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The advent of IT era has lightened our life but at the same time it has created various complex problems like regulatory issues and use of IT for criminal and other nefarious purposes by various anti-social elements. Regulatory issues related to the use of information technology require a legal framework and laws. In Pakistan, the latest and most comprehensive of these laws is the “Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) 2016”. In fact, the subject of concern of this research work is understanding this law, its basic objectives, determining its effectiveness, and a critical analysis of the crimes and violations covered by this law in the light of Islamic law.

The term “Product liability” is used to identify the body of lawthat seeks to hold manufacturers and sellers financially responsiblefor their products not meeting safety standards. It is the area of juridical studies in which producers, distributors, suppliers, retailers, and others who make productmas available to the public are held responsible for the injuries those products cause and make compensation to the victims of such defective products. This research paper expounds the emerging legal concept of product liability from the perspective of Islamic law. The paper traces the roots of the notion of product liability in classical Islamic legal tradition. It has attempted to explore the theoretical foundations of the product liability in Islamic jurisprudence.It also embarks on defining the important notions such as producer, product, liability etc. from an Islamic legal perspective to provide basis for an Islamic concept of product liability. The examples for holding the sellers liable for defective products have been quoted and analysed from the traditional sources of fiqh. Moreover, the paper has highlighted the need for substantive law development in the area of product liability in Islamic law to meet challenges in the modern era of science and technology. The paper has been concluded with the findings that Islamic law has provided concrete theoretical as well as practical solutions for the issues of liability arising out of defective products. The research is basically a legal doctrinal research which is essentially a method of qualitative research and library-based study.

The term “Product liability” is used to identify the body of lawthat seeks to hold manufacturers and sellers financially responsiblefor their products not meeting safety standards. It is the area of juridical studies in which producers, distributors, suppliers, retailers, and others who make productmas available to the public are held responsible for the injuries those products cause and make compensation to the victims of such defective products. This research paper expounds the emerging legal concept of product liability from the perspective of Islamic law. The paper traces the roots of the notion of product liability in classical Islamic legal tradition. It has attempted to explore the theoretical foundations of the product liability in Islamic jurisprudence.It also embarks on defining the important notions such as producer, product, liability etc. from an Islamic legal perspective to provide basis for an Islamic concept of product liability. The examples for holding the sellers liable for defective products have been quoted and analysed from the traditional sources of fiqh. Moreover, the paper has highlighted the need for substantive law development in the area of product liability in Islamic law to meet challenges in the modern era of science and technology. The paper has been concluded with the findings that Islamic law has provided concrete theoretical as well as practical solutions for the issues of liability arising out of defective products. The research is basically a legal doctrinal research which is essentially a method of qualitative research and library-based study.

Tragulids are the best represented ruminants in the Hasnot outcrops of the Pakistani Middle Siwaliks (Late Miocene). The remains described in this paper comprises predominantly isolated teeth, maxilla and mandible fragments. The specimens can be referred to three taxa, namely Dorcatherium minus, Dorcatherium majus and Dorcabune anthracotherioides. The collection of Dorcatherium fossils from Hasnot is the most extensive record of this genus in the Siwaliks. The tragulids suggest a humid habitat with abundant cover.

The spiritual development in this study relates to the real purpose of life, which exerts influence on every person’s activity. It is not about religious affiliation or becoming more spiritual.it is the innate realization and connection of oneself with the divine. This study delves into the canon of spirituality, William C. Chittick, by contextualizing the quest for meaning, identity, and transcendence with explicit reference to Elif Shafak’s novel Ten Minutes 38 Seconds in this Strange World. By scrutinizing the selected novel through the lens of Chittick’s spiritual underpinnings, this paper unmasks how a spiritual journey seeks nothing in the sense of achieving worldly gains. By doing so, this study investigates the elements of spiritual development in ordinary life with the quest for truth and meaning. It also indicates that without being prejudiced, a person examines and transforms himself. The spiritual path in Chittick and Shafak’s novel portrays the situation clearly. It gives the essence of spiritual development without being confined to typical religious norms, which makes this study a significant aspect of inner change.

Symbiodiniaceae species is a dinoflagellate that plays a crucial role in maintaining the symbiotic mutualism of reef-building corals in the ocean. Reef-building corals, as hosts, provide the nutrition and habitat to endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae species and Symbiodiniaceae species transfer the fixed carbon to the corals for growth. Environmental stress is one of the factors impacting the physiology and metabolism of the corals-dinoflagellate association. The environmental stress triggers the metabolic changes in Symbiodiniaceae species resulting in an increase in the production of survival organelles related to storage components such as lipid droplets (LD). LDs are found as unique organelles, mainly composed of triacylglycerols surrounded by phospholipids embedded with some proteins. To date, it has been reported that investigation of lipid droplets significantly present in animals and plants led to the understanding that lipid droplets play a key role in lipid storage and transport. The major challenge of investigating endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae species lies in overcoming the strategies in isolating lesser lipid droplets present in its intercellular cells. Here, we review the most recent highlights of LD research in endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae species particularly focusing on LD biogenesis, mechanism, and major lipid droplet proteins. Moreover, to comprehend potential novel ways of energy storage in the symbiotic interaction between endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae species and its host, we also emphasize recent emerging environmental factors such as temperature, ocean acidification, and nutrient impacting the accumulation of lipid droplets in endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae species.