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Background: Media play a crucial role as one of the primary tools in shaping beliefs and representing dominant ideologies in society. Van Dijk's Critical Model analyzes media discourses and their role in reproducing power and influencing ideologies. Alongside this, psychological concepts related to social cognition illustrate how individuals shape and reproduce their beliefs through interaction with these discourses. However, interdisciplinary studies that simultaneously analyze psychological and critical dimensions are rarely conducted. Aims: The aim of this research was to analyze how beliefs are formed through media discourses using psychological concepts and Van Dijk's Critical Social Model. Methods: This study employed a systematic literature review approach. The study population included all scholarly and research sources related to the psychological concepts of Van Dijk's Critical Social Model and epistemology of belief in media. These sources included scientific articles, books, research reports, and critical analyses published in reputable scientific databases and international journals. The sampling method was non-random and purposive. Data analysis was conducted using thematic analysis. Results: The results indicate that media, through specific linguistic and discursive strategies, guide how audiences’ process and select information, leading individuals to readily accept information that aligns with their pre-existing cognitive assumptions while information that contradicts these assumptions may face resistance. Additionally, personal experiences play a significant role in interpreting and internalizing media information, with changes in beliefs and attitudes typically occurring within the context of personal experiences and existing assumptions. Conclusion: This research demonstrates that media, through linguistic strategies, play a significant role in shaping public beliefs. Combining psychological and critical approaches in the analysis of epistemology of belief helps to achieve a deeper understanding of how media discourses influence audience cognition.

Background and purpose: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common metabolic diseases worldwide. Asprosin has been identified as a novel adipokine closely associated with hepatic glucose metabolism, but limited information is available regarding its role and the effect of exercise on it. Insulin resistance is a key factor in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, particularly in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Adiponectin, the most abundant fat-specific adipokine, plays a crucial role in reducing hepatic and systemic insulin resistance, as well as liver inflammation and fibrosis. Adiponectin levels are predictive of the degree of steatosis and the severity of NASH. While there is no proven pharmacological treatment for NASH, recent therapeutic strategies have focused on indirectly regulating adiponectin through the administration of various therapeutic agents and/or lifestyle modifications. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity intermittent swimming training on visceral adipose tissue asprosin protein and serum adiponectin in rats with NASH induced by a high-fat diet. Materials and methods: Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: diseased (high-fat diet) (N=20) and healthy (N=20). For eight weeks, the diseased group received a high-fat diet in the form of a daily emulsion (10 ml/kg) via gavage, while the healthy group received an equivalent amount of saline solution. After eight weeks, and confirmation of the disease, the rats were further divided into four subgroups: healthy-control (N=9), healthy-swimming (N=9), diseased-control (N=9), and diseased-swimming (N=9). The swimming groups performed a high-intensity swimming interval training protocol three times per week for eight weeks, while the high-fat diet continued for the diseased groups throughout the training period. At the end of the study, serum adiponectin levels were measured using the ELISA method, and asprosin protein levels in visceral adipose tissue were measured using western blotting. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to confirm the normality of the data distribution, and one-way ANOVA was used to compare group differences. If significant, Bonferroni's post hoc test was applied to identify pairwise differences. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 26, with a significance level of P

Arid and semiarid climate in many parts of Iran dictates the employment of agronomic practices. With this approach, a statistical experiment was set up in split-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replicates during 2015 and 2016 cropping seasons. The experiment took place in College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran. Experimental treatments scheduled on three planting dates: (21st April, 11th May and 31th May) and four irrigation regimes: I100: 100%ETc, I80: 80%ETc, I60: 60%ETc and I40: 40%ETc, based on plant water need. The highest value of water productivity of economical yield (1.19 kg.m-3) and the greatest value of water productivity of biological yield (1.03 kg.m-3) obtained in early-planting date in both years, respectively. Path analysis showed that ear weight with direct effect (1.27) and water productivity of biological yield (0.973), positively contributed to the final yield determination under irrigation regimes I100 and I60, respectively. According to principal component analysis (PCA), the variables such as grain yield, ear weight, biological yield, total number of grain, kernel weight and harvest index as agronomic traits in PC1 and water productivity of economical yield and biological yield as physiological traits in PC2 were accounted for 70% of the final yield variations in total. Due to interactions of planting date and irrigation level on the grain yield (p ≤ 0.01), early planting of grain maize and deficit irrigation management as early season strategies will have great potential to achieve optimal yield and higher water productivity by mitigating early abiotic factors.

Abstract Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the most prevalent leukemia in adults. Among the various NK receptors, killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) carry out indispensable roles in NK cell development and function through engaging with class I human leukocyte antigens (HLA-I) as their ligands. Besides divergent KIR and HLA loci, KIR/HLA-I combinations have a significant effect on NK cell response. In this case–control study, we aimed to verify the association of KIR/HLA-I combinations with susceptibility to AML in the Southwestern Iranian population. KIR and HLA genotyping was performed with PCR-SSP by some novel primers for 181 patients with AML and 181 healthy controls. According to our results, the frequencies of KIR3DS1 (p = 0.0001, OR = 2.32, 95% CI 1.51–3.58), KIR2DS4fl (p = 0.02, OR = 1.53, 95% CI 1.05–2.21), CxT4 genotypes (p = 0.03, OR = 2.0, 95% CI 1.05–3.82), and T4 gene cluster (p = 0.01, OR = 1.99, 95% CI 1.17–3.41) were significantly higher in patients than controls, while C1/C2 genotype (p = 0.00002, OR = 0.39, 95% CI 0.25–0.61), HLA-A Bw4 (p = 0.02, OR = 0.6, 95% CI 0.38–0.94), and HLA-A*11 (p = 0.03, OR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.34–0.95) alleles were more frequent in controls. In addition, inhibitory (i)KIR/HLA-I combinations analysis revealed higher frequencies of KIR2DL1( +)/HLA-C2( +), KIR2DL2/3( +)/HLA-C1( +), KIR3DL1( +)/HLA-A Bw4( +), and KIR3DL2( +)/HLA-A*03/11( +) in the control group (p = 0.002, OR = 0.49, 95% CI 0.3–0.78; p = 0.04, OR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.39–0.99; p = 0.04, OR = 0.63, 95% CI 0.4–0.99; and p = 0.03, OR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.4–0.95, respectively). Overall, the number of iKIR/HLA-I combinations was more in the control group. Moreover, KIR3DS1( +)/HLA-B Bw4Ile80( +) and the sum of HLA-B Bw4/A Bw4 combined with KIR3DS1 as activating KIR/HLA-I combinations were more frequent among patients than controls (p = 0.01, OR = 1.99, 95% CI 1.14–3.49 and p = 0.005, OR = 1.97, 95% CI 1.22–3.19, respectively). In conclusion, our results postulate that inhibitory combinations play a protective role against AML by developing potent NK cells during education. It is noteworthy that KIR/HLA-I combination studies can be applicable in donor selection for allogeneic NK cell therapy in hematological malignancies.

Objective Social health, along with physical and mental health, is one of the pillars of health and represents one’s assessment of social life. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the social factors affecting the social health of the clients covered by the Nowshahr Well-being. Materials & Methods The research method in this study was the descriptive follow-up. The research community was formed by female clients 18 to 60 years old under the cover of the Nowshahr Well-being with 3951 people. 350 samples were selected using the Morgan table and simple random sampling method. The data collection tool consisted of two valid keyes social health questionnaires (1) and Babapour et al. (2010). The reliability of the questionnaires was calculated using Cronbach’s alpha method, according to which the coefficient of research variables and its dimensions were more than 0.7 and was evaluated as suitable. For research data analysis, correlation coefficient and regression analysis with SPSS software, version 24 was used. Results According to the findings of the research, there is a positive and significant relationship between all the variables, that is, between the independent variables of the research, which include social integration, social skills, social participation, and social acceptance, with the dependent variable of the research, social health. Using regression, the effect of social integration variables (β=0.137), social skills (β=0.157), social participation (β=0.156), and social acceptance (β=0.120) on social health was determined. The value of the multiple correlation coefficient of the dimensions of social integration, social skills, social participation and social acceptance with the variable of social health and its estimated value under the final regression model is equal to (0.612). The value of the coefficient of multiple determination in the final model was equal to (0.567), which indicates that 57 percent of the changes in social health can be explained by the independent variables included in the model, namely the dimensions of social integration, social skills, social participation, and social acceptance. which indicates the good fit of the model. The estimation of the coefficients of the final regression model shows that the investigated variables are all significant and each of them has different weights. Also, the regression coefficients showed that the variable of social skills (β=0.157) has the greatest impact. Conclusion According to the findings of the research, social integration, social skills, social participation, and social acceptance is an effective factors in promoting social health and feeling good and improving the quality of life and social health of clients covered by Nowshahr welfare department, so with Increasing the level of awareness and social skills of clients will also provide the basis for improving their social health.

Introduction: Recent studies have reported that Astragalus spp. can display various biological effects, e.g., anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective activities. Here we decided to assess the ameliorating effects of Astragalus maximus methanolic extract (AMME) on inflammation and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: The dried aerial parts were extracted by maceration technique with 70% methanol. Diabetes was induced in rats via intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at 65 mg/kg. Diabetic rats orally received AMME at 75-30 mg/kg for 28 days. The serum levels of glucose, insulin, liver enzymes, bilirubin, creatinine (Cr), urea (Ur), triglyceride, and cholesterol, as well as the tissue levels of oxidant/antioxidant enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated by the diagnostic kits. The level of α-amylase inhibition by AMME was also determined. Results: AMME (150 and 300 mg/kg) treatment significantly reduced (P

IntroductionWater is one of the most important needs of plants and drought stress is one of the most important stresses for plant growth. Given the global water shortage, provide solutions to save water consumption in agriculture, such as choosing the appropriate irrigation method, irrigation time management, providing methods to reduce and control the negative effects of water shortage on plants and the use of more resistant varieties to water shortage and The use of different techniques to reduce the effects of water scarcity is important and should be a priority for research. Paclobutrazole is a group of plant growth regulators of triazole that prevents the production of a wide range of gibberellic acid and has many applications in agriculture. Paclobutrazole reduces the negative effects of abiotic stress on plant growth by regulating the levels of hormones, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and osmolytes. A group of beneficial soil bacteria that increase plant growth are called plant growth promoting bacteria and are among the most important types of biofertilizers. PGPRs by lat out of volatile organic compounds (VOC) increase biomass, plant tolerance to abiotic stresses and disease resistance.Materials and MethodsThis research was conducted as a factorial split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in Qom and Hamedan regions (Hamedan is a cold and mountainous region with mild summer and Qom is a dry and desert region with hot and dry summers). Experimental factors include irrigation regime with three levels 1- (irrigation at 40% of available plant moisture discharge during the growing season (optimal irrigation), 2- optimal irrigation up to pollination stage and irrigation at 60% of available plant moisture discharge until the end of the growing season 3- Irrigation in 40% of available plant moisture discharge up to pollination stage and cessation of irrigation until the end of growing season), foliar application of paclobutrazole at three levels (zero, 50 and 100 ppm in two stages of stem and spike) and invoice The third included five levels of growth-promoting bacteria (non-consumption, Mycobacterium, Azotobacter, Azospirillium, and a combination of three bacteria). Irrigation regimen factors and paclobutrazol in the main plots and growth-promoting bacteria in the subplots. The traits evaluated in this experiment included parameters related to leaf chlorophyll fluorescence and Rubisco activity. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the interaction effect of irrigation regime on paclobutrazol was significant for biological yield and grain yield, so that at the third irrigation level, the use of paclobutrazol at a concentration of 100 ppm increased grain yield and biological yield. Also, according to the analysis of variance table, the interaction effect of irrigation regime in bacteria for biological yield and grain yield was significant, so that in the third level of irrigation regime, two levels of combination of three bacteria and Azotobacter with 19.05 and 17.95 tons, respectively. Hectares had the highest biological yield.ConclusionsIn general, the results showed that in more difficult conditions of irrigation regime, the use of paclobutrazol can cause less decline and improve grain yield and biological yield. It can also be inferred that the use of growth-promoting bacteria increases grain yield and biological yield and improves morphological traits, and the combination treatment of Mycobacterium, Azotobacter and Azospirillium had the highest yield.

AbstractUsing the input-oriented bootstrap data envelopment analysis approach, using the LSW algorithm, this study estimated the corrected bias efficiency values of the technical, managerial and scale efficiency of technology centers with an emphasis on science and technology parks in Iran. The central question of this article is what is the industrial capacity and regional innovation capacity in each province and what is the matrix of the relationship between the commercialization coefficient and the industrial and innovation coefficient of each region. The results obtained from this study indicate that the super-efficiency score in the technology centers of the country (variable return to scale) is 2.97, the efficiency score is 0.94, and the efficiency score using the bootstrap method is 0.85. Also, the findings of the research show that the most important factor in improving the technical efficiency of science and technology parks in the country is the improvement of managerial efficiency. According to the research findings, only 5 of the 15 science and technology parks with high commercialization efficiency have high innovation, three of them are located in industrial areas and the other two are located in semi-industrial areas. Among the reasons for their success, we can mention the existence of driving industries, the existence of effective communication between universities and research institutions with industry, networking related to innovation, and such things. On the other hand, looking at 4 non-innovative regions that have less commercial efficiency, it is clear that they are located in semi-industrial and weak regions, and among the most important obstacles to their innovation, we can mention the lack of knowledge clusters, emphasis on absolute theoretical skills, lack of necessary coordination between organizations He pointed out specialization and lack of emphasis on innovation.IntroductionThe growth centers of technology units and science and technology parks can play a unique role in the commercialization of knowledge and the growth and development of the regional economy, and from the functional point of view, the parks cultivate and apply knowledge in a targeted manner and in creating knowledge-based employment, the rapid growth of the income of the local community. and creating wealth, increasing the level of specialized competition, creating influential business networks, creating the capacity to access other markets, improving the level of education and market-oriented skills, defending a cooperative and competitive knowledge business culture, and providing creative and innovative public services.In Iran, like the member states of the European Union, various science and technology parks are active in different provinces of the country. Now the central question is how successful these parks have been in commercializing ideas? Also, another central question is what is the industrial capacity and regional innovation capacity in each province, and what is the matrix of the relationship between the commercialization coefficient and the industrial and innovation coefficient of each region? The answer to each of the above questions can help to examine the state of regional innovation and commercialization development or industrial lock-in and commercialization in each province.Case StudyModified bias efficiency of technical, managerial and scale efficiency of technology centers with emphasis on science and technology parks in Iran.Materials and MethodsIn this research, the bootstrap approach has been used. First, he explained the general process of data generation and bootstrap, and then, in the second section, we introduced the method of evaluating the efficiency, i.e. data envelopment analysis, and finally, this section ends with the introduction of algorithms for estimating the data generation process (DGP) in the third part.Discussion and ResultsThe Results of the research confirm that among the types of parks and according to the required infrastructure, it is possible to make the country's science and technology parks mission-oriented according to the coordinates of the advanced technology park, innovation and entrepreneurship park, university park, virtual park and business park. The central mission of the parks based on which model is defined requires a detailed analysis of the structure of human capital, the state of universities in each province, the evaluation of the local economy according to the structure of the macro economy, the business environment, analysis of the local, regional and extra-regional market, the structure of investment and sources of supply. Finance depends on the local economic cycle, local capabilities and talents, entrepreneurial infrastructure, and the state of technology in each province. In this article, the results and achievements of the commercialization of science and technology parks have been examined and quantified.ConclusionThe regional science and technology park, as a market support institution, together with universities and industry, can create a regional innovation ecosystem. The regional science and technology park should balance local and extra-regional facilities and needs. By examining the institutional structure of science and technology parks in the world, it can be seen that the parks do not have the same structure and countries have adopted different goals and diverse operational models depending on the development goals and university structure and industrial and technology structure according to regional requirements; Therefore, developed and developing countries have followed different development patterns according to their needs.

Objective: To assess the effect of oral treatment of methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Astragalus adscendens in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: In order to induce diabetes, rats intraperitoneally received streptozotocin at 65 mg/kg. Sixty adult male Wistar rats were allocated into six groups (10 rats per each) including the healthy control group, the diabetic group as well as the diabetic group treated with Astragalus adscendens methanolic extract at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg per day or glibenclamide (0.6 mg/kg/day) for 28 d. The effects of Astragalus adscendens methanolic extract on the levels of glucose, insulin, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, creatinine, urea, uric acid, total protein, albumin, triglyceride, cholesterol, α-amylase, oxidant/antioxidant enzymes, and inflammatory cytokines were evaluated. Real time-PCR was also used for measuring the gene expression of caspase-3, Bcl2, and Bax. Results: The levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, creatinine, urea, uric acid, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and malondialdehyde considerably declined (P

Rural migration crisis is one of the most challenging problems in the socio-economic space of Iran. In this study, the fuzzy approach is applied to examine the effects of some variables like poverty, rural unemployment rate, the rural Gini coefficient, urban to rural wage ratio, drought situation and literacy rate on migration. In order to find the appropriate model, the Tanaka and FLSR fuzzy regression approaches are compared. The effects of the socio-economic variables on rural migration in Iran are examined during the period 1990-2018

In Iran's economy, most of the financial resources needed by economic enterprises are provided through the granting of facilities by the banking network. Therefore, studying the factors affecting banking facilities in the private sector in Iran's economy is of particular importance. In this article, we investigate the factors affecting the facilities granted by banks using quarterly data from the Iranian economy from 1379 to 1399 with the nonlinear Markov switching approach. A non-linear approach was used because bank facilities show different effects of economic factors during periods of credit and commercial boom and bust. The results of the research show that the economic growth rate, the interest rate of facilities and the growth rate of bank deposits have a positive relationship with the growth of real facilities and the interest rate of bank deposits has a negative effect on it, but the degree of influence of each of the economic factors on the growth rate of real facilities is different in every cycle. This asymmetric impact of macroeconomic factors during different cyclical periods is important in policymaking and should be taken into consideration when making monetary policy.

The main purpose of this study is to do modeling and investigate the relationship between liquidity and its role in the development of the stock and the housing market. This is accomplished through comparing 10 of Bayesian Averaging methods and principal component analysis carrying out an extensive set of simulation studies based closely on real datasets that span a range of situations encountered in practical data analysis. The data used in this article includes the seasonal data during the period from (1385:1) to (1399:4. The evaluation results show 4 types of PC, so that the first PC shows more than 95% of the changes. In the first PC, the two variables of liquidity and exchange rate have the most weight, and respectively, the second, third and fourth PC are related to oil revenues, legal deposit ratio and coin price. The variables of liquidity, exchange rate and oil revenues have a positive relationship with the index of stock and housing prices, and the variables of the legal deposit ratio and the price of coins have a negative relationship with the index of stock and housing prices. Also, the estimation results of the 10 analyzed models of Bayesian averaging show that in the modeling of the stock price index as well as the modeling of the housing price index, the best models are obtained through applying PCA and the prior distribution of AIC. Therefore, the use of the principal component analysis and the AIC model as a basis for approximating the probabilities of the posterior model, under the condition that the probabilities of the prior model are similar to Zellner's g-prior, is approved in this research.

Abstract During the production from shale oil formations, the produced water has been dedicated to different procedures such as chemical enhanced oil recoveries, drilling mud making (e.g., for various purposes of lubrication and cooling) and hydraulic fracturing. One of the main challenges of wastewater treatment corresponds to (TDS) total dissolved solids. To measure the required water needed for different processes, it is necessary to proceed with every step saving and then make an average to calculate the required freshwater. In this regard, we have selected five different oil wells with the same rock and reservoir characteristics. SOW#3 has the highest rate of treatment (26%) and SOW#1 has the minimum treated wastewater during hydraulic fracturing processes. It corresponds to the large volume of solid and oil particles, which remained in the treatment devices. However, it is observed that SOW#1 has the highest rate of treatment (32%) and SOW#4 has the minimum treated wastewater (14%) in chemical enhanced oil recovery methods. On the other hand, SOW#3 has the highest rate of treatment (27%) and SOW#5 has the minimum treated wastewater from drilling mud preparation and other well facilities. It is observed that SOW#1 has the highest rate of treatment (27%) and SOW#5 has the minimum saving water during hydraulic fracturing processes, SOW#1 has the highest rate of treatment (38%) and SOW#4 has the minimum saving water (9%).

The present study investigated the role of semantic priming in the processing of ambiguous sentences containing Relative Clauses (RCs) preceded by a complex Noun Phrase (NP) by Persian native speakers. To this end, in a self-paced reading task using E-prime software, 63 Persian native speakers read sentences containing ambiguous RCs in their L1, i.e. Persian. The type of semantic relationship in this study was the one between the RC and one of the NPs within the complex NP to find out whether priming one of the NPs through this semantic manipulation would affect Persian native speakers’ attachment preferences. The results of the off-line post interpretive (RC attachment preferences) and on-line data (reading times) revealed that semantic priming affects participants’ attachment preferences, which suggests that their parsing preferences are not guided purely by syntactic information. The findings are in line with constraint-based models of sentence parsing, which assume that, during parsing, multiple sources of information interact and each of them constrains the interpretation in a particular way. The results also support the predictions of the Spreading Activation Model and Lexical Priming Theory.

This study proposed a simple method to evaluate the effect of technological changes in sectors on energy consumption changes. Technological changes decomposed into two factors. Input substitution in sectors represents the changes in the share of each sector in total intermediate inputs used in a specific sector and changes in direct backward linkages. From the viewpoint of input supply, the TC decomposed into two factors: Changes in the structure of intermediate input supply by sectors (selling structure changes) and direct forward linkages. The proposed model is used for the decomposition of energy consumption changes in Iran during 2011–2016. The results showed that the changes in direct backward linkages and direct forward linkages coefficients helped to decline in energy consumption.

In this paper, three different scenarios were experimentally investigated to compare carbon dioxide based enhanced oil recovery methods. These methods are continuous carbon dioxide (immiscible injection), water alternating gas, and cyclic carbon dioxide injection were investigated. In scenario A, the maximum oil recovery factor for water flooding is about 19% when there is no oil production. The maximum oil recovery at miscibility stage is about 46%. The reason for this low value of oil recovery factor might correspond to the sufficient interaction time between oil and dissolved gas. In scenario B, the total oil recovery factor is about 60% when the water alternating gas injection was performed in the system. In scenario C, after cyclic carbon dioxide injection, final oil recovery factor reached to 62%. The maximum oil recovery after miscibility stage is about 78%. In scenario B and C, regarding the more oil volume production, there are more void spaces that can be a good place for carbon dioxide storage. However, for scenario B, as the injection pattern has been changed alternatively, the void spaced had been occupied by water and this is why the carbon storage capacity was being decreased for this scenario rather than other two scenarios.

The student's success at school greatly depends on quality teacher and this has led to the governments' growing focus on the quality of teacher education programs and production of quality teachers. This study explored the key stakeholders' views of the pre-service teachers' professional preparation in the latest teacher education program.The participants were 257 BA students in TEFL and 40 teacher educators. Data were collected through an adapted version of the Survey of Teacher Education Programs (STEP) (Williams-Pettway, 2005) and semi-structured interview. After analyzing data by employing descriptive and inferential statistics, the findings indicated that the participants positively evaluated the components in the program and found it effective in preparation of prospective teachers. However, some participants pointed to some drawbacks as the requirement of more input on language proficiency and knowledge of English language learners, more effective use of technology, more teaching practice opportunities as a means of experiential learning, and sufficient support from supervising teachers and teacher educators during teaching practicum courses for student teachers. The findings from this study may help the tomorrow’s educational leaders and syllabus designers to equip themselves with a visionary perspective and begin to form ideas for future change and direction in line with social influences.

The present study explored the effect of semantic priming in the resolution of ambiguous sentences containing Relative Clauses (RCs) preceded by a complex Noun Phrase (NP) by L1-Persian learners of L2 English. The type of semantic relationship examined was the one between the RC and one of the NPs in the complex NP to find out whether semantic manipulation through priming one of the NPs to the RC can affect L2 learners’ attachment preference. The participants were 60 L1-Persian learners of L2 English with different proficiency levels. In a self-paced Paraphrase Decision Task using E-prime software, their reading times and attachment preferences while reading ambiguous sentences were examined. The low-proficiency participants’ off-line (RC attachment preferences) and on-line data (reading times) were compared with off-line and on-line data obtained from high-proficiency participants. The results revealed that in both groups, semantic priming affected participants’ attachment preferences. These findings are consistent with Constraint-based Models of sentence processing, which assume that several sources of information, including semantics, are used in sentence processing. The results also support predictions of the Spreading Activation Model. There were also significant differences between the two groups, low-proficiency participants fully transferred their L1 (Persian) processing strategies to their L2 (English). However, high-proficiency participants processed sentences similarly to native English speakers even though there were still traces of their L1 parsing preferences which is consistent with Shallow Structure Hypothesis.

Background and Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the forage yield and quality in the additive and replacement series of sorghum and Berseem clover intercropping. Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research Farm of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran, during two cropping seasons (2016 and 2017). Cropping systems included replacement series (S75C25: 75% Sorghum + 25% Clover; S50C50: 50%+50%; and S25C75: 25%+75%), additive series (S100C50: 100%+50%; S50C100: 50%+100%; and S100C100: 100%+100%), and sorghum and clover monoculture (S100C0 andS0C100, respectively). Results: The highest and lowest forage yields were obtained from S100C100 and S0C100 cropping systems, respectively. In addition, the highest content of digestible protein (11.48%), metabolizable protein (8.03%), digestible energy (2.77 Mcal.kg-1 DM) and relative forage quality (122.74%) was obtained in the S0C100. Also, the maximum yield of digestible and metabolizable protein (1956 and 1369 kg.ha-1, respectively) and the highest energy production for lactation (3.92 Mcal.m-2) were obtained in the S100C100. Among the additive series, only the S50C100 intercropping system was able to produce acceptable forage quality. Conclusion: Considering the quantity and quality of produced forage, the S50C100 intercropping system (with 24.28 t ha-1 dry forage yield and relative forage quality equivalent to 91.04%) is introduced as the superior treatment. In general, additive intercropping systems of sorghum and berseem clover increased the quantitative and qualitative yield of forage and could be a good alternative to monoculture systems of these crops.

Background and Aims: There is a lot of burnout and stresses in various ways of people’s lives which could result in psychological pressure, negative emotions, confusion, worry, and anxiety. Therefore, emotion cognitive regulation can play an important role in coping with burnout and adapting to stressful life events. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the emotional cognitive regulation strategies and burnout in dentists in Ilam. Materials and Methods: The method of the present study was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population included all dentists in Ilam in 2019. By simple random sampling method, 81 dentists in Ilam were selected as sample. The research instruments included the Emotional Cognitive Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ-P) and the Employee Burnout Questionnaire (MBI). Data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software at the level of descriptive statistics by mean and standard deviation indices, and at the inferential level by Pearson correlation coefficient test. Results: The results showed that there was a significant negative and inverse relationship between the adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and burnout in dentists (r=-0.862, P

Cognitive metaphorical theory is a term used in linguistics to refer to an idea or conceptual field based on another idea or concept. Examples from the book Sahifa Sajadieh and its two translations by Mousavi Garmaroodi and Elahi Ghomshey have been selected in order to investigate the relationship between cognitive metaphors at the two main levels: similar metaphors, special metaphors, with the act of translating and paying attention to the translators. In these examples, the metaphorical element was extracted and the performance of each translator in dealing with it was investigated. The results suggest that although translators have taken a different approach to translate the meanings of the source text, the success of both translators in translating metaphors has been similar. Mousavi Garmaroodi, as a translator of literature, has used creative metaphors, while Elahi Ghomshei has, in some instances, translated abstract concepts without metaphor in order to facilitate translation. In this research, the translation of Sahifa Sajadieh's conceptual metaphors is examined by the descriptive-analytical method and comparative approach.

According to empirical evidence, the consequences of supportive policies will not necessarily lead to efficient industries, optimal allocation of resources, international competition, and optimal use of opportunities. Inappropriate or suboptimal use of the supportive policies in manufacturing industries may change the direction of scarce resources and the relative prices in the society which may lead to price distortion and some monopoly power in the country's industries. In this study, using the Hall-Rager method, we analyzed the effect of supportive policies on price deviation in the Iranian manufacturing industries. To do this we used the Herfindahl index, the simple rate of tariff, and Implicit nominal support index as independent variables and the price deviation in the manufacturing industries of the country as a dependent variable. The model as a dynamic panel data has been estimated with the generalized method of moments for 92 industries based on the four-digit ISIC code during 2004-2014. The results showed that between the years 2004 to 2014, the highest level of simple tariff rate was for the shoes and clothes industry with 100 percent. The cement and plaster industry had the most implicit support amongst the 92 studied industries. According to the estimated models, centralized industrial structure, implicit nominal support, tariff rate, and barrier entry intensity have had a positive and significant effect on the formation of price deviation in Iran's manufacturing industries.

Teacher pedagogical knowledge base (PKB) has secured a notable position in research on teacher cognition. One obvious gap in this strand of research concerns variations in teachers’ thought processes in relation to individual difference variables despite indications that PKB is likely to differ across individual differences. To fill part of the void, this study investigated how teachers’ PKB—conceptualized as the frequency and dominance of pedagogical thought units/categories—vary as a function of teachers’ levels of grit. To this end, eight EFL teachers (four High-Grit and four Low-Grit) were chosen to participate in the study. Stimulated recall interviews were used to explore the pedagogical thought units that underlie the teachers’ instruction. The thought units of the two groups were then identified by segmenting, coding and categorizing them. The results showed that there were significant differences between the two groups of teachers in the number and list of dominant pedagogical thought categories. Language Management, Procedure Check, Affective, Self-Reflection, Progress Review, Beliefs, and Problem Check constituted the list of dominant PTCs of High-Grit teachers, whereas Low-Grit teachers’ dominant thought categories included Language Management, Procedure Check, Time Check, Progress Review, and Problem Check. The results advance the scholarship on teachers’ PKB by extending the findings to individual differences.

Due to the strategic role of volatility and instability of crude oil prices and their effects on all countries of the world, different methods of modeling and forecasting are necessary. Over the past two decades, an extensive literature has emerged on various approaches to empirically modeling volatility in the crude oil market. In this research, WTI crude oil price volatility modeling, which is one of the most important types of crude oil in the market of this strategic commodity, is examined with six flexible stochastic volatility (SV) models. Then the experimental performance of these models is compared with each other using Bayesian methods. The findings of this study show that adding one jump in efficiency and leverage effect to the stochastic volatility (SVLJ) model greatly improves its performance compared to other models. According to the findings of this model, the stability of volatility in the WTI market is very high and on average one jump occurs in this market every year. However, this model shows that in 2020, two jumps in WTI returns occurred in April and May, which is a unique event. In addition, the correlation between the return jump component and the volatility jump (Merton correlation jump) is not confirmed in the WTI data. Also, due to the negative leverage effect, negative shocks have stronger volatility effects than positive shocks in the crude oil market.

Scientific theories are a way of knowing man. The main difference between this method and other methods is the testability of its claims. Testability helps to correct scientific knowledge of error. In economics, this knowledge is created by using econometric methods and models. Assumptions Econometric models are called auxiliary assumptions. Two fundamental problems in econometrics that challenge testability; ignoring auxiliary assumptions and statistically significant. The Duhem (1904) stated that if the auxiliary assumptions are inconsistent with the reality falsity method will be questioned. In the present study, the Duhem problem in the EMH and financial data structure has been investigated. In another section, the use and interpretation of statistical significance is studied, which is usually evaluated with an index called p < /em>-value. While the p < /em>-value can be a good statistical metric, it is often misused and misinterpreted. As a result, some reputable scientific journals have banned the use of p < /em>-values. To make good use of this criterion in the econometric methodology, the recommendations of the American Statistical Association in this field have been discussed. In order to deal with the role of auxiliary assumptions, it is necessary to specify tests and pay attention to the data structure.

Teacher quality and teaching effectiveness as consequences of teacher professional development hinge on teachers’ professional knowledge, professional beliefs and skills which affect instructional practice of teachers and student learning. The present study sets out to probe the relationship between academic self-concept and self-reported instructional practice among pre-service TEFL teachers in Iran. Developed and validated through the Rasch model, two questionnaires were utilized in this study. The results indicated that there is a significant positive relationship between academic self-concept and instructional practice at the general and more differentiated levels. Furthermore, academic self-concept was found to affect teacher candidates’ teaching practices. The obtained findings highlighted the significance of academic self-concept and its inclusion in teacher preparation programs.

Introduction: Recent studies have identified social capital as an important and influential factor in improving the management of environmental issues as it facilitates and strengthens the cooperation of environmental activists to solve problems in the field of the environment. This paper aimed to examine the role of social and human capital in ways that environmental investments affect the quality of the environment in Iran. Material and methods: In this research, using the Kalman Filter approach and data from 1974 to 2016, the trend of changes in the effecting coefficient of environmental investment on the quality of the environment in Iran was estimated using the Eviews software. Then, in the framework of the Johansson cointegration method, while examining the stationarity of the variables by augmented Dickey Fuller unit root test and determining the number of convergence relationships using the effects and maximum eigenvalues tests, long-term relationships between social capital, human capital, and effecting coefficient of environmental investment was estimated using Maximum Likelihood method in Microfit software. Impulse response functions were also used to examine how the effecting coefficient of environmental investment on the quality of the environment reacts to changes in social and human capital. Results and discussion: The results of estimating the effecting coefficient of environmental investment on the quality of the environment in Iran using the Kalman filter method showed that this coefficient has experienced a fluctuating trend in the studied period. The results of the estimation of long-term cointegration relationships suggest that there was a significant relationship between fluctuations of this coefficient and fluctuations of social and human capital. This means that with the increase in social capital in a society, the effecting coefficient of environmental investment on the quality of the environment will be strengthened and vice versa. The findings of the impulse response functions showed that applying a shock in social capital in a given period leads to stimulation and reaction of the affecting coefficient of environmental investment on the quality of the environment and, ultimately, the formation of a different level of equilibrium for this coefficient in the next periods. The results of the estimation of error correction vectors also indicate that, on average, 26% of each period nonequilibrium in environmental investment impact on the quality of the environment is moderated in the next period. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, the effectiveness and efficiency of environmental investments in improving the quality of the environment depend, to a large extent, on the knowledge and trust of the community in relation to the programs and activities defined in this regard, as well as the level of their effective participation in the definition and implementation of these programs and activities. In other words, the one-way and top-down approach of the government in the field of environmental protection is not enough to guarantee the achievement of the goals set for environmental management. It is necessary to design and provide the mechanisms required to attract the participation and trust of individuals and different stakeholders involved in the environmental management process at all levels.

Time is one of the essential and important elements in historical narratives, which together with components such as historical places and characters, form the consistency of an object and a historical event. Historians have used the element of time in various ways to narrate historical narratives. Gerard Genet proposed the theory of "narrative timeliness" and examined the indicators for measuring narrative time to better understand the function of time in narrations by considering the element of time in narration. The present study intends to use Genet's timing theory to evaluate a historical book's narrative form, namely the Exir Al-Tavarikh, and the relationships between the narrative components that make up this structure and explain the general pattern of levels and narrative components of the book. Given the importance of the time element in historical texts, it is clear that in addition to chronological order dominance over the author's narrative, time irregularities such as the historian's retrospective or futurism have led his narrative to "untimely or timeless." Simultaneously, the singular frequency of events as the dominant frequency is one of the most crucial time techniques that the historian has used in the category of narrative timeliness.

Researches related to the evaluation of the effect of the inputs dates back to long ago in Iran. However, due to the diversity and scattering of the various experimental results, it is difficult to reach to a general conclusion. The present study has made use of meta-analysis to overcome such a problem thereby to blend and reanalyze the findings of independent experiments for achieving a single result. To do so, the scientific-research articles published by the researchers from 1996 up to 2017 inside the country concerning the effect of drought stress on the performance, height and number of bolls in cotton were explored. The extend impact of an each trait is the mean difference of the drought stress results compared with control. The diagrammatic results of the drought stress and performance impact sizes showed that all of the stress levels make significant differences in contrast to the evidence treatment (p < 0.001). Moreover, it was made clear in a contrastive investigation of the diagrammatic results of the height and drought stress impact size and the number of the bolls and drought stress impact sizes that there is a significant difference between the evidence treatment and the total mean, the evidence treatment and 41%-55% of the cultivation capacity and the evidence treatment and 25%-40% of the cultivation capacity. The results of the cumulative diagram of the effect of drought stress on performance, height and number of bolls indicated that the majority of the studies fall on the left side of the diagram which is indicative of the adverse effect of the drought stress on the related traits. In addition, the results of the funnel chart demonstrated that the studies performed in Iran on cotton and drought stress are not much precise (bias and low sample volume).

Given the fact that sugar producing industries are one of the most water consuming food industries of our country, the absence of complete purification of the industry’s sewage and sewage disposal with high BOD index impose lots of environmentel costs to the society. Hence, economic assessment of these industries, without taking environmentel costs, can be very misleading. To include such costs, this paper uses a Stochastic Nonparametric Envelopment of Data (StoNED) to evaluate the marginal cost of controlling the BOD index of wastewater produced by the sugar industry in the year 2017. The results show sugar industry in our country is environmentally inefficient on average about 6.5 percent. In addition, the average shadow price per kilogram caused by BOD of manufacturing plants is about 612.6 thousand Rials. Obtained shadow prices can be used to plan proper pollution controlling tools; they also are used for more accurate evaluation of economic planning of sewage treatment.

Research on the impact of inputs has a long history in the country; however, because of the dispersion and diversity in the results of various experiments, it is difficult to achieve a general conclusion. In this study, a meta-analysis approach has been used to overcome this problem in order to achieve a single result by integrating and re-analyzing the findings of independent experiments. For this purpose, scientific articles published by researchers of the country regarding the effect of salinity stress on cotton yield were investigated. Articles were selected so that, in their meta-analysis of data required to perform there. The data necessary for the implementation of the meta-analysis is present in them. The results of this study showed that from 1996 to 2017; 15 papers and thesis were published on the effects of salinity stress on yield, early maturing and number of bolls in upland cotton (Gossypiumhirsutum L.). With increasing salinity stress, yield and number of bolls decreased. The standardized values for salinity stress effect on cotton yield were significant in all five treatments (control via salinity, control via 2-3 dS m-1, control via 4-5 dS m-1, control via 6-7 dS m-1, control via 8-9 dS m-1) compared to control (P

The Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea are annually exposed to severe tropical cyclones, which impose massive infrastructure damages and cause the loss of life in coastal regions. Cyclone Shaheen originally generated in the Bay of Bengal in 2021 and translated a rare east-to-west path toward the Arabian Sea. Although the cyclone’s wind field can be obtained from reanalysis datasets such as ERA5 (fifth generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts), the wind speed cannot be reproduced with realistic details in the regions close to the center of cyclone due to spatial resolution. In this study, to address this problem, the high-resolution advanced Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used for simulation of Shaheen’s wind field. As a critical part of the study, the sensitivity of the results to the planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterization in terms of the track, intensity, strength and structure of the cyclone Shaheen is investigated. Five experiments are considered with five PBL schemes: Yonsei University (YSU); Mellor–Yamada–Janjić (MYJ); Mellor–Yamada–Nakanishi–Niino level 2.5 (MYNN); Asymmetric Convective Model version 2 (ACM2); Quasi-Normal Scale Elimination (QNSE). The track, intensity, and strength of the experiments are compared with the wind fields obtained from the Joint Typhoon Warning Centre (JTWC) dataset. The results imply the high dependency of the track, intensity, and strength of the cyclone to the PBL parameterization. Simulated tracks with non-local PBL schemes (YSU and ACM2) outperformed those of the local PBL schemes (MYJ, MYNN, and QNSE), especially during the rapid intensification phase of Shaheen before landfall. The YSU produced highly intensified storm, while the ACM2 results are in better agreement with the JTWC data. The most accurate track was obtained from the ERA5 data; however, this dataset overestimated the spatial size and underestimated the wind speed. The WRF model using either YSU or ACM2 overestimated the wind speed compared to that of the altimeter data. The YSU and ACM2 schemes were able to reproduce the observed increase in wind speed and pressure drop at in situ stations. The wind data from EAR5 and cyclone parametric model were applied to the SWAN model to simulate the wave regime in the Arabian Sea during the time that Shaheen was translating across the region. Janssen formulation for wind input and whitecapping dissipation source terms in combination with both ERA5 and hybrid wind were used and the minimum combined error in the prediction of significant wave height (Hs) and zero up-crossing wave period (Tz) was examined. The maximum significant wave height for hybrid wind is higher than that of ERA5, while the cyclone development was successfully inferred from the wave field of the hybrid data.

Cold fronts are meteorological phenomena that impact the northern Gulf of Mexico, mostly between the fall and spring seasons. On average, they pass the region every 3–7 days, with a duration ranging between 24 and 74 h. In the present study, a high-resolution FVCOM model with an unstructured mesh was used to simulate the effect of the fall cold front winds on water column mixing over the Louisiana shelf, which is often stratified in the summer, leading to hypoxia. Numerical experiments were conducted for October 2009, a period with five consecutive cold front events. Winds from an offshore station forced the model, while climatological temperature/salinity profiles prepared by NOAA for September were used for model initialization. The model performance was evaluated by comparing it with the surface current measurements at two offshore stations, and the results showed a good agreement between the model results and observations. Shelf mixing and stratification were investigated through examining the simulated sea surface temperature as well as the longitudinal and cross-shelf vertical sections. Simulation results showed a significant effect on shelf mixing, with the mixed layer depth increasing from the initial values of 5 m to 25 m at the end of simulation at different parts of the shelf, with maximum mixed layer depths corresponding to the peak of cold fronts. The buoyancy frequency, Richardson number, and the average potential energy demand (APED) for mixing the water column were used to quantify the stratification at two selected locations over the shelf. Results showed that all these parameters almost continuously decreased due to mixing induced by cold front wind events during this time. At the station off the Terrebonne Bay with a water depth of 20 m, the water column became fully mixed after three of the cold front events, with Richardson numbers smaller than 0.25 and approaching zero. This continued mixing trend was also proven by obtaining a decreasing trend of APED from 100 to 5 kg/m.s2 with several close to zero energy demand values.

Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) on a structured grid over the Louisiana shelf in the northern Gulf of Mexico is used to evaluate the performance of three different classes of formulations for quantifying wind input and whitecapping dissipation. The formulations include Komen based on the mean spectral parameters, Westhuysen based on the saturation concept of the wave groups, and the most recent observation-based physics package ST6. The evaluation was implemented for two summer months (July and August 2015) to assess these formulations for a low wave energy period. The modeling area consists of the Louisiana inner shelf with the offshore open boundary located beyond the continental shelf. The model was forced using the spatially variable Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) wind field and wave parameters obtained from the NOAA’s WAVEWATCH-III (WWIII) model along the open boundaries. Simulated wave parameters and spectra regarding each formulation were evaluated and compared with measured wave data at NDBC stations; comparisons showed that the most appropriate formulation for the simulation of low energy waves for the study area to be ST6. The e performance of each whitecapping formulation was described by examining 1D/2D spectra and the source term balance at different met-ocean conditions during the simulation period. It was also shown that the inaccuracies in the input wind field and boundary conditions can substantially contribute to the model inaccuracy.

Teacher training programs in Iran have undergone extensive investigations and modifications since the establishment of educational institutions. This interest in teacher education has emerged from the innovative approaches to teaching suggested by the trends and findings of the time. Regarding the importance of curriculum evaluation in the EFL teacher education, this study mainly focused on the adequacy and effectiveness of the latest EFL pre-service teacher education curriculum through the eyes of the key stakeholders. Both quantitative and qualitative data were used in the study. The participants of the study were 227 teachers, teacher educators, and senior student teachers. The data were gathered through a 35-item Likert scale questionnaire on the curriculum courses with stated objectives for each course and semi-structured interviews. The findings revealed that the latest curriculum was adequately laid out and positively evaluated by the participants in terms of pedagogic and linguistic competence although there were some shortcomings and slight differences in the participants' perceptions. There were some slight perceptual differences among the participants. The findings of this study may provide some helpful suggestions for promoting the latest EFL pre-service teacher education curriculum.

This study aimed to investigate the possible relationships among teachers' metacognitive awareness, their motivation to teach, students' perceptions of teacher credibility and students' affective learning, and motivation to study. Three hundred sixty-five English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students and seventy-four EFL teachers participated in the study. Three questionnaires were administered to students and two questionnaires were administered to teachers. The collected data were subjected to Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to test the significance of the hypothesized paths among variables. The results indicated significant positive paths from teacher metacognitive awareness to teacher credibility and teacher motivation, also from teacher credibility to teacher motivation and students' affective learning, and from teacher motivation and students' affective learning to student motivation. The findings also indicated that teacher motivation could significantly affect students' affective learning. Furthermore, the results revealed that teacher credibility promotes student motivation through full mediation of students' affective learning and the indirect intervention of teacher motivation. Moreover, the path leading from teacher metacognitive awareness to students' affective learning was justified through the indirect effects of teacher motivation and credibility. Implications for teachers and teacher educators are also presented.

Studying mixing and re-stratification during and after hurricanes have important implications for the simulation of circulation and bio-geochemical processes in oceanic and shelf waters. Numerical experiments using FVCOM on an unstructured computational mesh were implemented to study the direct effect of hurricane winds on the mixing and temperature redistribution of the stratified Louisiana shelf during Hurricane Katrina (2005), as well as the post-storm re-stratification timescale. The model was forced by Katrina’s wind stress obtained from a combination of H-Wind database and NCEP model. The climatological profiles of temperature and salinity for August (the month in which Katrina occurred) from the world ocean atlas (WOA, 2013) were used as the pre-storm conditions over the shelf. Model results for sea surface temperature (SST) and mixed layer depth (MLD) were validated versus SST data from an optimally interpolated satellite product, and the MLD was calculated from the heat budget equation of the mixed layer. Model results were used to examine the temporal and spatial responses of SST and MLD over the shelf to Katrina. Results showed that intense mixing occurred within 1–1.1 RMW (RMW is the radius of maximum wind for Katrina), with turbulent mixing as the dominant mixing force for regions far from the eye, although upwelling was an important contributor to modulating SST and MLD. During the peak of Katrina and for the shelf regions severely affected by the hurricane wind, three distinct temperature zones were formed across the water column: an upper mixed layer, a transition zone, and a lower upwelling zone. Shelf re-stratification started from 3 h to more than two weeks after the landfall, depending on the distance from the track. The mixing during Hurricane Katrina affected the seasonal summertime hypoxic zone over the Louisiana shelf and likely contributed to the water column re-oxygenation.

BackgroundLegg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD) is a common public health problem that usually occurs between the ages of 4 and 8 years, but it can occur between the ages of 2 and 15 years. This condition occurs due to the interruption of blood supply to the femoral head. Up to now, different surgical and nonsurgical treatments, including femoral varus osteotomy, innominate osteotomy, pelvic osteotomies, triple osteotomy, Chiari osteotomy, and shelf acetabuloplasty, have been suggested for noncontainable LCPD hips. ObjectiveThe aim of this comprehensive review was to investigate the various surgical techniques used for LCPD. MethodsAn advanced electronic search of the English-language literature was performed from October 8 to 14, 2020. The electronic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, Ovid, and Google scholar were searched using appropriate search terms. A manual search of references also was performed. After retrieving the studies, duplicates were removed, and the remining studies were screened based on the title, abstract, and full text. The quality of the selected articles was assessed, and the required data were extracted from eligible articles. ResultsA total of 22 studies were included in the review. Based on the results of the reviewed studies, there are three main factors that influence the treatment outcomes in patients with Perthes disease. These factors are onset age, femoral head involvement severity, and treatment method. The disease has a poor prognosis in children over 8 years old, but this group of patients can also benefit from advanced surgical methods. In patients aged less than 6 years, the disease has a generally good prognosis, but in those aged between 6 and 8 years, its prognosis is variable. Thus, the need for surgical intervention requires close observation of signs. Once any head signs are observed, dynamic arthrography is beneficial before choosing the treatment approach. ConclusionsThis review provides clinicians with a brief guideline for the treatment of patients with LCPD.

To evaluate the influence of different plant growth stimulants on yield and yield components of corn (Zea mays L), a greenhouse experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design. The studied treatments (T) were in 8 levels: (T0, control, T1, foliar application of amino acid, T2, foliar application of seaweed, T3, fertigation of humic acid, T4, foliar application of fulvic acid, T5, foliar application of humic acid, T6, inoculation of plant growth-promoting bacteria, T7, foliar application of humic acid+ seaweed+ amino acid). Also, fertilizers (F) were applied in 3 levels (F0, control, F1, 75 kg, F2, 100 kg). The results showed that the studied factors significantly affected the yield and chemical composition of the plant. The highest average of grain number per rows (39.89) happened in F2+T0. The highest average of 100-grain weight (23.31 g) and ear number (8) were respectively belonged to F1+T1 and F2+T2. The highest average of Zn (52.33 mg kg-1) concentration was measured under F2+ T5. Under the application of F1+ T3 the highest average of catalase (4.54 mg/Protein) was measured but the highest superoxide dismutase (105.89 mg/Protein) happened in the control treatment. Generally, application of bio-stimulants helps to increase the yield and yield components of corn by affecting the nutrients availability and plant enzymes.

Background: Broad spectrums of pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial activity have been attributed to Zataria multiflora Boiss (Laminaceae). The in vivo efficacy and safety of Z. multiflora essential oil (ZM-EO) were evaluated against acute toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii (Sarcocystidae) in mice. Methods: Z. multiflora (aerial parts) was obtained from the rural districts of Kerman city (Kerman Province) Southwestern Iran, in May of 2016. Male NMRI mice were orally treated with normal saline (control group) and ZM-EO at the doses of 0.2 and 0.4 mL/kg once a day for 14 d (8 mice in each group). On the 15th day, the mice were infected with 104 tachyzoites of T. gondii RH strain by intraperitoneal route. The mortality rate and parasite load were determined in the infected mice. Additionally, 24 mice were applied to examine the sub-acute toxicity of ZM-EO at the above doses after treatment during 14 d. Results: GC/MS analysis displayed that the key constituents were thymol (45.4%), carvacrol (23%) and p-cymene (10.6%), respectively. Overall, 100% mortality was observed on the 8th and 9th days in treated mice with the concentrations of 0.2 and 0.4 mL/kg, respectively. The mean number of tachyzoites in the mice treated with 0.2 and 0.4 mL/kg of ZM-EO were 189×104 and 76×104 cell/mL, respectively, meaningfully (P

Use of the internet has regarded as an advantageous breakthrough which sometimes has led to over usage so-called "internet addiction". Increased prevalence of internet addiction among students and the necessity of acquiring information to design interventions have compelled us to design the present study on knowledge, attitudes and self-efficacy of students regarding the Internet addiction. This study was two‑stage cluster sampling consisted of 160 girl participants who were residing in selected dormitories of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire including demographic, knowledge, attitude and self-efficacy questions regarding the Internet addiction and. 49 participants (30.6 %) were at risk of the Internet addiction. Majority of the students were on the average national levels of knowledge (48.1%), attitude (49.1%), and self-efficacy (61.2%). We also found a statistically significant association between mean score of attitude with educational degree (p

Collocations play a crucial role in the efficiency of speaking in a second or foreign language. However, learning non-congruent collocations has always presented itself as a difficulty to foreign language learners. Against this background, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of two types of dynamic assessment – cumulative dynamic assessment and concurrent group dynamic assessment – on learning non-congruent English collocations by L1-Persian learners of L2 English. The participants were given the Preliminary English Test (PET) based on the results of which 73 homogeneous learners were selected who were then assigned to two experimental conditions. Prior to the experiments, the participants in both groups were given a non-congruent collocations test designed by the researchers. Afterwards, learners in one of the groups received cumulative group dynamic assessment for the targeted collocations while participants in the second group received concurrent group dynamic assessment. At the end of the treatment, both groups were given a collocations post-test. The results of the statistical analyses indicated that both cumulative and concurrent group dynamic assessment were effective in learning non-congruent collocations. However, there was not any statistically significant difference between the effects of the two types of assessment on learning non-congruent collocations by the EFL learners.

Abstract One of the most important goals of business managers is to maximize the efficiency by the use of the available resources and achieve higher levels of productivity. Research and development departments are generally concerned with activities such as products quality improvement, new products design, procedures optimization, technology transfer and absorption, and gaining technical knowledge for production, all in the interests of industry owners, all of which lead to the total factor productivity (TFP). This paper studied total factor productivity based on stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) in 131 industries from 1995 to 2010, and it also investigated the effectiveness of research and development, alongside other factors, on productivity. The results indicated that the highest total factor productivity during this period belonged to the industry of manufacturing motor vehicles parts and accessories with the productivity of 1.53 and the lowest belonged to the production of basic chemical materials except fertilizers and nitrogen compounds with the productivity of 0.98. During this period, the industry of manufacturing basic plastic materials and artificial rubber demonstrated the highest technical progress with 1.21 growth. Moreover, the estimation of total factor productivity model indicated that research and development, human capital, economics of scale, physical capital accumulation, private ownership of enterprises, industry export and the severity of barriers to entry have explained the process of the productivity growth during the period of study. Based on the findings of the estimated model, all variables except the severity of barriers to entry have had a positive effect on productivity. Introduction The concept of productivity has been ignored in our country due to various reasons including lack of a proper approach towards productivity in the society. Part of every development plan must be dedicated to research. With respect to the concept of productivity, the measures taken must be of use and properly selected. Moreover, they must be done in the best way possible. Accordingly, fulfilling these two conditions will ensure productivity. Despite their close relationship, the concepts of efficiency and productivity are different from each other. Efficiency is concerned with the comparison of the real amount (value) of a product and its potential amount (value). In contrast, productivity can be considered as the relative efficiency. In other words, efficiency is a part of productivity. In the fifth development plan, by virtue of article 69, the competitiveness of economics and increasing the contribution of total factor productivity to the economic growth are being emphasized, and by the end of the plan, the ratio of productivity to the total economic growth must be achieved to be one third. The purpose of this study was to measure the total factor productivity in 131 industries bearing Iran’s four-digit ISIC code, from 1995 to 2010, using SFA method. Moreover, this paper studied the effectiveness of research and development as an important variable on productivity, along which the effects of other variables on productivity will also be assessed. Research Method There are various approaches concerning the measurement of productivity, in some of which indexing must be done, in some the production function must be used, and in others both methods are employed. Methods based on econometric estimation are the same methods based on production or cost function. Methods which employ indexing are non-parametric methods. The method employed for the analysis of productivity in this study was based on econometric estimation of the production function. The purpose is to establish a mathematical relationship for the output dependence on the input. Economists do this by combing economic and mathematical theories. One of the best criteria for evaluating the performance of an industry is to evaluate the efficiency frontier in the industry which was introduced by Battese and Coelli (1995). Therefore, in this study, the technical efficiency of industries have been measured using stochastic frontier production function based on the model proposed by Battese and Coelli (1995). Findings According to the statistics of 2010, the industries of body manufacturing (coachwork) for motor vehicles and trailer and half-trailer manufacturing had the highest R & D and the industry of toy manufacturing had the lowest R & D. Industries which are capital-intensive experienced more R & D while those which are labor-intensive had lower R & D. The results of frontier translog functions at the average data level from 1995 to 2010 indicate that the average rate of technical growth in Iran’s industry was 0.77. It is also demonstrated that the Iranian industries, on average, display increasing returns to scale. The findings are also indicative of the fact that the average growth of TFP during the studied period was 1.28 and the industry of motor vehicle parts and accessories has the highest TFP growth at 1.53 among all Iranian factory industries. Theoretically, it is assumed that the advance of technology is the driving force of the economic growth and TFP growth. Based on the findings of the current study, the coefficient for the ownership share of the private sector in the industry was calculated to be 0.54 which indicated that the more the ownership share of the private sector in the industry, the more the productivity of the industry. In other words, for one percent increase in the private sector ownership share, the efficiency increases up to 0.54%. Moreover, the coefficient for the exports in the industry was estimated to be 0.22 which also indicated that one percent increase in the industrial exports increased the industry productivity up to 0.22%. The human capital coefficient was obtained to be 0.834 which signified that one percent increase in the specialized human capital in the industry resulted in the increase of the productivity in the industry up to 0.83. The costs of research and development has been mentioned as one of the resources for the increase of productivity in all theoretical discussions. The findings of this model showed a significant positive effect of the average R & D cost accumulation on TFP, in which the increase coefficient of R & D cost accumulation for the industry is 0.039 % which increases productivity just as much. Other experimental studies have also confirmed this finding. The CDR change coefficient is significant and negative. The coefficient is 0.059 which indicates that if the severity of barriers to entry increases for one percent, the industry productivity decreases for 0.059%. Conclusion and Suggestions The gap between the technical efficiency levels of industrial fields of activity and the best performance in Iran’s factory industries emphasizes the need for more studies to be conducted on the causes of such a gap. Moreover, it is required that studies be conducted concerning the productivity growth rate of Iran’s factory industries using indices such as Malmquist and Tornquist. The following suggestions can be made based on the findings of the study in order to improve the efficiency of Iran’s factory industries. The structure of the industries must change so that optimal use is made of all input factors and this will lead to the economics of scale in the long run. Every year, industrial fields of activities must be compared and graded with respect to their efficiency and productivity so that the efficient industries are identified and accordingly supported by the government. The Iranian industries must consider foreign markets as their target; this provides the opportunity for the increase of the production scale of the enterprises and enables them to benefit from the advantages of the economics of scale in terms of the decrease of average costs and price reduction. In order to reduce monopoly and increase competition and productivity in the industries, it is suggested that the removal of such barriers particularly for the small industries is put on the agenda so that a competitive atmosphere is established and the social welfare is improved. It is also recommended that structural reforms and deregulation be done in order to make use of the commercial opportunities to support the industries and provide the opportunity for the increase of production and export.

The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the structure of the Iranian banking system and to measure the market power factor based on the Boone approach. In this paper, we investigated the Iranian organized money market, including 18 banks operating in the period of 2008-2015. To calculate the marginal cost (MC), we used a Translog Stochastic Frontier Cost Function. Findings based on the Boone approach confirm that the size of efficient-based competition is low in Iranian organized money market. Based on the Boone index, this value in the Iranian banking market equals -0.022, and Bank Melli and Bank Mellat due to having high marginal cost elasticity with respect to market share, have a higher power in market transformations and distortion of market structure towards monopoly. In contrast, Karafarin Bank, Post Bank, Sarmayeh, and Sina Bank have produced the least distortion in market structure.

Water shortage in root environment is the main factor limiting crop growth and productivity in dry regions. There are many reports on the role of methanol spraying for increasing drought tolerance in C3 plants. For this reason, a factorial experiment was conducted using completely randomized block design with 3 replications at Khatam Alanbia University of Behbahan. Methanol applied with five levels; (control, 5, 15, 25 and 35% v/v) and water deficit stress with three levels: irrigation at 100% of field capacity, moderate water stress, irrigation at 75% of field capacity and severe water stress, irrigation at 25% of field capacity. Foliar application of methanol was applied 3 times during the growing season (at seedling, flowering and podding stages) with 10-days intervals. Results showed that the interactions of methanol × drought on the root dry weight, root diameter, root length (p

The category 5-equivalent tropical Cyclone Gonu (2007) was the strongest cyclone to enter the northern Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman. The impact of this cyclone on the sea surface temperature (SST) cooling and deepening of the mixed layer was investigated herein using an optimally interpolated (OI) cloud-free sea surface temperature (SST) dataset, climatological profiles of water temperature, and data from Argo profilers. SST data showed a maximum cooling of 1.7–6.5 °C during 1–7 June 2007 over the study area, which is similar to that of slow- to medium-moving cyclones in previous studies. The oceanic heat budget equation with the assumptions of the dominant turbulent mixing effect was used to establish relationships between SST and mixed layer depth (MLD) for regions that were directly affected by cyclone-induced turbulent mixing. The relationships were applied to the SST maps from satellite to obtain maps of MLD for 1–7 June, when Gonu was over the study area. Comparing with the measured MLD from Argo data showed that this approach estimated the MLDs with an average error of 15%, which is an acceptable amount considering the convenience of this approach in estimating MLD and the simplifications applied in the heat budget equation. Some inconsistencies in calculating MLD were attributed to use of climatological temperature profiles that may not have appropriately represented the pre-cyclone conditions due to pre-existing cold/warm core eddies. Estimation of the diapycnal diffusion that quantified the turbulent mixing across the water column showed consistent temporal and spatial variations with the calculated MLDs.

Background: Ammonia, urea, uric acid, and creatinine are the major non-protein nitrogenous compounds (NPNs). It is reported that the concentration of NPNs in the seminal plasma of normal and infertile individuals is different and sperm is affected by NPNs. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the quantities of ammonia, urea, uric acid, and creatinine in seminal plasma and the correlation of these compounds with the fertilization rate after an intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Methods: The levels of ammonia, urea, uric acid, and creatinine were determined in seminal plasma collected from 50 men. The ammonia and urea were determined by L-glutamate dehydrogenase and diacetyl monoxime method, respectively. Uric acid and creatinine were detected by enzymatic method and Jaffe reaction, respectively. The fertilization was evaluated around 16–18 hours post-ICSI on the appearance of 2 pronuclei and 2 polar bodies. The fertilization rate was calculated by the number of fertilized oocytes per the number of oocytes injected. Results: There was a significant negative correlation between seminal ammonia and sperm motility (P

Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) model is able to simulate plant growth, development, and yield that are grown on a uniform surface under simulated management conditions, including changes in soil water, soil carbon, soil nitrogen contents and nitrogen leaching. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of nitrogen on yield and yield components of maize variety SC704 by using this model, and to calibrate CERES-Maize model under 4 levels of nitrogen fertilizer: N1: 25% less than the recommended level, N2: recommended level (200 kg/ha), N3: 50% less than recommended level (260 kg/ha), and N4: 50% more than the recommended level (310 kg/ha). To evaluate the applicability of this model an experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted during 2013 at the Research Field of Agriculture Faculty of Islamic Azad University – Karaj Branch. The measured traits, and their simulated values for ear and biomass yields, leaf area index (LAI) and stem dry matter content were compared. The results of the biomass simulation showed that Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the four fertilizer levels ranged 2496.48, 2159.24, 2302.43, and 3289.19 kg/ha respectively. For the ear yield, the highest coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.98) was obtained by N4. In fact, this treatment provided highest accuracy for predicting the yield of maize by the model. For leaf area index, the Willmott Agreement Index (d) varied between 0.77-0.94. This indicates that the model has successfully predicted the variation of leaf area index. Therefore, the model is considered appropriate for simulating growth, development and yield of maize under 4 levels of nitrogen fertilizer. In this case, it is recommended that the model is calibrated and verified, and then, it is applied for research purposes in Karaj climatic conditions.

Working memory capacity, especially as it relates to L1 vs. L2, has been found to play a significant role in language comprehension and processing. Majority of the related studies have, however, been focused around reading comprehension, either in L1 or L2 contexts. The present study is a further attempt to investigate the role of working memory capacity in language comprehension/processing but in the context of L2 listening. To this end, a sample of 220 foreign language learners (both males and females) were recruited. To collect the required data, a series of measures including a language proficiency test, two auditory working memory capacity tasks (English & Persian) and two listening comprehension passages were administered to the participants. The results showed a significant relationship between Persian and English auditory memories for storage dimension but not for the processing component. Additionally, the findings showed that L2 auditory memory is more highly correlated with L2 listening comprehension compared with L1 auditory memory. A further finding of the study was that literal vs. inferential types of listening comprehension engage different types of working memory processes.