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Abstract The links between plantation expansion and deforestation in Borneo are debated. We used satellite imagery to map annual loss of old‐growth forests, expansion of industrial plantations (oil palm and pulpwood), and their overlap in Borneo from 2001 to 2017. In 17 years, forest area declined by 14% (6.04 Mha), including 3.06 Mha of forest ultimately converted into industrial plantations. Plantations expanded by 170% (6.20 Mha: 88% oil palm; 12% pulpwood). Most forests converted to plantations were cleared and planted in the same year (92%; 2.83 Mha). Annual forest loss generally increased before peaking in 2016 (0.61 Mha) and declining sharply in 2017 (0.25 Mha). After peaks in 2009 and 2012, plantation expansion and associated forest conversion have been declining in Indonesia and Malaysia. Annual plantation expansion is positively correlated with annual forest loss in both countries. The correlation vanishes when we consider plantation expansion versus forests that are cleared but not converted to plantations. The price of crude palm oil is positively correlated with plantation expansion in the following year in Indonesian (not Malaysian) Borneo. Low palm oil prices, wet conditions, and improved fire prevention all likely contributed to reduced 2017 deforestation. Oversight of company conduct requires transparent concession ownership.

Deforestation and draining of the peatlands in equatorial SE Asia has greatly increased their flammability, and in September–October 2015 a strong El Niño-related drought led to further drying and to widespread burning across parts of Indonesia, primarily on Kalimantan and Sumatra. These fires resulted in some of the worst sustained outdoor air pollution ever recorded, with atmospheric particulate matter (PM) concentrations exceeding those considered “extremely hazardous to health” by up to an order of magnitude. Here we report unique in situ air quality data and tropical peatland fire emissions factors (EFs) for key carbonaceous trace gases (CO2, CH4 and CO) and PM2.5 and black carbon (BC) particulates, based on measurements conducted on Kalimantan at the height of the 2015 fires, both at locations of “pure” sub-surface peat burning and spreading vegetation fires atop burning peat. PM2.5 are the most significant smoke constituent in terms of human health impacts, and we find in situ PM2.5 emissions factors for pure peat burning to be 17.8 to 22.3 g·kg−1, and for spreading vegetation fires atop burning peat 44 to 61 g·kg−1, both far higher than past laboratory burning of tropical peat has suggested. The latter are some of the highest PM2.5 emissions factors measured worldwide. Using our peatland CO2, CH4 and CO emissions factors (1779 ± 55 g·kg−1, 238 ± 36 g·kg−1, and 7.8 ± 2.3 g·kg−1 respectively) alongside in situ measured peat carbon content (610 ± 47 g-C·kg−1) we provide a new 358 Tg (± 30%) fuel consumption estimate for the 2015 Indonesian fires, which is less than that provided by the GFEDv4.1s and GFASv1.2 global fire emissions inventories by 23% and 34% respectively, and which due to our lower EFCH4 produces far less (~3×) methane. However, our mean in situ derived EFPM2.5 for these extreme tropical peatland fires (28 ± 6 g·kg−1) is far higher than current emissions inventories assume, resulting in our total PM2.5 emissions estimate (9.1 ± 3.5 Tg) being many times higher than GFEDv4.1s, GFASv1.2 and FINNv2, despite our lower fuel consumption. We find that two thirds of the emitted PM2.5 come from Kalimantan, one third from Sumatra, and 95% from burning peatlands. Using new geostationary fire radiative power (FRP) data we map the fire emissions’ spatio-temporal variations in far greater detail than ever before (hourly, 0.05°), identifying a tropical peatland fire diurnal cycle twice as wide as in neighboring non-peat areas and peaking much later in the day. Our data show that a combination of greatly elevated PM2.5 emissions factors, large areas of simultaneous, long-duration burning, and very high peat fuel consumption per unit area made these Sept to Oct tropical peatland fires the greatest wildfire source of particulate matter globally in 2015, furthering evidence for a regional atmospheric pollution impact whose particulate matter component in particular led to millions of citizens being exposed to extremely poor levels of air quality for substantial periods.

Key Clinical Message With syphilis resurgence, physicians should be more vigilant to infection‐induced cerebral vasculitis in high‐risk patients presenting with neurological symptoms. In this case, neurosyphilis should not be missed. Thorough serologic screening and lumbar puncture are crucial for diagnosis, and further research is needed for safe and effective treatments in these populations.

In contrast to the West, which considers God as a myth and negates values ​​about reality and truth, the Muslim philosophers and Sufis base their knowledge on the concept of God that has been established in Islam. This article describes the approach of the Sufis and the Muslim philosophers regarding God as reality and truth. By using the descriptive analysis method, this study draws conclusions based on various arguments: first, there is a meeting point between the two, especially in terms of 'al-Haqq' as one of the 'Names' (asmā) of Allah which also means 'reality' and 'truth' which are linguistically unified. Therefore, everything that is called 'reality' has to do with the existence of God which provides wisdom behind all reality as God's creation. Because God created reality with a 'true' purpose. Second, despite the fundamental differences in various worldviews, the West has never assumed that God is Reality in itself because its worldview has negated the Diversity of metaphysical reality. This is also affirmed, only at the metaphysical level as 'speculative science' or 'noumena' in Kant's account. Third, different from the West in Islam, there are various treasures of intellectual property discussions about God as Reality. Although there are many schools in understanding God as Reality, the Muslims have almost the same opinion because they affirm revelation as the only authoritative source of explanation for the concept of God. Keywords: Reality, Truth, Muslim philosophers, Sufism, al-Haqq, Worldview, Epistemology

One of the essential needs of Iranian financial market participants (including money market and capital market participants) is rating Iranian banks based on their financial strength. This rating helps stakeholders, including shareholders, investors, customers, central bank and etc., to obtain more accurate information regarding inherent safety and soundness of Iranian banks. The aim of this study is rating Iranian banks, based on financial strength, specifically those listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) and Iran OTC market. All the banks were separated into two groups of privatized and non-governmental banks. The period of the research is 5 years from 2012 to 2016. For this purpose, first a financial strength score was determined for each of the banks using a reflective component-based model which includes 4 dimensions, 8 factors and 51 indicators, Then the banks were ranked based on their financial strength scores in two separate groups of privatized and non-governmental banks. The results show that privatized banks compared with non-governmental banks have higher financial strength scores. In the group of privatized banks, Mellat Bank had the highest score and hence the highest rank in terms of financial strength. In the group of non-governmental banks, Pasargad Bank, EN Bank and Parsian Bank, respectively had the highest scores and hence the highest ranks in terms of financial strength.

The difference of opinion between the two Akhbari and Usuli schools of law began with a long challenge between the two in the 11th and 12th centuries (A.H.L.) before ending in the 13th century. During this time blood relations and inter-marital connections between the Usuli scholars strengthened the position of Usuli Mujtahids (jurists) and caused solidarity among them vis-à-vis the viewpoints of Akhbari scholars. Following up on the existing intimacy between religious scholars and taking up the case study of Mirza Mohammad Bagher-e Khansari, this paper tries to present an analysis about the causes of anti Akhbarism among the clergy of the Qajar period. The writer has chosen a restudy of anti-Akhbarist treatises in Khansari’s “Rawdhat ul-Jannat” and his inter-marital relations with other opponents of the Akhbaris as his main points of focus here.

Aluminum (Al) is one of the problems and is a factor inhibiting plant growth on soils with acidic pH. This study aims to examine the growth response of Eucalyptus pellita and Eucalypus Deglupta seedlings to Al exposure. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with one factor, where the Al concentration consisted of 5 levels, namely: 0 mM (control), 2 mM, 4 mM, 6 mM, and 8 mM with 3 repetitions each and each repetition consisted of 3 units of the plant. The results showed that Al treatment had a significant effect on the growth parameters of both plant types, except for the root dry weight parameter for E. deglupta. Increasing the Al concentration can reduce almost all growth parameters. The 4 mM Al concentration was able to increase the height growth, plant dry weight (roots and shoots), and tolerance index for the E. pellita species, while the Al 2 mM concentration was able to increase the root growth of E. deglupta plants. Almost all growth parameters for E. pellita species were higher than that of E. deglupta, except for the SPAD chlorophyll index. The concentrations of 6 mM and 8 mM were toxic to E. pellita and E. deglupta.

Time is one of the essential and important elements in historical narratives, which together with components such as historical places and characters, form the consistency of an object and a historical event. Historians have used the element of time in various ways to narrate historical narratives. Gerard Genet proposed the theory of "narrative timeliness" and examined the indicators for measuring narrative time to better understand the function of time in narrations by considering the element of time in narration. The present study intends to use Genet's timing theory to evaluate a historical book's narrative form, namely the Exir Al-Tavarikh, and the relationships between the narrative components that make up this structure and explain the general pattern of levels and narrative components of the book. Given the importance of the time element in historical texts, it is clear that in addition to chronological order dominance over the author's narrative, time irregularities such as the historian's retrospective or futurism have led his narrative to "untimely or timeless." Simultaneously, the singular frequency of events as the dominant frequency is one of the most crucial time techniques that the historian has used in the category of narrative timeliness.

Asafoetida and sagapenum as valuable Iranian oleo-gum-resins from Ferula spp. (F. assa-foetida, F. persica, F. foetida and F. alliacea) have received interest during the history for producing valuable perfumes and common spices or as pharmaceutical agents. The aim of the present work was to characterize sources of asafoetida and sagapenum, according to botanical aspects, traditional and conventional medicine and phytochemical data. Available publications have been gathered from databases up to May 2019, and common Persian literatures were reviewed. We showed that sources for asafoetida and sagapenum should be differentiated botanically according to basal leaves, size of rays, fruits and petals. Furthermore, despite similarities, volatile sulfur components in F. assa-foetida are disulphides, in F. persica tri/tetra/pentasulphides, and in F. alliacea trisulphides. In the case of coumarins, conferol, conferone, farnesiferol A and B, samarcandin and samarcandin acetate are so far reported from F. assa-foetida and F. persica, and asacoumarin A from F. assa-foetida and F. foetida samples; while, persicaosides A-D have been reported only from F. persica. Moreover, farnesiferol C as the major coumarin in F. assa-foetida and mogoltavidin in F. persica would be new pharmacopeia markers. However, coumarins and essential oils similarities and differences among Ferula species should be more studied in a comparative research. Such studies would be essential for determining reliable sources and minimum requirements for standardizations of worldwide valuable wild growing medicinal and economical plants.

The concept of 'reality' is one of the most debatable discourse by philosophers, especially between Western and Islamic philosophers. One of Muslim philosophers’ criticism which addressed to Western philosophy is their tendency to restrict the only meaning of reality to empirical beings. That makes metaphysical beings like truth (haqīqah), reason (‘aql), revelation (wahy), also God to be reduced merely as ‘concept’ (grand narrative). Therefore, this paper would like to examine the Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas’ thought on ‘reality’. This study focuses on the classification of reality and the relationship between physical and metaphysical reality. This philosophical study was carried out with a descriptive and critical-analysis method among al-Attas' works. This study conclude that reality is not restricted to merely rational-empirical beings; but further to the metaphysical reality that affirms the existence of God and its relationship with nature and humans are also examined in it. This study concludes that reality; both physical and metaphysical are actually classified as objects of knowledge, which imply to the perception of human judgment on the 'truth value' of a being.

Much concern about tropical deforestation focuses on oil palm plantations, but their impacts remain poorly quantified. Using nation-wide interpretation of satellite imagery, and sample-based error calibration, we estimated the impact of large-scale (industrial) and smallholder oil palm plantations on natural old-growth ("primary") forests from 2001 to 2019 in Indonesia, the world's largest palm oil producer. Over nineteen years, the area mapped under oil palm doubled, reaching 16.24 Mha in 2019 (64% industrial; 36% smallholder), more than the official estimates of 14.72 Mha. The forest area declined by 11% (9.79 Mha), including 32% (3.09 Mha) ultimately converted into oil palm, and 29% (2.85 Mha) cleared and converted in the same year. Industrial plantations replaced more forest than detected smallholder plantings (2.13 Mha vs 0.72 Mha). New plantations peaked in 2009 and 2012 and declined thereafter. Expansion of industrial plantations and forest loss were correlated with palm oil prices. A price decline of 1% was associated with a 1.08% decrease in new industrial plantations and with a 0.68% decrease of forest loss. Deforestation fell below pre-2004 levels in 2017-2019 providing an opportunity to focus on sustainable management. As the price of palm oil has doubled since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, effective regulation is key to minimising future forest conversion.

Iron (Fe) is a micro essential needed by plants in small amounts and can be toxic when available in large quantities. This study aimed to evaluate how Fe exposure affects the growth of C. callothyrsus and L. leucocephala seedlings. This study used a completely randomized design with factorial, where the first factor consisted of two levels of seedlings (C. calothyrsus and L. leucocephala), and the second factor consisted of Fe concentration which consisted of 8 levels (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, and 1.75 mM). The results showed that treatment of seedlings species and concentration of Fe was able to significantly affect the growth parameters (height, root length, root dry weight, shoots, and plant dry weight) of seedlings. The control treatment (without Fe) showed the highest growth response compared to those treated with Fe exposure and an increase in Fe concentration was able to reduce all growth parameters in both seedlings. The 0.5 mM Fe concentration reduced all growth parameters of C. calothyrsus drastically, while in L. leucocephala, the Fe 0.75 concentration was able to decrease all growth parameters drastically. The tolerance index of both seedlings decreased with increasing Fe concentration. The rate of photosynthesis did not show a significant difference between treatments, meanwhile, it had a significant effect on chlorophyll affect chlorophyll (a, b, and total chlorophyll) and carotenoid content. The highest Fe content in C. calothyrsus seedlings was at a concentration of 1.5 mM (4.40%), while in L. leucocephala seedlings, the highest Fe content was at 1.7 mM (2.87%).

In the Islamic intellectual tradition, Being (wujūd) is not limited to physical things. God is also understood as Being; indeed, He is the Absolute Being itself; which of Him, manifests all metaphysical and physical realities. This physical nature is one of the realities caused by God; as well as the metaphysical reality of 'natural law' called 'sunnatullāh' in Islam. It is necessary to know how the power of God can connect to this universe. The question presupposes cosmological research, which needs to involve the study of God and His attributes as well. Methodologically, the verification of Islamic philosophical ideas among Muslim philosophers to Sufis, involves the development of the key concept from tafsīr and ta'wīl among the Quranic verses (āyat) that discuss God's relationship with Nature itself; from this framework, the relationship between the two can be explained. This article, offers a study of the views of Muslim thinkers: from philosophers to Sufis, about the relationship; which specifically highlights that God and Nature are part of the concept of 'reality' in the Islamic view. The study concludes several important things, especially that God is the Absolute Being; which from Him, another reality as the sign (āyat) of His Existence created. His sunnatullāh again manifests in God’s creatures that undergo being devastated and recreated.

Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of surface stiffness on multisegment foot kinematics and temporal parameters during running. Methods. Eighteen male subjects ran on three different surfaces (i.e., concrete, artificial grass, and rubber) in both heeled running shoes (HS) and minimal running shoes (MS). Both these shoes had dissimilar sole profiles. The heeled shoes had a higher sole at the heel, a thick base, and arch support, whereas the minimal shoes had a flat base sole. Indeed, the studied biomechanical parameters responded differently in the different footwear during running. Subjects ran in recreational mode speed while 3D foot kinematics (i.e., joint rotation and peak medial longitudinal arch (MLA) angle) were determined using a motion capture system (Qualysis, Gothenburg, Sweden). Information on stance time and plantar fascia strain (PFS) was also collected. Results. Running on different surface stiffness was found to significantly affect the peak MLA angles and stance times for both HS and MS conditions. However, the results showed that the joint rotation angles were not sensitive to surface stiffness. Also, PFS showed no relationship with surface stiffness, as the results were varied as the surface stiffness was changed. Conclusion. The surface stiffness significantly contributed towards the effects of peak MLA angle and stance time. These findings may enhance the understanding of biomechanical responses on various running surfaces stiffness in different shoe conditions.

Adolescence is the stage that carries the greatest risk for initiating substance use as it is a transitional stage of physical and mental human development. Studies in younger populations have demonstrated a positive association between awareness about substance abuse and their attitudes toward substances. Saudi Arabia is an Islamic country with strict laws regarding availability and use of addictive substances. Addictive behaviors tend to be concealed by the users in the Saudi community. However, some studies have revealed that drug abuse is more common in the Saudi community than was previously thought, thus it is necessary to have estimates of existing awareness regarding substance abuse, and its predictors among adolescents for future redressal of this emerging public health issue. The objective of this study was to assess the awareness of secondary school students regarding substance abuse and find its associated social factors. This was a cross sectional study conducted on 1022 secondary school stu-dents using a self administered questionnaire assessing their social characteristics and awareness on substance abuse. Most of students (82.4%) had sufficient awareness ( and #707;60%) regarding substance abuse. Age, scholastic year, subject (science) and being non and ndash;Saudi had positive association with good awareness. Parental education, family income and parental status of living together had significant association with the awareness level of students. [J Med Allied Sci 2016; 6(2.000): 61-67]

This paper presents performance analysis results on supercritical carbon dioxide ( s C O 2 ) re-compression Brayton cycle. Monthly exergy destruction analysis was conducted to find the effects of different ambient and water temperatures on the performance of the system. The results reveal that the gas cooler is the major source of exergy destruction in the system. The total exergy destruction has the lowest value of 390.1 kW when the compressor inlet temperature is near the critical point (at 35 °C) and the compressor outlet pressure is comparatively low ( 24 MPa ). The optimum mass fraction (x) and efficiency of the cycle increase with turbine inlet temperature. The highest efficiency of 49% is obtained at the mass fraction of x = 0.74 and turbine inlet temperature of 700 °C. For predicting the cost of the system, the total heat transfer area coefficient ( U A T o t a l ) and size parameter (SP) are used. The U A T o t a l value has the maximum for the split mass fraction of 0.74 corresponding to the maximum value of thermal efficiency. The SP value for the turbine is 0.212 dm at the turbine inlet temperature of 700 °C and it increases with increasing turbine inlet temperature. However the SP values of the main compressor and re-compressor increase with increasing compressor inlet temperature.

Among the forts and ramparts which are remaining from the Seljuks period, Jalali Castle in Kashan city has a special feature. Today ,a part of its walls is visible justly. By king Jalal al din Malekshah of Seljuk's command, this fortress was built in Kashan southwest for maintain Kashan security and consequently safeguarding of comerical roads and Seljukid capital namely Isfahan. This article based on the humanities studies and reviews of the sources and also process of urban developments in Kashan, analyses that how to build Jalali Castle and its ending. The result of the research shows, this Castle that, for centuries, protected from a unsafe sideline in South of Kashan ,was known along with the moat and rampart of city and after the Kashan expansion and connection of roads of city towards the North and West, and also for the sake of human destructions ,was damaged and vanished walls and a ditche connected to the Castle.

Sebagai saluran ilmu pengetahuan, khabar s}a>diq sangat diakui dalam Islam. Selain tiga saluran yang lain yaitu, pancaindra, akal, dan intuisi, khabar s}a>diq juga menjadi asas penting dalam epistemologi Islam. Ia menjadikan ilmu pengetahuan dalam Islam muncul, tumbuh, dan berkembang hingga saat ini. Karena perannya sebagai metode transmisi ilmu inilah, al-Qur’an dan al-Hadis menjadi terjaga keasliannya hingga saat ini, dan tidak terjadi perubahan sedikit pun. Berbeda dengan Islam, Barat hanya menjadikan indra dan akal sebagai asas epistemologi mereka. Hal ini berdampak pada ketidakpercayaan mereka terhadap hal-hal yang metafisik, semua haruslah nyata, dapat dilihat, dan diakal. Mereka akhirnya menjadi ragu terhadap keaslian kitab suci. Keraguan ini juga diterapkan terhadap al-Qur’an. Padahal, al-Qur’an berbeda dengan kitab suci yang lain dalam pengambilan sumber berita (wahyu). Tulisan ini akan menjawab asumsi yang menafikan berita yang benar (khabar s}a>diq) sebagai metode transmisi ilmu pengetahuan dalam Islam. Juga membuktikan bahwa khabar s}a>diq merupakan sumber ilmu pengetahuan yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan.

Micronutrient deficiency remains a serious problem in Indonesia with approximately 100 million people, or 40% of the population, suffering from one or more micronutrient deficiencies. In rural areas with poor market access, forests and trees may provide an essential source of nutritious food. This is especially important to understand at a time when forests and other tree-based systems in Indonesia are being lost at unprecedented rates. We use food consumption data from the 2003 Indonesia Demographic Health Survey for children between the ages of one and five years and data on vegetation cover from the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry to examine whether there is a relationship between different tree-dominated land classes and consumption of micronutrient-rich foods across the archipelago. We run our models on the aggregate sample which includes over 3000 observations from 25 provinces across Indonesia as well as on sub-samples from different provinces chosen to represent the different land classes. The results show that different tree-dominated land classes were associated with the dietary quality of people living within them in the provinces where they were dominant. Areas of swidden/agroforestry, natural forest, timber and agricultural tree crop plantations were all associated with more frequent consumption of food groups rich in micronutrients in the areas where these were important land classes. The swidden/agroforestry land class was the landscape associated with more frequent consumption of the largest number of micronutrient rich food groups. Further research needs to be done to establish what the mechanisms are that underlie these associations. Swidden cultivation in is often viewed as a backward practice that is an impediment to food security in Indonesia and destructive of the environment. If further research corroborates that swidden farming actually results in better nutrition than the practices that replace it, Indonesian policy makers may need to reconsider their views on this land use.

Despite the great emphasis on sustainable forest management in the 1998 Indonesian reform movement, deforestation has only accelerated since then, with Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo) exhibiting the highest rate of forest loss. Some forested areas have, however, been preserved by local communities. We investigate how and why two of these communities in Kapuas Hulu district, West Kalimantan, have managed to maintain their forests against the pressures of illegal logging and conversion to oil palm plantations. One village community had the capacity to act on its own, while the other needed additional capacity through intercommunity collaboration. Motivations behind these villages' decisions were both economic and eudaimonic; their desire for meaningful lives related to the community and environment and to past and future generations. The findings enrich the literature on land use change because description and analysis of successful resistance against logging and oil palm is still rare. As such, the findings offer a different way to understand and interrogate the challenges confronting present-day forest communities in Kalimantan and beyond, standing out against the mainstream impression that communities are still powerless or unwilling to resist the short-term economic lures. We also refer briefly to the environmental justice perspective.

Pada umumnya, pemerolehan bahasa kedua menurut para ahlibahasa semisal Noam Chomsky, memiliki arti kemustahilan, sebabmenurutnya pemeroleh bahasa hanya diperuntukkan pada bahasa pertama(ibu), tidak pada bahasa kedua. Tetapi Stephen Krashen malah berpikirsebaliknya; argumentasinya menyebutkan bahwa bahasa kedua mungkindiperoleh layaknya bahasa pertama. Bukan hanya kali itu saja Krashenberbeda pendapat dan berselisih, dari segi pembelajaran bahasa punStephen Krashen memiliki pendapat berseberangan dengan ahli bahasayang lain. Bila kebanyakan ahli bahasa mementingkan aturan bahasaGrammatical Rules pada saat belajar bahasa, Krashen malah menolaknya. Dimatanya, inti dari belajar bahasa adalah kemampuan untuk dapatberbicara dan berkomunikasi (communication) bahasa tujuan.