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To clarify the contribution of mechanosorptive effect and compliance evolution according to moisture content during adsorption under load creep tests on longitudinal spruce specimens in variable environment were performed. By comparing different loading history we observe that creep increase during the first adsorption (++ effect) mostly results from the increase of compliance induced by higher moisture content. We also discuss the viscoelasticity and mechanosorptive interaction during creep.

This study is aimed at analysing the effect of vacuum frying on the kinetic parameters of mass transfer, the CIE L∗a∗b∗ colour parameters of the Carimañola. For the kinetic analysis, the moisture and oil content were measured by means of an experimental design consisting of two factors: frying time with seven levels (60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 420, and 540 s) and frying temperature with three levels (120, 130, and 140°C). The diffusivity coefficient, the moisture transfer rate, and the oil adsorption rate, with their respective activation energies, were calculated. For the colour analysis, the reflectance technique was used to determine the colour coordinates of the CIE L∗a∗b∗ space, and the general colour change was calculated (ΔE). Concerning the kinetics, the increase in temperature and frying time reduced the moisture content, while the oil content decreased with the increase in temperature and increases with frying time. The diffusivity ranged from 1,238×10−6 m2/s at 120°C to 2,84×10−6 m2/s at 140°C. The mass transfer coefficients for moisture ranged from 2×10−4 m/s at 120°C to 4×10−4 m/s at 140°C. The values of the oil uptake rate were from 0.0022 s-1 at 120°C to 0.0018 s-1 at 140°C. Finally, the luminosity parameter shows a decrease with the increase in temperature, although the first 240 s shows a rise and then begins to decrease. Vacuum frying allowed Carimañolas to be obtained with a lower oil and moisture content, with an appropriate colouring, eye-catching and visually attractive to consumers.

Un análisis del concepto de desarrollo sustentable es fundamental para comprender la dinámica de las políticas actuales que deben conciliar los intereses conservacionistas con las demandas desarrollistas. Nuestro estudio analiza cómo los campesinos de una comunidad rural, que está situada en una Reserva de la Biosfera, perciben el cambio ambiental. El trabajo observa cómo las políticas impulsadas por el desarrollo globalizador van desestructurando progresivamente el universo de significados de los campesinos, de manera que entra en crisis su particular concepción del ciclo natural, productivo, y social, a la vez que se genera y ocasiona un rol de dependencia basado en la incomprensión e ignorancia de los agentes externos. El análisis nos conduce a discutir algunas ideas para la gestión de áreas naturales protegidas donde se tomen en cuenta todos los actores, intereses y concepciones implicadas para conseguir un desarrollo que sea sustentable a la vez que integrador y comunicativo.

Este trabajo pretende observar la influencia que la "Conferência Nacional de Saúde e Direitos da Mulher", realizada en Brasília, en 1986, tuvo sobre las principales publicaciones periódicas del área de la salud pública de Brasil, respecto al tema de la mujer. Se muestran los artículos publicados en tres revistas del área, relacionados con la Salud de la Mujer; sin pretender realizar un análisis profundo del contenido de los artículos citados. Para ello, se organizaron por área temática los artículos publicados a partir de 1986 en las tres revistas: Revista de Saúde Pública (Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Saúde em Debate (Centro Brasileiro de Estudos de Saúde), y Cadernos de Saúde Pública (Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz). Se examinaron los artículos que tratan de la mujer, número de publicaciones y aspectos tratados en su contenido.

Abstract Background The cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, affects livestock production in many regions of the world. Up to now, the widespread use of chemical acaricides has led to the selection of acaricide-resistant ticks and to environmental contamination. Gavacplus is a subunit vaccine based on the recombinant Bm86 tick antigen expressed in yeast, capable to control infestations of R. microplus under controlled and production conditions. The vaccine constitutes the core element of broad control programs against this ectoparasite, in which acquired immunity in cattle to Bm86 is combined with a rational use of acaricides. At present, the conventional vaccine scheme consists of three doses that should be administered at weeks 0, 4 and 7, followed by a booster every six months. Results In this study we assayed a reduction in the number of the initial doses of Gavacplus, evaluated the time course and the level of bovine anti-Bm86 antibodies elicited, and analyzed the vaccine effect on ticks engorging on immunized cattle under production conditions. Following three different immunization schemes, the bovines developed a strong and specific immune response characterized by elevated anti-Bm86 IgG titers. A reduction in the weight of engorging female ticks, in the weight of the eggs laid and also in R. microplus viable eggs percentage was obtained by using only two doses of Gavacplus administered at weeks 0 and 4, followed by a booster six months later. This reduction did not differ from the results obtained on ticks engorging on cattle immunized at weeks 0, 4 and 7. It was also demonstrated that anti-Bm86 antibody titers over 1:640, measured in bovines immunized at weeks 0 and 4, were sufficient to affect weight and reproductive potential of female ticks as compared with ticks engorging on unvaccinated animals. In addition, no statistically significant differences were detected in the average weight of eggs laid by ticks engorged on immunized cattle that showed anti-Bm86 specific titers in the range of 1:640 to 1:81920. Conclusion The administration of two initial doses of Gavacplus containing 100 μg of Bm86 antigen to non-immunized cattle under production conditions is sufficient to affect the weight and the reproductive capacity of R. microplus engorging females. According to these results, cattle herds' manipulation and vaccine costs could be potentially reduced with a positive impact on the implementation of integrated control programs against R. microplus.

Abstract Background There is increasing evidence that programmed cell death can be triggered during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and may be involved in postoperative complications. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether apoptosis occurs during aortic valve surgery and whether modifying temperature during CPB has any influence on cardiomyocyte apoptotic death rate. Methods 20 patients undergoing elective aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis were randomly assigned to either moderate hypothermic (ModHT group, n = 10, 28°C) or mild hypothermic (MiHT group, n = 10, 34°C) CPB. Myocardial samples were obtained from the right atrium before and after weaning from CPB. Specimens were examined for apoptosis by flow cytometry analysis of annexin V-propidium iodide (PI) and Fas death receptor staining. Results In the ModHT group, non apoptotic non necrotic cells (annexin negative, PI negative) decreased after CPB, while early apoptotic (annexin positive, PI negative) and late apoptotic or necrotic (PI positive) cells increased. In contrast, no change in the different cell populations was observed over time in the MiHT group. Fas expression rose after reperfusion in the ModHT group but not in MiHT patients, in which there was even a trend for a lower Fas staining after CPB (p = 0.08). In ModHT patients, a prolonged ischemic time tended to induce a higher increase of Fas (p = 0.061). Conclusion Our data suggest that apoptosis signal cascade is activated at early stages during aortic valve replacement under ModHT CPB. This apoptosis induction can effectively be attenuated by a more normothermic procedure.

Abstract Background The Gavac™ vaccine against the cattle tick Boophilus microplus has proven its efficacy in a large number of controlled and field experiments. However, this vaccine could be further improved by searching for new alternative adjuvants that would induce a stronger long-lasting immune response. We conducted several experiments to assay the adjuvant effect of fractions of the recombinant yeast Pichia pastoris in mouse and cattle models. In previous experiments, the combination of the yeast membrane with saponin was the most effective formulation in stimulating the humoral immune response in mice, eliciting a response higher than Montanide 888. The response was predominantly of the IgG1 isotype. Here, we evaluated the response in cattle and compared the results with that obtained in mice. Results Bm86 on the membrane of P. pastoris plus saponin produced high antibody titers in cattle, though the protection level against tick infestations was lower when compared to Gavac™, probably due to a decrease in the IgG1/IgG2 ratio. The predictive value of the mouse model was studied through correlation analysis between the isotype levels in mice and the efficacy of formulations in cattle. Good correlation was established between the level of antibodies in mice and cattle, and between the amount of anti -Bm86 IgG1 in mice and the degree of protection in cattle. Conclusion Mouse model have the potential to predict immunogenicity and efficacy of formulations in cattle. These results also support the use of the yeast expression system for recombinant vaccine formulations, enabling the prediction of more cost - effective formulations.

Se suele pensar que las instituciones contribuyen a la prosperidad de toda la población y a la equidad de género, pero en el caso del agua que se distribuye en los hogares en la Ciudad de México no siempre es así. Este trabajo analiza, desde el enfoque institucional, el sistema de gobernanza y es esquema de flujos de información del Sistema de Aguas de Ciudad de México y las 16 alcaldías que lo componen, considerando la Alcaldía Iztapalapa. El artículo muestra que ese sistema y ese esquema perjudican a las colonias marginadas del oriente de la ciudad y afectan principalmente a las mujeres, que son las responsables de llevar agua a sus hogares.

Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo,1–3 Daniela Diaz,4 Cristian Martinez-Salazar,5 Pablo Valdés-Badilla,6 Pedro Delgado-Floody,5 Guillermo Méndez-Rebolledo,7 Rodrigo Cañas-Jamet,8,9 Carlos Cristi-Montero,10 Antonio García-Hermoso,11 Carlos Celis-Morales,12 Jason Moran,13 Thomas W Buford,14 Leocadio Rodriguez-Mañas,15 Alicia M Alonso-Martinez,16 Mikel Izquierdo16 1Department of Physical Activity Sciences, 2Laboratory of Measurement and Assessment in Sports, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sports, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, 3Unit of Integrative Physiology, Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, MEDS Clinic, Santiago, Chile; 4School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health, Universidad Santo Tomás, Osorno, 5Department of Physical Education, Sport and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, 6Institute of Physical Activity and Health, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, 7School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, University Santo Tomás, Talca, 8Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, 9School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, 10IRyS Group, Physical Education School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, 11Laboratory of Physical Activity Sciences, Sport and Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Santiago, Chile; 12BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, 13Centre for Sports and Exercise Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK; 14Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute of Aging, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA; 15Division of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospital of Getafe, Madrid, 16Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Navarre, Spain Objective: This study aimed to compare the effects of two frequencies of high-speed resistance training (HSRT) on physical performance and quality of life of older women.Methods: A total of 24 older women participated in a 12-week HSRT program composed of either two or three sessions/week (equated for volume and intensity). Women were randomized into three arms: a control group (CG, n=8), a resistance training group performing two sessions/week (RT2, n=8), and a resistance training group performing three sessions/week (RT3, n=8). The training program for both experimental groups included exercises that required high-speed concentric muscle actions.Results: No baseline differences were observed among groups. Compared with the CG, both training groups showed similar small to moderate improvements (P

Se presenta un caso de embarazo cornual complicado; se hace énfasis en el diagnóstico y manejo quirúrgico oportuno e importancia del cuadro clínico. Se describe la complicación de tromboembolismo pulmonar bilateral durante el post operatorioA case is presented of a complicated interstitial pregnancy. It is emphasized in the opportune diagnosis and treatment and the relevance of the clinic. In addition it is described the appearance of pulmonary embolism during the postoperative period

Un análisis del concepto de desarrollo sustentable es fundamental para comprender la dinámica de las políticas actuales que deben conciliar los intereses conservacionistas con las demandas desarrollistas. Nuestro estudio analiza cómo los campesinos de una comunidad rural, que está situada en una Reserva de la Biosfera, perciben el cambio ambiental. El trabajo observa cómo las políticas impulsadas por el desarrollo globalizador van desestructurando progresivamente el universo de significados de los campesinos, de manera que entra en crisis su particular concepción del ciclo natural, productivo, y social, a la vez que se genera y ocasiona un rol de dependencia basado en la incomprensión e ignorancia de los agentes externos. El análisis nos conduce a discutir algunas ideas para la gestión de áreas naturales protegidas donde se tomen en cuenta todos los actores, intereses y concepciones implicadas para conseguir un desarrollo que sea sustentable a la vez que integrador y comunicativo.

El cuerpo humano posee una biota normal constituida por microorganismos que se hallan con frecuencia en la piel y mucosas de personas sanas, sin embargo, la línea de demarcación de aquello que constituye la flora nativa no es concluyente.

Si al examen físico de un paciente, el médico encuentra signos y síntomas de una enfermedad procede a realizar historia clínica y generalmente ordena uno o varios exámenes para establecer o confirmar el diagnóstico. Posteriormente se inicia una serie de pasos en los que laboratorio clínico juega un papel importante constituyéndose parte activa en la calidad de atención al paciente. El primer paso es recibir una solicitud médica de exámenes seguido de la recolección, transporte, procesamiento y análisis de las muestras clínicas, lo que genera unos resultados que pueden ser empleados para el diagnóstico por el laboratorio dentro del caso clínico a estudio.Es muy importante para el laboratorio controlar la calidad de las muestras que recibe. El laboratorio no le puede añadir Calidad a una muestra mal tomada o mal conservada que llega para ser analizada. La política y ética del personal que labora en él debe estar Bien establecida para rechazar muestras inadecuadas y no invertir tiempo, recursos y esfuerzo procesando muestras de dudoso valor clínico. Sin una muestra bien tomada, no puede haber un buen análisis Y por consiguiente tampoco un resultado confiable. Los errores preanalíticos comienzan con la preparación del paciente para la recolección del espécimen clínico. Las condiciones del paciente antes y durante el procedimiento, postura durante la toma de la muestra, la técnica de recolección, el método de transporte y la forma en que se almacena antes, durante y después del transporte y la temperatura de almacenamiento son variables que contribuyen a que el resultado final sea o no adecuado.

El sistema monetario internacional (SMI) ha pasado por dos grandes momentos a partir de la Segunda Guerra Mundial: el sistema de cambios fijos que surge a partir de la conferencia de Bretton Woods y se caracteriza por el dominio del patrón oro-dólar y la puesta en marcha de reglas y principios de funciona-miento del sistema, y el sistema de cambios flexibles que inicia en la década de los setenta a partir de la de-valuación del dólar y su inconvertibilidad en oro. Este último se ha distinguido por la ausencia de reglas y principios que lo gobiernen y, recientemente, por una política neoliberal encabezada por la globalización financiera, que hace poco desembocó en una serie de grandes desórdenes bursátiles que dieron inicio en la bolsa de Hong Kong con el llamado efecto dragón, para continuaren los cinco continentes, dejando sentir en el mundo un espectro de crac del propio sistema monetario.

Abstract Background Chemotherapy-induced cell death can involve the induction of apoptosis. Thus, aberrant function of the pathways involved might result in chemoresistance. Since cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix acts as a survival factor that homeostatically maintains normal tissue architecture, it was tested whether acquisition of resistance to deadhesion-induced apoptosis (anoikis) in human osteosarcoma would result in resistance to chemotherapy. Methods Osteosarcoma cell lines (SAOS-2 and TE-85) obtained from ATCC and were maintained in complete Eagle's MEM medium. Suspension culture was established by placing cells in tissue culture wells coated with poly-HEMA. Cell cytotoxicity was determined using a live/dead cytotoxicity assay. Cell cycle/apoptosis analyses were performed using propidium iodide (PI) staining with subsequent FACS analysis. Apoptosis was also assayed by Annexin-FITC/PI staining. Results Etoposide, adriamycin, vinblastine, cisplatin and paclitaxel were able to induce apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells SAOS-2 regardless of their anoikis resistance phenotype or the culture conditions (adhered vs. suspended). Moreover, suspended anoikis resistant TE-85 cells (TE-85ar) retained their sensitivity to chemotherapy as well. Conclusion Acquisition of anoikis resistance in human osteosarcoma cells does not result in a generalized resistance to all apoptotic stimuli, including chemotherapy. Moreover, our results suggest that the pathways regulating anoikis resistance and chemotherapy resistance might involve the action of different mediators.

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