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Researching rapid multiplication techniques for mosaic-resistant cassava in tunnel greenhouses is crucial for ensuring food security and sustainable agriculture. Our previous findings indicated that a combination of 50% shading and 70-75% humidity significantly enhanced the formation of shoots and growth of cassava seedlings in a tunnel greenhouse. The current study examines the impact of different substrate compositions on cassava propagation. The experiments were designed as split plots with three replicates and four formulas including CTRL: 100% sand with a thickness of 40 cm; CT-1: 100% sand with a thickness of 30 cm; CT-2: 60% sand and 40% gravel with a thickness of 40 cm; CT-3: 70% sand and 30% gravel with a thickness of 40 cm; and CT-4: 50% sand and 50% gravel with a thickness of 40 cm. The results demonstrated that CT-3 yielded the highest shoot formation rate and growth of cassava seedlings, suggesting that the combination of sand (70%) and gravel (30%) at a thickness of 40 cm provide the most favorable conditions for cassava propagation in tunnel greenhouse conditions.

Analogical thinking is a crucial strategy for mathematical problem-solving, enabling the discovery of solutions by identifying similarities between different problems. However, existing research needs a comprehensive classification of students' use of analogical thinking in this context. This study aims to develop a new classification framework for analogical thinking in mathematical problem-solving, emphasizing the identification and utilization of analogous methods between source and target problems. The research adopts a descriptive qualitative approach involving a purposive sample of 15 high school students from Surakarta, Central Java, who demonstrated analogical thinking in solving both source and target problems. Data collection was conducted through tests, observations, and interviews, with analysis performed using the constant comparative procedure (CCP). The findings reveal three distinct classifications of analogical thinking: pattern recognition (identifying common patterns to solve both source and target problems), variable utilization (using variables as symbolic tools for problem-solving), and visualization (applying graphical representations to address the issues). This study offers significant theoretical insights for future research and practical implications for applying analogical thinking in enhancing mathematical problem-solving.

This research investigates the impact of drought and waterlogging stresses on the morphological and physiological characteristics of black pepper (Piper nigrum). The greenhouse experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with treatments consisting of three water regimes (drought, control, and waterlogging), all replicated three times. The results suggested that the root traits of black pepper, such as root length and surface area, showed considerable reductions under both stress conditions, with more severe impacts observed under waterlogging. The significant reductions were observed in plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, leaf area, and SPAD value, root and shoot dry weight of black pepper. Gas exchange parameters also decreased markedly under drought stress, with waterlogging causing an even greater reduction. The findings provide valuable insights into managing the effects of environmental fluctuations on black pepper cultivation.

Accurately predicting the compressive strength of foamed concrete plays a key role in the wide application of foamed concrete in practice. This study investigates the performance of the six AI models in estimating the compressive strength of foamed concrete. A dataset of 150 samples available in the literature was used for training and testing the AI models. The dry density, cement and sand content, and water-to-cement ratio were employed as input parameters, while the 28-day compressive strength was used as the output parameter. Four statistical indicators were utilized to evaluate the performance of the AI models. The study results reveal that the AI models yield an accurate prediction of the compressive strength of foamed concrete. The best performance model in estimating the compressive strength of foamed concrete is the M5Rules model, while the least accurate model depends on the indicators used to measure the accuracy of the AI models.

Purpose: Co-composting of mango by-products and biogas solid residue eliminates some shortcomings of composting these wastes separately. Specifically, co-composing solves the problem of the low pH values in mango by-products while enhances biodegradable organic matter of biogas solid residues. However, no research report is available on co-composting of mango by-products (MB) and biogas solid residue (BR). Method: This study established three in-vessel lab-scale composting bins with 3 different C/N ratios, including Bin 1: 27.4/1 (156 kg MB + 144 kg BR); Bin 2: 30.23/1 (193 kg MB + 107 kg BR); and Bin 3: 37.7/1 (224 kg MB + 76 kg BR). The raw compost materials underwent 57 days of incubation, including 36 days of raw incubation and 21 days of mineralization. Results: Bin 3 containing larger amounts of mango by-products and less amounts of biogas residue showed a higher percentage of remaining carbon in the final products (17.97%), lower nitrogen loss (17%), and showed 0.5% increase in available P2O5 content, compared to the other bins. From 300 kg of initial raw material, the final compost mass in Bin 1, Bin 2, and Bin 3 were 26.2 kg, 32.7 kg, and 88.1 kg, respectively. Conclusion: Resultantly, an initial C/N ratio of 37.7/1 could be suggested in the aerobic co-composting of biogas residue with mango by-products. Research Highlights · Co-composting of mango by-products and biogas solid residue eliminates some of the weaknesses of composting these wastes separately. · The incubation period determined was 57 days of incubation, including 36 days of raw incubation and 21 days of mineralization. · Among three C/N ratios surveyed, the highest C/N in bin 3 (C/N=37.7/1) showed the best-favoured condition for mango by-products treatment and generate the highest amount of compost product. · Bin 3 showed the highest percentage of remaining carbon in compost products (17.97%), a lower in nitrogen loss (17%), and 0.5% increase in available P2O5 content.

The Phan Rang sheep, considered the sole indigenous breed of Vietnam, are primarily concentrated in the two central provinces of Ninh Thuan and Binh Thuan, with Ninh Thuan accounting for more than 90% of the country’s sheep population. These provinces are known for their high temperatures and frequent droughts. The long-standing presence of the Phan Rang sheep in these regions suggests their potential resilience to heat stress—a trait of increasing interest in the face of global climate change. Despite the breed’s significance, a critical knowledge gap hinders conservation and breeding programs. To address this, our study employed a two-pronged approach. First, we collected body conformational data to aid in breed identification. Second, we analyzed mitochondrial DNA (D-loop) and Y chromosome markers (SRY and SRYM18) to elucidate the maternal and paternal lineages. Among the 68 Phan Rang sheep analyzed for their D-loop, 19 belonged to mitochondrial haplogroup A, while 49 belonged to haplogroup B. The haplogroups can be subdivided into 16 unique haplotypes. All 19 rams surveyed for their paternal lineages belonged to haplotypes H5 and H6. These findings strongly support the hypothesis of dual origins for the Phan Rang sheep. This study presents the first genetic data for the Phan Rang breed, providing crucial insights for future research and conservation efforts.

The main aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between strategists’ intuitive and analytical thinking, innovation, and corporate competitive advantage. This study not only proposes the new model to the academic world but also provides the empirical investigation on the direct and indirect effect of a strategist’s analytic reasoning perspective and strategist’s generative reasoning perspective on innovation and competitive advantage as well as the mediating role of innovation between the strategist’s cognitive perspective of reasoning and corporate competitive advantage. This study conducted questionnaires of 382 samples in state-owned companies, FDI, and private companies in Vietnam. Structure equation modelling was applied through smart PLS to analyse the valid data. The results provide substantial evidence of significant relationships between strategists’ cognitive perspectives of reasoning, innovation, and competitive advantage in the context of State own, FDI, and private companies in Vietnam. Besides, the findings also show that there are non-relationships in the direct effect between product innovation and competitive advantage and between marketing innovation and competitive advantage. Moreover, the research results imply various managerial implications regarding how organizations successfully increase their competitive advantage by increasing their leader’s cognition in management.

Drying plays an important process for wastewater sludge management, as it can minimise the volume of wastewater sludge before disposal, and consequently the cost of storage, handling and transport. In this study, the wastewater sludge was dried by using a solar tunnel greenhouse drying system. The performance of the dryer for drying wastewater sludge has been analyzed through no load and full load test. The three full load drying tests recorded that the temperature inside the tunnel dryer fluctuated around 55±5°C; while the no load drying test, the temperature of the drying tunnel maintained within 60±5°C; as compared to the ambient temperature of 30±5°C. The average moisture content of solar dried sludge decreased from 88.69 - 90.84% to 7.78 – 13.30% in the mixing conditions and 14.78 – 19.52% in the non-mixing conditions, in 5 days. The study suggests that the semi-cylindrical solar tunnel dryer of wastewater sludge has given satisfactory results within five days.

U Minh Thuong National Park is a key site for wetland biodiversity conservation in Vietnamese Mekong Delta. This paper outlines a field experiment carried out in U Minh Thuong National Park in the dry season 2019. The study aimed to compare methane emissions and related physicochemical soil and water parameters between the Peat swamp forest and Melaleuca forest. The results show that both water and soil parameters at 8 examined sites in Melaleuca forest and Peat swamp forest fluctuated highly over the sampling intervals. The average hourly C-CH4 emission rates in Melaleuca forest (26.58 Eg/m2/h) was higher than that in Peat swamp forest (21.18 Eg/m2/h). Generally, water level and redox potential were important factors regulating emissions of methane gases. The Eh values were all negative values, ranged between ∁E96.5 ± 22.75 EV and ∁E7.75 ± 15.37 EV, indicative of high electron activity and intense anaerobic. Peat swamp forest’s soil had relatively higher organic matter, CEC, TN and TP values than Melaleuca forest’s soil. The COD values fluctuated between 197.3 ± 51.78 Eg/L and 396.8 ± 25.77 Eg/L, indicative of organic pollution of surface water. It is suggested shorter time measurement (at least twice a day) of methane emission for more accurate evaluation.

In this study, the shrimp shell-derived chitosan was coated onto rice husk-derived biochar to form chitosan/biochar bio-composite beads. The physicochemical properties of biochar (BC) and chitosan/biochar beads (CS@BC) were characterized by BET, SEM-EDX, FTIR, and pHpzc analyses, which were then tested for their capacity to remove Safranin O (SO) from water. In kinetics, the pseudo-second-order model was found to well represent experimental data, indicating the adsorption was mainly a chemical process. The intra-particle diffusion model was not the sole rate-limiting step, because the results did not pass through the origin. In isotherms, both the Langmuir and Freundlich models described well the equilibrium adsorption data. The CS@BC adsorbent showed adsorption capacity at 77.94 mg/g for SO, which is higher than BC adsorbent with 62.25 mg/g (experimental conditions: pH ~ 7.0, dosage = 0.2g, contact time = 240 min, and temperature = 298K). The findings revealed that the biochar-loaded chitosan can improve the adsorption capacity of SO. It is predicted that the enhancement in the functional groups (i.e., -NH2 and -OH groups) of CS@BC could contribute to the electrostatic interactions and the complexation between SO and CS@BC, thereby enhancing the Safranin O adsorption from water.

Research and development on a global scale have been conducted on overhead hoist transportation systems (OHTSs) in recent years. The majority of these systems are utilized in manufacturing facilities that are either semiautomated or fully automated. By using stochastic models to evaluate medication distribution and product delivery processes in automated delivery systems, hospitals can reduce patient waiting times and drug response times. Warehouses are being transformed into fully automated fulfillment factories by using conveyors and shelf-lifting mobile robots, which reduce waiting times and improve efficiency. Modern warehouses are increasingly becoming fully automated fulfillment facilities as a response to the significant development of e-commerce. A significant number of organizations are using mobile robots or conveyor systems to transport shelves. The parts-to-picker model is used to transport stock-keeping units (SKUs) to stationary pickers at picking workstations. The aim of this study is to analyze and organize the relationship between transportation system families. They are utilized in various fields, such as warehouses, hospitals, airports, cross-dockings, etc. Furthermore, this study categorizes a range of synchronization issues that arise from minor variations in workstation configurations within different warehouse settings. Next, we identify a multistation ATS (automatic transportation system) that switches lines to different stations by using overhead conveyors and active line-switching devices. Vietnam’s automated freight problem can be solved with this potential solution. Our study’s findings suggest that enhancing the workstation layout can significantly enhance throughput performance. As a result, the benefits of synchronization can surpass those provided by other well-studied decision tasks.

Overhead hoist transportation systems (OHTS) have been the subject of worldwide research and development in recent years. The majority of these systems are utilized in semi-automated or fully automated factories. This article proposes a new solution for OTHS based on the concept of the modulation of mobile units that can move on a railway structure from one point to another. The OHTS mentioned in this article is a group of shuttles that can operate independently but which also have the ability to cooperate together to complete the desired tasks. By using the space below the ceiling, this system can operate without affecting the original design of the factories. There are many potential fields of application for picking-up and delivering, such as the medical field, the food and beverage fields, automotive and electrical appliances, etc. Moreover, by applying Dijkstra’s algorithm in the controller design, the transportation speed among the stations in the whole system can be improved. The real prototype of the whole system, including three shuttles, is also manufactured to explore and assess the design and operation of the proposed system and its controller.

This article introduces activity theory and how it can be employed to instruct the topic of straight-line equations in a plane - Geometry 10. Using the activity theory approach, we studied and developed a teaching process. The procedure is divided into three stages: Phase 1: Motivation and goal orientation, in which teachers present situations to attract students to the lesson; Phase 2: Knowledge formation, in which students engage in a variety of learning activities to build the knowledge they need to learn; Phase 3: Practice and consolidation, in which many exercises are assigned to students to solve in order to consolidate their knowledge and assist teachers in detecting and correcting students' misconceptions. To examine the effectiveness of applying the proposed three-phase model, we used a two-group pretest-posttest experimental model to determine whether or not teaching with the activity theory approach is more effective than the traditional teaching method by testing four research hypotheses. The experimental teaching took place in the Mo Cay district of Ben Tre province, Vietnam. Both the experimental and control classes began with the same level of mathematics, which was then tested using inferential statistics. After completing the pedagogical experiment, we discovered that students in the experimental class who were taught using activity theory achieved better learning outcomes than students in the control class, who were taught using the traditional teaching method; in the experimental class, the number of weak students decreased in comparison to the original; however, the number of good students did not increase. This is an issue that requires further studies to find ways to influence a wide range of students with different levels of mathematics so that the effectiveness of teaching according to the activity theory approach is improved.

Aims Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and low serum prealbumin concentration are common in maintenance hemodialysis patients. In this study, we focused on the association between low serum prealbumin levels and carpal tunnel syndrome in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients using low-flux dialysis reuse. Materials and methods Serum prealbumin levels were assessed to determine the association between low serum prealbumin levels and CTS in 373 prevalent MHD patients (the mean age was 45 years old, hemodialysis duration was 46 months). The patients were divided into 2 groups: the CTS group with 44 patients and the non-CTS group with 329 patients. Results The prevalence of CTS was 11.8%. Serum prealbumin showed a good prognostic value to predict CTS in MHD patients using low-flux dialysis reuse (the Area Under the Curve = 0.841, p

Trichoderma species were known as biological control agents against phytopathogenic fungi because they produce a variety of chitinases. Chitinases are hydrolytic enzymes that break down glycosidic bonds in chitin, a major component of the cell walls of fungi. The present study shows that extracellular chitinase activity reached a maximum value of approximately 22 U/mL after 96 h of T. asperellum PQ34 strain culture. The optimal temperature and pH of enzyme are 40°C and 7, respectively, whereas the thermal and pH stability range from 25°C to 50°C and 4 to 10, respectively. Chitinase at 60 U/mL inhibited nearly completely in vitro growth of Colletotrichum sp. (about 95%) and Sclerotium rolfsii (about 97%). In peanut plants, 20 U/mL of chitinase significantly reduced the incidence of S. rolfsii infection compared to controls. The fungal infection incidence of seeds before germination and 30 days after germination was only 2.22% and 2.38%, while the control was 13.33% and 17.95%. Besides, chitinase from T. asperellum PQ34 can also prevent anthracnose that is caused by Colletotrichum sp. on both mango and chilli fruits up to 72 h after enzyme pre-treatment at 40 U/mL. In mango and chilli fruits infected with anthracnose, 40 U/mL dose of chitinase inhibited the growth of fungi after 96 h of treatment, the diameter of lesion was only 0.88 cm for mango and 1.45 cm for chilli, while the control was 1.67 cm and 2.85 cm, respectively.

In this study, shrimp shell-derived chitosan (CS) and rice husk-derived biochar (RHB) were produced; CS and RHB were then used to synthesize chitosan-modified biochar (CSBC) hydrogel beads. N2 adsorption (77K), SEM-EDX and FT-IR techniques were used to evaluate the physicochemical properties of the adsorbents. A batch experiment was conducted to test the methyl orange (MO) adsorption performance of RHB and CSBC. The results showed that the MO adsorption process was strongly pH-dependent. The kinetics were well described by the pseudo-second-order and intra-particle diffusion models, assuming the chemisorption and intraparticle diffusion mechanisms govern the adsorption process. Homogeneous adsorption for MO on the surface of RHB and CSBC was also assumed since the isotherm data showed the best-fit to the Langmuir model. Under the experimental conditions of initial pH 3, dosage 0.2 g, contact time 240 min and temperature 298 K, the maximum adsorption capacity of CSBC and RHB for MO dye adsorption was 38.75 mg.g−1 and 31.63 mg.g−1, respectively. This result demonstrated that biochar had better performance after modification with chitosan, which provided more functional groups (i.e., −NH2 and −OH groups) for enhanced electrostatic interactions and complexation between MO and CSBC. Overall, CSBC is an effective adsorbent for the removal of MO from aqueous solution.

Nattokinase, the fibrinolytic serine protease, has been shown to be beneficial in preventing strokes caused due to blood clots. Therefore, synthesis of recombinant nattokinase in a host system, which can be both safe for human consumption as well as demonstrate good productivity and amenable to the downstream processing, will have a great socioeconomic significance. A nat05 gene encoding nattokinase – the most important serine protease secreted by the Bacillus subtilis natto – was cloned from B. subtilis strain N05 and expressed using pHT43 plasmid in another B. subtilis strain (BD170). Enzymatic assays, as well as sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and zymogram, were employed to assess the efficiency of the production of nattokinase using a relatively novel recombinant DNA technique. Among the five recombinant bacterial clones (R1–R5), R4 was found to secrete high amounts of nattokinase into the culture medium, as evidenced by the total proteolytic enzyme assay, fibrinolytic enzyme assay, SDS-PAGE, and zymogram. A preliminary analysis of the biochemical properties of the crude enzyme showed characteristics that are typical of nattokinase as reported by other studies. Thus, in this study, we were able to successfully produce nattokinase in B. subtilis strain (BD170) using recombinant DNA approach. The R4 recombinant clone that was found to secrete nattokinase can be used as a source of recombinant protein that can be further purified for various therapeutic applications, or the strain could be used as a probiotic bacterium in functional foods.

The present work aims to establish an efficient protocol for in vitro regeneration of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) cultivar L14. The study showed that de-embryonated cotyledon was a suitable explant for shoot multiplication on MS medium containing 4 mg/L BAP. The highest number of shoots per explant obtained after 4 weeks of culture was up to 6.8 shoots. Shoots in vitro were able to produce a large number of approximately 11 roots on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L NAA. These results will be very useful in establishing an in vitro regeneration protocol for peanut cultivar L14 during gene transfer in the next studies to improve their disease resistance.

The present work aims to establish an efficient protocol for in vitro regeneration of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) cultivar L14. The study showed that de-embryonated cotyledon was a suitable explant for shoot multiplication on MS medium containing 4 mg/L BAP. The highest number of shoots per explant obtained after 4 weeks of culture was up to 6.8 shoots. Shoots in vitro were able to produce a large number of approximately 11 roots on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L NAA. These results will be very useful in establishing an in vitro regeneration protocol for peanut cultivar L14 during gene transfer in the next studies to improve their disease resistance.

Nghiên cứu này đánh giá ảnh hưởng của pH dung dịch, khối lượng than, thời gian và nồng độ ban đầu lên quá trình hấp phụ nitrate trong dung dịch của than sinh học sản xuất từ trấu (O. sativa L., OM5451). Than sinh học được sản xuất bằng phương pháp nhiệt phân trấu ở 700 °C. pHpzc của than là 9,51. Điều kiện tối ưu cho quá trình hấp phụ bao gồm khối lượng than 0,5 g, pH 4, thời gian 120 phút và nồng độ đầu 50 . Tại điều kiện tối ưu, hiệu suất loại là 69,7%. Dữ liệu cân bằng phù hợp với mô hình đẳng nhiệt Langmuir ( = 0,993) hơn mô hình Freundlich ( = 0,965). Dung lượng hấp phụ nitrate cực đại tính theo phương trình Langmuir là 12,843 mg·g–1. Sự hấp phụ của than sinh học phù hợp với cả hai mô hình động học biểu kiến bậc 1 ( = 0,964) và bậc 2 ( = 0,963).

Nghiên cứu này được thực hiện nhằm tìm hiểu khả năng hình thành biofloc để duy trì sự ổn định của môi trường nước trong hệ thống ương giống tôm thẻ chân trắng. Một tổ hợp vi sinh phát triển từ nguồn nước tự nhiên được sử dụng để so sánh với đối chứng có bổ sung chế phẩm vi sinh công nghiệp. Tôm được nuôi trong điều kiện hạn chế ánh sáng mặt trời trong 24 ngày, không có sự trao đổi nước và có bổ sung rỉ mật hàng ngày để làm nguồn carbon (tỷ lệ C/N ở mức 15:1). Tổ hợp biofloc hình thành đã kiểm soát lượng NH4+ và NO2– bằng quá trình đồng hóa dị dưỡng và nitrate hóa. Trong suốt quá trình thí nghiệm, hàm lượng N–NH4 và N–NO2 của hệ thống biofloc được duy trì ở mức an toàn đối với tôm con, lần lượt là 0,99 ± 0,02 mg·L–1 và 0,49 ± 0,08 mg·L–1. Ở mật độ nuôi 400 con·m–3, khối lượng tôm tăng từ 0,01 đến 0,59 g·con–1 sau 24 ngày nuôi ở tất cả các bể với tỷ lệ sống đạt 82,5%.

In considering the problem of saving spaces during the transportation of items from one station to another, for example, in warehouses, factories, hospitals, etc., an automatic transportation system (ATS) that could take advantage of the above ceiling spaces for the transportation of products is considered. Such a system guarantees that the activities occurring in the floor area will be maintained as usual. To achieve this requirement, the ceiling spaces of a building are used to construct an automatic multi-station multi-container (MSMC) transportation system. This system can transport items from one place to another in the whole system. This system is designed to utilize the spaces above the ceiling, and it has the advantage of saving floor space for transportation operations. This will increase the operational capability of the industries and also improve the productivity of the industry in which this system is implemented. The entire transportation system includes (1) the essential conveying system (which is a functional conveyor module with a specified number of containers); (2) the control block that can monitor and operate the system; and (3) the sensor block for detecting and identifying the containers. The content of this article focuses on the introduction of the mechanical system (1); the control system (2); and the operating principle of the whole system (3).

This study investigates the adsorption of Safranin O (SO) from aqueous solution by both biochar and magnetic biochar derived from rice straw. Rice straw biochar (RSB) was made by pyrolysis in a furnace at 500 °C, using a heating rate of 10 °C·min−1 for 2 h in an oxygen-limited environment, whilst the magnetic rice straw biochar (MRSB) was produced via the chemical precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized biochars were characterized using SEM, SEM- EDX, XRD, FTIR techniques, and N2 adsorption (77 K) and pHpzc measurements. Batch adsorption experiments were used to explore the effect of pH, biochar dosage, kinetics, and isotherms on the adsorption of SO. Experimental data of RSB and MRSB fit well into both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, and were also well-explained by the Lagergren pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The maximum SO adsorption capacity of MRSB was found to be 41.59 mg/g, while for RSB the figure was 31.06 mg/g. The intra-particle diffusion model indicated that the intra-particle diffusion may not be the only rate-limiting step. The collective physical and chemical forces account for the adsorption mechanism of SO molecules by both RSB and MRSB adsorbents. The obtained results demonstrated that the magnetic biochar can partially enhance the SO adsorption capacity of its precursor biochar and also be easily separated from the solution by using an external magnet.

Indonesia which is a developed country, has community health issue, as nowadays face a double concern of nutrition problem. Based on the data in 2007 to 2010, over nutrition prevalence on children under five years was 14.0%, increase from condition in 2007 which was 12.2%, aligned with poor and malnutrition prevalence. Programs applied has not resulted nutrition status improvement as expected. The problem in this research is how does the effectiveness of community empowerment optimalization model in the effort to improve nutrition status. Qualitative approach is used to evaluate model implementation, with focus of the research is model implementation based on the input, process and output. Respondents are determined by purposive technique. While the instruments are observation guide, interview guide, and FGD guide. Analysing Technique by Miles and Huberman model. The quantitative approach, to assess model effectiveness, with data-fill form intrument. The calculation is viewed from number increase and effectiveness criteria from Sugiyono. Local potential optimalization in the effort to improve nutrition status indicate effectiveness criteria (60%), This activity could not result maximum effectiveness level due to the leadership style tends to paternalistic which is dominated by otoritarism, causing community empowerment by cadre members and Family Welfare Program which are the potential that will be utilized can play maximum role.

The proportional relationship between the infrared (IR) transmittance of a transparent material and its IR-induced heat transfer can be explained via a simple model. An agreement between the theory and the experimental work was examined by measuring the temperature rising inside a heat-insulated box with glass windows under IR irradiation, where the material of the glass windows was modified from corning glass (CG) to 9 at% Nb-doped TiO2 (TNO) fabricated by sputtering deposition. The fabricated TNO thin film was mostly transparent in a visible region and had a low transparency in the IR region, which, in turn, produced the self-cooling effect inside the insulated box. In comparison to the window glass made by CG, the temperature increase inside the box would be 24% less if the window was made by CG coated by TNO (TNO on CG). This suggests the possibility of manufacturing products with desirable features in the energy-cut cooling. The energy-cut was found to decline proportionally to the decrease of the glass window area.

Context: Eurycomanone is found in the Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Simaroubaceae) tree, exhibits significant antimalarial activity, improves spermatogenesis, suppresses expression of lung cancer cell tumour markers and regulates signalling pathways involved in proliferation, cell death and inflammation. Objectives: Establishment of cell suspension culture of E. longifolia to determine the eurycomanone accumulation during cultures. Materials and methods: Callus of E. longifolia was cultured in MS medium supplemented with 0.8% agar, 30/L sucrose, 1.25 mg/L NAA and 1 mg/L KIN for biomass production. Cell suspension culture was established by transferring friable calli to the same medium without agar. Eurycomanone content during cell culture was determined by HPLC with a C18 column, flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, run time of 17.5 min, detector wavelength of 254 nm. The stationary phase was silica gel and the mobile phase was acetonitric:H2O. Roots of 5 year-old trees were used as the control. Results: The cells from 3 g of inoculum increased in biomass with a maximum value of 16 g fresh weight (0.7 g dry weight) at 14th day of culture. The cell growth then decreased from day 14 to day 20. Eurycomanone was produced during culture from the beginning to 20th day, its highest content (1.7 mg/g dry weight) also obtained at 14th day (the control is 2.1 mg/g dry weight). Discussion and conclusions: Cell suspension culture of E. longifolia is a suitable procedure to produce eurycomanone. The yield of eurycomanone biosynthesis in 14 days-old cells are relatively high, approximately 0.8 times the control.

In design and manufacture of machine structures and elements, the characteristics and sizes are randomly changing factors because of the change of loads, the mechanical properties of materials, and the quality of manufacturing process (size tolerances). Thus, the reliability of structures is extremely important to be considered carefully. This paper presents the application of Second-Order Reliability Method (SORM) to analyze and design of CNC milling machine structure. Many examples are utilized to validate the use of the proposed SORM approach. Then, the analytical findings are verified by comparing with First-Order Reliability Method (FORM) and Monte Carlo Method (MCS). The obtained findings highlighted that the SORM method is more reliable than the FORM method. Besides, the result deviations between the SORM method and the MCS method are negligible. Therefore, SORM method is a potentially effective approach in calculation and design with the aims of improving the reliability, increasing safety, and working efficiency of machine structures.

The selection of high-strength titanium alloys has an important role in increasing the performance of aerospace structures. Fabricated structures have a specific role in reducing the cost of these structures. However, conventional fusion welding of high-strength titanium alloys is generally conducive to poor mechanical properties. Friction welding is a potential method for intensifying the mechanical properties of suitable geometry components. In this paper, the rotary friction welding (RFW) method is used to study the feasibility of producing similar metal joints of high-strength titanium alloys. To predict the upset and temperature and identify the safe and suitable range of parameters, a thermomechanical model was developed. The upset predicted by the finite element simulations was compared with the upset obtained by the experimental results. The numerical results are consistent with the experimental results. Particularly, high upset rates due to generated power density and forging pressure overload that occurred during the welding process were investigated. The performances of the welded joints are evaluated by conducting microstructure studies and Vickers hardness at the joints. The titanium rotary friction welds achieve a higher tensile strength than the base material.

The continuous development of fifth generation (5G) communication and Internet of Thing (IoT) inevitably necessitates more advanced systems that can satisfy the growing wireless data rate demand of future equipment. Device-to-Device (D2D) communication, whose performance is evaluated in terms of the overall throughput, energy efficiency (EE) and spectral efficiency (SE), is considered a promising solution for the aforementioned problem. Thereby, this paper aims at improving the performance of the D2D communication underlaying cellular networks operating on multiple bands by maximizing the EE in its uplink. Thanks to the stochastic geometry theory, it is possible to derive the closed-form expressions for the successful transmission probability (STP), the total average transmission rate (TATR), and the total average energy efficiency (TAEE) of cellular and D2D users in different time slot setting. Particularly investigated and compared in this study, there are one-hop, direct, D2D communication in two time slots (2TS), and multi-hop, indirect, D2D communication in three time slots (3TS) with an additional D2D user acting as a two-way relay to assist the communication. Moreover, an optimization problem is formulated to calculate the maximum TAEE of D2D users and the optimum transmission power of both the cellular and D2D users. Herein this optimization study, which is proven to be non-convex, the Quality of Service (QoS) is ensured as the STP on every link is considered. The herein approach is referred to as relay-assisted D2D communication which is capable of delivering a notably better QoS and lower transmission power for communication among distant D2D users.

Nonwoven fabrics are widely used in the textile manufacturing industry due to their advanced characteristics, such as their soft, water-repellent, recycle, ecological, and resilient functions. Nowadays, one of the innovated technologies applied to bond nonwoven fabrics is the ultrasonic welding method, due to the advantages afforded by its clean, fast, and reliable approach. In this work, isotactic polypropylene (PP) nonwoven fabrics were bonded by a continuous ultrasonic welding process. In order to consider the influence of the roller on the formation of welding joints and their mechanical properties, different roller profiles were designed, fabricated, and tested. Eight types of roller profiles corresponding to No. 1–No. 8 in the experiments were divided into four groups. After bonding, the microstructure in a typical case (i.e., No. 1) was captured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine the formation of the welding joints. Additionally, the load and the peel strength of the welding joints of all eight roller profiles were analyzed. The results showed that no welding defects, such as cracks or blowholes, were visible in the melted zone. The load depended on the area ratio(s) of the welding area (S0) to the cycling area (S1). Furthermore, it was found out that the peel strength of the welding joints with brick structures were higher than the peel strength in the case of solid line structures.

Geobacillus sp. JF8 is a thermophilic biphenyl and naphthalene degrader. To identify the naphthalene degradation genes, cis-naphthalene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase was purified from naphthalene-grown cells, and its N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined. Using a DNA probe encoding the N-terminal region of the dehydrogenase, a 10-kb DNA fragment was isolated. Upstream of nahB, a gene for dehydrogenase, there were two open reading frames which were designated as nahAc and nahAd, respectively. The products of nahAc and nahAd were predicted to be alpha and beta subunit of ring-hydroxylating dioxygenases, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of amino acid sequences of NahB indicated that it did not belong to the cis-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase group that includes those of classical naphthalene degradation pathways. Downstream of nahB, four open reading frames were found, and their products were predicted as meta-cleavage product hydrolase, monooxygenase, dehydrogenase, and gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase, respectively. A reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis showed that transcription of nahAcAd was induced by naphthalene. These findings indicate that we successfully identified genes involved in the upper pathway of naphthalene degradation from a thermophilic bacterium.

We cloned the cp23 gene coding P23 (glyco)protein from Cryptosporidium parvum isolated from Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam. The coding region of cp23 gene from C. parvum is 99% similar with cp23 gene deposited in NCBI (accession number: U34390). SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis showed that the cp23 gene in E. coli BL21 StarTM (DE3) produced polypeptides with molecular weights of approximately 37, 40 and 49 kDa. These molecules may be non-glycosylated or glycosylated P23 fusion polypeptides. Recombinant P23 protein purified by GST (glutathione S-transferase) affinity chromatography can be used as an antigen for C. parvum antibody production as well as to develop diagnostic kit for C. parvum.

The paper focuses on the analysis of data from a survey on the responsibility of the government and private sector in covering social welfare of the workers currently working in industrial parks in Bình Dương Province. It also acknowledges the interaction between these two establishments in the process of socialization and considers social welfare a fundamental right of each citizen. Social welfare has become services, which citizens have to pay for, even with high price. A perfect social welfare system has to prove the responsibility of each individual in maintaining the quality of community’s life. Nonetheless, the “commoditization” process has been turning social welfare into burdens on the shoulder of workers with low income.

In this work, the effects of the elicitors methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and yeast extract (YE) on the growth and solasodine production of Solanum hainanense cells were investigated. The results showed that various concentrations of MeJA (50-250 µM) and YE (1-4 g/L) have different eliciting influences. The increase of solasodine content induced by the elicitation of 3 g/L of YE and 50 µM of MeJA at the beginning of cell culture was about 1.9- and 1.3-fold, respectively, as compared with that of the non-elicitated cells. In general, YE (biotic elicitor) was more effective in enhancing solasodine production than MeJA (abiotic elicitor).

We report a feasibility study for expressing the LTB protein (Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit) via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). We produced five regenerated plants obtained on the selection medium supplemented with an antibiotic. Stable integrations of the LTB gene into the genome of these plants were confirmed by Southern blot hybridization. Western blot analysis showed that only two of the five T0 transgenic tomato plants expressed the pentameric LTB protein in the fruits. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated that these two plants synthesized the LTB protein bound specifically to GM1 ganglioside, suggesting that the LTB subunits formed active pentamers. The LTB protein produced in tomatoes can be a potential candidate for inexpensive, safe, and effective plant-based vaccines.

Copper has been widely used in many applications due to its outstanding properties such as malleability, high corrosion resistance, and excellent electrical and thermal conductivities. While 3D printing can offer many advantages from layer-by-layer fabrication, the 3D printing of highly pure copper is still challenging due to the thermal issues caused by copper’s high conductivity. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent work on 3D printing technology of highly pure copper over the past few years. The advantages and current issues of 3D printing methods are compared while different properties of copper parts printed by these methods are summarized. Finally, we provide several potential applications of the 3D printed copper parts and an overview of current developments that could lead to new improvements in this advanced manufacturing field.

The paper discusses the main stages of development and the fundamental structure of modern green roofs, the advantages and limitations of creating green roofs, features of creating green roofs in Vietnam and other countries of the Asia-Pacific Region, features of the concept of “exploited roofing” in Russia. The authors assessed the degree of greening of roofs in the center (city) of a number of major megacities of the world in 2015-2018, the level of greening of roofs in St. Petersburg, qualitative research and classification of projects for creating green roofs for various purposes and scale. The following key parameters were established, which determined the differences in the implementation of various types of projects for creating green roofs for various purposes and scale (area): the main categories of users / visitors, the main features of various types of projects, their environmental and innovative characteristics, the range of budget values and deadlines for completed projects. The branded names of the implemented roof gardening projects in St. Petersburg are given.

The article considers the influence of factors of the urban environment on the human and professional capital of workers living in large cities of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The present state of urban agglomerations of Vietnam and the trends of greening urban areas are assessed, considered as a factor in the perceived quality of life of the population, which has a direct impact on the state and development of the human capital of workers living in the city. It is concluded that a significant part of the urban areas of the major cities of Vietnam from the point of view of landscaping are insufficiently equipped. The quality of life of workers in these territories has significant drawbacks, which determines the limitations inherent in human capital. The issue identifies the types of landscaping of urban areas in major cities of Vietnam, and evaluates the effectiveness of a number of projects implemented under various types of landscaping.

In this paper, we put our concern on the 1954 historical event when an exodus took place almost on the large scale in each village, from the original villages in the North to settling villages in the South. We will also try to learn the insiders’ experience about this migration with its very woeful yet majestic nature. After all, this 1954 historical and social event is a turning point in history, causing nearly a million Catholics to leave their native lands to go to the South in the condition of people who had to leave their homes.

In machining operation, the cutting parameters greatly influences on the spindle vibration of a CNC wood milling machine. The paper presents the effect of the cutting parameters such as feed rate, cutting speed, and cutting depth on the vibration amplitude of the spindle when machined on CNC milling machine using Box-Hunter method of experimentation. The lowest natural frequency of this machine is 250 Hz. Experimental results have established a second-order regression equation that demonstrates the effect of three parameters such as feed rate, cutting speed, and cutting depth on the vibration amplitude of the spindle. From that base, determine the most reasonable cutting parameters when machining on CNC wood milling machines so that the spindle vibration amplitudes is minimal. In addition, The comparison results show that the spindle head vibration amplitude of the machine using the bolt joint is larger than the spindle head vibration amplitude of the machine using the weld joint.

Non-lethal heat shock boosts bacterial and viral disease tolerance in shrimp, possibly due to increases in endogenous heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and/or immune proteins. To further understand the mechanisms protecting shrimp against infection, Hsp70 and the mRNAs encoding the immune-related proteins prophenoloxidase (proPO), peroxinectin, penaeidin, crustin and hemocyanin were studied in post-larvae of the white-leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, following a non-lethal heat shock. As indicated by RT-qPCR, a 30 min abrupt heat shock increased Hsp70 mRNA in comparison to non-heated animals. Immunoprobing of western blots and quantification by ELISA revealed that Hsp70 production after heat shock was correlated with enhanced Hsp70 mRNA. proPO and hemocyanin mRNA levels were augmented, whereas peroxinectin and crustin mRNA levels were unchanged following non-lethal heat shock. Penaeidin mRNA was decreased by all heat shock treatments. Thirty min abrupt heat shock failed to improve survival of post-larvae in a standardized challenge test with Vibrio harveyi, indicating that under the conditions of this study, L. vannamei tolerance to Vibrio infection was influenced neither by Hsp70 accumulation nor the changes in the immune-related proteins, observations dissimilar to other shrimp species examined.