmental awareness. The reflection of the conducted research can be reflected in the attempts of practitioners to "win" the peer group on their side, having knowledge of the impact on the development of environmental awareness.

Background: Participation in peer social groups could be used in health promotion programs for the elderly. The current study investigates the effectiveness of participation in a peer social support network intervention on the self-management of the elderly with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This research is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-pos-ttest design with a control group conducted in 2019. Two health centers were selected as research settings from a single district in Qom Province, Iran. From each center, 46 subjects were randomly selected. Subjects in the intervention group participated in a peer social support network for 3 months (12 sessions), and the control group received only usual care. The outcome variable was self-management. The components of this variable include the level of hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), diabetes distress (measured with Diabetes Distress Scale), awareness (measured with Davoodi’s knowledge of diabetes questionnaire), attitude (measured with diabetes attitude scale [DAS-3]), self-efficacy (measured with diabetes empowerment scale, [DES-28]), weight and blood pressure. Subjects were evaluated at baseline and at a 6-month follow-up. The obtained data were analyzed using t-test, Chi-Square, and Fisher test in SPSS software, version 22. The significance level was set at less than 0.5. Results: The change in mean HbA1C of the intervention and control groups at baseline and 6-month follow-up was -0.7 and 0.1, respectively, which was significant (P≤0.0001). Moreover, the difference in changes in the mean values of diabetes distress (P=0.008), self-efficacy (P≤0.0001), and attitude (P≤0.0001) were significant. No significant changes were found in knowledge, weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P>0.05). Conclusion: The formation of social support groups may help control blood sugar in the elderly with type 2 diabetes. Seemingly, social groups can mainly impact through psychological factors such as distress control, attitude improvement, and self-efficacy enhancement.

Background: Patients who are undergoing hemodialysis must be able to take care of themselves, but the fact is that these patients often do not pay attention to what must be controlled and treated so that hemodialysis patients need support from their families and peer groups. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between family and peer group support with self-care in hemodialysis patients at RSI Jemursari in Surabaya. Methods: This study used a quantitative design with correlation analytics with a cross sectional approach. The study population was all patients who were undergoing hemodialysis as many as 150 respondents. The sample obtained 109 respondents using simple random sampling. This independent variable is family support and peer group, the dependent variable is self-care. Data collection using a questionnaire was analyzed using the Spearman Rank test. Result: Based on the results of the study of 109 respondents, almost all (78%) received good family support, almost all (91.7%) received good peer group support and most (71.6%) had high self-care. Based on the results of the Spearman rank test, the value of p = 0.000 was obtained, which means that there is a relationship between family and peer group support with self-care in hemodialysis patients. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study, the higher the family and peer group support, the self-care in hemodialysis patients will also increase. Families and peer groups are expected to continue to provide support to individuals, thereby assisting individuals in maintaining self-care.

Objective: This study aimed to explore young breast cancer survivors’ experiences of peer support activities and their need for a metaverse-based peer support program. Methods: This qualitative content analysis study involved 15 young women with breast cancer under the age of 40. Participants with diverse experiences in peer support activities were purposefully selected. Data were collected in March 2023 through three focus group interviews and three additional individual interviews. Saturation was reached when no new themes emerged from the interviews. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using conventional content analysis. This study ensured the trustworthiness of the data based on criteria including truth value, applicability, consistency, and neutrality. Results: Four categories emerged: advantages, disadvantages, preferences for peer support activities, and the need for metaverse-based peer support programs. Participants valued peer support activities for exchanging information, nurturing empathy, and encouraging healthy behaviors. Challenges included information confusion, peer conflict, isolation, and stigma. Preferences for group composition, size, and medium varied; however, all participants agreed on the importance of operational guidelines. Participants expected a metaverse-based peer support program to provide safe and enjoyable experiences despite concerns about unfamiliar platforms. Conclusions: This study highlights the unique needs and preferences of young breast cancer survivors regarding peer support activities. Well-organized and tailored peer support can significantly enhance their quality of life. These findings provide valuable insights for developing effective metaverse-based peer support programs to meet the needs of young women with breast cancer.

The purpose of this study is to investigate (1) the effect of peer group communication on students' morals and (2) the effect that social media use has on students' values. This study was carried out in the Pancur Batu District of North Sumatra Province's Deli Serdang Regency, Indonesia. Our population was 1,207 Muslim students at the state junior high school in the Pancur Batu District, Indonesia. In the end, we selected 300 students as our samples using the proportional stratified random sampling technique. For the research instrument, we employed a questionnaire that was developed to collect information regarding peer group communication and the use of social media among junior high school students in Pancur Batu, Deli Serdang, Indonesia. Path analysis was used to analyze and synthesize research data. The analysis results showed that (1) peer group communication directly affects students' morals, with a path coefficient of 0.179, and (2) the use of social media directly affects students' morals, with a path coefficient of 0.213

Introduction: Today, peer education programs focus on scientific support, guiding and creating interaction between students has been considered to model students' scientific progress. The purpose of this study is to explore the experiences of medical students from implementing the peer program as a mentor using a qualitative framework. Methods: The present study is a qualitative study of the type of contractual content analysis with code of ethics IR.NASRME.REC.1400.067. The participants were selected by purposive sampling method with maximum diversity approach, including 30 medical students and 13 peers as mentors from 94 to 1400 entries. Qualitative data were collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews. The duration of the interviews was between 45-60 minutes. Result: In total, 24 girls (55.8 percent) and 19 boys (44.2 percent) students participated in this study. From the total interviews conducted, 267 open codes, 5 categories and 2 main themes were extracted. The main topics and classes include "Peer as mentor program; a need-based approach" with the sub-themes of facilitating the learning process, accelerating the achievement of goals and developing communication skills, and "The need to promote the peer as mentor program" with the sub-themes of the need to strengthen the infrastructure and the necessity of reviewing the standards related to the selection of the group leader. Conclusion: The findings of the study showed that the process of the peer training program as a mentor is accompanied by challenges, but it can facilitate, increase theoretical and practical learning, as well as develop the communication skills of medical students.

The consumptive behavior of students tends to be excessive. Therefore, this study aims to test the impact of financial literacy, peer group, social media usage, and locus of control on students’ consumption behavior. The population consists of 41,061 active S-1 students of Universitas Negeri Semarang, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. 5% of 398 samples had an error rate using the Slovin formula. Primary data were collected through surveys employing a 5-point Likert scale. The questionnaire constructed in Google Forms was distributed using WhatsApp group. The data collected were then subjected to validity and reliability tests. Thus, the response variable was consumptive behavior; three predictor variables were financial literacy, peer group, and social media usage; and the mediating variable was locus of control. The results show that financial literacy affects consumptive behavior negatively, with a coefficient of –0.109 and a significance value of 0.041. Peer groups, social media usage, and locus of control had a positive and significant effect on consumptive behavior directly. The coefficients were 0.039, 0.518, and 0.218, with significance values of 0.031, 0.000, and 0.000. Financial literacy and peer groups have a positive and significant effect on the locus of control with coefficients of 0.0638 and 0.251 and significance values of 0.000. In addition, locus of control has been proven as a mediator in the influence of financial literacy and peer groups on consumptive behavior. AcknowledgmentWe acknowledge the Faculty of Economics, Universitas Negeri Semarang, for publication funding.

Purpose This study aimed to explore nursing students' experiences of neonatal nursing simulations using peer tutoring. Methods In this qualitative content analysis study, data were collected using a narrative survey and focus group interviews with 27 third-year nursing students and six fourth-year nursing students from April to May 2022. Content analysis of the collected data was conducted. Results Four categories—"stabilizing emotionally through each other", "advancing together", "difficulties in relationships", and "hoping to continue"—and nine sub-categories were extracted. The sub-categories "reduced burden" and "gaining confidence" were grouped into the first category, "stabilizing emotionally through each other". The sub-categories "being motivated to learn," "increased learning ability", and "preparation as a process" were grouped under "advancing together", and "attitudes affecting study environment" and "depending on help" were grouped into the third category of "difficulties in relationships". The fourth category of "hoping to continue" had "wanting to supplement for development" and "wanting to participate in different roles" as sub-categories. Conclusion Based on the results of this study, we expect pediatric nursing practicum education to improve through the active use of neonatal nursing simulation education incorporating peer tutoring.

Introduction Most people who smoke initiate smoking in adolescence. Risk factors for smoking are changing over time as demographics shift, and technologies such as social media create new avenues for the tobacco industry to recruit smokers. We assessed risk factors associated with smoking uptake and regular smoking among a representative cohort of UK adolescents. Methods Data come from 8944 children followed prospectively as part of the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Smoking uptake was assessed as adolescents who had never smoked tobacco at the age of 14 years, but reported smoking ≥1 cigarette per week by the age of 17 years (regular smoking). We used logistic regression to assess associations between smoking uptake and selected sociodemographic factors including household income, caregiver smoking, peer smoking, and social media use. Weighted percentages and Office for National Statistics Data were used to estimate numbers of regular smokers and new smokers in the UK. Results Among the whole sample, 10.6% of adolescents were regular smokers at the age of 17 years. Of these, 52% initiated smoking between the ages of 14 and 17 years. Uptake was more common if caregivers smoked (13.6% vs 5.0%, p

There has been growing interest in the issue of giftedness and in educational paths which can counteract the development of misrepresentations and negative attitudes on the theme. These forms of common sense contribute to interpreting social reality using shortcuts in thinking that are sometimes inadequate to explain the complexity of human personality and that, therefore, may generate some stereotypes and prejudices. The analysis and orientation of distorted representations could prompt the activation of inclusive behaviour towards gifted peers. This contribution therefore focuses on the representations concerning giftedness in the peer group. The project, carried out with pupils of primary school class, aims to explore the representations and attitudes of children exposed to a path of awareness on giftedness in order to support a correct and inclusive representation of the phenomenon.

Penyusunan skripsi di masa Pandemi COVID-19 menimbulkan banyak kendala yang mengakibatkan penurunan motivasi dan memperlambat proses penyelesaian skripsi. Salah satu cara mengatasi hal ini melalui dukungan peer group secara virtual. Peer group support dapat memberikan dukungan yang signifikan dan membantu dalam membentuk hubungan dan lingkungan komunitas yang memotivasi melalui proses sharing. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh Peer group support melalui WhatsApp group terhadap motivasi mahasiswa dalam menyelesaikan skripsi di masa pandemi COVID-19. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan desain quasi-experimental pre-test post-test with control group. Populasi penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa Program Studi Ilmu Keperawatan Universitas Sriwijaya semester VII, dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 20 responden yaitu 10 orang dalam kelompok intervensi dan 10 orang dalam kelompok kontrol. Kuesioner digunakan sebagai alat ukur untuk mengukur motivasi mahasiswa dalam menyelesaikan skripsi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan dalam motivasi mahasiswa sebelum dan setelah intervensi Peer group melalui WhatsApp group pada kelompok intervensi, dengan nilai p-value sebesar 0,012 (

Anemia is one of the major nutritional problems in the world, especially among adolescents. The aim of this systematic research is to review the effectiveness of peer groups in preventing anemia in adolescents. Articles were searched from four electronic databases such as Science-direct, PubMed, Sage, and Springer. An online search for articles was carried out in August 2022 and provided that articles were published from 2018 to 2022. Several keywords were used for literature searching, including “peer group to prevent anemia” and “anemia prevention in adolescent”. Data selection using PICOS and PRISMA flowchart get 9 articles. Data were narratively described. The result of this review showed that peer group intervention changed the behavior to prevent anemia in adolescents. Peer group intervention proved knowledge, attitude, skill, intention, and behavior to prevent anemia in adolescents. The conclusion of this literature review is that peer group was an effective strategy for preventing anemia in adolescents.

IntroductionMultiple sclerosis (MS) causes a progressive disability, which substantially impacts the quality of life (QoL). Health interventions that meet the needs and demands of people with MS are essential to minimize QoL impairment. Expert patient programs (EPPs) facilitate health-related empowerment through peer learning. Based on a previous focus group study, we designed an EPP for MS coordinated by nursing professionals for implementation in the different MS reference units of Catalonia (Southwestern Europe). This study aims to evaluate the effects on quality of life, disease-related knowledge, and self-management related to the health process of the participants of the Expert Patient Program Catalonia™ for people with multiple sclerosis (EPPC-MS).MethodsPre-post intervention multicenter clinical study involving 12 groups of 12 participants: six groups including relapsing and six groups including progressive MS patients, with 144 participants from 7 MS reference units from all over Catalonia, organized in six teams. The intervention will consist of nine telematic learning peer-led sessions (one weekly session). The expert patient (EP) leading the sessions will be an individual with MS with disease-related knowledge, who will be further trained by nurses to lead the sessions. Study variables will be measured before and immediately after the intervention and 6 and 12 months after the end of the sessions and will include: QoL, emotional impact, activation of the person, MS-related knowledge, fatigue, habits and lifestyles, health services use, and program-related experience. Baseline characteristics considered will be sociodemographic data, date of MS diagnosis and type, family history, and treatment characteristics. Variables related to disease follow-up will be new relapses and characteristics and changes in the ongoing treatment. The number of sessions attended will also be collected. Study variables will be analyzed using a pre-post comparison.DiscussionPeer-led learning programs led by EP help empower people with chronic conditions and offer them tools to improve their autonomy and QoL. This study’s intervention will be performed remotely, offering advantages both for people with chronic conditions and the healthcare system regarding the facilitation of family and work conciliation, saving time, simplifying attendance to meetings, lowering costs, and using fewer material resources.Trial registrationNCT04988880 on September 22, 2021.

The study investigates children’s peer practices in two primary schools in Italy, focusing on the ordinary and the Italian L2 classroom. The study draws from video-ethnographic research and sets out from the paradigm of language socialization, focusing thus on children’s language and social interaction. As the analysis illustrates, children deploy various verbal and non-verbal resources to (a) co-construct and negotiate the social organization of the peer group and (b) socialize their classmates to expected ways of behaving at school. In the discussion it is argued that these kinds of practices are relevant to children’s social inclusion or exclusion in the classroom. On the basis of this appraisal, the study advances few implications for teachers’ professional practice.

Abstract Background & aim HIV/AIDS is one of the most dangerous viruses known in the world. In addition, considering its fatality rate and high cost of care, it is a serious threat to the health and economy of social communities. Adolescents are one of the high-risk groups. One of the most effective ways to prevent this disease is to promote healthcare, raise awareness, and change health-related beliefs and attitudes. This study aims at determining the effect of peer education, based on the health belief model, on the preventative measures against AIDS adopted by girls. Methods & materials In this empirical-interventionist study two schools were randomly selected, one of which was considered as the intervention group and the other as the control group. The classes were also randomly selected and 80 students from each school took part in the project following the entry criterion. A questionnaire with acceptable validity and reliability was used to collect data. In this study a few bright students were chosen as peer educators after being trained. The intervention group (N = 80) received 4 sessions of 60-min education through training, lectures, question and answer, and group discussion, But the control group received no instruction. The posttest was administered two months after the treatment. The data was fed into the SPSS 16. Finally, T-test, Chi-Square, and ANCOVA were employed to analyze the data. Results The average scores obtained from the intervention group and the control group were not significantly different in terms of awareness level, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived self-efficacy, behavioral intention, and behavior in baseline (P>0.05). Two months after the intervention there was a significant increase in the average scores of all the variables in the experimental group (P > 0.05). However, there was no significant change in the scores of the control group (P > 0.05). Conclusion Following a health belief model focusing on peer eduaction among high school girls, the intervention eduaction can affect awareness level, susceptibility, severity, benefits, perceived barriers, perceived self-efficacy, behavioral intention, and finally avoidance of high-risk behavior.

Background: Considering the importance of report writing and its problems, different teaching methods can be used to improve nurses' knowledge and performance, among which is peer teaching. This study aimed to determine the effect of peer teaching on the quality of report writing based on the nursing process. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study examined 60 nurses working in the surgical and cardiac wards of Razavi Hospital in Mashhad during 2019. These wards randomly assigned to intervention (n = 30) and control (n = 30) groups. For 2 weeks, report writing teaching was implemented for the intervention group based on the nursing process through peer teaching. The control group routinely performed report writing. At the beginning and end of the study, we reviewed nursing reports of both groups using a valid and reliable checklist. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance with repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results: Before the intervention, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of scores of report writing quality in structure, content dimensions, and the total scores (p > 0.05). After the intervention, the mean score changes were significantly higher in the structure (Mean Difference (MD) = 4.99, 95%CI: 1. 26–8.72, p < 0.010), content (MD = 8.11, 95%CI: 4.91–11.31, p < 0.001), and the total quality of report writing (MD = 7.54, CI: 4.56–10.53, p < 0.010) in the intervention group than the control group. Conclusions: Peer teaching improved the nurses' quality of report writing. The teaching planners are recommended to use this method to train nursing staff.

Background: Resilience is the individual’s ability to maintain or restore mental health and physical function in the face of stressful events and adversity. However, educational interventions can enhance resilience. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of self-care education by peer groups on the resilience of patients with cancer. Methods: A Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT) was conducted on 80 patients with cancer referring to the chemotherapy center of Ayatollah Yathribi Hospital in Kashan City, Iran. The subjects were randomly assigned into the control and intervention groups (40 per group). Peer group members trained the intervention group in 4 sessions (one session per week), but the control group received routine care. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) was used to collect data at the beginning of the trial and then one week and three months after the intervention. Data analysis was performed using the independent t-test and repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS software, v. 16. Results: There was a significant difference between the mean score of the groups’ resilience one week after the intervention (P=0.01), but no significant difference was seen between the groups’ resilience scores three months after the study (P=0.11). However, based on the repeated measures ANOVA and the model’s results using the Huynh-Feldt correction, there was an increase in the resilience score of the intervention group over time (P=0.008). Furthermore, there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of time*group interaction, indicating a significant difference between the two groups in terms of resilience score over time (P=0.004). Conclusion: It is suggested that this intervention be provided by the healthcare team along with routine treatments to improve the resilience and mental health of patients with cancer.

Abstract Background Pakistan has not been a major contributor to medical research, mainly because of the lack of learning opportunities to medical students. With the increase in online learning systems during COVID-19, research related skills can be taught to medical students via low-cost peer taught virtual research workshops. Aim of the Study To assess the effectiveness of a comprehensive low-cost peer-taught virtual research workshops amongst medical students in Pakistan. Methods This quasi-experimental study assessed the effectiveness of five virtual research workshops (RWs) in improving core research skills. RWs for medical students from across Pakistan were conducted over Zoom by medical students (peer-teachers) at the Aga Khan University, Pakistan, with minimal associated costs. The content of the workshops included types of research, ethical approval and research protocols, data collection and analysis, manuscript writing, and improving networking skills for research. Improvement was assessed via pre-and post-quizzes for each RW, self-efficacy scores across 16 domains, and feedback forms. Minimum criteria for completion of the RW series was attending at least 4/5 RWs and filling the post-RW series feedback form. A 6-month post-RW series follow-up survey was also emailed to the participants. Results Four hundred medical students from 36 (/117; 30.8%) different medical colleges in Pakistan were enrolled in the RWs. However, only 307/400 (76.75%) medical students met the minimum requirement for completion of the RW series. 56.4% of the participants belonged to the pre-clinical years while the rest were currently to clinical years. The cohort demonstrated significant improvement in pre-and post-quiz scores for all 5 RWs (p

Abstract Background Vertigo and dizziness (VD) are among the most frequently seen symptoms in clinics and are important for medical students, especially for those in Chinese standardized residency training (SRT). The aim of our study was to examine the PAL method’s feasibility in the clinical teaching of VD-related diseases for SRT students in China. Methods This is a randomized, controlled, multicenter study. A total of 228 residents were invited to participate in this study, of which 198 completed the program. The students were randomized into two groups, and VD-related diseases were taught using lecture-based learning (control group) or peer-assisted learning (PAL). An examination paper and a rating scale were used to evaluate students’ performance in the mastery of VD-related theoretical knowledge and clinical skills, meanwhile students’ perceptions, satisfaction, and risk of burnout were also analyzed using a questionnaire. Independent-samples t-test and chi-square analysis were performed to evaluate statistical significance for continuous variables and categorical variables, respectively, using SPSS 18.0 software. Results The PAL group performed better in mastering theoretical knowledge and clinical skills than the control group. And more students believed that PAL could help improve their personal qualities such as teamwork skills. However, more students reported that PAL increased the risk of burnout. Conclusions PAL was a suitable and effective method in the clinical teaching of some specialized diseases, especially it was recommended for students who had gained initial knowledge and skills, such as Chinese SRT students. However, we should draw attention to the increased risk of burnout if PAL is intended to be widely used in clinical teaching. Trial registration ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN53773239 , 05/07/2021, retrospectively registered.

The paper explores the risks and opportunities of classroom peer interactions on the basis of previous literature and of data from video-ethnographic research in two primary Italian schools. As regards the former, the article reviews previous academic literature, arguing that several studies on peer group work neglected the process of children’s mutual engagement. Conversely, other studies managed to offer a thorough description of the practices that might develop in the peer group, highlighting how peer interactions (a) entail significant opportunities for children’s learning and development, but (b) are also a locus where children might exclude other classmates. This recognition is further demonstrated through an empirical illustration based on data collected during the ethnographic research. Setting out from this appraisal of previous literature and empirical data, the article outlines the pedagogical relevance of peer interactions in the classroom and delineates its implications for teachers’ professional practice.

The present study aims at investigating the social factors of the tendency to self-harming with cutlass, which has not only been objected to by many religious and social experts, but also has led - in significant cases - to various social and cultural harms such as apostasy, anxiety and violence, destruction of Shiite image among other religions and the like. The statistical society was compose of individuals practicing this rite in Khomeini Shahr was selected. Using the Cochran formula, a sample size of 260 people was selected using snowball sampling. The researcher-made questionnaire and its validity were confirmed by certified and reliability experts with a mean Cronbach’s alpha of 0.915. Descriptive statistics were used to examine the variables and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient and t-test) were used to examine the relationship between variables. Theories of social construction, mutual interaction, learning, subculture, exchange and social control were used as theories of the theoretical framework. Test results were as follows: There is a meaningful relationship between the lack of knowledge of religious teachings, the existence of some reference groups among women, the fanaticism of family traditions, the level of literacy, the relationship with peer groups and the spiritual motivation and the tendency to self-harm with cutlass. There was no significant relationship between the economic and social base on the one hand and a tendency to self-harming with cutlass.

Menopause is a woman's last menstrual period influenced by reproductive hormones, occurring in her fifties. Various efforts can be made to overcome the symptoms and complaints in menopausal women, including peer groups and positive affirmations. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of the peer group model and positive affirmations on physical and psychological changes due to menopause in the work area of ​​the Pondok Rangon Community Health Center, Cipayung District, East Jakarta. This type of research is a quasi-experiment with two group pre-test post-test. The sampling technique used the purposive sampling method with a total sample of 50 respondents. The results showed that the average age of the respondents was 53.36 years, with the majority of respondents (64%) having low education, not working (86%), and most of them being multiparous (70%). The intervention group results showed a significant difference before and after treatment, both in physical changes (p-value 0.001) and psychological (p-value 0.000). The control group found no significant difference in physical changes (p-value 0.085) and psychological changes (p-value 0.174). The study concludes a decrease in physical and psychological changes in the intervention group who received peer group treatment and positive affirmations compared to the control group who did not receive treatment. Menopausal women can use the peer group model and positive affirmations to overcome the complaints of menopausal women.

Abstract Aim To compare the effect of school‐based education programs, by peer group versus health practitioner on Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) in adolescent girls. Design Non‐masked three‐armed clinical trial. Methods Ninety 11th‐grade students with moderate to severe PMS will be allocated to Intervention Group 1 (IG1), Intervention Group 2 (IG2) and Comparison Group (CG). Three weeks (six online sessions) of parallel education will be implemented in IG1 by trained peer educators and in IG2 by a health practitioner. The primary outcome will be changes in PMS severity score between three groups over time (measured by Daily Record of Severity of Problems). Secondary outcomes include changes in Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder and General Health. Data collection will be conducted in two‐time points, at baseline, and at the end of the intervention. Results Our study will explore the effect of school‐based education programs, by peer group versus health practitioner on PMS. This will add to the evidence‐based interventions to PMS management and the effectiveness of peer education in health promotion of adolescents girls.

Because major depressive disorder (MDD) has a strong negative impact on patients' lives, well–designed treatment programs are needed that address the lasting effects of MDD. Previous work has shown that such programs should not only focus on symptomatic recovery, but also on the subsequent personal recovery process. Currently, few programs with this specific focus exist. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the feasibility of a newly developed blended program to support the personal recovery process of MDD patients: Storytelling and Training to Advance Individual Recovery Skills (STAIRS). STAIRS is a program using peer support and guidance by experts by experience and clinicians, which can be added to regular depression treatment when symptomatic recovery is almost reached. Topics addressed in this program are: (1) effects of depression and treatment; (2) structure; (3) (self) stigma; (4) self-image; (5) meaning of life; (6) connection to others; (7) physical health; (8) relaxation; and (9) preventing relapse. Experiences with the STAIRS program were collected from five participating patients with questionnaires and a focus-group interview, as well as from four trainers using semi-structured interviews. Participants valued the topics addressed in STAIRS, the used working methods, the presence of an expert by experience and the ability to share experiences with peers. The use of an online platform and the involvement of others is seen as potentially supportive but turned out to be more challenging. Perceived effects of STAIRS include positive changes in participants' daily lives and their contacts with others. Overall, the results indicate that when implemented accessibly, STAIRS is a promising and feasible program to foster personal recovery among patients recovering from MDD.

The background of this research is the decline of religious culture among young people and students alike, then the influence of peer groups (Peer Group) was very strong in shaping the character of students for the need to optimize Peer groups in developing the religious culture of SMA Negeri 1 Pacet Mojokerto students. The focus of research in this study is 1) Optimization of Peer Group in developing the religious culture of SMA Negeri 1 Pacet Mojokerto students, 2) The constraints of optimizing Peer Group in developing the religious culture of students of SMA Negeri 1 Pacet Mojokerto. The method used is the descriptive qualitative method. Data collection techniques using direct observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis stage uses the Milles and Huberman method which is done through data reduction, data presentation, verification, and conclusions. Checking the validity of the data using triangulation techniques. The subjects of this study are the Principal, Islamic Religious Education Teachers, and Students as additional subjects, while the object is the Peer Group and religious culture. The results of this study note that the optimization of the Peer Group at SMA Negeri 1 Pacet Mojokerto in developing religious culture went smoothly. The constraints in optimizing Peer Group in SMA Negeri 1 Pacet Mojokerto in developing students' religious culture in the form of internal, external, and endogenous factors.

In the article, we consider the impact of adolescence upon the usage of Polish in Polish-German bilinguals raised and living in Germany and demonstrate how adolescence surfaces as a socially based “critical period” in this usage using results from a survey and interviews conducted with 30 teenagers. In the quantitative part of the study, we seek to establish whether adolescents’ age affected the pattern and quantity of their usage of Polish in the media and contacts with age peers, whether the latter two facets of growing up with Polish were interrelated, and which other factors affected peer-relevant activities in Polish. Both age and peer contact turned out to significantly affect the use of the media in Polish, while peer contact in Polish was affected by the parental use of Polish in parent-child communication. The qualitative part presents the context and motivation for using Polish by the youths in peer-relevant activities. We integrate the results with insights provided by child development psychology from the perspective of language socialisation theory and interpret the age-related decline of interest in the Polish media as an effect of a diminishing role of parents and the increasing role of age peers as role models in personal development.

Abstract Introduction Caregivers of youth with mental health (MH) challenges are often faced with complex problems in relation to caring for their youth. Family Connections™ (FC) is a 12‐week skills training program for families of individuals with MH challenges, developed originally for Borderline Personality Disorder. Research is needed to examine the effectiveness of FC for caregivers of youth with diverse MH challenges. Objective To examine the effectiveness of FC for caregivers of youth with MH challenges. Methods A total of 94 caregivers of youth with MH challenges participated in FC, across three sites in Ontario, Canada. Assessments occurred at baseline, 6 weeks, 12 weeks and follow‐up. Primary outcomes include the Burden Assessment Scale and The Stress Index for Parents of Adolescents. Secondary outcomes included the caregiver's report of child behaviour, affect, mastery, coping and grief. Linear mixed model analyses were conducted, where time and the time × site interaction were defined as the fixed effects. Results Statistically significant improvements over time were observed across outcome measures, including caregiver burden, grief, coping, and other measures. The time × site interaction was only significant for burden (P = .005). Conclusion This study demonstrates the effectiveness of FC for caregivers of youth with MH challenges. Future research should focus on differences across geographical sites and facilitation models. Patient or public contribution Caregivers were involved in the facilitation of FC. A person with lived experience was involved in analysing the data, reporting the results, and drafting the manuscript.

Abstract Background The Family Connections™ (FC) program is a 12‐week support and skill‐training program for caregivers of youth with mental health challenges. The intervention was originally developed with a focus on borderline personality disorder (BPD). It is important to understand the experiences of caregivers in such interventions, as well as its applicability beyond BPD, for the purposes of evaluation and ongoing program improvement. Objective To explore and analyse the experiences of caregivers of youth with diverse mental health challenges and who participated in FC. Design Semi‐structured interviews with thirteen FC‐participating caregivers of youth with mental health challenges. Results Thematic analysis uncovered three major themes regarding caregivers' experience with FC: (a) FC increased the caregivers' ability to manage their youth's mental health challenges; (b) participating in FC impacted their intra‐ and interpersonal spheres; and (c) improvements to the program were proposed. Following participation in FC, caregivers felt they learned a new approach to understanding themselves, their youth and mental health, and were better able to manage their youth's mental health challenges. Discussion and conclusion FC is a promising intervention for caregivers of youth with mental health challenges, beyond the traditional BPD focus. The intervention has the potential to provide broad‐based benefits for caregivers and should be considered for implementation and scale‐up across youth‐ and caregiver‐serving organizations. Potential areas of intervention flexibility and improvement are discussed. Patient/public contribution Caregivers were involved in the program development and facilitation of FC. A person with lived experience was involved with the analysis.

Adolescents in the current development. requires peers to facilitate adolescents in determining future orientation after graduating from high school.The purpose of this study was to determine how much influence peers have on the future orientation of class XI science students in one of the public high schools in Manado city. Respondents in this study were 134 students of class XI science. In this study using a quantitative approach with correlation analysis techniques that are processed using SPSS 21.0 for windows. The data collection technique used an instrument in the form of a questionnaire with a system using a Likert scale model. Results based on data analysis, the influence of peers on future orientation by looking at the ANOVA test value is fcount = 9.920 > ftable = 3.84. From the results, if fcount>ftable, the hypothesis Ha in this study is accepted. The influence of peers on future orientation can be seen from the R2 value of 0.070. This means that peers have an influence of 7% on the future orientation of class XI science students

Abstract Aim Previous research shows that telephone consultation is useful in suicide prevention, substance use disorder, and other mental illnesses. However, no study has been conducted with a specific focus on telephone consultation for patients with bipolar disorder (BPD). Therefore, this study investigates the utilization of telephone consultation by patients with BPD and their families and analyzes the consultation contents to identify specific issues that they face. Methods We investigated a record book of telephone consultation conducted between 2013 and 2019 provided by the Japanese Alliance of Bipolar Disorder, which is a self‐help group in Japan specializing in BPD. The main themes regarding consultation were extracted and labelled as diagnosis, symptoms, treatment, laws and social support, interpersonal relations, social life, other people with BPD, and others, with up to three items being labeled per consultation. Results A total of 3540 consultations were sought, and consulters who were patients accounted for 74% of the calls. The largest number of consultations were those related to symptoms (1522), followed by interpersonal relations (1003), social life (896), and treatment (797). There was a significant difference in the distribution of consultation contents between patients and their families (χ2 = 44.595, p

Gender violence among youth is a worldwide public health problem. Youth is increasingly exposed to violence in sexual-affective relationships, both stable and sporadic, and the age of victimization decreases. This adverse life experience affects many areas of youth's life, such as education, social relationships and, especially, their physical and mental health, with consequences that can be very harmful in the short and long-term. This situation has given rise to many anti-violence programs for adolescents and youth, yet as some worldwide prestigious organizations, like the American Psychological Association, have pointed out, many of those programs do not work. In this article, we present a program of preventive socialization of gender violence addressed to adolescents that has proven effectiveness. The program was composed of seven interventions based on the social impact of the evidence on preventive socialization of gender violence. It was applied at a group level in groups of 15–16 years old teenagers in three high schools in Barcelona. The interventions were conducted over a period of one school year and shared the trait of discussing research evidence on preventive socialization of gender violence with the youth through egalitarian dialogue. These interventions have proved to have a preventive effect of gender violence victimization on the participating teenagers by raising their critical consciousness regarding a coercive dominant discourse in society that associates attractiveness and violence, supporting the transformation of their memories of violent sexual-affective relationships, and providing them tools to better analyze their and their friends' sexual-affective relationships along the lines of identifying gender violence and being more prepared to help others in this regard. The manuscript describes every intervention applied.

Background & aim: Menstrual health is a major part of adolescent health; nonetheless, the majority of girls do not have sufficient knowledge of menstrual changes. Therefore, current study aimed to assess effect of menstrual health education adopting the peer education method with the participation of mothers on adolescents' menstrual health behaviors. Methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 60 students with regular menstruation in two groups. Two high schools in Mashhad were selected by drawing lots as a random block. In intervention group, at first 10 students received the educational content and then were asked to train 4-7 of their classmates. Mothers of subjects received two 2-hour sessions with the same content. Control group received routine education by a health educator. Data were collected by a valid, reliable self-structured questionnaire of menstrual health behaviors, before intervention and also after the end of the first and second menstrual cycles and were analyzed in SPSS software (version 16) using Mann-Whitney, Friedman, and independent samples t-test . Results: Based on the results, mean score of menstrual health behaviors significantly increased in the two groups (p

Background: Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) require health literacy to manage the symptomsand problems of the disease, which improves their quality of life. Health literacy is recognized asa critical indicator of health care outcomes. This study aimed to compare the effect of peer-led andlecture-based education on health literacy in MS patients.Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on MS patients in Jahrom from December2018 to November 2019. 90 patients were selected using convenience sampling and then assigned intocontrol (n=45) and intervention groups (n=45). While routine education was presented to patients inthe control group, peer education intervention was held for the intervention group. The number ofsessions held for both groups was six sessions (one session per week). For data collection, MS healthliteracy questionnaire (MSHLQ) was used before and one month after the intervention in both groups.Data were analyzed through SPSS version 21 using Chi-square, Fisher’s exact test and t-test. Thesignificance level was considered p

Background: Fear of hypoglycemia is a medical emergency which leads to disrupt individuals' normal lives. Peers support is a hopeful approach to improve diabetes self-care behaviors. This study was conducted to assess the effect of peers support on the fear of hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial study was performed among 60 patients with type 1 diabetes in Qazvin city from September 2019 to October 2020. Patients were assigned to control and intervention groups using a random method. The data collection tools included demographic characteristics and a standard questionnaire for Hypoglycemia Fear Survey (HFS). Patients in the intervention group were trained by skilled peers for 2 months, but those of the control group only received routine hospital training. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 16 and paired and independent t-test. Results: The scores of the fear of hypoglycemia in diabetic patients in the two groups had no significant statistical difference before intervention (t53 = 0.93, p = 0.94). But after the intervention, the independent t-test showed that there was a significant difference between the scores of the fear of hypoglycemia in both groups (t53 = -2.13, p = 0.03). Conclusions: Considering the results of the current study, peer support for diabetic patients is an effective way to reduce the fear of hypoglycemia. Therefore, it is recommended using this training method to train diabetic patients.

Background: The effects of peer education have been addressed in different populations, but this method of education has not been applied in the elderly population of Iran, and its effect has not been studied. The present study investigated the effects of peer group education on anxiety, stress, and depression of the older adults living in nursing homes. Materials and Methods: This research is a quasi-experimental study with an intervention and control group and it was conducted on 70 elderly citizens living in Qom nursing homes in July 2017. For the intervention group, a relaxation and stress reduction program was trained through the peer group. The control group received routine care. Data were collected using a Demographic information questionnaire and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Data were collected at the beginning, 10 and 30 days after the intervention. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 19, descriptive statistics, and repeated measure analysis of variance. Results: The results of the study showed no significant difference between any of the demographic variables at the beginning of the study (p > 0.05). The statistical test showed that the effects of time (p < 0.001) and group (p < 0.011) were significant on anxiety, stress, and depression. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that peer education could decrease anxiety, stress, and depression in the elderly. Therefore, this educational method can be used by nurses to promote various health education programs, e.g., to health promotion and prevent disease especially in the elderly community.

Technology evaluation facilitates successful implementation of a technology financing system. It is usually done with a combined approach of data-driven quantitative evaluation and expert-driven qualitative evaluation due to the labyrinthine nature of the technology, but largely relies on the qualitative judgement of experts. It naturally causes a problem that the evaluation result for the same technology varies considerably depending on who evaluates it. To enable consistent technology evaluation, a few methods have been presented to generate reference information for technology evaluation by identifying relevant firms. However, they cannot explore the detailed properties of individual technologies when building peer groups with the identified relevant firms. Since technology is the ultimate subject of evaluation, not only the similarity between firms, but also the similarity between technologies should be investigated in the process of identifying relevant firms. Therefore, this study proposes a hybrid approach, which builds peer groups by measuring both the similarities between firms and between technologies and generates reference information that enables efficient and consistent technology evaluation. It is quite common for several evaluators to be involved in technology evaluation. If the evaluation results are inconsistent, additional manual work should be performed to reconcile these inconsistent results. Therefore, the proposed approach can improve the efficiency of the technology evaluation activities by avoiding unnecessary manual work. Furthermore, by providing useful reference information to the evaluator in an automated way, it will help maintain the consistency of the evaluation result so that the result does not vary greatly depending on the evaluators.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is one of the prevalent diseases in the world with several complications including diabetic foot ulcers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of peer support on foot care in patients with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial study was performed at selected centers of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2017. Fifty patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned into intervention and control groups. Five 30-min. supportive training sessions were held for the intervention group by the peers and during 35 days. Foot Care Confidence/Foot-Care Behavior Scale For Diabetes (FCCS-FCB) was completed by both groups before, immediately after and 1 month after the intervention. Collected data were analyzed using Chi-square, Mann–Whitney, repeated measures ANOVA and t-test. Results: Mean (SD) age of subjects was 56.46 (7.36) years old Mean (SD) score of self-efficacy (F2, 26 = 54.71, p < 0.001), preventive behaviors (F2, 26 = 28.46, p < 0.001), and potentially damaging (F2, 26 = 27.89, p < 0.001) had significant differences between the two groups immediately and 1 month after the peer support. Conclusions: Peer support can enhance foot care behaviors in diabetic patients. Therefore, using people who are successful in the education and support of patients has a significant role, and nurses can use them as a support in the field of care and follow-up. However, health agencies are responsible for providing the patients with the best guidelines, and these results can be useful as an evidence for them.

Objective: Self-empowerment is an important factor that influences a person's ability to perform effective diabetes management. One effort that can be done to improve self-empowerment is by providing a smartphone-based online peer-group. This research determined the effect of smartphone-based online peer groups on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients self-empowerment in four primary healthcare centers in Indonesia. Methods: This quasi-experimental research was conducted in four healthcare centers in Indonesia. The total sample was 71 divided into two groups (control and intervention). The control group received standard education from the healthcare center, whereas the intervention group underwent an online peer-group. Self-empowerment was measured before and after intervention using the Diabetes Empowerment Scale-Short Form (DES-SF) questionnaire (Indonesian version). General Linear Model was used in statistical analysis. Results: The mean age of respondents was 56.4 ± 8.8 and 56.9 ± 7.1 years old, 59.5%, and 76.5% had good family support, and 70.3% and 50% of respondents had not received diabetes education for the control and intervention groups, respectively. The average pretest self-empowerment score was 27.03 ± 3.73 and 27.59 ± 3.53 (diff. 0.56; 95%CI -1.16; 2.29), and the post-test score was 27.43 ± 4.13 and 32.76 ± 4.38 (diff. 5.33; 95%CI 3.32; 7.35) for the control and intervention groups, respectively. Online peer-group improve self-empowerment significantly in the intervention group. Conclusion: Smartphone-based online peer-group can improve self-empowerment in patients with T2DM.